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Song SS, Druschel LN, Conard JH, Wang JJ, Kasthuri NM, Ricky Chan E, Capadona JR. Depletion of complement factor 3 delays the neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:221-235. [PMID: 38458498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) used with brain-machine interfacing (BMI) applications is regarded as the primary contributor to poor chronic performance. Recent developments in high-plex gene expression technologies have allowed for an evolution in the investigation of individual proteins or genes to be able to identify specific pathways of upregulated genes that may contribute to the neuroinflammatory response. Several key pathways that are upregulated following IME implantation are involved with the complement system. The complement system is part of the innate immune system involved in recognizing and eliminating pathogens - a significant contributor to the foreign body response against biomaterials. Specifically, we have identified Complement 3 (C3) as a gene of interest because it is the intersection of several key complement pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of C3 in the IME inflammatory response by comparing the neuroinflammatory gene expression at the microelectrode implant site between C3 knockout (C3-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. We have found that, like in WT mice, implantation of intracortical microelectrodes in C3-/- mice yields a dramatic increase in the neuroinflammatory gene expression at all post-surgery time points investigated. However, compared to WT mice, C3 depletion showed reduced expression of many neuroinflammatory genes pre-surgery and 4 weeks post-surgery. Conversely, depletion of C3 increased the expression of many neuroinflammatory genes at 8 weeks and 16 weeks post-surgery, compared to WT mice. Our results suggest that C3 depletion may be a promising therapeutic target for acute, but not chronic, relief of the neuroinflammatory response to IME implantation. Additional compensatory targets may also be required for comprehensive long-term reduction of the neuroinflammatory response for improved intracortical microelectrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney S Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Lindsey N Druschel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Jacob H Conard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Jaime J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Niveda M Kasthuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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2
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Hamani C, Davidson B, Lipsman N, Abrahao A, Nestor SM, Rabin JS, Giacobbe P, Pagano RL, Campos ACP. Insertional effect following electrode implantation: an underreported but important phenomenon. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae093. [PMID: 38707711 PMCID: PMC11069120 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation has revolutionized the treatment of movement disorders and is gaining momentum in the treatment of several other neuropsychiatric disorders. In almost all applications of this therapy, the insertion of electrodes into the target has been shown to induce some degree of clinical improvement prior to stimulation onset. Disregarding this phenomenon, commonly referred to as 'insertional effect', can lead to biased results in clinical trials, as patients receiving sham stimulation may still experience some degree of symptom amelioration. Similar to the clinical scenario, an improvement in behavioural performance following electrode implantation has also been reported in preclinical models. From a neurohistopathologic perspective, the insertion of electrodes into the brain causes an initial trauma and inflammatory response, the activation of astrocytes, a focal release of gliotransmitters, the hyperexcitability of neurons in the vicinity of the implants, as well as neuroplastic and circuitry changes at a distance from the target. Taken together, it would appear that electrode insertion is not an inert process, but rather triggers a cascade of biological processes, and, as such, should be considered alongside the active delivery of stimulation as an active part of the deep brain stimulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Hamani
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Davidson
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Agessandro Abrahao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Sean M Nestor
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Peter Giacobbe
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP CEP 01308-060, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Campos
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP CEP 01308-060, Brazil
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Statz M, Schleuter F, Weber H, Kober M, Plocksties F, Timmermann D, Storch A, Fauser M. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not alter growth factor expression in a rat model of stable dopaminergic deficiency. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137459. [PMID: 37625613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a highly effective treatment option for mid-to-late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. Besides direct effects on brain networks, neuroprotective effects of STN-DBS - potentially via alterations of growth factor expression levels - have been proposed as additional mechanisms of action. OBJECTIVE In the context of clarifying DBS mechanisms, we analyzed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the basal ganglia, motor and parietal cortices, and dentate gyrus in an animal model of stable, severe dopaminergic deficiency. METHODS We applied one week of continuous unilateral STN-DBS in a group of stable 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rats (6-OHDASTIM) in comparison to a 6-OHDA control group (6-OHDASHAM) as well as healthy controls (CTRLSTIM and CTRLSHAM). BDNF and GDNF levels were determined via ELISAs. RESULTS The 6-OHDA lesion did not result in a persistent alteration in either BDNF or GDNF levels in a model of severe dopaminergic deficiency after completion of the dopaminergic degeneration. STN-DBS modestly increased BDNF levels in the entopeduncular nucleus, but even impaired BDNF and GDNF expression in cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS STN-DBS does not increase growth factor expression when applied to a model of completed, severe dopaminergic deficiency in contrast to other studies in models of modest and ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. In healthy controls, STN-DBS does not influence BDNF or GDNF expression. We consider these findings relevant for clinical purposes since DBS in PD is usually applied late in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Statz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frederike Schleuter
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanna Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
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Dabbour AH, Tan S, Kim SH, Guild SJ, Heppner P, McCormick D, Wright BE, Leung D, Gallichan R, Budgett D, Malpas SC. The Safety of Micro-Implants for the Brain. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:796203. [PMID: 34955740 PMCID: PMC8695845 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.796203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements in electronics and micromachining now allow the development of discrete wireless brain implantable micro-devices. Applications of such devices include stimulation or sensing and could enable direct placement near regions of interest within the brain without the need for electrode leads or separate battery compartments that are at increased risk of breakage and infection. Clinical use of leadless brain implants is accompanied by novel risks, such as migration of the implant. Additionally, the encapsulation material of the implants plays an important role in mitigating unwanted tissue reactions. These risks have the potential to cause harm or reduce the service of life of the implant. In the present study, we have assessed post-implantation tissue reaction and migration of borosilicate glass-encapsulated micro-implants within the cortex of the brain. Twenty borosilicate glass-encapsulated devices (2 × 3.5 × 20 mm) were implanted into the parenchyma of 10 sheep for 6 months. Radiographs were taken directly post-surgery and at 3 and 6 months. Subsequently, sheep were euthanized, and GFAP and IBA-1 histological analysis was performed. The migration of the implants was tracked by reference to two stainless steel screws placed in the skull. We found no significant difference in fluoroscopy intensity of GFAP and a small difference in IBA-1 between implanted tissue and control. There was no glial scar formation found at the site of the implant’s track wall. Furthermore, we observed movement of up to 4.6 mm in a subset of implants in the first 3 months of implantation and no movement in any implant during the 3–6-month period of implantation. Subsequent histological analysis revealed no evidence of a migration track or tissue damage. We conclude that the implantation of this discrete micro-implant within the brain does not present additional risk due to migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Hameed Dabbour
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sheryl Tan
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sang Ho Kim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel McCormick
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bryon E Wright
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dixon Leung
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Gallichan
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Budgett
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Malpas
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Joseph K, Kirsch M, Johnston M, Münkel C, Stieglitz T, Haas CA, Hofmann UG. Transcriptional characterization of the glial response due to chronic neural implantation of flexible microprobes. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121230. [PMID: 34736153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long term implantation of (micro-)probes into neural tissue causes unique and disruptive responses. In this study, we investigate the transcriptional trajectory of glial cells responding to chronic implantation of 380 μm flexible micro-probes for up to 18 weeks. Transcriptomic analysis shows a rapid activation of microglial cells and a strong reactive astrocytic polarization, both of which are lost over the chronic of the implant duration. Animals that were implanted for 18 weeks show a transcriptional profile similar to non-implanted controls, with increased expression of genes associated with wound healing and angiogenesis, which raises hope of a normalization of the neuropil to the pre-injury state when using flexible probes. Nevertheless, our data shows that a subset of genes upregulated after 18 weeks belong to the family of immediate early genes, which indicates that structural and functional remodeling is not complete at this time point. Our results confirm and extend previous work on the molecular changes resulting from the presence of neural probes and provide a rational basis for developing interventional strategies to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Joseph
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Midori Johnston
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Münkel
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Kahan A, Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Robinson JE, Cho JR, Chen X, Kassraian P, Wagenaar DA, Gradinaru V. Light-guided sectioning for precise in situ localization and tissue interface analysis for brain-implanted optical fibers and GRIN lenses. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109744. [PMID: 34592157 PMCID: PMC8552649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical implants to control and monitor neuronal activity in vivo have become foundational tools of neuroscience. Standard two-dimensional histology of the implant location, however, often suffers from distortion and loss during tissue processing. To address that, we developed a three-dimensional post hoc histology method called “light-guided sectioning” (LiGS), which preserves the tissue with its optical implant in place and allows staining and clearing of a volume up to 500 μm in depth. We demonstrate the use of LiGS to determine the precise location of an optical fiber relative to a deep brain target and to investigate the implant-tissue interface. We show accurate cell registration of ex vivo histology with single-cell, two-photon calcium imaging, obtained through gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses, and identify subpopulations based on immunohistochemistry. LiGS provides spatial information in experimental paradigms that use optical fibers and GRIN lenses and could help increase reproducibility through identification of fiber-to-target localization and molecular profiling. Kahan et al. describe a 3D histology method (LiGS) to investigate with high fidelity the vicinity of an intact optical implant (e.g., GRIN lenses and optical fibers). LiGS is compatible with immunohistochemistry and single-molecule imaging. With the use of two-photon microscopy, LiGS can also link the functional properties of cells to their molecular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Kahan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pegah Kassraian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel A Wagenaar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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8
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Plocksties F, Kober M, Niemann C, Heller J, Fauser M, Nüssel M, Uster F, Franz D, Zwar M, Lüttig A, Kröger J, Harloff J, Schulz A, Richter A, Köhling R, Timmermann D, Storch A. The software defined implantable modular platform (STELLA) for preclinical deep brain stimulation research in rodents. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34542029 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac23e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Context.Long-term deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies in rodents are of crucial importance for research progress in this field. However, most stimulation devices require jackets or large head-mounted systems which severely affect mobility and general welfare influencing animals' behavior.Objective.To develop a preclinical neurostimulation implant system for long-term DBS research in small animal models.Approach.We propose a low-cost dual-channel DBS implant called software defined implantable platform (STELLA) with a printed circuit board size of Ø13 × 3.3 mm, weight of 0.6 g and current consumption of 7.6µA/3.1 V combined with an epoxy resin-based encapsulation method.Main results.STELLA delivers charge-balanced and configurable current pulses with widely used commercial electrodes. Whilein vitrostudies demonstrate at least 12 weeks of error-free stimulation using a CR1225 battery, our calculations predict a battery lifetime of up to 3 years using a CR2032. Exemplary application for DBS of the subthalamic nucleus in adult rats demonstrates that fully-implanted STELLA neurostimulators are very well-tolerated over 42 days without relevant stress after the early postoperative phase resulting in normal animal behavior. Encapsulation, external control and monitoring of function proved to be feasible. Stimulation with standard parameters elicited c-Fos expression by subthalamic neurons demonstrating biologically active function of STELLA.Significance.We developed a fully implantable, scalable and reliable DBS device that meets the urgent need for reverse translational research on DBS in freely moving rodent disease models including sensitive behavioral experiments. We thus add an important technology for animal research according to 'The Principle of Humane Experimental Technique'-replacement, reduction and refinement (3R). All hardware, software and additional materials are available under an open source license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Niemann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Nüssel
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Uster
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Monique Zwar
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Lüttig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Kröger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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9
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Kubelt C, Molkewehrum H, Lucius R, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J, Helmers AK. Influence of Simulated Deep Brain Stimulation on the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Central Nervous System Cells In Vitro. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:169-182. [PMID: 34216357 PMCID: PMC9117383 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) seems to modulate inflammatory processes. Whether this modulation leads to an induction or suppression of inflammatory mediators is still controversially discussed. Most studies of the influence of electrical stimulation on inflammation were conducted in rodent models with direct current stimulation and/or long impulses, both of which differ from the pattern in DBS. This makes comparisons with the clinical condition difficult. We established an in-vitro model that simulated clinical stimulation patterns to investigate the influence of electrical stimulation on proliferation and survival of human astroglial cells, microglia, and differentiated neurons. We also examined its influence on the expression of the inflammatory mediators C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)12, CXCL16, CC-chemokin-ligand-2 (CCL)2, CCL20, and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 by these cells using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, protein expression was assessed by immunofluorescence double staining. In our model, electrical stimulation did not affect proliferation or survival of the examined cell lines. There was a significant upregulation of CXCL12 in the astrocyte cell line SVGA, and of IL-1β in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells at both messenger RNA and protein levels. Our model allowed a valid examination of chemokines and cytokines associated with inflammation in human brain cells. With it, we detected the induction of inflammatory mediators by electrical stimulation in astrocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kubelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henri Molkewehrum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Helmers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Dryg I, Xie Y, Bergmann M, Urban G, Shain W, Hofmann UG. Long-term in vivomonitoring of gliotic sheathing of ultrathin entropic coated brain microprobes with fiber-based optical coherence tomography. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33657543 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abebc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Microfabricated neuroprosthetic devices have made possible important observations on neuron activity; however, long-term high-fidelity recording performance of these devices has yet to be realized. Tissue-device interactions appear to be a primary source of lost recording performance. The current state of the art for visualizing the tissue response surrounding brain implants in animals is immunohistochemistry + confocal microscopy, which is mainly performed after sacrificing the animal. Monitoring the tissue response as it develops could reveal important features of the response which may inform improvements in electrode design.Approach.Optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technique commonly used in ophthalmology, has already been adapted for imaging of brain tissue. Here, we use OCT to achieve real-time,in vivomonitoring of the tissue response surrounding chronically implanted neural devices. The employed tissue-response-provoking implants are coated with a plasma-deposited nanofilm, which has been demonstrated as a biocompatible and anti-inflammatory interface for indwelling devices. We evaluate the method by comparing the OCT results to traditional histology qualitatively and quantitatively.Main results.The differences in OCT signal across the implantation period between the plasma group and the control reveal that the plasma-type coating of otherwise rigid brain probes (glass) only slightly improve the glial encapsulation in the brain parenchyma indicating that geometrical or mechanical influences are dominating the encapsulation process.Significance.Our approach can long-term monitor and compare the tissue-response to chronically-implanted neural probes with and withour plasma coating in living animal models. Our findings provide valuable insigh to the well acknowledged yet not solved challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dryg
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Yijing Xie
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Urban
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - William Shain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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