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Brown LS, Cho JR, Bolkan SS, Nieh EH, Schottdorf M, Tank DW, Brody CD, Witten IB, Goldman MS. Neural circuit models for evidence accumulation through choice-selective sequences. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.555612. [PMID: 38234715 PMCID: PMC10793437 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Decision making is traditionally thought to be mediated by populations of neurons whose firing rates persistently accumulate evidence across time. However, recent decision-making experiments in rodents have observed neurons across the brain that fire sequentially as a function of spatial position or time, rather than persistently, with the subset of neurons in the sequence depending on the animal's choice. We develop two new candidate circuit models, in which evidence is encoded either in the relative firing rates of two competing chains of neurons or in the network location of a stereotyped pattern ("bump") of neural activity. Encoded evidence is then faithfully transferred between neuronal populations representing different positions or times. Neural recordings from four different brain regions during a decision-making task showed that, during the evidence accumulation period, different brain regions displayed tuning curves consistent with different candidate models for evidence accumulation. This work provides mechanistic models and potential neural substrates for how graded-value information may be precisely accumulated within and transferred between neural populations, a set of computations fundamental to many cognitive operations.
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Lee S, Kim C, Kim H, Ahn SG, Cho S, Park JK, Moon JY, Won H, Suh Y, Cho JR, Cho YH, Oh SJ, Lee BK, Kime JS. Perioperative risk and benefit of antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery within 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention with second-generation drug-eluting stents. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antiplatelet therapy (APT) in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (NCS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still on debate due to its opposite effects which are to prevent from cardiovascular events and to cause bleeding. There is no apparent consensus on how to determine perioperative APT strategy within 1 year after PCI. Therefore, we investigated the risk and benefit of APT in NCS within 1 year after PCI.
Methods
Patients undergoing NCS after PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents are retrospectively included from multicenter cohort of 8 medical centers in Korea. Perioperative clinical event within 30 days after NCS was recorded. Net adverse clinical event (NACE) including all cause death, major adverse cardiac event (MACE, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis) and major bleeding were evaluated. To overcome bias, propensity score covariate adjustment was performed using logistic regression analysis to generate propensity scores for patients of both APT strategies.
Results
Total 1130 patients (median age 69 years, female 30.5%) undergoing NCS within 1 year after PCI were eligible in the cohort. Study population included 55.1% patients suffered from ACS and 22.5% underwent complex PCI. NCS included 45.8% intermediate-to-high risk surgery and 10.7% urgent or emergent surgery. APT was continued during NCS in 62.7% of the patients. More patients continued DAPT (48% vs. 32%, p<0.001) among the patients who underwent NCS within 6 months after PCI than those who underwent NCS after 6 months. There were 49 NACE (4.3%), 16 MACE (1.4%) and 23 major bleeding events (2.0%), respectively. Continuing APT was associated with a lower risk of NACE (Adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.89; p=0.020)) and MACE (Adjusted HR, 0.35; 95 CI, 0.12–0.96; p=0.042). Subgroup analysis showed a tendency that continuing APT might be favorable than discontinuing APT in terms of MACE in patients who were diagnosed with ACS, underwent complex PCI, or underwent NCS within 6 months after PCI.
Conclusions
About two thirds of the patients were continuing APT during NCS. Our findings may support a careful consideration of APT continuation for some of the patients who are undergoing NCS within 1 year after PCI.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Yonsei University, Division of Cardiology , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
| | - C Kim
- Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
| | - H Kim
- NHIS Ilsan Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Goyang , Korea (Republic of)
| | - S G Ahn
- Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Wonju , Korea (Republic of)
| | - S Cho
- Dankook University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine , Cheonan-si , Korea (Republic of)
| | - J K Park
- NHIS Ilsan Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Goyang , Korea (Republic of)
| | - J Y Moon
- Cha Bundang Medical Center, Department of Cardiology , Seongnam , Korea (Republic of)
| | - H Won
- Chung-Ang University Hospital, Cardiovascular & Arrhythmia Center , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Y Suh
- Myongji Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Goyang , Korea (Republic of)
| | - J R Cho
- Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Y H Cho
- Myongji Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Goyang , Korea (Republic of)
| | - S J Oh
- NHIS Ilsan Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Goyang , Korea (Republic of)
| | - B K Lee
- Gangnam Severance Hospital, Division of Cardiology , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
| | - J S Kime
- Yonsei University, Division of Cardiology , Seoul , Korea (Republic of)
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3
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Bolkan SS, Stone IR, Pinto L, Ashwood ZC, Iravedra Garcia JM, Herman AL, Singh P, Bandi A, Cox J, Zimmerman CA, Cho JR, Engelhard B, Pillow JW, Witten IB. Opponent control of behavior by dorsomedial striatal pathways depends on task demands and internal state. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:345-357. [PMID: 35260863 PMCID: PMC8915388 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A classic view of the striatum holds that activity in direct and indirect pathways oppositely modulates motor output. Whether this involves direct control of movement, or reflects a cognitive process underlying movement, remains unresolved. Here we find that strong, opponent control of behavior by the two pathways of the dorsomedial striatum depends on the cognitive requirements of a task. Furthermore, a latent state model (a hidden Markov model with generalized linear model observations) reveals that-even within a single task-the contribution of the two pathways to behavior is state dependent. Specifically, the two pathways have large contributions in one of two states associated with a strategy of evidence accumulation, compared to a state associated with a strategy of repeating previous choices. Thus, both the demands imposed by a task, as well as the internal state of mice when performing a task, determine whether dorsomedial striatum pathways provide strong and opponent control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Bolkan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Iris R Stone
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Lucas Pinto
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zoe C Ashwood
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Alison L Herman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Akhil Bandi
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Julia Cox
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ben Engelhard
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan W Pillow
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Kahan A, Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Robinson JE, Cho JR, Chen X, Kassraian P, Wagenaar DA, Gradinaru V. Light-guided sectioning for precise in situ localization and tissue interface analysis for brain-implanted optical fibers and GRIN lenses. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109744. [PMID: 34592157 PMCID: PMC8552649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical implants to control and monitor neuronal activity in vivo have become foundational tools of neuroscience. Standard two-dimensional histology of the implant location, however, often suffers from distortion and loss during tissue processing. To address that, we developed a three-dimensional post hoc histology method called “light-guided sectioning” (LiGS), which preserves the tissue with its optical implant in place and allows staining and clearing of a volume up to 500 μm in depth. We demonstrate the use of LiGS to determine the precise location of an optical fiber relative to a deep brain target and to investigate the implant-tissue interface. We show accurate cell registration of ex vivo histology with single-cell, two-photon calcium imaging, obtained through gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses, and identify subpopulations based on immunohistochemistry. LiGS provides spatial information in experimental paradigms that use optical fibers and GRIN lenses and could help increase reproducibility through identification of fiber-to-target localization and molecular profiling. Kahan et al. describe a 3D histology method (LiGS) to investigate with high fidelity the vicinity of an intact optical implant (e.g., GRIN lenses and optical fibers). LiGS is compatible with immunohistochemistry and single-molecule imaging. With the use of two-photon microscopy, LiGS can also link the functional properties of cells to their molecular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Kahan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pegah Kassraian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel A Wagenaar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Patriarchi T, Cho JR, Merten K, Marley A, Broussard GJ, Liang R, Williams J, Nimmerjahn A, von Zastrow M, Gradinaru V, Tian L. Imaging neuromodulators with high spatiotemporal resolution using genetically encoded indicators. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:3471-3505. [PMID: 31732722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neural activity, from neuronal firing to neuromodulator release and signaling, underlie brain function and ultimately shape animal behavior. The recently developed and constantly growing toolbox of genetically encoded sensors for neural activity, including calcium, voltage, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator sensors, allows precise measurement of these signaling events with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we describe the engineering, characterization and application of our recently developed dLight1, a suite of genetically encoded dopamine (DA) sensors based on human inert DA receptors. dLight1 offers high molecular specificity, requisite affinity and kinetics and great sensitivity for measuring DA release in vivo. The detailed workflow described in this protocol can be used to systematically characterize and validate dLight1 in increasingly intact biological systems, from cultured cells to acute brain slices to behaving mice. For tool developers, we focus on characterizing five distinct properties of dLight1: dynamic range, affinity, molecular specificity, kinetics and interaction with endogenous signaling; for end users, we provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions for how to leverage fiber photometry and two-photon imaging to measure dLight1 transients in vivo. The instructions provided in this protocol are designed to help laboratory personnel with a broad range of experience (at the graduate or post-graduate level) to develop and utilize novel neuromodulator sensors in vivo, by using dLight1 as a benchmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gerard Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Jeong JW, Kim MJ, Oh HK, Jeong S, Kim MH, Cho JR, Kim DW, Kang SB. The impact of social media on citation rates in coloproctology. Colorectal Dis 2019; 21:1175-1182. [PMID: 31124259 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the association between Twitter exposure and the number of citations for coloproctology articles. METHOD Original articles from journals using Twitter between June 2015 and May 2016 were evaluated for the following characteristics: publishing journal; article subject; study design; nationality, speciality and affiliation of the author(s); and reference on Twitter. Citation data for these articles were retrieved from Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com) in January 2018. We performed a univariate analysis using these data followed by a multivariate, logistic regression analysis to search for factors associated with a high citation level, which was defined as accrual of more than five citations. RESULTS Out of six coloproctology journals listed on the InCites JCR database, three (Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, Colorectal Disease and Techniques in Coloproctology) used Twitter, where 200 (49.5%) out of a total of 404 articles had been featured. Citation rates of articles that featured on Twitter were significantly higher than those that did not (11.4 ± 9.2 vs 4.1 ± 3.1, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, Twitter exposure (OR 8.6, P = 0.001), European Union nationality (OR 2.4, P = 0.004), Colorectal Disease journal (OR 3.3, P = 0.005) and systematic review articles (OR 3.4, P = 0.009) were associated with higher citation levels. CONCLUSION Article exposure on Twitter was strongly associated with a high citation level. Medical communities should encourage journals as well as physicians to actively utilize social media to expedite the spread of new ideas and ultimately benefit medical society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - M J Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - H-K Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - S Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - M H Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - J R Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - D-W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Robinson JE, Coughlin GM, Hori AM, Cho JR, Mackey ED, Turan Z, Patriarchi T, Tian L, Gradinaru V. Optical dopamine monitoring with dLight1 reveals mesolimbic phenotypes in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1. eLife 2019; 8:e48983. [PMID: 31545171 PMCID: PMC6819083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder whose neurodevelopmental symptoms include impaired executive function, attention, and spatial learning and could be due to perturbed mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry. However, these circuits have never been directly assayed in vivo. We employed the genetically encoded optical dopamine sensor dLight1 to monitor dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ventral striatum of NF1 mice during motivated behavior. Additionally, we developed novel systemic AAV vectors to facilitate morphological reconstruction of dopaminergic populations in cleared tissue. We found that NF1 mice exhibit reduced spontaneous dopaminergic neurotransmission that was associated with excitation/inhibition imbalance in the ventral tegmental area and abnormal neuronal morphology. NF1 mice also had more robust dopaminergic and behavioral responses to salient visual stimuli, which were independent of learning, and rescued by optogenetic inhibition of non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. Overall, these studies provide a first in vivo characterization of dopaminergic circuit function in the context of NF1 and reveal novel pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Gerard M Coughlin
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Acacia M Hori
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Elisha D Mackey
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Zeynep Turan
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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Patriarchi T, Cho JR, Merten K, Howe MW, Marley A, Xiong WH, Folk RW, Broussard GJ, Liang R, Jang MJ, Zhong H, Dombeck D, von Zastrow M, Nimmerjahn A, Gradinaru V, Williams JT, Tian L. Ultrafast neuronal imaging of dopamine dynamics with designed genetically encoded sensors. Science 2018; 360:science.aat4422. [PMID: 29853555 PMCID: PMC6287765 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulatory systems exert profound influences on brain function. Understanding how these systems modify the operating mode of target circuits requires spatiotemporally precise measurement of neuromodulator release. We developed dLight1, an intensity-based genetically encoded dopamine indicator, to enable optical recording of dopamine dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution in behaving mice. We demonstrated the utility of dLight1 by imaging dopamine dynamics simultaneously with pharmacological manipulation, electrophysiological or optogenetic stimulation, and calcium imaging of local neuronal activity. dLight1 enabled chronic tracking of learning-induced changes in millisecond dopamine transients in mouse striatum. Further, we used dLight1 to image spatially distinct, functionally heterogeneous dopamine transients relevant to learning and motor control in mouse cortex. We also validated our sensor design platform for developing norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and opioid neuropeptide indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark W. Howe
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94131, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Xiong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert W. Folk
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerard Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Min Jee Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel Dombeck
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94131, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Xiao C, Cho JR, Zhou C, Treweek JB, Chan K, McKinney SL, Yang B, Gradinaru V. Cholinergic Mesopontine Signals Govern Locomotion and Reward through Dissociable Midbrain Pathways. Neuron 2017; 90:333-47. [PMID: 27100197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mesopontine tegmentum, including the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPN and LDT), provides major cholinergic inputs to midbrain and regulates locomotion and reward. To delineate the underlying projection-specific circuit mechanisms, we employed optogenetics to control mesopontine cholinergic neurons at somata and at divergent projections within distinct midbrain areas. Bidirectional manipulation of PPN cholinergic cell bodies exerted opposing effects on locomotor behavior and reinforcement learning. These motor and reward effects were separable via limiting photostimulation to PPN cholinergic terminals in the ventral substantia nigra pars compacta (vSNc) or to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. LDT cholinergic neurons also form connections with vSNc and VTA neurons; however, although photo-excitation of LDT cholinergic terminals in the VTA caused positive reinforcement, LDT-to-vSNc modulation did not alter locomotion or reward. Therefore, the selective targeting of projection-specific mesopontine cholinergic pathways may offer increased benefit in treating movement and addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ken Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sheri L McKinney
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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10
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Cho JR, Treweek JB, Robinson JE, Xiao C, Bremner LR, Greenbaum A, Gradinaru V. Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli. Neuron 2017; 94:1205-1219.e8. [PMID: 28602690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the dorsal raphe nucleus DA neurons are critical modulators of behavioral arousal and sleep-wake patterning. Using simultaneous fiber photometry and polysomnography, we observed time-delineated dorsal raphe nucleus dopaminergic (DRNDA) activity upon exposure to arousal-evoking salient cues, irrespective of their hedonic valence. We also observed broader fluctuations of DRNDA activity across sleep-wake cycles with highest activity during wakefulness. Both endogenous DRNDA activity and optogenetically driven DRNDA activity were associated with waking from sleep, with DA signal strength predictive of wake duration. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition opposed wakefulness and promoted NREM sleep, even in the face of salient stimuli. Therefore, the DRNDA population is a critical contributor to wake-promoting pathways and is capable of modulating sleep-wake states according to the outside environment, wherein the perception of salient stimuli prompts vigilance and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lindsay R Bremner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Cho JR, Koo DL, Joo EY, Seo DW, Hong SC, Jiruska P, Hong SB. Resection of individually identified high-rate high-frequency oscillations region is associated with favorable outcome in neocortical epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1872-83. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Department of Neurology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Division of Computation and Neural Systems; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California U.S.A
| | - Dae Lim Koo
- Department of Neurology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Yeon Joo
- Department of Neurology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dae Won Seo
- Department of Neurology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung-Chyul Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Developmental Epileptology; Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology; 2nd School of Medicine; University Hospital Motol Prague; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Seung Bong Hong
- Department of Neurology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
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Cho JR, Joo EY, Koo DL, Hong SB. Let there be no light: the effect of bedside light on sleep quality and background electroencephalographic rhythms. Sleep Med 2013; 14:1422-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi SJ, Hong SC, Seo DW, Joo EY, Cho JR, Hwang KJ, Kim JY, Hong SB. Long-Term Outcome of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Refractory Epilepsy: A Longitudinal 4 year Follow-up Study in Korea. J Epilepsy Res 2013; 3:16-20. [PMID: 24649466 PMCID: PMC3957311 DOI: 10.14581/jer.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: We evaluated the long-term outcome of patients with refractory epilepsy who were treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Methods: This investigation is designed as an uncontrolled, open-label, retrospective and long-term study. From June 1999 to October 2009, 20 patients were suitable for inclusion criteria: 4-year follow-up and documented seizure frequency before and after implantation. Seizure frequency was collected by clinical recording and interview. Primary outcome measures were the reduction in mean seizure frequency and responder rate (seizure frequency reduction of >50%). Results: In 20 patients (M:F=16:4), mean age at the time of implantation was 22.3 years (range 8–44) and mean disease duration was 13.9 years (range 1–37). Mean maximum stimulation output current was 1.90 mA (range 0.25–3.5). Overall mean seizure frequency reduction rate was 61.8% at 4 year follow-up comparison with baseline (p<0.001). Proposition of responder (> 50% seizure frequency reduction) of yearly follow-up were 40 % at 1 yr, 50% at 2 yrs, 45% at 3 yrs, and 60% at 4 yrs. There was no difference of stimulation parameter between the responders and non-responders. Conclusions: Long-term outcome of VNS suggests that VNS is an effective treatment option that can be alternative to surgery in patients with refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Choi
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Chyul Hong
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Won Seo
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Yeon Joo
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Hwang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bong Hong
- Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cho JR, Joo EY, Koo DL, Hong SC, Hong SB. Clinical utility of interictal high-frequency oscillations recorded with subdural macroelectrodes in partial epilepsy. J Clin Neurol 2012; 8:22-34. [PMID: 22523510 PMCID: PMC3325429 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2012.8.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is growing interest in high-frequency oscillations (HFO) as electrophysiological biomarkers of the epileptic brain. We evaluated the clinical utility of interictal HFO events, especially their occurrence rates, by comparing the spatial distribution with a clinically determined epileptogenic zone by using subdural macroelectrodes. METHODS We obtained intracranial electroencephalogram data with a high temporal resolution (2000 Hz sampling rate, 0.05-500 Hz band-pass filter) from seven patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Three epochs of 5-minute, artifact-free data were selected randomly from the interictal period. HFO candidates were first detected by an automated algorithm and subsequently screened to discard false detections. Validated events were further categorized as fast ripple (FR) and ripple (R) according to their spectral profiles. The occurrence rate of HFOs was calculated for each electrode contact. An HFO events distribution map (EDM) was constructed for each patient to allow visualization of the spatial distribution of their HFO events. RESULTS The subdural macroelectrodes were capable of detecting both R and FR events from the epileptic neocortex. The occurrence rate of HFO events, both FR and R, was significantly higher in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) than in other brain regions. Patient-specific HFO EDMs can facilitate the identification of the location of HFO-generating tissue, and comparison with findings from ictal recordings can provide additional useful information regarding the epileptogenic zone. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of interictal HFOs was reasonably consistent with the SOZ. The detection of HFO events and construction of spatial distribution maps appears to be useful for the presurgical mapping of the epileptogenic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim GB, Cho JR, Shin HS, Choi JH. Cortical mapping of the optically evoked responses in channelrhodopsin-2 mouse model. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:6769-72. [PMID: 22255892 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the information transfer properties of large-scale neural circuit in brain system. We applied optical deep brain stimulation to define the properties of information flow within a living brain assisted by channel rhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgenic mice, of which neurons express the light-activated ion channel. We first characterized the responses of neuronal ensemble to the impinged light with respect to stimulation parameters by co-registering local field potentials with optical stimulation. Secondly, we applied recently developed polyimide based microarray for mouse electroencephalogram (EEG) to obtain the cortical responses with respect to deep brain stimulation. Particularly, the spatiotemporal cortical mapping with respect to deep brain stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex and hippocampus CA1 were presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guk Bae Kim
- Brain Science Institute of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
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Cho JR, Koo DL, Joo EY, Yoon SM, Ju E, Lee J, Kim DY, Hong SB. Effect of levetiracetam monotherapy on background EEG activity and cognition in drug-naïve epilepsy patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:883-91. [PMID: 22000706 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cognitive effect of levetiracetam (LEV) monotherapy with quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis and neuropsychological (NP) tests. METHODS Twenty-two drug-naïve epilepsy patients were enrolled. EEG recordings were performed before and after LEV therapy. Relative power of discrete frequency bands was computed, as well as alpha peak frequency (APF) at occipital electrodes. Eighteen patients performed a battery of NP tests twice across LEV treatment. RESULTS LEV therapy decreased the power of delta (1-3 Hz, p<0.01) and theta (3-7 Hz, p<0.05) bands and increased that of alpha-2 (10-13 Hz, p<0.05) and beta-2 (19-24 Hz, p<0.05) bands. Region-specific spectral change was observed: delta power change was significant in fronto-polar region, theta in anterior region, alpha-2 in broad region, and beta-2 in left fronto-central region. APF change was not significant. Improvement in diverse NP tests requiring attention, working memory, language and executive function was observed. Change in theta, alpha-2, and beta-2 power was correlated with improvement in several NP tests. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest LEV is associated with acceleration of background EEG frequencies and improved cognitive function. Change in frequency band power could predict improvement in several cognitive domains across LEV therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Combined study of quantitative EEG analysis and NP tests can be useful in identifying cognitive effect of antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jung KY, Kim BH, Hwang MR, Cho JR, Kim HM, Lee YC, Kim CH, Kim JK, Kim BJ, Choo YK. Differential distribution of ganglioside GM3 in seminiferous tubule and epididymis of adult rats. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:360-6. [PMID: 11534772 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are ubiquitous membrane components in mammalian cells and are suggested to play important roles in various functions such as cell-cell interaction, adhesion, cell differentiation, growth control and signaling. Among all ganglio-series gangliosides, GM3 has the simplest carbohydrate structure, and has been shown as a major ganglioside in male reproductive system. To study GM3 distribution in the seminiferous tubule and epididymis, frozen sections were stained with specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ganglioside GM3. In the seminiferous tubule of testis, pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids expressed ganglioside GM3, but not in spermatogonia and sertoli cells. Spermatogonia and sertoli cells near the basement membrane were negatively reacted to anti-GM3. In the epididymis, GM3 was expressed only in some interstitial cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the expression of ganglioside GM3 in rat seminiferous tubule and epididymis is spatio-temporally regulated during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Jung
- Divison of Biological Science, college of Natural Sciences, and Medicinal Resources Research Center of Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Abstract
Utilizing the technique of hydroxyapatite chromatography, normal cellular DNAs were used to recycle off the repeat or normal sequences found in [3H]DNA copied off 70S RNA from malignant astrocytomas. The recycled [3H]DNA were then used to hybridize against DNAs from normal human brain tissues and DNAs from malignant astrocytomas or Grade IV astrocytomas. The results indicated the presence of tumor-specific DNA sequences in malignant astrocytomas, absent in normal brain tissues. The percentages were 88% and 7%, respectively. When recycled medulloblastoma 70S[3H]DNA probes were utilized against DNA'S FROM Grade IV astrocytomas and from normal brain, similar results were obtained. The respective percentages of hybridization were 67% and 7%. Thus it would appear that malignant gliomas contain tumor-specific DNA sequences which are not found in normal brain tissues.
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Cuatico W, Cho JR, Cheung CH. Biochemical evidences for ribonucleic acid viral-like characteristics in malignant diseases of gastrointestinal tract and lung in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 143:193-200. [PMID: 59952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and lung in humans possess three characteristics invariably found in ribonucleic acid tumor viruses: the presence of a ribonucleic acid directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase, reverse transcriptase; a high molecular weight ribonucleic acid with a sedimentation coefficient of 70 Svedberg units, and particulate elements with densities of 1.16 to 1.18 grams per milliliter sucrose gradient. Twelve of 17 carcinomas of the colon, three of five carcinomas of the stomach, all three carcinomas of the rectum and seven of ten carcinomas of the lung displayed detectable evidence of these viral-like entities. None of the corresponding normal tissues had positive reactions.
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Abstract
The newer methods of molecular virology, including molecular hybridization and the "simultaneous detection test," were used to examine human brain tumors for evidence of RNA tumor viruses. It was found that they contained 70S RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase, both encapsulated in a particle possessing a density of 1.17 g/ml. These particles therefore satisfy the three diagnostic features that characterize the animal RNA tumor viruses. Of 26 of the most malignant (glioblastoma and medullo blastoma) brain tumors examined, 24 (92%) contained these virus-like entities. The possible usefulness of these particles as aids in diagnosis and monitoring therapy is briefly discussed.
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Abstract
A high-molecular-weight RNA encapsulated with an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase in particles possessing the density characteristic of the RNA tumor viruses has been detected in 13 out of 14 human malignant melanomas. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles in an endogenous reaction hybridizes to RNA extracted from the human melanoma particulate structures, but not to RNA from normal skin. Similar particles containing RNA and enzyme have been found in basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. The RNA of the melanoma particles is easily distinguishable by hybridization from the RNAs found in the particles of the basal and squamous cell carcinomas.
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Cuatico W, Cho JR, Spiegelman S. Evidence of particle-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase and high molecular weight RNA in human gastrointestinal and lung malignancies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:3304-8. [PMID: 4137655 PMCID: PMC388674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.8.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous communications have demonstrated that neoplastic cells of human breast cancers, leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and brain tumors contain particles with similar diagnostic attributes as those found in RNA oncornaviruses. The present paper concerns malignancies of the gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems for which, like brain tumors, no suitable animal model or corresponding virus exists. By means of the simultaneous detection assay, these tumors have been found to contain 70S RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase encapsulated in particulate components possessing densities of 1.16-1.17 g/ml. Twelve out of 17 (70%) colon carcinomas, three out of five (60%) gastric carcinomas, all of three rectal carcinomas, and seven out of ten (70%) lung carcinomas contained detectable levels of these virus-like entities. None of the corresponding normal tissues was positive.
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Sweet RW, Goodman NC, Cho JR, Ruprecht RM, Redfield RR, Spiegelman S. The presence of unique DNA sequences after viral induction of leukemia in mice. (RNA tumor virus-nucleic acid hybridization-insertion of viral DNA). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1705-9. [PMID: 4525459 PMCID: PMC388307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
From previous studies, lymphocyte DNA from human leukemias and DNA from involved tissues of patients with Hodgkin's disease or Burkitt's lymphoma contain sequences that are absent from their normal counterparts. These sequences are related to those found in particulate elements associated with these neoplasias and possessing biochemical properties characteristic of RNA tumor viruses. Similar observations have been made of unique sequences related to those of the feline virus RD-114 and found in spontaneous mastocytomas in cats. Here we extend these results to the classical murine model of virus-induced leukemias. Splenic DNA from BALB/c mice with leukemia induced by Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) possess some RLV-related sequences that do not exist in normal BALB/c DNA. Furthermore, these leukemia-specific sequences were absent in all other mouse strains examined, including AKR, a strain with a high incidence of spontaneous leukemia. The DNA of all noninfected mouse strains possesses considerable homology with the RLV genome. Temperature denaturation studies indicate, however, that although the RLV-related sequences found in all normal mice are similar to each other, they are not exactly homologous with RLV sequences. We conclude that RLV-induced leukemia in BALB/c results in the insertion of RLV sequences into cellular DNA that itself possesses only partial homology with the RLV genome.
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Cuatico W, Cho JR, Spiegelman S. Particles with RNA of high molecular weight and RNA-directed DNA polymerase in human brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2789-93. [PMID: 4126727 PMCID: PMC427110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that neoplastic cells of human breast cancers, leukemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas contain particles similar to the viruses that have been established as etiologic agents of these diseases in mice. The present paper concerns tumors of the central nervous system for which no suitable animal model or corresponding virus exists. Nevertheless, using the simultaneous detection test, we showed that human brain tumors contain 70S RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase encapsulated in a particulate component possessing a density of 1.17 g/ml. These particles satisfy the three diagnostic criteria that characterize RNA tumor viruses of animals. 24 Out of 26 (92%) of the most malignant (glioblastoma and medulloblastoma) brain tumors examined contained these virus-like entities.
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