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Zhao Y, Bracher-Smith M, Li Y, Harvey K, Escott-Price V, Lewis PA, Manzoni C. Transcriptomics and weighted protein network analyses of the LRRK2 protein interactome reveal distinct molecular signatures for sporadic and LRRK2 Parkinson's Disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 39097579 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common genetic cause of familial Parkinson's Disease (LRRK2-PD) and an important risk factor for sporadic PD (sPD). Multiple clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the benefits associated with the therapeutical reduction of LRRK2 kinase activity. In this study, we described the changes of transcriptomic profiles (whole blood mRNA levels) of LRRK2 protein interactors in sPD and LRRK2-PD cases as compared to healthy controls with the aim of comparing the two PD conditions. We went on to model the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network centred on LRRK2, which was weighted to reflect the transcriptomic changes on expression and co-expression levels of LRRK2 protein interactors. Our results showed that LRRK2 interactors present both similar and distinct alterations in expression levels and co-expression behaviours in the sPD and LRRK2-PD cases; suggesting that, albeit being classified as the same disease based on clinical features, LRRK2-PD and sPD display significant differences from a molecular perspective. Interestingly, the similar changes across the two PD conditions result in decreased connectivity within a topological cluster of the LRRK2 PPI network associated with protein metabolism/biosynthesis and ribosomal metabolism suggesting protein homoeostasis and ribosomal dynamics might be affected in both sporadic and familial PD in comparison with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhao
- UCL School of Pharmacy, dept Pharmacology, London, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- University of Cardiff, School of Medicine, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yuelin Li
- UCL School of Pharmacy, dept Pharmacology, London, UK
| | | | - Valentina Escott-Price
- University of Cardiff, School of Medicine, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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2
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Nguyen HN, Galleri G, Rassu A, Ciampelli C, Bernardoni R, Galioto M, Albani D, Crosio C, Iaccarino C. Evaluation of Neuroinflammatory Contribution to Neurodegeneration in LRRK2 Drosophila Models. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1555. [PMID: 39062128 PMCID: PMC11274873 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the major genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several animal models with either LRRK2 down- or over-expression have been developed, the physiological function of LRRK2 remains elusive. LRRK2 is constitutively expressed in various tissues including neurons and glial cells, but importantly, it is expressed at low levels in dopaminergic neurons, further contributing to the cryptic function of LRRK2. Significant levels of LRRK2 protein and mRNA have been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymph nodes, the spleen, and primary microglia, strongly suggesting the contribution of inflammatory cells to neuronal degeneration. In this research article, using Drosophila LRRK2 models, we were able to demonstrate a significant contribution of glial cells to the LRRK2 pathological phenotype. Furthermore, in Drosophila, neurodegeneration is associated with a significant and important increase in specific inflammatory peptides. Finally, levetiracetam, a compound widely used in human therapy to treat epilepsy, was able to rescue both neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Nam Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonio Rassu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina Ciampelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Roberto Bernardoni
- Department Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Manuela Galioto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy (G.G.); (A.R.)
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3
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Yuan Y, Li H, Sreeram K, Malankhanova T, Boddu R, Strader S, Chang A, Bryant N, Yacoubian TA, Standaert DG, Erb M, Moore DJ, Sanders LH, Lutz MW, Velmeshev D, West AB. Single molecule array measures of LRRK2 kinase activity in serum link Parkinson's disease severity to peripheral inflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:47. [PMID: 38862989 PMCID: PMC11167795 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LRRK2-targeting therapeutics that inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity have advanced to clinical trials in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD). LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab10 on endolysosomes in phagocytic cells to promote some types of immunological responses. The identification of factors that regulate LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in iPD, and whether phosphorylated-Rab10 levels change in different disease states, or with disease progression, may provide insights into the role of Rab10 phosphorylation in iPD and help guide therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway. METHODS Capitalizing on past work demonstrating LRRK2 and phosphorylated-Rab10 interact on vesicles that can shed into biofluids, we developed and validated a high-throughput single-molecule array assay to measure extracellular pT73-Rab10. Ratios of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 measured in biobanked serum samples were compared between informative groups of transgenic mice, rats, and a deeply phenotyped cohort of iPD cases and controls. Multivariable and weighted correlation network analyses were used to identify genetic, transcriptomic, clinical, and demographic variables that predict the extracellular pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 ratio. RESULTS pT73-Rab10 is absent in serum from Lrrk2 knockout mice but elevated by LRRK2 and VPS35 mutations, as well as SNCA expression. Bone-marrow transplantation experiments in mice show that serum pT73-Rab10 levels derive primarily from circulating immune cells. The extracellular ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 is dynamic, increasing with inflammation and rapidly decreasing with LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 is elevated in iPD patients with greater motor dysfunction, irrespective of disease duration, age, sex, or the usage of PD-related or anti-inflammatory medications. pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 ratios are associated with neutrophil degranulation, antigenic responses, and suppressed platelet activation. CONCLUSIONS The extracellular serum ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 is a novel pharmacodynamic biomarker for LRRK2-linked innate immune activation associated with disease severity in iPD. We propose that those iPD patients with higher serum pT73-Rab10 levels may benefit from LRRK2-targeting therapeutics that mitigate associated deleterious immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huizhong Li
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kashyap Sreeram
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tuyana Malankhanova
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ravindra Boddu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Strader
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Chang
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Talene A Yacoubian
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Madalynn Erb
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Laurie H Sanders
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Boles J, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Peripheral endotoxin exposure in mice activates crosstalk between phagocytes in the brain and periphery. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4478250. [PMID: 38883776 PMCID: PMC11177977 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4478250/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a central process of many neurological diseases, and a growing number of studies suggest that non-brain-resident immune cells may contribute to this neuroinflammation. However, the unique contributions of specific immune cell subsets to neuroinflammation are presently unknown, and it is unclear how communication between brain-resident and non-resident immune cells underlies peripheral immune cell involvement in neuroinflammation. Methods In this study, we employed the well-established model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and captured brain-resident and non-resident immune cells from the brain and its vasculature by magnetically enriching cell suspensions from the non-perfused brain for CD45 + cells. Then, we identified immune subtype-specific neuroinflammatory processes using single-cell genomics and predicted the crosstalk between immune cell subtypes by analyzing the simultaneous expression of ligands and receptors. Results We observed a greater abundance of peripheral phagocytes associated with the brain in this model of neuroinflammation, and report that these professional phagocytes activated similar transcriptional profiles to microglia during LPS-induced neuroinflammation. And, we observed that the probable crosstalk between microglia and peripheral phagocytes was activated in this model while homotypic microglial communication was likely to be decreased. Conclusions Our novel findings reveal that microglia signaling to non-brain-resident peripheral phagocytes is preferentially triggered by peripheral inflammation, which is associated with brain infiltration of peripheral cells. Overall, our study supports the involvement of peripheral immune cells in neuroinflammation and suggests several possible molecular signaling pathways between microglia and peripheral cells that may facilitate central-peripheral crosstalk during inflammation. Examining these molecular mediators in human disease and other rodent models may reveal novel targets that modify brain health, especially in comorbidities characterized by peripheral inflammation.
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Wallings R, McFarland K, Staley H, Neighbarger N, Schaake S, Brueggemann N, Zittel S, Usnich T, Klein C, Sammler E, Tansey MG. The R1441C-LRRK2 mutation induces myeloid immune cell exhaustion in an age- and sex-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.12.562063. [PMID: 37905053 PMCID: PMC10614788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Considering age is the greatest risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases, aging, in particular aging of the immune system, is the most underappreciated and understudied contributing factor in the neurodegeneration field. Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been implicated in peripheral immune signaling, however, the effects of an aging immune system on LRRK2 function have been neglected to be considered. We demonstrate here that the R1441C mutation induces a hyper-responsive phenotype in macrophages from young female mice, characterized by increased effector functions, including stimulation-dependent antigen presentation, cytokine release, phagocytosis, and lysosomal function. This is followed by age-acquired immune cell exhaustion in a Lrrk2-kinase-dependent manner. Immune-exhausted macrophages exhibit suppressed antigen presentation and hypophagocytosis, which is also demonstrated in myeloid cells from R1441C and Y1699C-PD patients. Our novel findings that LRRK2 mutations confer immunological advantage at a young age but may predispose the carrier to age-acquired immune exhaustion have significant implications for LRRK2 biology and therapeutic development. Indeed, LRRK2 has become an appealing target in PD, but our findings suggest that more research is required to understand the cell-type specific consequences and optimal timing of LRRK2-targeting therapeutics.
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6
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Yuan Y, Li H, Sreeram K, Malankhanova T, Boddu R, Strader S, Chang A, Bryant N, Yacoubian TA, Standaert DG, Erb M, Moore DJ, Sanders LH, Lutz MW, Velmeshev D, West AB. Single molecule array measures of LRRK2 kinase activity in serum link Parkinson's disease severity to peripheral inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589570. [PMID: 38659797 PMCID: PMC11042295 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background LRRK2-targeting therapeutics that inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity have advanced to clinical trials in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD). LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab10 on endolysosomes in phagocytic cells to promote some types of immunological responses. The identification of factors that regulate LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in iPD, and whether phosphorylated-Rab10 levels change in different disease states, or with disease progression, may provide insights into the role of Rab10 phosphorylation in iPD and help guide therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway. Methods Capitalizing on past work demonstrating LRRK2 and phosphorylated-Rab10 interact on vesicles that can shed into biofluids, we developed and validated a high-throughput single-molecule array assay to measure extracellular pT73-Rab10. Ratios of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 measured in biobanked serum samples were compared between informative groups of transgenic mice, rats, and a deeply phenotyped cohort of iPD cases and controls. Multivariable and weighted correlation network analyses were used to identify genetic, transcriptomic, clinical, and demographic variables that predict the extracellular pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 ratio. Results pT73-Rab10 is absent in serum from Lrrk2 knockout mice but elevated by LRRK2 and VPS35 mutations, as well as SNCA expression. Bone-marrow transplantation experiments in mice show that serum pT73-Rab10 levels derive primarily from circulating immune cells. The extracellular ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 is dynamic, increasing with inflammation and rapidly decreasing with LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 is elevated in iPD patients with greater motor dysfunction, irrespective of disease duration, age, sex, or the usage of PD-related or anti-inflammatory medications. pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 ratios are associated with neutrophil activation, antigenic responses, and the suppression of platelet activation. Conclusions The extracellular ratio of pT73-Rab10 to total Rab10 in serum is a novel pharmacodynamic biomarker for LRRK2-linked innate immune activation associated with disease severity in iPD. We propose that those iPD patients with higher serum pT73-Rab10 levels may benefit from LRRK2-targeting therapeutics to mitigate associated deleterious immunological responses.
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7
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Wang Y, Gao JZ, Sakaguchi T, Maretzky T, Gurung P, Narayanan NS, Short S, Xiong Y, Kang Z. LRRK2 G2019S Promotes Colon Cancer Potentially via LRRK2-GSDMD Axis-Mediated Gut Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:565. [PMID: 38607004 PMCID: PMC11011703 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a serine-threonine protein kinase belonging to the ROCO protein family. Within the kinase domain of LRRK2, a point mutation known as LRRK2 G2019S has emerged as the most prevalent variant associated with Parkinson's disease. Recent clinical studies have indicated that G2019S carriers have an elevated risk of cancers, including colon cancer. Despite this observation, the underlying mechanisms linking LRRK2 G2019S to colon cancer remain elusive. In this study, employing a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) model and LRRK2 G2019S knock-in (KI) mouse model, we demonstrate that LRRK2 G2019S promotes the pathogenesis of colon cancer, characterized by increased tumor number and size in KI mice. Furthermore, LRRK2 G2019S enhances intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, KI mice exhibit heightened susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis, with inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity ameliorating colitis severity and CAC progression. Our investigation also reveals that LRRK2 G2019S promotes inflammasome activation and exacerbates gut epithelium necrosis in the colitis model. Notably, GSDMD inhibitors attenuate colitis in LRRK2 G2019S KI mice. Taken together, our findings offer experimental evidence indicating that the gain-of-kinase activity in LRRK2 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, suggesting LRRK2 as a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer patients exhibiting hyper LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joyce Z. Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Taylor Sakaguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nandakumar S. Narayanan
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah Short
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yiqin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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8
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Pena N, Richbourg T, Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Qi R, Wren P, Barlow C, Shanks NF, Carlisle HJ, Sanders LH. G2019S selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitor abrogates mitochondrial DNA damage. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:49. [PMID: 38429321 PMCID: PMC10907374 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S variant is the most common, which results in abnormally high kinase activity. Compounds that target LRRK2 kinase activity are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials. We recently found that G2019S LRRK2 causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors at concentrations associated with dephosphorylation of LRRK2 reversed mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. Because maintaining the normal function of LRRK2 in heterozygous G2019S LRRK2 carriers while specifically targeting the G2019S LRRK2 activity could have an advantageous safety profile, we explored the efficacy of a G2019S mutant selective LRRK2 inhibitor to reverse mtDNA damage in G2019S LRRK2 models and patient cells relative to non-selective LRRK2 inhibitors. Potency of LRRK2 kinase inhibition by EB-42168, a G2019S mutant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor, and MLi-2, a non-selective inhibitor, was determined by measuring phosphorylation of LRRK2 at Ser935 and/or Ser1292 using quantitative western immunoblot analysis. The Mito DNADX assay, which allows for the accurate real-time quantification of mtDNA damage in a 96-well platform, was performed in parallel. We confirmed that EB-42168 selectively inhibits LRRK2 phosphorylation on G2019S LRRK2 relative to wild-type LRRK2. On the other hand, MLi-2 was equipotent for wild-type and G2019S LRRK2. Acute treatment with EB-42168 inhibited LRRK2 phosphorylation and also restored mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. We further investigated the relationship between LRRK2 kinase activity, mtDNA damage and mitophagy. Levels of mtDNA damage caused by G2019S LRRK2 were fully re-established within 2 h of a LRRK2 inhibitor wash out and recovery experiment, indicating the mtDNA damage phenotype is highly dynamic. G2019S LRRK2 mitophagy defects were not alleviated with LRRK2 kinase inhibition, suggesting that mitophagy is not mechanistically regulating LRRK2 kinase-mediated reversal of mtDNA damage in this acute timeframe. Abrogation of mtDNA damage with the mutant selective tool inhibitor EB-42168 demonstrates the potential of a precision medicine approach for LRRK2 G2019S PD. Levels of mtDNA damage may serve as a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker of altered kinase activity that could be useful for small molecule development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pena
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tara Richbourg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia P Gonzalez-Hunt
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rui Qi
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Wren
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laurie H Sanders
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Naaldijk Y, Fernández B, Fasiczka R, Fdez E, Leghay C, Croitoru I, Kwok JB, Boulesnane Y, Vizeneux A, Mutez E, Calvez C, Destée A, Taymans JM, Aragon AV, Yarza AB, Padmanabhan S, Delgado M, Alcalay RN, Chatterton Z, Dzamko N, Halliday G, Ruiz-Martínez J, Chartier-Harlin MC, Hilfiker S. A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson´s disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38191886 PMCID: PMC10774440 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they accumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate idiopathic PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Coline Leghay
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ioana Croitoru
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
| | - John B Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanisse Boulesnane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Amelie Vizeneux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Eugenie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Calvez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Alberto Bergareche Yarza
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department. of Neurology, Colsumbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zac Chatterton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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10
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Cossu D, Hatano T, Hattori N. The Role of Immune Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16766. [PMID: 38069088 PMCID: PMC10706591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled intriguing insights suggesting that the body's immune system may be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) development. Studies have observed disparities in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers between PD patients and healthy individuals. This finding underscores the potential influence of immune system dysfunction in the genesis of this condition. A dysfunctional immune system can serve as a primary catalyst for systemic inflammation in the body, which may contribute to the emergence of various brain disorders. The identification of several genes associated with PD, as well as their connection to neuroinflammation, raises the likelihood of disease susceptibility. Moreover, advancing age and mitochondrial dysfunction can weaken the immune system, potentially implicating them in the onset of the disease, particularly among older individuals. Compromised integrity of the blood-brain barrier could facilitate the immune system's access to brain tissue. This exposure may lead to encounters with native antigens or infections, potentially triggering an autoimmune response. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence supporting the notion that gut dysbiosis might represent an initial trigger for brain inflammation, ultimately promoting neurodegeneration. In this comprehensive review, we will delve into the numerous hypotheses surrounding the role of both innate and adaptive immunity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 3510918, Japan
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11
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Tansey M, Boles J, Uriarte Huarte O. Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics reveals complex central-peripheral immune crosstalk in the mouse brain during peripheral inflammation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3428910. [PMID: 37886510 PMCID: PMC10602178 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3428910/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a realized detriment to brain health in a growing number of neurological diseases, but querying neuroinflammation in its cellular complexity remains a challenge. This manuscript aims to provide a reliable and accessible strategy for examining the brain's immune system. We compare the efficacy of cell isolation methods in producing ample and pure immune samples from mouse brains. Then, with the high-input single-cell genomics platform PIPseq, we generate a rich neuroimmune dataset containing microglia and many peripheral immune populations. To demonstrate this strategy's utility, we interrogate the well-established model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation with single-cell resolution. We demonstrate the activation of crosstalk between microglia and peripheral phagocytes and highlight the unique contributions of microglia and peripheral immune cells to neuroinflammation. Our approach enables the high-depth evaluation of inflammation in longstanding rodent models of neurological disease to reveal novel insight into the contributions of the immune system to brain health.
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12
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Yadavalli N, Ferguson SM. LRRK2 suppresses lysosome degradative activity in macrophages and microglia through MiT-TFE transcription factor inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303789120. [PMID: 37487100 PMCID: PMC10400961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303789120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells maintain optimal levels of lysosome degradative activity to protect against pathogens, clear waste, and generate nutrients. Here, we show that LRRK2, a protein that is tightly linked to Parkinson's disease, negatively regulates lysosome degradative activity in macrophages and microglia via a transcriptional mechanism. Depletion of LRRK2 and inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity enhanced lysosomal proteolytic activity and increased the expression of multiple lysosomal hydrolases. Conversely, the kinase hyperactive LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson's disease mutant suppressed lysosomal degradative activity and gene expression. We identified MiT-TFE transcription factors (TFE3, TFEB, and MITF) as mediators of LRRK2-dependent control of lysosomal gene expression. LRRK2 negatively regulated the abundance and nuclear localization of these transcription factors and their depletion prevented LRRK2-dependent changes in lysosome protein levels. These observations define a role for LRRK2 in controlling lysosome degradative activity and support a model wherein LRRK2 hyperactivity may increase Parkinson's disease risk by suppressing lysosome degradative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Yadavalli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
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13
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Taymans JM, Fell M, Greenamyre T, Hirst WD, Mamais A, Padmanabhan S, Peter I, Rideout H, Thaler A. Perspective on the current state of the LRRK2 field. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37393318 PMCID: PMC10314919 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades after linking LRRK2 to Parkinson's disease, a vibrant research field has developed around the study of this gene and its protein product. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular structures of LRRK2 and its complexes, and our understanding of LRRK2 has continued to grow, affirming decisions made years ago to therapeutically target this enzyme for PD. Markers of LRRK2 activity, with potential to monitor disease progression or treatment efficacy, are also under development. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the role of LRRK2 outside of the central nervous system in peripheral tissues such as gut and immune cells that may also contribute to LRRK2 mediated pathology. In this perspective, our goal is to take stock of LRRK2 research by discussing the current state of knowledge and critical open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Matt Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 7039, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY, 10120, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit and Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Wang Y, Gao JZ, Sakaguchi T, Maretzky T, Gurung P, Short S, Xiong Y, Kang Z. LRRK2 G2019S promotes the development of colon cancer via modulating intestinal inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546897. [PMID: 37425755 PMCID: PMC10326997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
LRRK2 G2019S is the most prevalent variant associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), found in 1-3% of sporadic and 4-8% of familial PD cases. Intriguingly, emerging clinical studies have suggested that LRRK2 G2019S carriers have an increased risk of cancers including colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of the positive correlation between LRRK2-G2019S and colorectal cancer remain unknown. Using a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and LRRK2 G2019S knockin (KI) mice, here we report that LRRK2 G2019S promotes the pathogenesis of colon cancer as evidenced by increased tumor number and tumor size in LRRK2 G2019S KI mice. LRRK2 G2019S promoted intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, we found that LRRK2 G2019S KI mice are more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Suppressing the kinase activity of LRRK2 ameliorated the severity of colitis in both LRRK2 G2019S KI and WT mice. At the molecular level, our investigation unveiled that LRRK2 G2019S promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, triggers inflammasome activation, and induces cell necrosis in the gut epithelium in a mouse model of colitis. Collectively, our data provide direct evidence that gain-of-kinase activity in LRRK2 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, implicating LRRK2 as a potential target in colon cancer patients with hyper LRRK2 kinase activity.
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15
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Filippone A, Cucinotta L, Bova V, Lanza M, Casili G, Paterniti I, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Inhibition of LRRK2 Attenuates Depression-Related Symptoms in Mice with Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071040. [PMID: 37048114 PMCID: PMC10093681 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been associated with emotional dysregulation such as loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia and major depressive disorder. The gene Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is involved in protein synthesis and degradation, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, processes that trigger mTBI. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of LRRK2 in reducing depression-related symptoms after mTBI and to determine whether inhibition of LRRK2 mediated by PF-06447475 could have antidepressant effects. Moderate traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) and mice were treated with PF-06447475 at doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg once daily for 14 days. We performed histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses of brain tissue 24 days after mTBI. Furthermore, the tissue changes found in the hippocampus and amygdala confirmed the depression-like behavior. PF-treatment with 06447475 significantly reduced the histological damage and behavioral disturbances. Thus, this study has shown that mTBI induction promotes the development of depression-like behavioral changes. LRRK2 inhibition showed an antidepressant effect and restored the changes in the copper/glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (Cu/NMDAR) system.
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16
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Oun A, Hoeksema E, Soliman A, Brouwer F, García-Reyes F, Pots H, Trombetta-Lima M, Kortholt A, Dolga AM. Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide Effects on LRRK2 Signaling in RAW Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021644. [PMID: 36675159 PMCID: PMC9865464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the immune system and mitochondrial metabolism has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Mutations and increased kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are linked to both idiopathic and familial PD. However, the function of LRRK2 in the immune cells under inflammatory conditions is contradictory. Our results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increased the kinase activity of LRRK2 in parental RAW 264.7 (WT) cells. In addition to this, LRRK2 deletion in LRRK2 KO RAW 264.7 (KO) cells altered cell morphology following LPS stimulation compared to the WT cells, as shown by an increase in the cell impedance as observed by the xCELLigence measurements. LPS stimulation caused an increase in the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in both WT and KO cells. However, WT cells displayed a higher ROS level compared to the KO cells. Moreover, LRRK2 deletion led to a reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokine and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and an increase in lactate production after LPS stimulation compared to the WT cells. These data illustrate that LRRK2 has an effect on inflammatory processes in RAW macrophages upon LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Oun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Emmy Hoeksema
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Famke Brouwer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiola García-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +31-50363-4206 (A.K.); +31-50363-6372 (A.M.D.)
| | - Amalia M. Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +31-50363-4206 (A.K.); +31-50363-6372 (A.M.D.)
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17
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Razali K, Algantri K, Loh SP, Cheng SH, Mohamed W. Integrating nutriepigenomics in Parkinson's disease management: New promising strategy in the omics era. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:364-372. [PMID: 36590101 PMCID: PMC9795299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent brain motor disorder and is frequently regarded as an idiopathic and sporadic disease due to its unclear etiology. Although the pathological mechanisms of PD have already been investigated at various omics levels, no disease-modifying drugs are currently available. At the moment, treatments can only provide symptomatic relief to control or improve motor symptoms. Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial disease, the development and progression of which are influenced by multiple factors, including the genetic markups and the environment. As an indispensable component of our daily life, nutrition is considered one of the most robust environmental factors affecting our health. Consequently, depending on our dietary habits, nutrition can either induce or reduce our susceptibility to PD. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) activity. Accumulating evidence from nutriepigenomics studies has reported altered epigenetic mechanisms in clinical and pre-clinical PD models, and the potential role of nutrition in modifying the changes. In addition, through nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics studies, the diet-gene, and gene-diet interactions concerning PD development and progression have been investigated. Herein, current findings on the roles of nutrition in epigenetic mechanisms underpinning PD development and progression are discussed. Recent advancements in the multi-omics approach in PD nutrition research are also underlined. The ability of nutrients to influence epigenetic mechanisms and the availability of multi-omics applications compel the immediate use of personalized nutrition as adjuvant therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairiah Razali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Algantri
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy Department, Widad University College, BIM Point, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shi-Hui Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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18
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Marras C. Epidemiological Evidence for an Immune Component of Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S29-S43. [PMID: 35661019 PMCID: PMC9535552 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the role the immune system and inflammatory response play on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Epidemiological evidence lends support for the hypothesis that PD is an immune-mediated condition. An association between inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s and Ulcerative colitis, and the risk of PD has been described and replicated in several population-based cohorts. Other autoimmune conditions, such as Sjogren syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis also seem to be associated with an increased risk of PD. Immunosuppressant medications seem to be associated with a decreased risk of PD. Finally, variants in genes involved in immune system regulation are also shared between PD and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we will provide an overview of epidemiological evidence from population-based cohort studies, meta-analyses, and genome-wide association studies that analyze the association between the immune system and PD, discuss current gaps in the literature and future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Ho PWL, Chang EES, Leung CT, Liu H, Malki Y, Pang SYY, Choi ZYK, Liang Y, Lai WS, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Yung S, Mak JCW, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity reduced mouse brain α-synuclein oligomers without adverse effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:115. [PMID: 36088364 PMCID: PMC9464237 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in nigrostriatal and cortical brain regions associated with pathogenic α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregate/oligomer accumulation. LRRK2 hyperactivity is a disease-modifying therapeutic target in PD. However, LRRK2 inhibition may be associated with peripheral effects, albeit with unclear clinical consequences. Here, we significantly reduced αSyn oligomer accumulation in mouse striatum through long-term LRRK2 inhibition using GNE-7915 (specific brain-penetrant LRRK2 inhibitor) without causing adverse peripheral effects. GNE-7915 concentrations in wild-type (WT) mouse sera and brain samples reached a peak at 1 h, which gradually decreased over 24 h following a single subcutaneous (100 mg/kg) injection. The same dose in young WT and LRRK2R1441G mutant mice significantly inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity (Thr73-Rab10 and Ser106-Rab12 phosphorylation) in the lung, which dissipated by 72 h post-injection. 14-month-old mutant mice injected with GNE-7915 twice weekly for 18 weeks (equivalent to ~13 human years) exhibited reduced striatal αSyn oligomer and cortical pSer129-αSyn levels, correlating with inhibition of LRRK2 hyperactivity in brain and lung to WT levels. No GNE-7915-treated mice showed increased mortality or morbidity. Unlike reports of abnormalities in lung and kidney at acute high doses of LRRK2 inhibitors, our GNE-7915-treated mice did not exhibit swollen lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes or abnormal vacuolation in the kidney. Functional and histopathological assessments of lung, kidney and liver, including whole-body plethysmography, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) did not reveal abnormalities after long-term GNE-7915 treatment. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity to physiological levels presents an efficacious and safe disease-modifying therapy to ameliorate synucleinopathy in PD.
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Filippone A, Mannino D, Cucinotta L, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. LRRK2 Inhibition by PF06447475 Antagonist Modulates Early Neuronal Damage after Spinal Cord Trauma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091634. [PMID: 36139708 PMCID: PMC9495377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event followed by neurodegeneration, activation of the inflammatory cascade, and immune system. The leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), moreover, its kinase activity was found to be upregulated after instigated inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we aimed to investigate the PF06447475 (abbreviated as PF-475) role as a pharmacological LRRK2 antagonist by counteracting pathological consequences of spinal cord trauma. The in vivo model of SCI was induced by extradural compression of the spinal cord, then mice were treated with PF0-475 (2.5–5 and 10 mg/kg i.p) 1 and 6 h after SCI. We found that PF-475 treatments at the higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed a great ability to significantly reduce the degree of spinal cord tissue injury, glycogen accumulation, and demyelination of neurons associated with trauma. Furthermore, oxidative stress and cytokines expression levels, including interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and 12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), secreted and released after trauma were decreased by LRRK2 antagonist treatments. Our results suggest that the correlations between LRRK2 and inflammation of the CNS exist and that LRRK2 activity targeting could have direct effects on the intervention of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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21
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Thakur G, Kumar V, Lee KW, Won C. Structural Insights and Development of LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson’s Disease in the Last Decade. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081426. [PMID: 36011337 PMCID: PMC9408223 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathophysiology of PD is likely caused by a variety of environmental and hereditary factors. Many single-gene mutations have been linked to this disease, but a significant number of studies indicate that mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a potential therapeutic target for both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Consequently, the identification of potential LRRK2 inhibitors has been the focus of drug discovery. Various investigations have been conducted in academic and industrial organizations to investigate the mechanism of LRRK2 in PD and further develop its inhibitors. This review summarizes the role of LRRK2 in PD and its structural details, especially the kinase domain. Furthermore, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo findings of selected inhibitors reported to date against wild-type and mutant versions of the LRRK2 kinase domain as well as the current trends researchers are employing in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Thakur
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chungkil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence:
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22
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Wallings RL, Hughes LP, Staley HA, Simon ZD, McFarland NR, Alcalay RN, Garrido A, Martí MJ, Sarró ET, Dzamko N, Tansey MG. WHOPPA Enables Parallel Assessment of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Glucocerebrosidase Enzymatic Activity in Parkinson's Disease Monocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892899. [PMID: 35755775 PMCID: PMC9229349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are promising targets for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Evidence suggests that both proteins are involved in biological pathways involving the lysosome. However, studies to date have largely investigated the enzymes in isolation and any relationship between LRRK2 and GCase remains unclear. Both enzymes are highly expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and have been implicated in immune function and inflammation. To facilitate the standardized measurement of these readouts in large cohorts of samples collected from persons with PD across the globe, we developed and optimized a sample collection and processing protocol with parallel flow cytometry assays. Assay parameters were first optimized using healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and then LRRK2 and GCase activities were measured in immune cells from persons with idiopathic PD (iPD). We tested the ability of this protocol to deliver similar results across institutes across the globe, and named this protocol the Wallings-Hughes Optimized Protocol for PBMC Assessment (WHOPPA). In the application of this protocol, we found increased LRRK2 levels and stimulation-dependent enzymatic activity, and decreased GBA index in classical iPD monocytes, as well as increased cytokine release in PD PBMCs. WHOPPA also demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LRRK2 levels, pRab10 and HLA-DR in classical monocytes from subjects with iPD. These data support a role for the global use of WHOPPA and expression levels of these two PD-associated proteins in immune responses, and provide a robust assay to determine if LRRK2 and GCase activities in monocytes have potential utility as reliable and reproducible biomarkers of disease in larger cohorts of subjects with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Laura P Hughes
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah A Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zachary D Simon
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
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23
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Terkelsen MH, Klaestrup IH, Hvingelby V, Lauritsen J, Pavese N, Romero-Ramos M. Neuroinflammation and Immune Changes in Prodromal Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S149-S163. [PMID: 35723115 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of clinical and pre-clinical research support a pathogenic role for neuroinflammation and peripheral immune system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In this paper, we have reviewed and summarised the published literature reporting evidence of neuroinflammation and peripheral immune changes in cohorts of patients with isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder and non-manifesting carriers of GBA or LRRK2 gene mutations, who have increased risk for Parkinsonism and synucleinopathies, and could be in the prodromal stage of these conditions. Taken together, the findings of these studies suggest that the early stages of pathology in Parkinsonism involve activation of both the central and peripheral immune systems with significant crosstalk. We consider these findings with respect to those found in patients with clinical Parkinson's disease and discuss their possible pathological roles. Moreover, those factors possibly associated with the immune response, such as the immunomodulatory role of the affected neurotransmitters and the changes in the gut-brain axis, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida H Klaestrup
- DANDRITE & Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victor Hvingelby
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanne Lauritsen
- DANDRITE & Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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Trinh J, Schymanski EL, Smajic S, Kasten M, Sammler E, Grünewald A. Molecular mechanisms defining penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:103-116. [PMID: 38835904 PMCID: PMC11006382 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations, among which p.G2019S is the most frequent, are inherited with reduced penetrance. Interestingly, the disease risk associated with LRRK2 G2019S can vary dramatically depending on the ethnic background of the carrier. While this would suggest a genetic component in the definition of LRRK2-PD penetrance, only few variants have been shown to modify the age at onset of patients harbouring LRRK2 mutations, and the exact cellular pathways controlling the transition from a healthy to a diseased state currently remain elusive. In light of this knowledge gap, recent studies also explored environmental and lifestyle factors as potential modifiers of LRRK2-PD. In this article, we (i) describe the clinical characteristics of LRRK2 mutation carriers, (ii) review known genes linked to LRRK2-PD onset and (iii) summarize the cellular functions of LRRK2 with particular emphasis on potential penetrance-related molecular mechanisms. This section covers LRRK2's involvement in Rab GTPase and immune signalling as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamics. Additionally, we explored the literature with regard to (iv) lifestyle and (v) environmental factors that may influence the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations, with a view towards further exposomics studies. Finally, based on this comprehensive overview, we propose potential future in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies that could provide a better understanding of the processes triggering PD in individuals with LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Semra Smajic
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Esther Sammler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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25
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Russo I, Bubacco L, Greggio E. LRRK2 as a target for modulating immune system responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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26
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Effect of LRRK2 protein and activity on stimulated cytokines in human monocytes and macrophages. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 35347144 PMCID: PMC8960803 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), is highly expressed in monocytes and macrophages and may play a role in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. To determine how LRRK2 protein levels and/or its activity modulate inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels in human immune cells, isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with the LRRK2-activating G2019S mutation, wild-type LRRK2, and iPSC deficient in LRRK2 were differentiated to monocytes and macrophages and stimulated with inflammatory toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in the presence and absence of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. The effect of LRRK2 inhibitors and the effect of increasing LRRK2 levels with interferon gamma on TLR-stimulated cytokines were also assessed in primary peripheral blood-derived monocytes. Monocytes and macrophages with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation had significantly higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in tissue culture media following stimulation with TLR agonists compared to isogenic controls. Knockout of LRRK2 impaired phagocytosis but did not significantly affect TLR-mediated cytokine levels. Interferon gamma significantly increased the levels of LRRK2 and phosphorylation of its downstream Rab10 substrate, and potentiated TLR-mediated cytokine levels. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors did not have a major effect on TLR-stimulated cytokine levels. Results suggest that the LRRK2 G2019S mutation may potentiate inflammation following activation of TLRs. However, this was not dependent on LRRK2 kinase activity. Indeed, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors had little effect on TLR-mediated inflammation under the conditions employed in this study.
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27
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Hemmings SMJ, Swart P, Womersely JS, Ovenden ES, van den Heuvel LL, McGregor NW, Meier S, Bardien S, Abrahams S, Tromp G, Emsley R, Carr J, Seedat S. RNA-seq analysis of gene expression profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia identifies roles for common and distinct biological pathways. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:6. [PMID: 37861850 PMCID: PMC10501040 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that shared pathophysiological mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) may contribute to risk and resilience. We used single-gene and network-level transcriptomic approaches to investigate shared and disorder-specific processes underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia in a South African sample. RNA-seq was performed on blood obtained from cases and controls from each cohort. Gene expression and weighted gene correlation network analyses (WGCNA) were performed using DESeq2 and CEMiTool, respectively. Significant differences in gene expression were limited to the PTSD cohort. However, WGCNA implicated, amongst others, ribosomal expression, inflammation and ubiquitination as key players in the NPDs under investigation. Differential expression in ribosomal-related pathways was observed in the PTSD and PD cohorts, and focal adhesion and extracellular matrix pathways were implicated in PD and schizophrenia. We propose that, despite different phenotypic presentations, core transdiagnostic mechanisms may play important roles in the molecular aetiology of NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patricia Swart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline S Womersely
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ellen S Ovenden
- Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Stuart Meier
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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28
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Kasen A, Houck C, Burmeister AR, Sha Q, Brundin L, Brundin P. Upregulation of α-synuclein following immune activation: Possible trigger of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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29
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Rab GTPases in Parkinson's disease: a primer. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:961-974. [PMID: 34414419 PMCID: PMC8709891 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a prominent and debilitating movement disorder characterized by the death of vulnerable neurons which share a set of structural and physiological properties. Over the recent years, increasing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases can directly as well as indirectly contribute to the cellular alterations leading to PD. Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking events, and alterations in certain membrane trafficking steps can be particularly disruptive to vulnerable neurons. Here, we describe current knowledge on the direct links between altered Rab protein function and PD pathomechanisms.
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30
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Kamel WA, Ismail II, Ibrahim M, Al-Hashel JY. Reply to Letter to Editor: Is SARS-CoV-2 responsible for relapses of Parkinson’s disease? THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021; 57:121. [PMID: 34511867 PMCID: PMC8424145 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Fine mapping of the HLA locus in Parkinson's disease in Europeans. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:84. [PMID: 34548497 PMCID: PMC8455634 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We fine mapped the leukocyte antigen (HLA) region in 13,770 Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, 20,214 proxy-cases, and 490,861 controls of European origin. Four HLA types were associated with PD after correction for multiple comparisons, HLA-DQA1*03:01, HLA-DQB1*03:02, HLA-DRB1*04:01, and HLA-DRB1*04:04. Haplotype analyses followed by amino acid analysis and conditional analyses suggested that the association is protective and primarily driven by three specific amino acid polymorphisms present in most HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes—11V, 13H, and 33H (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83–0.90, p < 8.23 × 10−9 for all three variants). No other effects were present after adjustment for these amino acids. Our results suggest that specific HLA-DRB1 variants are associated with reduced risk of PD, providing additional evidence for the role of the immune system in PD. Although effect size is small and has no diagnostic significance, understanding the mechanism underlying this association may lead to the identification of new targets for therapeutics development.
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Wojewska DN, Kortholt A. LRRK2 Targeting Strategies as Potential Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1101. [PMID: 34439767 PMCID: PMC8392603 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) affects millions of people worldwide with no cure to halt the progress of the disease. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of PD and, as such, LRRK2 inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents. In the last decade, great progress in the LRRK2 field has been made. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, presenting recent developments and challenges in developing LRRK2 inhibitors, and discussing extensively the potential targeting strategies from the protein perspective. As currently there are three LRRK2-targeting agents in clinical trials, more developments are predicted in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Natalia Wojewska
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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Wang X, Negrou E, Maloney MT, Bondar VV, Andrews SV, Montalban M, Llapashtica C, Maciuca R, Nguyen H, Solanoy H, Arguello A, Przybyla L, Moerke NJ, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG. Understanding LRRK2 kinase activity in preclinical models and human subjects through quantitative analysis of LRRK2 and pT73 Rab10. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12900. [PMID: 34145320 PMCID: PMC8213766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with increased risk for familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Pathogenic variants in LRRK2, including the common variant G2019S, result in increased LRRK2 kinase activity, supporting the therapeutic potential of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors for PD. To better understand the role of LRRK2 in disease and to support the clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors, quantitative and high-throughput assays to measure LRRK2 levels and activity are needed. We developed and applied such assays to measure the levels of LRRK2 as well as the phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself or one of its substrates, Rab10 (pT73 Rab10). We observed increased LRRK2 activity in various cellular models of disease, including iPSC-derived microglia, as well as in human subjects carrying the disease-linked variant LRRK2 G2019S. Capitalizing on the high-throughput and sensitive nature of these assays, we detected a significant reduction in LRRK2 activity in subjects carrying missense variants in LRRK2 associated with reduced disease risk. Finally, we optimized these assays to enable analysis of LRRK2 activity following inhibition in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole blood, demonstrating their potential utility as biomarkers to assess changes in LRRK2 expression and activity in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elvira Negrou
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael T Maloney
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Vitaliy V Bondar
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Shan V Andrews
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Manuel Montalban
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ceyda Llapashtica
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Romeo Maciuca
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Annie Arguello
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Laralynne Przybyla
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nathan J Moerke
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Anastasia G Henry
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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34
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Thome AD, Atassi F, Wang J, Faridar A, Zhao W, Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Lai EC, Appel SH. Ex vivo expansion of dysfunctional regulatory T lymphocytes restores suppressive function in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:41. [PMID: 33986285 PMCID: PMC8119976 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Chronic pro-inflammatory responses contribute to the loss of neurons in the neurodegenerative process. The present study was undertaken to define the peripheral innate and adaptive immune contributions to inflammation in patients with PD. Immunophenotyping revealed a shift of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were reduced in number, and their suppression of T responder proliferation decreased. The PD Tregs did not suppress activated pro-inflammatory myeloid cells. Ex vivo expansion of Tregs from patients with PD restored and enhanced their suppressive functions while expanded Tregs displayed increased expression of foxp3, il2ra (CD25), nt5e (CD73), il10, il13, ctla4, pdcd1 (PD1), and gzmb. Collectively, these findings documented a shift towards a pro-inflammatory peripheral immune response in patients with PD; the loss of Treg suppressive functions may contribute significantly to this response, supporting PD as a disorder with extensive systemic pro-inflammatory responses. The restoration and enhancement of Treg suppressive functions following ex vivo expansion may provide a potential cell therapeutic approach for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Thome
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Farah Atassi
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jinghong Wang
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Alireza Faridar
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Weihua Zhao
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jason R. Thonhoff
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - David R. Beers
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Eugene C. Lai
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Stanley H. Appel
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are implicated in a significant proportion of apparently sporadic PD cases. Clinically, LRRK2-driven PD is indistinguishable from sporadic PD, making it an attractive genetic model for the much more common sporadic PD. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding LRRK2's subcellular functions using LRRK2-driven PD models, while also considering some of the limitations of these model systems. Recent developments of particular importance include new evidence of key LRRK2 functions in the endolysosomal system and LRRK2's regulation of and by Rab GTPases. Additionally, LRRK2's interaction with the cytoskeleton allowed elucidation of the LRRK2 structure and appears relevant to LRRK2 protein degradation and LRRK2 inhibitor therapies. We further discuss how LRRK2's interactions with other PD-driving genes, such as the VPS35, GBA1, and SNCA genes, may highlight cellular pathways more broadly disrupted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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36
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Herrick MK, Tansey MG. Is LRRK2 the missing link between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease? NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 33750819 PMCID: PMC7943592 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Links that implicate the gastrointestinal system in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and progression have become increasingly common. PD shares several similarities with Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal inflammation is common in both PD and CD and is hypothesized to contribute to PD neuropathology. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are one of the greatest genetic contributors to PD. Variants in LRRK2 have also been associated with increased incidence of CD. Since its discovery, LRRK2 has been studied intensely in neurons, despite multiple lines of evidence showing that LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells. Based on the fact that higher levels of LRRK2 are detectable in inflamed colonic tissue from CD patients and in peripheral immune cells from sporadic PD patients relative to matched controls, we posit that LRRK2 regulates inflammatory processes. Therefore, LRRK2 may sit at a crossroads whereby gut inflammation and higher LRRK2 levels in CD may be a biomarker of increased risk for sporadic PD and/or may represent a tractable therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases that increase risk for PD. Here we will focus on reviewing how PD and CD share overlapping phenotypes, particularly in terms of LRRK2 in the context of the immune system, that could be targeted in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease at The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease at The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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37
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Pischedda F, Piccoli G. LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site: A 16-years perspective. J Neurochem 2021; 157:297-311. [PMID: 33206398 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder and is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 gene (LRRK2) are a recognized cause of inherited Parkinson's disease. The physiological and pathological impact of LRRK2 is still obscure, but accumulating evidence indicates that LRRK2 orchestrates diverse aspects of membrane trafficking, such as membrane fusion and vesicle formation and transport along actin and tubulin tracks. In the present review, we focus on the special relation between LRRK2 and synaptic vesicles. LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates key actors within the synaptic vesicle cycle. Accordingly, alterations in dopamine and glutamate transmission have been described upon LRRK2 manipulations. However, the different modeling strategies and phenotypes observed require a critical approach to decipher the outcome of LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischedda
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
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38
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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39
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Kline EM, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Seibler P, Klein C, West A, Tansey MG. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Parkinson's Disease Converge on Immune Function and Inflammation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:25-36. [PMID: 33314312 PMCID: PMC8285924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a movement disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of the protein α-synuclein. Patients with iPD vary in age of symptom onset, rate of progression, severity of motor and non-motor symptoms, and extent of central and peripheral inflammation. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to act synergistically in iPD pathogenesis. We propose that environmental factors (pesticides and infections) increase the risk for iPD via the immune system and that the role of PD risk genes in immune cells is worthy of investigation. This review highlights the major PD-relevant genes expressed in immune cells and key environmental factors that activate immune cells and, alone or in combination with other factors, may contribute to iPD pathogenesis. By reviewing these interactions, we seek to enable the future development of immunomodulatory approaches to prevent or delay onset of iPD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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40
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Unda SR, Antoniazzi AM, Altschul DJ, Marongiu R. Peripheral Leukocytosis Predicts Cognitive Decline but Not Behavioral Disturbances: A Nationwide Study of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 50:143-152. [PMID: 34058741 PMCID: PMC8376803 DOI: 10.1159/000516340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral and central nervous system inflammation have been linked to the classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether the analysis of routine systemic inflammatory markers could represent a useful prediction tool to identify clinical subtypes in patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's at higher risk of dementia-associated symptoms, such as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). METHODS We performed a multivariate logistic regression using the 2016 and 2017 National Inpatient Sample with International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes to assess if pro-inflammatory white blood cells (WBCs) anomalies correlate with dementia and BPSD in patients with these disorders. RESULTS We found that leukocytosis was the most common WBC inflammatory marker identified in 3.9% of Alzheimer's and 3.3% Parkinson's patients. Leukocytosis was also found to be an independent risk factor for Parkinson's dementia. Multivariate analysis of both cohorts showed that leukocytosis is significantly decreased in patients with BPSD compared to patients without BPSD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a link between leukocytosis and the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in both PD and AD. A better understanding of the role of systemic neuroinflammation on these devastating neurodegenerative disorders may facilitate the development of cost-effective blood biomarkers for patient's early diagnosis and more accurate prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago R. Unda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David J. Altschul
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Roberta Marongiu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Forloni G, La Vitola P, Cerovic M, Balducci C. Inflammation and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: Mechanisms and therapeutic insight. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:175-202. [PMID: 33453941 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although numerous treatments have been developed to control the disease symptomatology, with some successes, an efficacious therapy affecting the causes of PD is still a goal to pursue. The genetic evidence and the identification of α-synuclein as the main component of intracellular Lewy bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD and related disorders, have changed the approach to these disorders. More recently, the detrimental role of α-synuclein has been further extended to explain the wide spread of cerebral pathology through its oligomers. To emphasize the central pathogenic role of these soluble aggregates, we have defined synucleinopathies and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with protein misfolding as oligomeropathies. Another common element in the pathogenesis of oligomeropathies is the role played by inflammation, both at the peripheral and cerebral levels. In the brain parenchyma, inflammatory reaction has been considered an obvious consequence of neuronal degeneration, but recent observations indicate a direct contribution of glial alteration in the early phase of the disease. Furthermore, systemic inflammation also influences the development of neuronal dysfunction caused by specific elements, β amyloid, α-synuclein, tau or prion. However, each disorder has its own specific pathological process and within the same pathological condition, it is possible to find inter-individual differences. This heterogeneity might explain the difficulties developing efficacious therapeutic approaches, even though the possibility of intervention is supported by robust biological evidence. We have recently demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can amplify the neuronal dysfunction induced by α-synuclein oligomers and the neuropathological consequences observed in a Parkinson's disease model. In both cases, activation of microglia was incremented by the "double hit" process, compared to the single treatment. In contrast, astrocyte activation was attenuated and these cells appeared damaged when chronic inflammation was combined with α-synuclein exposure. This evidence might indicate a more specific anti-inflammatory strategy rather than the generic anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pietro La Vitola
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Cerovic
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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42
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New Insights into Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239302. [PMID: 33291304 PMCID: PMC7730912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The double-edged nature of the immune system poses a problem in harnessing immunomodulatory therapies to prevent and slow the progression of this debilitating disease. To tackle this conundrum, understanding the mechanisms underlying immune-mediated neuronal death will aid in the identification of neuroprotective strategies to preserve dopaminergic neurons. Specific innate and adaptive immune mediators may directly or indirectly induce dopaminergic neuronal death. Genetic factors, the gut-brain axis and the recent identification of PD-specific T cells may provide novel mechanistic insights on PD pathogenesis. Future studies to address the gaps in the identification of autoantibodies, variability in immunophenotyping studies and the contribution of gut dysbiosis to PD may eventually provide new therapeutic targets for PD.
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43
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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