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Fu Y, Cao Z, Ye T, Yang H, Chu C, Lei C, Wen Y, Cai Z, Yuan Y, Guo X, Yang L, Sheng H, Cui D, Shao D, Chen M, Lai B, Zheng P. Projection neurons from medial entorhinal cortex to basolateral amygdala are critical for the retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. iScience 2024; 27:110239. [PMID: 39021787 PMCID: PMC11253517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is crucial for contextual memory, yet its role in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory remains unclear. This study investigated the role of the MEC and its projection neurons from MEC layer 5 to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) (MEC-BLA neurons) in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. Results show that context activates the MEC in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of the MEC inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. At neural circuits, context activates MEC-BLA neurons in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of MEC-BLA neurons inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. But MEC-BLA neurons are not activated by conditioning of context and morphine withdrawal, and the inhibition of MEC-BLA neurons do not influence the coupling of context and morphine withdrawal memory. These results suggest that MEC-BLA neurons are critical for the retrieval, but not for the formation, of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zixuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenshan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaxian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhangyin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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Nucleus accumbens circuit disinhibits lateral hypothalamus glutamatergic neurons contributing to morphine withdrawal memory in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:71. [PMID: 36604429 PMCID: PMC9814415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is physiologically critical in brain functions. The LH also plays an important role in drug addiction. However, neural circuits underlying LH involvement of drug addiction remain obscure. In the present study,our results showed that in male mice, during context-induced expression of morphine withdrawal memory, LH glutamatergic neurons played an important role; dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) projecting from the core of nucleus accumbens (NAcC) to the LH were an important upstream circuit to activate LH glutamatergic neurons; D1-MSNs projecting from the NAcC to the LH activated LH glutamatergic neurons through inhibiting LH local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. These results suggest that disinhibited LH glutamatergic neurons by neural circuits from the NAcC importantly contribute to context-induced the expression of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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Dai ZH, Xu X, Chen WQ, Nie LN, Liu Y, Sui N, Liang J. The role of hippocampus in memory reactivation: an implication for a therapeutic target against opioid use disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:67-79. [PMID: 35223369 PMCID: PMC8857535 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review The abuse of opioids induces many terrible problems in human health and social stability. For opioid-dependent individuals, withdrawal memory can be reactivated by context, which is then associated with extremely unpleasant physical and emotional feelings during opioid withdrawal. The reactivation of withdrawal memory is considered one of the most important reasons for opioid relapse, and it also allows for memory modulation based on the reconsolidation phenomenon. However, studies exploring withdrawal memory modulation during the reconsolidation window are lacking. By summarizing the previous findings about the reactivation of negative emotional memories, we are going to suggest potential neural regions and systems for modulating opioid withdrawal memory. Recent findings Here, we first present the role of memory reactivation in its modification, discuss how the hippocampus participates in memory reactivation, and discuss the importance of noradrenergic signaling in the hippocampus for memory reactivation. Then, we review the engagement of other limbic regions receiving noradrenergic signaling in memory reactivation. We suggest that noradrenergic signaling targeting hippocampus neurons might play a potential role in strengthening the disruptive effect of withdrawal memory extinction by facilitating the degree of memory reactivation. Summary This review will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying reactivation-dependent memory malleability and will provide new therapeutic avenues for treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-qi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-na Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Marks WD, Paris JJ, Barbour AJ, Moon J, Carpenter VJ, McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Zhang J, Yarotskyy V, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and Morphine Differentially Disrupt Pyramidal Cell Structure and Function and Spatial Learning in Hippocampal Area CA1: Continuous versus Interrupted Morphine Exposure. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0547-20.2021. [PMID: 33782102 PMCID: PMC8146490 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0547-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About half the people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have neurocognitive deficits that often include memory impairment and hippocampal deficits, which can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. To explore the effects of opioids and HIV on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron structure and function, we induced HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) expression in transgenic mice for 14 d and co-administered time-release morphine or vehicle subcutaneous implants during the final 5 d (days 9-14) to establish steady-state morphine levels. Morphine was withheld from some ex vivo slices during recordings to begin to assess the initial pharmacokinetic consequences of opioid withdrawal. Tat expression reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability at lower stimulating currents. Pyramidal cell firing rates were unaffected by continuous morphine exposure. Behaviorally, exposure to Tat or high dosages of morphine impaired spatial memory Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine appeared to have largely independent effects on pyramidal neuron structure and function, a response that is distinct from other vulnerable brain regions such as the striatum. By contrast, acutely withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique and selective neuroadaptive shifts in CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, including some interactions with Tat. Collectively, the results show that opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1 are more nuanced than previously assumed, and appear to vary depending on the outcome assessed and on the pharmacokinetics of morphine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848
| | - Aaron J Barbour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Valerie J Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
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Yang H, Xiong F, Song YG, Jiang HF, Qin HB, Zhou J, Lu S, Grieco SF, Xu X, Zeng WB, Zhao F, Luo MH. HSV-1 H129-Derived Anterograde Neural Circuit Tracers: Improvements, Production, and Applications. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:701-719. [PMID: 33367996 PMCID: PMC8099975 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterograde viral tracers are powerful and essential tools for dissecting the output targets of a brain region of interest. They have been developed from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain H129 (H129), and have been successfully applied to map diverse neural circuits. Initially, the anterograde polysynaptic tracer H129-G4 was used by many groups. We then developed the first monosynaptic tracer, H129-dTK-tdT, which was highly successful, yet improvements are needed. Now, by inserting another tdTomato expression cassette into the H129-dTK-tdT genome, we have created H129-dTK-T2, an updated version of H129-dTK-tdT that has improved labeling intensity. To help scientists produce and apply our H129-derived viral tracers, here we provide the protocol describing our detailed and standardized procedures. Commonly-encountered technical problems and their solutions are also discussed in detail. Broadly, the dissemination of this protocol will greatly support scientists to apply these viral tracers on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi-Ge Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Bin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Shanghai Genechem Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Inputs from paraventricular nucleus of thalamus and locus coeruleus contribute to the activation of central nucleus of amygdala during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. Exp Neurol 2021; 338:113600. [PMID: 33453215 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug relapse can be mainly ascribed to the retrieval of drug withdrawal memory induced by conditioned context. Previous studies have shown that the central nucleus of the amygdala lateral division (CeL) could be activated by conditioned context. However, what source of input that activates the CeL during conditioned context-induced retrieval of morphine-withdrawal memory remains unknown. In this study, using retrograde labeling, immunohistochemistry, local microinjection and chemogenetic technologies, we found that (1) Conditioned context induced an activation of the CeL and the inhibition of the CeL inhibited the context-induced retrieval of morphine-withdrawal memory; (2) the inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (PVT) or PVT-CeL projection neurons caused an attenuation of the activation of the CeL by conditioned context and conditioned place aversion (CPA); (3) the inhibition of the locus coeruleus (LC) or LC-CeL projection neurons decreased the activation of the CeL by conditioned context and CPA. These results suggest that the CeL is necessary for conditioned context-induced retrieval of morphine-withdrawal memory and inputs from PVT and LC contribute to the activation of the CeL during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Li D, Yang H, Xiong F, Xu X, Zeng WB, Zhao F, Luo MH. Anterograde Neuronal Circuit Tracers Derived from Herpes Simplex Virus 1: Development, Application, and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5937. [PMID: 32824837 PMCID: PMC7460661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has great potential to be applied as a viral tool for gene delivery or oncolysis. The broad infection tropism of HSV-1 makes it a suitable tool for targeting many different cell types, and its 150 kb double-stranded DNA genome provides great capacity for exogenous genes. Moreover, the features of neuron infection and neuron-to-neuron spread also offer special value to neuroscience. HSV-1 strain H129, with its predominant anterograde transneuronal transmission, represents one of the most promising anterograde neuronal circuit tracers to map output neuronal pathways. Decades of development have greatly expanded the H129-derived anterograde tracing toolbox, including polysynaptic and monosynaptic tracers with various fluorescent protein labeling. These tracers have been applied to neuroanatomical studies, and have contributed to revealing multiple important neuronal circuits. However, current H129-derived tracers retain intrinsic drawbacks that limit their broad application, such as yet-to-be improved labeling intensity, potential nonspecific retrograde labeling, and high toxicity. The biological complexity of HSV-1 and its insufficiently characterized virological properties have caused difficulties in its improvement and optimization as a viral tool. In this review, we focus on the current H129-derived viral tracers and highlight strategies in which future technological development can advance its use as a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (W.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (W.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (W.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA;
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (W.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (W.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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