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Perna A, Angotzi GN, Berdondini L, Ribeiro JF. Advancing the interfacing performances of chronically implantable neural probes in the era of CMOS neuroelectronics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1275908. [PMID: 38027514 PMCID: PMC10644322 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue penetrating microelectrode neural probes can record electrophysiological brain signals at resolutions down to single neurons, making them invaluable tools for neuroscience research and Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCIs). The known gradual decrease of their electrical interfacing performances in chronic settings, however, remains a major challenge. A key factor leading to such decay is Foreign Body Reaction (FBR), which is the cascade of biological responses that occurs in the brain in the presence of a tissue damaging artificial device. Interestingly, the recent adoption of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology to realize implantable neural probes capable of monitoring hundreds to thousands of neurons simultaneously, may open new opportunities to face the FBR challenge. Indeed, this shift from passive Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to active CMOS neural probe technologies creates important, yet unexplored, opportunities to tune probe features such as the mechanical properties of the probe, its layout, size, and surface physicochemical properties, to minimize tissue damage and consequently FBR. Here, we will first review relevant literature on FBR to provide a better understanding of the processes and sources underlying this tissue response. Methods to assess FBR will be described, including conventional approaches based on the imaging of biomarkers, and more recent transcriptomics technologies. Then, we will consider emerging opportunities offered by the features of CMOS probes. Finally, we will describe a prototypical neural probe that may meet the needs for advancing clinical BCIs, and we propose axial insertion force as a potential metric to assess the influence of probe features on acute tissue damage and to control the implantation procedure to minimize iatrogenic injury and subsequent FBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perna
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genova, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ARC@IIT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genova, Italy
| | - João Filipe Ribeiro
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genova, Italy
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Letner JG, Patel PR, Hsieh JC, Smith Flores IM, della Valle E, Walker LA, Weiland JD, Chestek CA, Cai D. Post-explant profiling of subcellular-scale carbon fiber intracortical electrodes and surrounding neurons enables modeling of recorded electrophysiology. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:026019. [PMID: 36848679 PMCID: PMC10022369 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acbf78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Characterizing the relationship between neuron spiking and the signals that electrodes record is vital to defining the neural circuits driving brain function and informing clinical brain-machine interface design. However, high electrode biocompatibility and precisely localizing neurons around the electrodes are critical to defining this relationship.Approach.Here, we demonstrate consistent localization of the recording site tips of subcellular-scale (6.8µm diameter) carbon fiber electrodes and the positions of surrounding neurons. We implanted male rats with carbon fiber electrode arrays for 6 or 12+ weeks targeting layer V motor cortex. After explanting the arrays, we immunostained the implant site and localized putative recording site tips with subcellular-cellular resolution. We then 3D segmented neuron somata within a 50µm radius from implanted tips to measure neuron positions and health and compare to healthy cortex with symmetric stereotaxic coordinates.Main results.Immunostaining of astrocyte, microglia, and neuron markers confirmed that overall tissue health was indicative of high biocompatibility near the tips. While neurons near implanted carbon fibers were stretched, their number and distribution were similar to hypothetical fibers placed in healthy contralateral brain. Such similar neuron distributions suggest that these minimally invasive electrodes demonstrate the potential to sample naturalistic neural populations. This motivated the prediction of spikes produced by nearby neurons using a simple point source model fit using recorded electrophysiology and the mean positions of the nearest neurons observed in histology. Comparing spike amplitudes suggests that the radius at which single units can be distinguished from others is near the fourth closest neuron (30.7 ± 4.6µm,X-± S) in layer V motor cortex.Significance.Collectively, these data and simulations provide the first direct evidence that neuron placement in the immediate vicinity of the recording site influences how many spike clusters can be reliably identified by spike sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Letner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Paras R Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jung-Chien Hsieh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Israel M Smith Flores
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Elena della Valle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Logan A Walker
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - James D Weiland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A Chestek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Robotics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Dawen Cai
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
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Sharon A, Jankowski MM, Shmoel N, Erez H, Spira ME. Significantly reduced inflammatory foreign-body-response to neuroimplants and improved recording performance in young compared to adult rats. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:292-307. [PMID: 36632879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The multicellular inflammatory encapsulation of implanted intracortical multielectrode arrays (MEA) is associated with severe deterioration of their field potentials' (FP) recording performance, which thus limits the use of brain implants in basic research and clinical applications. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to identify the conditions in which the inflammatory foreign body response (FBR) is alleviated, or to develop methods to mitigate the formation of the inflammatory barrier. Here, for the first time, we show that (1) in young rats (74±8 gr, 4 weeks old at the onset of the experiments), cortical tissue recovery following MEA implantation proceeds with ameliorated inflammatory scar as compared to adult rats (242 ± 18 gr, 9 weeks old at the experimental onset); (2) in contrast to adult rats in which the Colony Stimulating factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) antagonist chow eliminated ∼95% of the cortical microglia but not microglia adhering to the implant surfaces, in young rats the microglia adhering to the implant were eliminated along with the parenchymal microglia population. The removal of microglia adhering to the implant surfaces was correlated with improved recording performance by in-house fabricated Perforated Polyimide MEA Platforms (PPMP). These results support the hypothesis that microglia adhering to the surface of the electrodes, rather than the multicellular inflammatory scar, is the major underlying mechanism that deteriorates implant recording performance, and that young rats provide an advantageous model to study months-long, multisite electrophysiology in freely behaving rats. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Multisite electrophysiological recordings and stimulation devices play central roles in basic brain research and medical applications. The insertion of multielectrode-array platforms into the brain's parenchyma unavoidably injures the tissue, and initiates a multicellular inflammatory cascade culminating in the formation of an encapsulating scar tissue (the foreign body response-FBR). The dominant view, which directs most current research efforts to mitigate the FBR, holds that the FBR is the major hurdle to effective electrophysiological use of neuroprobes. By contrast, this report demonstrates that microglia adhering to the surface of a neuroimplants, rather than the multicellular FBR, underlie the performance deterioration of neuroimplants. These findings pave the way to the development of novel and focused strategies to overcome the functional deterioration of neuroimplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Sharon
- Department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maciej M Jankowski
- Department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nava Shmoel
- Department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Erez
- Department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Micha E Spira
- Department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Spira ME, Erez H, Sharon A. Assessing the Feasibility of Developing in vivo Neuroprobes for Parallel Intracellular Recording and Stimulation: A Perspective. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:807797. [PMID: 35145375 PMCID: PMC8821521 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.807797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing novel neuroprobes that enable parallel multisite, long-term intracellular recording and stimulation of neurons in freely behaving animals is a neuroscientist's dream. When fulfilled, it is expected to significantly enhance brain research at fundamental mechanistic levels including that of subthreshold signaling and computations. Here we assess the feasibility of merging the advantages of in vitro vertical nanopillar technologies that support intracellular recordings with contemporary concepts of in vivo extracellular field potential recordings to generate the dream neuroprobes that read the entire electrophysiological signaling repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha E. Spira
- Department of Neurobiology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Harvey M. Kruger Family Center for Nanoscience, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Erez
- Department of Neurobiology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviv Sharon
- Department of Neurobiology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Prof. Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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