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Gan X, Li X, Cai Y, Yin B, Pan Q, Teng T, He Y, Tang H, Wang T, Li J, Zhu Z, Zhou X, Li J. Metabolic features of adolescent major depressive disorder: A comparative study between treatment-resistant depression and first-episode drug-naive depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107086. [PMID: 38824765 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric illness that can jeopardize the normal growth and development of adolescents. Approximately 40% of adolescent patients with MDD exhibit resistance to conventional antidepressants, leading to the development of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). TRD is associated with severe impairments in social functioning and learning ability and an elevated risk of suicide, thereby imposing an additional societal burden. In this study, we conducted plasma metabolomic analysis on 53 adolescents diagnosed with first-episode drug-naïve MDD (FEDN-MDD), 53 adolescents with TRD, and 56 healthy controls (HCs) using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS). We established a diagnostic model by identifying differentially expressed metabolites and applying cluster analysis, metabolic pathway analysis, and multivariate linear support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Our findings suggest that adolescent TRD shares similarities with FEDN-MDD in five amino acid metabolic pathways and exhibits distinct metabolic characteristics, particularly tyrosine and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, through multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we optimized the area under the curve (AUC) and achieved the highest predictive accuracy, obtaining an AUC of 0.903 when comparing FEDN-MDD patients with HCs and an AUC of 0.968 when comparing TRD patients with HCs. This study provides new evidence for the identification of adolescent TRD and sheds light on different pathophysiologies by delineating the distinct plasma metabolic profiles of adolescent TRD and FEDN-MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xieyu Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangmin Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyuan Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Zaoyang City, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqian He
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinfang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Wu X, Wu Y, Tang F, Wang Y, Li C, Wu S, Wang G, Zhang J. Foxq1 activates CB2R with oleamide to alleviate POCD. Brain Pathol 2024:e13289. [PMID: 39046224 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a major concern, particularly among older adults. This study used social isolation (ISO) and multiomics analyses in aged mice to investigate potential mechanisms underlying POCD development. Aged mice were divided into two groups: ISO and paired housing (PH). Oleamide and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) antagonist AM630 were administered intraperitoneally, while Foxq1 adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector was injected directly into the hippocampus. Intramedullary tibial surgeries were subsequently performed to establish the POCD models. Behavioral tests comprising the Y-maze, open field test, and novel object recognition were conducted 2 days after surgery. Hippocampal and serum inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Following surgery, ISO mice demonstrated intensified cognitive impairments and escalated inflammatory markers. Integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed elevated oleamide concentrations in the hippocampus and serum of PH mice, with associative investigations indicating a close relationship between the Foxq1 gene and oleamide levels. While oleamide administration and Foxq1 gene overexpression substantially ameliorated postoperative cognitive performance and systemic inflammation in mice, CB2R antagonist AM630 impeded these enhancements. The Foxq1 gene and oleamide may be crucial in alleviating POCD. While potentially acting through CB2R-mediated pathways, these factors may modulate neuroinflammation and attenuate proinflammatory cytokine levels within the hippocampus, substantially improving cognitive performance postsurgery. This study lays the groundwork for future research into therapeutic approaches targeting the Foxq1-oleamide-CB2R axis, with the ultimate goal of preventing or mitigating POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fudong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Su Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Yao PJ, Manolopoulos A, Eren E, Rivera SM, Hessl DR, Hagerman R, Martinez‐Cerdeno V, Tassone F, Kapogiannis D. Mitochondrial dysfunction in brain tissues and Extracellular Vesicles Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:1420-1429. [PMID: 38717724 PMCID: PMC11187838 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial impairments have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) based on analysis of mitochondria in peripheral tissues and cultured cells. We sought to assess whether mitochondrial abnormalities present in postmortem brain tissues of patients with FXTAS are also present in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) from living carriers of fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein1 (FMR1) gene premutations at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease continuum. METHODS We utilized postmortem frozen cerebellar and frontal cortex samples from a cohort of eight patients with FXTAS and nine controls and measured the quantity and activity of the mitochondrial proteins complex IV and complex V. In addition, we evaluated the same measures in isolated plasma NDEVs by selective immunoaffinity capture targeting L1CAM from a separate cohort of eight FMR1 premutation carriers and four age-matched controls. RESULTS Lower complex IV and V quantity and activity were observed in the cerebellum of FXTAS patients compared to controls, without any differences in total mitochondrial content. No patient-control differences were observed in the frontal cortex. In NDEVs, FMR1 premutation carriers compared to controls had lower activity of Complex IV and Complex V, but higher Complex V quantity. INTERPRETATION Quantitative and functional abnormalities in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes IV and V seen in the cerebellum of patients with FXTAS are also manifest in plasma NDEVs of FMR1 premutation carriers. Plasma NDEVs may provide further insights into mitochondrial pathologies in this syndrome and could potentially lead to the development of biomarkers for predicting symptomatic FXTAS among premutation carriers and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Apostolos Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erden Eren
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Susan Michelle Rivera
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California, Davis, Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David R. Hessl
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California, Davis, Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California, Davis, Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Veronica Martinez‐Cerdeno
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California, Davis, Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern CaliforniaSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California, Davis, Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Rumbeiha WK, Kim DS, Min A, Nair M, Giulivi C. Disrupted brain mitochondrial morphology after in vivo hydrogen sulfide exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18129. [PMID: 37875542 PMCID: PMC10598273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial dynamics are often associated with dietary patterns, medical treatments, xenobiotics, and diseases. Toxic exposures to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) harm mitochondria by inhibiting Complex IV and via other mechanisms. However, changes in mitochondrial dynamics, including morphology following acute exposure to H2S, are not yet fully understood. This study followed mitochondrial morphology changes over time after a single acute LCt50 dose of H2S by examining electron microscopy thalami images of surviving mice. Our findings revealed that within the initial 48 h after H2S exposure, mitochondrial morphology was impaired by H2S, supported by the disruption and scarcity of the cristae, which are required to enhance the surface area for ATP production. At the 72-h mark point, a spectrum of morphological cellular changes was observed, and the disordered mitochondrial network, accompanied by the probable disruption of mitophagy, was tied to changes in mitochondrial shape. In summary, this study sheds light on how acute exposure to high levels of H2S triggers alterations in mitochondrial shape and structure as early as 24 h that become more evident at 72 h post-exposure. These findings underscore the impact of H2S on mitochondrial function and overall cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela Min
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maya Nair
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute UCDH, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Johnson MD, McLennan YA, Hwang YH, Juarez P, McBride EL, Pantoja AP, Durbin-Johnson B, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Brain Metabolomics in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Cells 2023; 12:2132. [PMID: 37681866 PMCID: PMC10487256 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The course of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) remains largely unknown. Previous proteomics and metabolomics studies conducted in blood samples collected from FMR1 premutation carriers with FXTAS reported abnormalities in energy metabolism, and precursors of gluconeogenesis showed significant changes in plasma expression levels in FMR1 premutation carriers who developed FXTAS. We conducted an analysis of postmortem human brain tissues from 44 donors, 25 brains with FXTAS, and 19 matched controls. We quantified the metabolite relative abundance in the inferior temporal gyrus and the cerebellum using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics. We investigated how the metabolite type and abundance relate to the number of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repeats, to markers of neurodegeneration, and to the symptoms of FXTAS. A metabolomic analysis identified 191 primary metabolites, the data were log-transformed and normalized prior to the analysis, and the relative abundance was compared between the groups. The changes in the relative abundance of a set of metabolites were region-specific with some overlapping results; 22 metabolites showed alterations in the inferior temporal gyrus, while 21 showed differences in the cerebellum. The relative abundance of cytidine was decreased in the inferior temporal gyrus, and a lower abundance was found in the cases with larger CGG expansions; oleamide was significantly decreased in the cerebellum. The abundance of 11 metabolites was influenced by changes in the CGG repeat number. A histological evaluation found an association between the presence of microhemorrhages in the inferior temporal gyrus and a lower abundance of 2,5-dihydroxypyrazine. Our study identified alterations in the metabolites involved in the oxidative-stress response and bioenergetics in the brains of individuals with FXTAS. Significant changes in the abundance of cytidine and oleamide suggest their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (F.T.); (R.J.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Yingratana A. McLennan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Ye Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.H.H.); (F.T.)
| | - Pablo Juarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Erin Lucille McBride
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Adriana P. Pantoja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (F.T.); (R.J.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.H.H.); (F.T.)
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (F.T.); (R.J.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (F.T.); (R.J.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (M.J.S.-A.); (M.D.J.); (Y.A.M.); (P.J.); (E.L.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.M.-C.)
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Giulivi C, Wang JY, Hagerman RJ. Artificial neural network applied to fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome stage diagnosis based on peripheral mitochondrial bioenergetics and brain imaging outcomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21382. [PMID: 36496525 PMCID: PMC9741636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No proven prognosis is available for the neurodegenerative disorder fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Artificial neural network analyses (ANN) were used to predict FXTAS progression using data from 127 adults (noncarriers and FMR1 premutation carriers with and without FXTAS) with five outcomes from brain MRI imaging and 22 peripheral bioenergetic outcomes from two cell types. Diagnosis accuracy by ANN predictions ranged from 41.7 to 86.3% (depending on the algorithm used), and those misclassified usually presented a higher FXTAS stage. ANN prediction of FXTAS stages was based on a combination of two imaging findings (white matter hyperintensity and whole-brain volumes adjusted for intracranial volume) and four bioenergetic outcomes. Those at Stage 3 vs. 0-2 showed lower mitochondrial mass, higher oxidative stress, and an altered electron transfer consistent with mitochondrial unfolded protein response activation. Those at Stages 4-5 vs. 3 had higher oxidative stress and glycerol-3-phosphate-linked ATP production, suggesting that targeting mGPDH activity may prevent a worse prognosis. This was confirmed by the bioenergetic improvement of inhibiting mGPDH with metformin in affected fibroblasts. ANN supports the prospect of an unbiased molecular definition in diagnosing FXTAS stages while identifying potential targets for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Jun Yi Wang
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Aishworiya R, Protic D, Hagerman R. Autism spectrum disorder in the fragile X premutation state: possible mechanisms and implications. J Neurol 2022; 269:4676-4683. [PMID: 35723724 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of origin of cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with multiple forms of ASD having been identified over the decades. Among these, a genetic etiology can be identified in 20-40% of cases when a full genetic work-up is completed. The Fragile X premutation state (characterized by the presence of 55-200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene) is a relatively newly identified disease state that has since been associated with several disorders including fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and most recently, fragile X-associated neurodevelopmental disorders (FXAND) which commonly includes anxiety and depression. In addition to these associated disorders, extant literature and clinical observations have suggested an association between the premutation state and ASD. In this paper, we review the literature pertinent to this and discuss possible molecular mechanisms that may explain this association. This includes lowered levels of the FMR1 Protein (FMRP), GABA deficits, mitochondrial dysfunction and secondary genetic abnormalities that is seen in premutation carriers as well as their increased vulnerability to environmental stressors. Understanding these mechanisms can facilitate development of targeted treatment for specific sub-groups of ASD and premutation disorders in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Aishworiya
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore. .,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Dragana Protic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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8
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Gong H, Zeng R, Li Q, Liu Y, Zuo C, Ren J, Zhao L, Lin M. The profile of gut microbiota and central carbon-related metabolites in primary angle-closure glaucoma patients. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:1927-1938. [PMID: 35147832 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the profile of gut microbiota and central carbon-related metabolites in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS The fecal microbiotas of 30 PACG patients and 30 healthy participants were detected via 16S rRNA sequencing. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine serum central carbon-related metabolites. The correlations among metabolites, microbiotas and clinical presentations were also explored. RESULTS Although the α and β diversity between the PACG and control groups did not show a significant difference, the distribution of Blautia and Fusicatenibacter decreased significantly in the PACG group. Functional annotations of microbiota enrichment showed that the most dominant pathway was related to host metabolism. In the PACG patients, seven central carbon metabolites, namely adenosine 5'-diphosphate, dGDP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, d-ribulose 5-phosphate, d-xylulose 5-phosphate, glucuronic acid, and malonic acid, decreased significantly, whereas two metabolites, citric acid and isocitrate, increased obviously. The mean RNFL thickness was positively correlated with phosphoenolpyruvic acid, the VF-MD was positively correlated with glucuronic acid, and the abundance of Blautia was negatively associated with citric acid. CONCLUSION Few species of gut microbiota were altered in the PACG patients compared to the healthy subjects. A distinct difference in the phenotype of the central carbon-related metabolites of PACG and their correlation with clinical presentations and microbiota suggests potential mechanisms of RGC impairment and novel intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiguan Li
- Health Examination Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengguo Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingkai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Napoli E, Panoutsopoulos AA, Kysar P, Satriya N, Sterling K, Shibata B, Imai D, Ruskin DN, Zarbalis KS, Giulivi C. Wdfy3 regulates glycophagy, mitophagy, and synaptic plasticity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3213-3231. [PMID: 34187232 PMCID: PMC8669292 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211027384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential to cell function, as it enables the recycling of intracellular constituents during starvation and in addition functions as a quality control mechanism by eliminating spent organelles and proteins that could cause cellular damage if not properly removed. Recently, we reported on Wdfy3's role in mitophagy, a clinically relevant macroautophagic scaffold protein that is linked to intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we confirm our previous report that Wdfy3 haploinsufficiency in mice results in decreased mitophagy with accumulation of mitochondria with altered morphology, but expanding on that observation, we also note decreased mitochondrial localization at synaptic terminals and decreased synaptic density, which may contribute to altered synaptic plasticity. These changes are accompanied by defective elimination of glycogen particles and a shift to increased glycogen synthesis over glycogenolysis and glycophagy. This imbalance leads to an age-dependent higher incidence of brain glycogen deposits with cerebellar hypoplasia. Our results support and further extend Wdfy3's role in modulating both brain bioenergetics and synaptic plasticity by including glycogen as a target of macroautophagic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Kysar
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Satriya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kira Sterling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bradley Shibata
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Denise Imai
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David N Ruskin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Napoli E, Flores A, Mansuri Y, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Sulforaphane improves mitochondrial metabolism in fibroblasts from patients with fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105427. [PMID: 34153466 PMCID: PMC8475276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CGG expansions between 55 and 200 in the 5'-untranslated region of the fragile-X mental retardation gene (FMR1) increase the risk of developing the late-onset debilitating neuromuscular disease Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). While the science behind this mutation, as a paradigm for RNA-mediated nucleotide triplet repeat expansion diseases, has progressed rapidly, no treatment has proven effective at delaying the onset or decreasing morbidity, especially at later stages of the disease. Here, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN), exerted through NRF2-dependent and independent manner, on pathways relevant to brain function, bioenergetics, unfolded protein response, proteosome, antioxidant defenses, and iron metabolism in fibroblasts from FXTAS-affected subjects at all disease stages. This study paves the way for future clinical studies with SFN in the treatment of FXTAS, substantiated by the established use of this agent in clinical trials of diseases with NRF2 dysregulation and in which age is the leading risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amanda Flores
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;,Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yasmeen Mansuri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA;,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817, USA.
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11
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Wang J, Napoli E, Kim K, McLennan YA, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Brain Atrophy and White Matter Damage Linked to Peripheral Bioenergetic Deficits in the Neurodegenerative Disease FXTAS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9171. [PMID: 34502080 PMCID: PMC8431233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting subjects (premutation carriers) with a 55-200 CGG-trinucleotide expansion in the 5'UTR of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) typically after age 50. As both the presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and atrophied gray matter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are linked to age-dependent decline in cognition, here we tested whether MRI outcomes (WMH volume (WMHV) and brain volume) were correlated with mitochondrial bioenergetics from peripheral blood monocytic cells in 87 carriers with and without FXTAS. As a parameter assessing cumulative damage, WMHV was correlated to both FXTAS stages and age, and brain volume discriminated between carriers and non-carriers. Similarly, mitochondrial mass and ATP production showed an age-dependent decline across all participants, but in contrast to WMHV, only FADH2-linked ATP production was significantly reduced in carriers vs. non-carriers. In carriers, WMHV negatively correlated with ATP production sustained by glucose-glutamine and FADH2-linked substrates, whereas brain volume was positively associated with the latter and mitochondrial mass. The observed correlations between peripheral mitochondrial bioenergetics and MRI findings-and the lack of correlations with FXTAS diagnosis/stages-may stem from early brain bioenergetic deficits even before overt FXTAS symptoms and/or imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (K.K.); (Y.A.M.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yingratana A. McLennan
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (K.K.); (Y.A.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (K.K.); (Y.A.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (K.K.); (Y.A.M.)
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12
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Molecular Pathogenesis and Peripheral Monitoring of Adult Fragile X-Associated Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168368. [PMID: 34445074 PMCID: PMC8395059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal trinucleotide expansions cause rare disorders that compromise quality of life and, in some cases, lifespan. In particular, the expansions of the CGG-repeats stretch at the 5’-UTR of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene have pleiotropic effects that lead to a variety of Fragile X-associated syndromes: the neurodevelopmental Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in children, the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) that mainly affects adult men, the Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in adult women, and a variety of psychiatric and affective disorders that are under the term of Fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND). In this review, we will describe the pathological mechanisms of the adult “gain-of-function” syndromes that are mainly caused by the toxic actions of CGG RNA and FMRpolyG peptide. There have been intensive attempts to identify reliable peripheral biomarkers to assess disease progression and onset of specific pathological traits. Mitochondrial dysfunction, altered miRNA expression, endocrine system failure, and impairment of the GABAergic transmission are some of the affectations that are susceptible to be tracked using peripheral blood for monitoring of the motor, cognitive, psychiatric and reproductive impairment of the CGG-expansion carriers. We provided some illustrative examples from our own cohort. Understanding the association between molecular pathogenesis and biomarkers dynamics will improve effective prognosis and clinical management of CGG-expansion carriers.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence, pathophysiology, and management of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). RECENT FINDINGS The pathophysiology of FXTAS involves ribonucleic acid (RNA) toxicity due to elevated levels of the premutation-expanded CGG (eoxycytidylate-deoxyguanylate-deoxyguanylate)-repeat FMR1 mRNA, which can sequester a variety of proteins important for neuronal function. A recent analysis of the inclusions in FXTAS demonstrates elevated levels of several proteins, including small ubiquitin-related modifiers 1/2 (SUMO1/2), that target molecules for the proteasome, suggesting that some aspect(s) of proteasomal function may be altered in FXTAS. Recent neuropathological studies show that Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease can sometimes co-occur with FXTAS. Lewy bodies can be found in 10% of the brains of patients with FXTAS. Microbleeds and iron deposition are also common in the neuropathology, in addition to white matter disease (WMD) and atrophy. SUMMARY The premutation occurs in 1:200 females and 1:400 males. Penetrance for FXTAS increases with age, though lower in females (16%) compared to over 60% of males by age 70. To diagnose FXTAS, an MRI is essential to document the presence of WMD, a primary component of the diagnostic criteria. Pain can be a significant feature of FXTAS and is seen in approximately 50% of patients.
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14
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Wei Y, Zhang D, Liu J, Ou M, Liang P, Zuo Y, Zhou C. Effects of sevoflurane anesthesia and abdominal surgery on the systemic metabolome: a prospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:80. [PMID: 33731015 PMCID: PMC7968205 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic status can be impacted by general anesthesia and surgery. However, the exact effects of general anesthesia and surgery on systemic metabolome remain unclear, which might contribute to postoperative outcomes. Methods Five hundred patients who underwent abdominal surgery were included. General anesthesia was mainly maintained with sevoflurane. The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsevo) was adjusted to maintain BIS (Bispectral index) value between 40 and 60. The mean ETsevo from 20 min after endotracheal intubation to 2 h after the beginning of surgery was calculated for each patient. The patients were further divided into low ETsevo group (mean − SD) and high ETsevo group (mean + SD) to investigate the possible metabolic changes relevant to the amount of sevoflurane exposure. Results The mean ETsevo of the 500 patients was 1.60% ± 0.34%. Patients with low ETsevo (n = 55) and high ETsevo (n = 59) were selected for metabolomic analysis (1.06% ± 0.13% vs. 2.17% ± 0.16%, P < 0.001). Sevoflurane and abdominal surgery disturbed the tricarboxylic acid cycle as identified by increased citrate and cis-aconitate levels and impacted glycometabolism as identified by increased sucrose and D-glucose levels in these 114 patients. Glutamate metabolism was also impacted by sevoflurane and abdominal surgery in all the patients. In the patients with high ETsevo, levels of L-glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, sphinganine and L-selenocysteine after sevoflurane anesthesia and abdominal surgery were significantly higher than those of the patients with low ETsevo, suggesting that these metabolic changes might be relevant to the amount of sevoflurane exposure. Conclusions Sevoflurane anesthesia and abdominal surgery can impact principal metabolic pathways in clinical patients including tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycometabolism and glutamate metabolism. This study may provide a resource data for future studies about metabolism relevant to general anaesthesia and surgeries. Trial registration www.chictr.org.cn. identifier: ChiCTR1800014327. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12871-021-01301-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Wei
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mengchan Ou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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15
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Zafarullah M, Durbin-Johnson B, Fourie ES, Hessl DR, Rivera SM, Tassone F. Metabolomic Biomarkers Are Associated With Area of the Pons in Fragile X Premutation Carriers at Risk for Developing FXTAS. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:691717. [PMID: 34483988 PMCID: PMC8415564 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and cognition in male and female carriers of a premutation allele (55-200 CGG repeats; PM) in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. It is currently unknown how the observed brain changes are associated with metabolic signatures in individuals who develop the disorder over time. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between longitudinal changes in the brain (area of the pons, midbrain, and MCP width) and the changes in the expression level of metabolic biomarkers of early diagnosis and progression of FXTAS in PM who, as part of an ongoing longitudinal study, emerged into two distinct categories. These included those who developed symptoms of FXTAS (converters, CON) at subsequent visits and those who did not meet the criteria of diagnosis (non-converters, NCON) and were compared to age-matched healthy controls (HC). We assessed CGG repeat allele size by Southern Blot and PCR analysis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRIs) acquisition was obtained on a 3T Siemens Trio scanner and metabolomic profile was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, accurate mass spectrometer, and an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Our findings indicate that differential metabolite levels are linked with the area of the pons between healthy control and premutation groups. More specifically, we observed a significant association of ceramides and mannonate metabolites with a decreased area of the pons, both at visit 1 (V1) and visit 2 (V2) only in the CON as compared to the NCON group suggesting their potential role in the development of the disorder. In addition, we found a significant correlation of these metabolic signatures with the FXTAS stage at V2 indicating their contribution to the progression and pathogenesis of FXTAS. Interestingly, these metabolites, as part of lipid and sphingolipid lipids pathways, provide evidence of the role that their dysregulation plays in the development of FXTAS and inform us as potential targets for personalized therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily S Fourie
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David R Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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16
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Zafarullah M, Palczewski G, Rivera SM, Hessl DR, Tassone F. Metabolic profiling reveals dysregulated lipid metabolism and potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). FASEB J 2020; 34:16676-16692. [PMID: 33131090 PMCID: PMC7756608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001880r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the FMR1 premutation. It is currently unknown when, and if, individual premutation carriers will develop FXTAS. Thus, with the aim of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, development, and progression of FXTAS, we performed global metabolomic profiling of premutation carriers (PM) who, as part of an ongoing longitudinal study, emerged into two distinct categories: those who developed symptoms of FXTAS (converters, CON) at subsequent visits and those who did not (non-converters, NCON) and we compared to age-matched healthy controls (HC). We assessed CGG repeat allele size by Southern Blot and PCR analysis. Metabolomic profile was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, accurate mass spectrometer, and an Orbitrap mass analyzer. In this study we found 47 metabolites were significantly dysregulated between HC and the premutation groups (PM). Importantly, we identified 24 metabolites that showed significant changes in expression in the CON as compared to the NCON both at V1 and V2, and 70 metabolites in CON as compared to NCON but only at V2. These findings suggest the potential role of the identified metabolites as biomarkers for early diagnosis and for FXTAS disease progression, respectively. Interestingly, the majority of the identified metabolites were lipids, followed by amino acids. To our knowledge, this the first report of longitudinal metabolic profiling and identification of unique biomarkers of FXTAS. The lipid metabolism and specifically the sub pathways involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, as observed in other neurodegenerative disorders, are significantly altered in FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | | | - Susan M. Rivera
- Center for Mind and BrainUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David R. Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
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17
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Napoli E, McLennan YA, Schneider A, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Characterization of the Metabolic, Clinical and Neuropsychological Phenotype of Female Carriers of the Premutation in the X-Linked FMR1 Gene. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:578640. [PMID: 33195422 PMCID: PMC7642626 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.578640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked FMR1 premutation (PM) is characterized by a 55-200 CGG triplet expansion in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Carriers of the PM were originally thought to be asymptomatic; however, they may present general neuropsychiatric manifestations including learning disabilities, depression and anxiety, among others. With age, both sexes may also develop the neurodegenerative disease fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Among carriers, females are at higher risk for developing immune disorders, hypertension, seizures, endocrine disorders and chronic pain, among others. Some female carriers younger than 40 years old may develop fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). To date, no studies have addressed the metabolic footprint - that includes mitochondrial metabolism - of female carriers and its link to clinical/cognitive manifestations. To this end, we performed a comprehensive biochemical assessment of 42 female carriers (24-70 years old) compared to sex-matched non-carriers. By applying a multivariable correlation matrix, a generalized bioenergetics impairment was correlated with diagnoses of the PM, FXTAS and its severity, FXPOI and anxiety. Intellectual deficits were strongly correlated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and with CGG repeat length. A combined multi-omics approach identified a down-regulation of RNA and mRNA metabolism, translation, carbon and protein metabolism, unfolded protein response, and up-regulation of glycolysis and antioxidant response. The suboptimal activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) response challenges and further compromises the PM genetic background to withstand other, more severe forms of stress. Mechanistically, some of the deficits were linked to an altered protein expression due to decreased protein translation, but others seemed secondary to oxidative stress originated from the accumulation of either toxic mRNA or RAN-derived protein products or as a result of a direct toxicity of accumulated metabolites from deficiencies in critical enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrea Schneider
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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18
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Cao Y, Peng Y, Kong HE, Allen EG, Jin P. Metabolic Alterations in FMR1 Premutation Carriers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:571092. [PMID: 33195417 PMCID: PMC7531624 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.571092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FMR1 gene premutation carriers are at risk of developing Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in adulthood. Currently the development of biomarkers and effective treatments in FMR1 premutations is still in its infancy. Recent metabolic studies have shown novel findings in asymptomatic FMR1 premutation carriers and FXTAS, which provide promising insight through identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic pathways. Here we review the latest advancements of the metabolic alterations found in asymptomatic FMR1 premutation carriers and FXTAS, along with our perspective for future studies in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqu Cao
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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19
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Primary fatty amides in plasma associated with brain amyloid burden, hippocampal volume, and memory in the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's Disease biomarker discovery cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:817-827. [PMID: 31078433 PMCID: PMC6849698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A critical and as-yet unmet need in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the discovery of peripheral small molecule biomarkers. Given that brain pathology precedes clinical symptom onset, we set out to test whether metabolites in blood associated with pathology as indexed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. Methods: This study analyzed 593 plasma samples selected from the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer’s Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery study, of individuals who were cognitively healthy (n = 242), had mild cognitive impairment (n = 236), or had AD-type dementia (n = 115). Logistic regressions were carried out between plasma metabolites (n = 883) and CSF markers, magnetic resonance imaging, cognition, and clinical diagnosis. Results: Eight metabolites were associated with amyloid b and one with t-tau in CSF, these were primary fatty acid amides (PFAMs), lipokines, and amino acids. From these, PFAMs, glutamate, and aspartate also associated with hippocampal volume and memory. Discussion: PFAMs have been found increased and associated with amyloid b burden in CSF and clinical measures.
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Napoli E, Schneider A, Wang JY, Trivedi A, Carrillo NR, Tassone F, Rogawski M, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Allopregnanolone Treatment Improves Plasma Metabolomic Profile Associated with GABA Metabolism in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome: a Pilot Study. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3702-3713. [PMID: 30187385 PMCID: PMC6401336 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment for the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. In this pilot study, we evaluated whether allopregnanolone, a natural neurosteroid that exerts beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases, nervous system injury, and peripheral neuropathies, could improve lymphocytic bioenergetics and plasma pharmacometabolomics in six males with FXTAS (68 ± 3 years old; FMR1 CGG repeats 94 ± 4; FXTAS stages ranging from 3 to 5) enrolled in a 12-week open-label intervention study conducted at the University of California Davis from December 2015 through July 2016. Plasma pharmacometabolomics and lymphocytic mitochondria function were assessed at baseline (on the day of the first infusion) and at follow-up (within 48 h from the last infusion). In parallel, quantitative measurements of tremor and ataxia and neuropsychological evaluations of mental state, executive function, learning, memory, and psychological symptoms were assessed at the same time points. Allopregnanolone treatment impacted significantly GABA metabolism, oxidative stress, and some of the mitochondria-related outcomes. Notably, the magnitude of the individual metabolic response, as well as the correlation with some of the behavioral tests, was overwhelmingly carrier-specific. Based on this pilot study, allopregnanolone treatment has the potential for improving cognitive and GABA metabolism in FXTAS aligned with the concept of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis Health, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yi Wang
- UC Davis Health, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Trivedi
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nika Roa Carrillo
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- UC Davis Health, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis Health, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- UC Davis Health, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Hagerman RJ, Protic D, Rajaratnam A, Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Aydin EY, Schneider A. Fragile X-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND). Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:564. [PMID: 30483160 PMCID: PMC6243096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This review focuses on neuropsychiatric disorders frequently experienced by premutation carriers with 55 to 200 CGG repeats and the pathophysiology involves elevated FMR1 mRNA levels, which is different from the absence or deficiency of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) seen in FXS. Neuropsychiatric disorders are the most common problems associated with the premutation, and they affect approximately 50% of individuals with 55 to 200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Neuropsychiatric disorders in children with the premutation include anxiety, ADHD, social deficits, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In adults with the premutation, anxiety and depression are the most common problems, although obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, and substance abuse are also common. These problems are often exacerbated by chronic fatigue, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders and sleep problems, which are also associated with the premutation. Here we review the clinical studies, neuropathology and molecular underpinnings of RNA toxicity associated with the premutation. We also propose the name Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) in an effort to promote research and the use of fragile X DNA testing to enhance recognition and treatment for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi J. Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Dragana Protic
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Akash Rajaratnam
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Maria J. Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Elber Yuksel Aydin
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Dave A, Hawley J. Fragile X–tremor/ataxia syndrome: five areas of new development. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X–tremor/ataxia syndrome is a relatively newly discovered movement disorder usually affecting patients over the age of 50 who have a FMR1 gene with 55–200 CGG repeats. Patients present with tremor and ataxia and possibly executive dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy. Fragile X–tremor/ataxia syndrome patients have several unique MRI findings including white matter lesions of the middle cerebellar peduncle and splenium of the corpus callosum. The genetics and treatment of this condition are co-developing rapidly as we search for more therapeutic modalities to offer these patients. We will present the latest information available regarding this fascinating syndrome and provide our hypothesis regarding the future focus of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajal Dave
- Department of Neurology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, America BLDG 19 4954 North Palmer Rd, Bethesda, MD 20889–5630, USA
| | - Jason Hawley
- Department of Neurology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, America BLDG 19 4954 North Palmer Rd, Bethesda, MD 20889–5630, USA
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Plasma metabolic profile delineates roles for neurodegeneration, pro-inflammatory damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in the FMR1 premutation. Biochem J 2016; 473:3871-3888. [PMID: 27555610 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of premutation CGG expansions in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene are at higher risk of developing a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder named Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Given that mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in fibroblasts, PBMC and brain samples from carriers as well as in animal models of the premutation and that mitochondria are at the center of intermediary metabolism, the aim of the present study was to provide a complete view of the metabolic pattern by uncovering plasma metabolic perturbations in premutation carriers. To this end, metabolic profiles were evaluated in plasma from 23 premutation individuals and 16 age- and sex-matched controls. Among the affected pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with a Warburg-like shift with increases in lactate levels and altered Krebs' intermediates, neurotransmitters, markers of neurodegeneration and increases in oxidative stress-mediated damage to biomolecules. The number of CGG repeats correlated with a subset of plasma metabolites, which are implicated not only in mitochondrial disorders but also in other neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. For the first time, the identified pathways shed light on disease mechanisms contributing to morbidity of the premutation, with the potential of assessing metabolites in longitudinal studies as indicators of morbidity or disease progression, especially at the early preclinical stages.
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