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Yan L, Chen C, Wang L, Hong H, Wu C, Huang J, Jiang J, Chen J, Xu G, Cui Z. Analysis of gene expression in microglial apoptotic cell clearance following spinal cord injury based on machine learning algorithms. Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:292. [PMID: 38827468 PMCID: PMC11140288 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological complication following spinal fracture, which has long posed a challenge for clinicians. Microglia play a dual role in the pathophysiological process after SCI, both beneficial and detrimental. The underlying mechanisms of microglial actions following SCI require further exploration. The present study combined three different machine learning algorithms, namely weighted gene co-expression network analysis, random forest analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis, to screen for differentially expressed genes in the GSE96055 microglia dataset after SCI. It then used protein-protein interaction networks and gene set enrichment analysis with single genes to investigate the key genes and signaling pathways involved in microglial function following SCI. The results indicated that microglia not only participate in neuroinflammation but also serve a significant role in the clearance mechanism of apoptotic cells following SCI. Notably, bioinformatics analysis and lipopolysaccharide + UNC569 (a MerTK-specific inhibitor) stimulation of BV2 cell experiments showed that the expression levels of Anxa2, Myo1e and Spp1 in microglia were significantly upregulated following SCI, thus potentially involved in regulating the clearance mechanism of apoptotic cells. The present study suggested that Anxa2, Myo1e and Spp1 may serve as potential targets for the future treatment of SCI and provided a theoretical basis for the development of new methods and drugs for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Chu Chen
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The First People's Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
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Tang Y, Wu X, Li J, Li Y, Xu X, Li G, Zhang P, Qin C, Wu LJ, Tang Z, Tian DS. The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1176-1203. [PMID: 38029392 PMCID: PMC11081154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath ensures efficient interconnection between neurons and contributes to the regulation of the proper function of neuronal networks. The maintenance of myelin and the well-organized subtle process of myelin plasticity requires cooperation among myelin-forming cells, glial cells, and neural networks. The process of cooperation is fragile, and the balance is highly susceptible to disruption by microenvironment influences. Reactive microglia play a critical and complicated role in the demyelination and remyelination process. Recent studies have shown that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia in CNS, which regulates intracellular pH and is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, underlying multifaceted roles in maintaining microglia function. This paper begins by examining the molecular mechanisms of demyelination and emphasizes the crucial role of the microenvironment in demyelination. It focuses specifically on the role of Hv1 in myelin repair and its therapeutic potential in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Perez JC, Poulen G, Cardoso M, Boukhaddaoui H, Gazard CM, Courtand G, Bertrand SS, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. CSF1R inhibition at chronic stage after spinal cord injury modulates microglia proliferation. Glia 2023; 71:2782-2798. [PMID: 37539655 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces irreversible autonomic and sensory-motor impairments. A large number of patients exhibit chronic SCI and no curative treatment is currently available. Microglia are predominant immune players after SCI, they undergo highly dynamic processes, including proliferation and morphological modification. In a translational aim, we investigated whether microglia proliferation persists at chronic stage after spinal cord hemisection and whether a brief pharmacological treatment could modulate microglial responses. We first carried out a time course analysis of SCI-induced microglia proliferation associated with morphological analysis up to 84 days post-injury (dpi). Second, we analyzed outcomes on microglia of an oral administration of GW2580, a colony stimulating factor-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor reducing selectively microglia proliferation. After SCI, microglia proliferation remains elevated at 84 dpi. The percentage of proliferative microglia relative to proliferative cells increases over time reaching almost 50% at 84 dpi. Morphological modifications of microglia processes are observed up to 84 dpi and microglia cell body area is transiently increased up to 42 dpi. A transient post-injury GW2580-delivery at two chronic stages after SCI (42 and 84 dpi) reduces microglia proliferation and modifies microglial morphology evoking an overall limitation of secondary inflammation. Finally, transient GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after SCI modulates myelination processes. Together our study shows that there is a persistent microglia proliferation induced by SCI and that a pharmacological treatment at chronic stage after SCI modulates microglial responses. Thus, a transient oral GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Maida Cardoso
- UMR 5221, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Zheng J, Wu H, Wang X, Zhang G, Lu J, Xu W, Xu S, Fang Y, Zhang A, Shao A, Chen S, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Yu J. Temporal dynamics of microglia-astrocyte interaction in neuroprotective glial scar formation after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:862-879. [PMID: 37719195 PMCID: PMC10499589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of glial scar after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether microglia-astrocyte interaction affects glial scar formation and explore the specific function of glial scar. We used a pharmacologic approach to induce microglial depletion during different ICH stages and examine how ablating microglia affects astrocytic scar formation. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) analysis was performed to explore the potential ligand-receptor pair in the modulation of microglia-astrocyte interaction and to verify the functional changes of astrocytic scars at different periods. During the early stage, sustained microglial depletion induced disorganized astrocytic scar, enhanced neutrophil infiltration, and impaired tissue repair. ST analysis indicated that microglia-derived insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) modulated astrocytic scar formation via mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation. Moreover, repopulating microglia (RM) more strongly activated mTOR signaling, facilitating a more protective scar formation. The combination of IGF1 and osteopontin (OPN) was necessary and sufficient for RM function, rather than IGF1 or OPN alone. At the chronic stage of ICH, the overall net effect of astrocytic scar changed from protective to destructive and delayed microglial depletion could partly reverse this. The vital insight gleaned from our data is that sustained microglial depletion may not be a reasonable treatment strategy for early-stage ICH. Inversely, early-stage IGF1/OPN treatment combined with late-stage PLX3397 treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy. This prompts us to consider the complex temporal dynamics and overall net effect of microglia and astrocytes, and develop elaborate treatment strategies at precise time points after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jia'nan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Stroke Research Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Bringuier CM, Noristani HN, Perez JC, Cardoso M, Goze-Bac C, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Up-Regulation of Astrocytic Fgfr4 Expression in Adult Mice after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040528. [PMID: 36831195 PMCID: PMC9954417 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to persistent neurological deficits without available curative treatment. After SCI astrocytes within the lesion vicinity become reactive, these undergo major morphological, and molecular transformations. Previously, we reported that following SCI, over 10% of resident astrocytes surrounding the lesion spontaneously transdifferentiate towards a neuronal phenotype. Moreover, this conversion is associated with an increased expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (Fgfr4), a neural stem cell marker, in astrocytes. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of gene therapy upon Fgfr4 over-expression in mature astrocytes following SCI in adult mice. We found that Fgfr4 over-expression in astrocytes immediately after SCI improves motor function recovery; however, it may display sexual dimorphism. Improved functional recovery is associated with a decrease in spinal cord lesion volume and reduced glial reactivity. Cell-specific transcriptomic profiling revealed concomitant downregulation of Notch signaling, and up-regulation of neurogenic pathways in converting astrocytes. Our findings suggest that gene therapy targeting Fgfr4 over-expression in astrocytes after injury is a feasible therapeutic approach to improve recovery following traumatism of the spinal cord. Moreover, we stress that a sex-dependent response to astrocytic modulation should be considered for the development of effective translational strategies in other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maida Cardoso
- UMR 5221, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Reemst K, Kracht L, Kotah JM, Rahimian R, van Irsen AAS, Congrains Sotomayor G, Verboon LN, Brouwer N, Simard S, Turecki G, Mechawar N, Kooistra SM, Eggen BJL, Korosi A. Early-life stress lastingly impacts microglial transcriptome and function under basal and immune-challenged conditions. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:507. [PMID: 36481769 PMCID: PMC9731997 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) leads to increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders including depression later in life. Neuroinflammatory processes have been implicated in ELS-induced negative health outcomes, but how ELS impacts microglia, the main tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, is unknown. Here, we determined the effects of ELS-induced by limited bedding and nesting material during the first week of life (postnatal days [P]2-9) on microglial (i) morphology; (ii) hippocampal gene expression; and (iii) synaptosome phagocytic capacity in male pups (P9) and adult (P200) mice. The hippocampus of ELS-exposed adult mice displayed altered proportions of morphological subtypes of microglia, as well as microglial transcriptomic changes related to the tumor necrosis factor response and protein ubiquitination. ELS exposure leads to distinct gene expression profiles during microglial development from P9 to P200 and in response to an LPS challenge at P200. Functionally, synaptosomes from ELS-exposed mice were phagocytosed less by age-matched microglia. At P200, but not P9, ELS microglia showed reduced synaptosome phagocytic capacity when compared to control microglia. Lastly, we confirmed the ELS-induced increased expression of the phagocytosis-related gene GAS6 that we observed in mice, in the dentate gyrus of individuals with a history of child abuse using in situ hybridization. These findings reveal persistent effects of ELS on microglial function and suggest that altered microglial phagocytic capacity is a key contributor to ELS-induced phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kracht
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M. Kotah
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Reza Rahimian
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Astrid A. S. van Irsen
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Congrains Sotomayor
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Laura N. Verboon
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Simard
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Susanne M. Kooistra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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Muñoz EM. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221135697. [PMID: 36317305 PMCID: PMC9629557 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included.Summary StatementMicroglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina,Estela M. Muñoz, IHEM-UNCuyo-CONICET, Parque General San Martin, Ciudad de Mendoza, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
or
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Wang S, Qian W, Chen S, Xian S, Jin M, Liu Y, Zhang H, Qin H, Zhang X, Zhu J, Yue X, Shi C, Yan P, Huang R, Huang Z. Bibliometric analysis of research on gene expression in spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1023692. [PMID: 36385766 PMCID: PMC9661966 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1023692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe disease with motor and sensory function being destroyed, which leads to a poor prognosis and a serious financial burden. It is urgent to figure out the molecular and pathological mechanisms of SCI to develop feasible therapeutic strategies. This article aims to review documents focused on gene expression in SCI and summarize research hotspots and the development process in this field. Methods Publications of SCI-related studies from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Biblioshiny was used to evaluate the research performance, core authors, journals and contributed countries, together with trend topics, hotspots in the field, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. Visualized images were obtained to help comprehension. Results Among 351 documents, it was found that the number of annual publications increased in general. The most productive country was China, followed by the United States with the highest influence and the most international cooperation. Plos One was the journal of the maximum publications, while Journal of Neuroscience was the most influential one. According to keyword co-occurrence and trend topics analysis, these articles mainly focused on molecular and pathological mechanisms as well as novel therapies for SCI. Neuropathic pain, axonal regeneration and messenger RNA are significant and promising research areas. Conclusion As the first bibliometric study focused on gene expression in SCI, we demonstrated the evolution of the field and provided future research directions like mechanisms and treatments of SCI with great innovativeness and clinical value. Further studies are recommended to develop more viable therapeutic methods for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengwei Qin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkun Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Key Techniques for Treatment of Burns and Combined Burns and Trauma Injury, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongqiang Huang, ; Runzhi Huang, ; Penghui Yan,
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9
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Scheijen EEM, Hendrix S, Wilson DM. Oxidative DNA Damage in the Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Seems Obvious, but Where Is the Evidence? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091728. [PMID: 36139802 PMCID: PMC9495924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs at various phases of spinal cord injury (SCI), promoting detrimental processes such as free radical injury of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, cytoskeleton, and organelles. Oxidative DNA damage is likely a major contributor to the pathogenesis of SCI, as a damaged genome cannot be simply turned over to avert detrimental molecular and cellular outcomes, most notably cell death. Surprisingly, the evidence to support this hypothesis is limited. There is some evidence that oxidative DNA damage is increased following SCI, mainly using comet assays and immunohistochemistry. However, there is great variability in the timing and magnitude of its appearance, likely due to differences in experimental models, measurement techniques, and the rigor of the approach. Evidence indicates that 8-oxodG is most abundant at 1 and 7 days post-injury (dpi), while DNA strand breaks peak at 7 and 28 dpi. The DNA damage response seems to be characterized by upregulation of PCNA and PARP1 but downregulation of APEX1. Significant improvements in the analysis of oxidative DNA damage and repair after SCI, including single-cell analysis at time points representative for each phase post-injury using new methodologies and better reporting, will uncover the role of DNA damage and repair in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle E. M. Scheijen
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Germany, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (D.M.W.III)
| | - David M. Wilson
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (D.M.W.III)
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10
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Zheng J, Murugan M, Wang L, Wu LJ. Microglial voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1183-1189. [PMID: 34782552 PMCID: PMC8643068 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, microglia as the first responders to the lesion display both beneficial and detrimental characteristics. Activated microglia phagocyte and eliminate cell debris, release cytokines to recruit peripheral immune cells to the injury site. Excessively activated microglia can aggravate the secondary damage by producing extravagant reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies demonstrated that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia and regulates microglial activation upon injury. In mouse models of spinal cord injury, Hv1 deficiency ameliorates microglia activation, resulting in alleviated production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The reduced secondary damage subsequently decreases neuronal loss and correlates with improved locomotor recovery. This review provides a brief historical perspective of advances in investigating voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 and home in on microglial Hv1. We discuss recent studies on the roles of Hv1 activation in pathophysiological activities of microglia, such as production of NOX-dependent reactive oxygen species, microglia polarization, and tissue acidosis, particularly in the context of spinal cord injury. Further, we highlight the rationale for targeting Hv1 for the treatment of spinal cord injury and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Characterization of Ex Vivo and In Vitro Wnt Transcriptome Induced by Spinal Cord Injury in Rat Microglial Cells. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060708. [PMID: 35741593 PMCID: PMC9221341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that inflammation is crucial in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, and that microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, the exploration of molecular signaling pathways that are involved in the microglia/macrophage response might help us to shed light on their eventual therapeutic modulation. Interestingly, there is growing evidence showing that the Wnt family of proteins is involved in different neuropathologies that are characterized by a dysregulated neuroinflammatory response, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we aimed to validate a methodology with competence to assess the physiologically relevant Wnt expression patterns of active microglia and MDMs in a rat model of SCI. For that purpose, we have selected and adapted an in vitro system of primary microglia culture that were stimulated with a lesioned spinal cord extract (SCE), together with an ex vivo protocol of flow cytometry sorting of rat microglia/MDMs at different time-points after contusive SCI. Our study demonstrates that the expression profile of Wnt-related genes in microglia/MDM cells exhibit important differences between these particular scenarios which would be in line with previous studies where similar discrepancies have been described for other molecules. Moreover, our results provide for a first experimental report of the Wnt transcriptome in rat microglia and MDMs after SCI which, together with the research platform that was used in the study, and considering its limitations, we expect might contribute to foster the research on Wnt-driven immunomodulatory therapies.
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12
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Hart SN, Patel SP, Michael FM, Stoilov P, Leow CJ, Hernandez AG, Jolly A, de la Grange P, Rabchevsky AG, Stamm S. Rat Spinal Cord Injury Associated with Spasticity Leads to Widespread Changes in the Regulation of Retained Introns. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:105-121. [PMID: 35403103 PMCID: PMC8985541 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samir P. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Felicia M. Michael
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, University West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Chi Jing Leow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander G. Rabchevsky
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stefan Stamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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13
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Definition of a mouse microglial subset that regulates neuronal development and proinflammatory responses in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116241119. [PMID: 35177477 PMCID: PMC8872761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116241119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Itgax (encoding the CD11c surface protein) and Spp1 (encoding osteopontin; OPN) has been associated with activated microglia that can develop in healthy brains and some neuroinflammatory disorders. However, whether CD11c and OPN expression is a consequence of microglial activation or represents a portion of the genetic program expressed by a stable microglial subset is unknown. Here, we show that OPN production in the brain is confined to a small CD11c+ microglial subset that differentiates from CD11c- precursors in perinatal life after uptake of apoptotic neurons. Our analysis suggests that coexpression of OPN and CD11c marks a microglial subset that is expressed at birth and persists into late adult life, independent of environmental activation stimuli. Analysis of the contribution of OPN to the intrinsic functions of this CD11c+ microglial subset indicates that OPN is required for subset stability and the execution of phagocytic and proinflammatory responses, in part through OPN-dependent engagement of the αVβ3-integrin receptor. Definition of OPN-producing CD11c+ microglia as a functional microglial subset provides insight into microglial differentiation in health and disease.
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14
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Perez JC, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769548. [PMID: 34899275 PMCID: PMC8662749 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regeneration, thus preventing functional recovery, and, on the other hand, it partly limits lesion extension. The complex activation pattern of glial cells is associated with cellular and molecular crosstalk and interactions with immune cells. Interestingly, response to SCI is diverse among species: from amphibians and fishes that display rather limited (if any) glial scarring to mammals that exhibit a well-identifiable scar. Additionally, kinetics of glial activation varies among species. In rodents, microglia become activated before astrocytes, and both glial cell populations undergo activation processes reflected amongst others by proliferation and migration toward the injury site. In primates, glial cell activation is delayed as compared to rodents. Here, we compare the spatial and temporal diversity of the glial response, following SCI amongst species. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying glial activation and scar formation is a prerequisite to develop timely glial cell-specific therapeutic strategies that aim to increase functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick N Gerber
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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15
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Poulen G, Bartolami S, Noristani HN, Perrin FE, Gerber YN. Unlike Brief Inhibition of Microglia Proliferation after Spinal Cord Injury, Long-Term Treatment Does Not Improve Motor Recovery. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121643. [PMID: 34942945 PMCID: PMC8699766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are major players in scar formation after an injury to the spinal cord. Microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival are regulated by the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1). Complete microglia elimination using CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors worsens motor function recovery after spinal injury (SCI). Conversely, a 1-week oral treatment with GW2580, a CSF1R inhibitor that only inhibits microglia proliferation, promotes motor recovery. Here, we investigate whether prolonged GW2580 treatment further increases beneficial effects on locomotion after SCI. We thus assessed the effect of a 6-week GW2580 oral treatment after lateral hemisection of the spinal cord on functional recovery and its outcome on tissue and cellular responses in adult mice. Long-term depletion of microglia proliferation after SCI failed to improve motor recovery and had no effect on tissue reorganization, as revealed by ex vivo diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Six weeks after SCI, GW2580 treatment decreased microglial reactivity and increased astrocytic reactivity. We thus demonstrate that increasing the duration of GW2580 treatment is not beneficial for motor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Poulen
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (S.B.); (H.N.N.); (F.E.P.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Univ. Montpellier, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Bartolami
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (S.B.); (H.N.N.); (F.E.P.)
| | - Harun N. Noristani
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (S.B.); (H.N.N.); (F.E.P.)
| | - Florence E. Perrin
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (S.B.); (H.N.N.); (F.E.P.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Yannick N. Gerber
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (S.B.); (H.N.N.); (F.E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-467143386
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16
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Poulen G, Aloy E, Bringuier CM, Mestre-Francés N, Artus EV, Cardoso M, Perez JC, Goze-Bac C, Boukhaddaoui H, Lonjon N, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Inhibiting microglia proliferation after spinal cord injury improves recovery in mice and nonhuman primates. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8640-8659. [PMID: 34522204 PMCID: PMC8419033 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No curative treatment is available for any deficits induced by spinal cord injury (SCI). Following injury, microglia undergo highly diverse activation processes, including proliferation, and play a critical role on functional recovery. In a translational objective, we investigated whether a transient pharmacological reduction of microglia proliferation after injury is beneficial for functional recovery after SCI in mice and nonhuman primates. Methods: The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of microglia. We orally administrated GW2580, a CSF1R inhibitor that inhibits microglia proliferation. In mice and nonhuman primates, we then analyzed treatment outcomes on locomotor function and spinal cord pathology. Finally, we used cell-specific transcriptomic analysis to uncover GW2580-induced molecular changes in microglia. Results: First, transient post-injury GW2580 administration in mice improves motor function recovery, promotes tissue preservation and/or reorganization (identified by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy), and modulates glial reactivity. Second, post-injury GW2580-treatment in nonhuman primates reduces microglia proliferation, improves motor function recovery, and promotes tissue protection. Finally, GW2580-treatment in mice induced down-regulation of proliferation-associated transcripts and inflammatory associated genes in microglia that may account for reduced neuroinflammation and improved functional recovery following SCI. Conclusion: Thus, a transient oral GW2580 treatment post-injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI patients and may also be extended to other central nervous system disorders displaying microglia activation.
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17
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Dugandžija T, Drljača J, Bulajić D, Isaković A, Stilinović N, Sekulić S, Čapo I. Hallmarks of tumor-associated microglia response to experimental U87 human glioblastoma xenograft. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101557. [PMID: 34051646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest primary brain neoplasm, heavily infiltrated with tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM), which has received a great deal of interest. Bearing in mind that the number of peripheral macrophages by the 14th day is negligible, in our study TAM were referred to as microglia. Here we evaluated histopathological characterization of TAM and kinetics of their infiltration in U87 orthotopic GBM, a commonly used model in preclinical research. To mimic different stages of GBM growth, we evaluated three-time points. Our data showed that the highest areal density of TAM was 7 days after GBM inoculation, with ability to proliferate early after initiation of GBM growth. The areal density of TAM within the tumor correlated with GBM growth and proliferation. Moreover, microglia underwent substantial morphological changes upon exposure to GBM cells. A transition from ramified morphology in peritumoral area to ameboid shape with larger soma and shortened, thick branches in the tumor core was observed. Higher areal fraction of blood vessels also correlated with the areal density of TAM. Given these pro-invasive features of microglia, this GBM model represents a good basis for further testing microglia as a target and new strategy to fight with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Dugandžija
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put doktora Goldmana 4, Sremska Kamenica, 21204, Serbia
| | - Jovana Drljača
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Dragica Bulajić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Isaković
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Stilinović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Sekulić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-7, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Čapo
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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19
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Wang YJ, Monteagudo A, Downey MA, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Elmaleh DR. Cromolyn inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by human microglia (HMC3). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8054. [PMID: 33850164 PMCID: PMC8044132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cromolyn is a known mast cell stabilizer and is approved for treatment of asthma and for other allergic indications. Cromolyn, in a new redesigned dry powder formulation, is being tested in a pivotal clinical trial in combination with low dose ibuprofen to treat early Alzheimer's Disease (AD) subjects. To better understand the mechanistic effect cromolyn has in slowing down or halting the neuroinflammatory response associated with AD progression, we tested the effect of cromolyn to dampen the inflammatory response in the human HMC3 microglia cell line. The direct effect of cromolyn on HMC3 microglia is on cytokines and chemokines production following their activation by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Cromolyn and a new fluorinated analog dramatically reduced the secretion of a wide spectrum of inflammatory mediators, which included cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ, and chemokines such as CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4. These results bolster our understanding of how our cromolyn platform modulates toxic microglia behavior as a dynamic future treatment option for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Wang
- grid.476167.5AZTherapies Inc., Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | | | - David R. Elmaleh
- grid.476167.5AZTherapies Inc., Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129-2060 USA
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20
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Liu C, Dai SK, Shi RX, He XC, Wang YY, He BD, Sun XW, Du HZ, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. Transcriptional profiling of microglia in the injured brain reveals distinct molecular features underlying neurodegeneration. Glia 2021; 69:1292-1306. [PMID: 33492723 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma has been recognized as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, and sex difference of the incidence and outcome of neurodegenerative diseases has long been recognized. Past studies suggest that microglia could play a versatile role in both health and disease. So far, the microglial mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and potentially lead to sex-specific therapies are still very open. Here we applied whole transcriptome analysis of microglia acutely isolated at different timepoints after a cortical stab wound injury to gain insight into genes that might be dysregulated and transcriptionally different between males and females after cortical injury. We found that microglia displayed distinct temporal and sexual molecular signatures of transcriptome after cortical injury. Hypotheses and gene candidates that we presented in the present study could be worthy to be examined to explore the roles of microglia in neurotrauma and in sex-biased neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Kun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Dong He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Adeno-associated virus packaged TRPC5 gene therapy alleviated spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. Neuroreport 2021; 31:29-36. [PMID: 31725061 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease with few effective treatments. This study mainly explored the mechanism of TRPC5 gene in the treatment of spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury from the perspective of angiogenesis. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin, ELISA, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression levels of related angiogenic proteins such as von Willebrend factor (vWF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, and HIF-1α. The results showed that compared with the IR group, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores of IR + adeno-associated virus (AAV) + TRPC5 group were higher with significant difference. And compared with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, RT-PCR and ELISA results showed that inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly reduced in IR + AAV + TRPC5 group. In addition, the expression of vascular related proteins such as vWF, VEGF, and CD31 in spinal cord tissue were all increased. Taken together the results, we suggest that TRPC5 could significantly increase the expression of angiogenic protein and slow down the occurrence of inflammatory response to repair the SCI.
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22
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Gong L, Lv Y, Li S, Feng T, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Mi D. Changes in transcriptome profiling during the acute/subacute phases of contusional spinal cord injury in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1682. [PMID: 33490194 PMCID: PMC7812200 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injuries (SCIs), along with subsequent secondary injuries, often result in irreversible damage to both sensory and motor functions. However, a thorough view of the underlying pathological mechanisms of SCIs, especially in a temporal-spatial manner, is still lacking. Methods To obtain a comprehensive, real-time view of multiple subsets of the cellular mechanisms involved in SCIs, we applied RNA-sequencing technology to characterize the temporal changes in gene expression around the lesion site of contusion SCI in rats. First, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in contrast to sham controls at 1, 4, and 7 days post SCI. Through bioinformatics analysis, including Pathway analysis, Gene-act-net, and Pathway-act-net, we screened and verified potential key pathways and genes associated with either the acute or subacute stages of SCI pathology. Results The top three overrepresented pathways were associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling pathway, and cell cycle at day 1; lysosome, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome at day 4; and phagosome, lysosome, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction at day 7 post injury. Further, we identified uniquely enriched genes at each time point, such as Ccr1 and Nos2 at day 1; as well as Mgst2, and Pla2g3 at 4 and 7 days post-injury. Conclusions Our pathway analysis suggested a transition from inflammatory responses to multiple forms of cell death processes from the acute to subacute stages of SCI. Further, our results revealed a continuous transformation from a more inflammatory to an apoptotic/self-repairing transcriptome following the time-course of SCIs. Our research provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of SCI pathophysiology and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yehua Lv
- Department of Orthopedic, Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Orthopedic, Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Daguo Mi
- Department of Orthopedic, Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nantong, China
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23
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Blaschke SJ, Demir S, König A, Abraham JA, Vay SU, Rabenstein M, Olschewski DN, Hoffmann C, Hoffmann M, Hersch N, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Substrate Elasticity Exerts Functional Effects on Primary Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590500. [PMID: 33250714 PMCID: PMC7674555 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-the brain's primary immune cells-exert a tightly regulated cascade of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects upon brain pathology, either promoting regeneration or neurodegeneration. Therefore, harnessing microglia emerges as a potential therapeutic concept in neurological research. Recent studies suggest that-besides being affected by chemokines and cytokines-various cell entities in the brain relevantly respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. For example, we lately reported considerable effects of elasticity on neural stem cells, regarding quiescence and differentiation potential. However, the effects of elasticity on microglia remain to be explored.Under the hypothesis that the elasticity of the microenvironment affects key characteristics and functions of microglia, we established an in vitro model of primary rat microglia grown in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer-based cell culture system. This way, we simulated the brain's physiological elasticity range and compared it to supraphysiological stiffer PDMS controls. We assessed functional parameters of microglia under "resting" conditions, as well as when polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) by interleukin-4 (IL-4). Microglia viability was unimpaired on soft substrates, but we found various significant effects with a more than two-fold increase in microglia proliferation on soft substrate elasticities mimicking the brain (relative to PDMS controls). Furthermore, soft substrates promoted the expression of the activation marker vimentin in microglia. Moreover, the M2-marker CD206 was upregulated in parallel to an increase in the secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). The upregulation of CD206 was abolished by blockage of stretch-dependent chloride channels. Our data suggest that the cultivation of microglia on substrates of brain-like elasticity promotes a basic anti-inflammatory activation state via stretch-dependent chloride channels. The results highlight the significance of the omnipresent but mostly overlooked mechanobiological effects exerted on microglia and contribute to a better understanding of the complex spatial and temporal interactions between microglia, neural stem cells, and glia, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Seda Demir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna König
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel N Olschewski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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24
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Gaojian T, Dingfei Q, Linwei L, Xiaowei W, Zheng Z, Wei L, Tong Z, Benxiang N, Yanning Q, Wei Z, Jian C. Parthenolide promotes the repair of spinal cord injury by modulating M1/M2 polarization via the NF-κB and STAT 1/3 signaling pathway. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:97. [PMID: 33083018 PMCID: PMC7538575 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disease; however, there is no effective treatment for spinal cord injury. Neuroinflammation involves the activation of resident microglia and the infiltration of macrophages is the major pathogenesis of SCI secondary injury and considered to be the therapeutic target of SCI. Parthenolide (PN) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in fever, migraines, arthritis, and superficial inflammation; however, the role of PN in SCI therapeutics has not been clarified. In this study, we showed that PN could improve the functional recovery of spinal cord in mice as revealed by increased BMS scores and decreased cavity of spinal cord injury in vivo. Immunofluorescence staining experiments confirmed that PN could promote axonal regeneration, increase myelin reconstitution, reduce chondroitin sulfate formation, inhibit scar hyperplasia, suppress the activation of A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and facilitate shift from M1 to M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages. To verify how PN exerts its effects on microglia/macrophages polarization, we performed the mechanism study in vitro in microglia cell line BV-2. PN could significantly reduce M1 polarization in BV2 cells and partially rescue the decrease in the expression of M2 phenotype markers of microglia/macrophage induced by LPS, but no significant effect on M2 polarization stimulated with IL-4 was observed. Further study demonstrated PN inhibited NF-κB signal pathway directly or indirectly, and suppressed activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 or 3 (STAT1/3) via reducing the expression of HDAC1 and subsequently increasing the levels of STAT1/3 acetylation. Overall, our study illustrated that PN may be a promising strategy for traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gaojian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Qian Dingfei
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Linwei
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 China
| | - Wang Xiaowei
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Liu Wei
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhu Tong
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Ning Benxiang
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Qian Yanning
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhou Wei
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
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25
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Moreno-García Á, Bernal-Chico A, Colomer T, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Matute C, Mato S. Gene Expression Analysis of Astrocyte and Microglia Endocannabinoid Signaling during Autoimmune Demyelination. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091228. [PMID: 32846891 PMCID: PMC7563448 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is associated with protective effects in multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve attenuated innate immune cell responses. Astrocytes and microglia are modulated by endocannabinoids and participate in the biosynthesis and metabolism of these compounds. However, the role of neuroglial cells as targets and mediators of endocannabinoid signaling in MS is poorly understood. Here we used a microfluidic RT-qPCR screen to assess changes in the expression of the main endocannabinoid signaling genes in astrocytes and microglia purified from female mice during the time-course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that astrocytes and microglia upregulate the expression of genes encoding neurotoxic A1 and pro-inflammatory molecules at the acute disease with many of these transcripts remaining elevated during the recovery phase. Both cell populations exhibited an early onset decrease in the gene expression levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzymes that persisted during EAE progression as well as cell-type-specific changes in the transcript levels for genes encoding cannabinoid receptors and molecules involved in anandamide (AEA) signaling. Our results demonstrate that astrocytes and microglia responses to autoimmune demyelination involve alterations in the expression of multiple endocannabinoid signaling-associated genes and suggest that this system may regulate the induction of neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory transcriptional programs in both cell types during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Moreno-García
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Colomer
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Antigüedad
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, E-48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, E-48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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26
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Herzog C, Greenald D, Larraz J, Keatinge M, Herrgen L. RNA-seq analysis and compound screening highlight multiple signalling pathways regulating secondary cell death after acute CNS injury in vivo. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/5/bio050260. [PMID: 32366533 PMCID: PMC7225090 DOI: 10.1242/bio.050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate secondary cell death after acute central nervous system (CNS) injury is critical for the development of effective neuroprotective drugs. Previous research has shown that neurotoxic processes including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can cause secondary cell death. Nevertheless, clinical trials targeting these processes have been largely unsuccessful, suggesting that the signalling pathways underlying secondary cell death remain incompletely understood. Due to their suitability for live imaging and their amenability to genetic and pharmacological manipulation, larval zebrafish provide an ideal platform for studying the regulation of secondary cell death in vivo Here, we use RNA-seq gene expression profiling and compound screening to identify signalling pathways that regulate secondary cell death after acute neural injury in larval zebrafish. RNA-seq analysis of genes upregulated in cephalic mpeg1+ macrophage-lineage cells isolated from mpeg1:GFP transgenic larvae after neural injury suggested an involvement of cytokine and polyamine signalling in secondary cell death. Furthermore, screening a library of FDA approved compounds indicated roles for GABA, serotonin and dopamine signalling. Overall, our results highlight multiple signalling pathways that regulate secondary cell death in vivo, and thus provide a starting point for the development of novel neuroprotective treatments for patients with CNS injury.This article has an associated First Person interview with the two first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Herzog
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David Greenald
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Juan Larraz
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Leah Herrgen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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27
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Devanney NA, Stewart AN, Gensel JC. Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease: The role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113310. [PMID: 32289316 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of functions adopted by these cells dictates neuropathophysiology. Research efforts to characterize the range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes and functions adopted by microglia and macrophages are fueled by the potential for inflammatory cells to both exacerbate neurodegeneration and promote repair/disease resolution. The stimulation-based, M1/M2 classification system has emerged over the last decade as a common language to discuss macrophage and microglia heterogeneity across different fields. However, discontinuities between phenotypic markers and function create potential hurdles for the utility of the M1/M2 system in the development of effective immunomodulatory therapeutics for neuroinflammation. A framework to approach macrophage and microglia heterogeneity from a function-based phenotypic approach comes from rapidly emerging evidence that metabolic processes regulate immune cell activation. This concept of immunometabolism, however, is only beginning to unfold in the study of neurodegeneration and has yet to receive much focus in the context of neurotrauma. In this review, we first discuss the current views of macrophage and microglia heterogeneity and limitations of the M1/M2 classification system for neuropathological studies. We then review and discuss the current literature supporting metabolism as a regulator of microglia function in vitro. Lastly, we evaluate the evidence that metabolism regulates microglia and macrophage phenotype in vivo in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Devanney
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - Andrew N Stewart
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
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28
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Benmamar-Badel A, Owens T, Wlodarczyk A. Protective Microglial Subset in Development, Aging, and Disease: Lessons From Transcriptomic Studies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:430. [PMID: 32318054 PMCID: PMC7147523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial heterogeneity has been the topic of much discussion in the scientific community. Elucidation of their plasticity and adaptability to disease states triggered early efforts to characterize microglial subsets. Over time, their phenotypes, and later on their homeostatic signature, were revealed, through the use of increasingly advanced transcriptomic techniques. Recently, an increasing number of these "microglial signatures" have been reported in various homeostatic and disease contexts. Remarkably, many of these states show similar overlapping microglial gene expression patterns, both in homeostasis and in disease or injury. In this review, we integrate information from these studies, and we propose a unique subset, for which we introduce a core signature, based on our own research and reports from the literature. We describe that this subset is found in development and in normal aging as well as in diverse diseases. We discuss the functions of this subset as well as how it is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Benmamar-Badel
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
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CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2085-2100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Goncalves MB, Moehlin J, Clarke E, Grist J, Hobbs C, Carr AM, Jack J, Mendoza-Parra MA, Corcoran JPT. RARβ Agonist Drug (C286) Demonstrates Efficacy in a Pre-clinical Neuropathic Pain Model Restoring Multiple Pathways via DNA Repair Mechanisms. iScience 2019; 20:554-566. [PMID: 31655065 PMCID: PMC6833472 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is associated with profound gene expression alterations within the nociceptive system. DNA mechanisms, such as epigenetic remodeling and repair pathways have been implicated in NP. Here we have used a rat model of peripheral nerve injury to study the effect of a recently developed RARβ agonist, C286, currently under clinical research, in NP. A 4-week treatment initiated 2 days after the injury normalized pain sensation. Genome-wide and pathway enrichment analysis showed that multiple mechanisms persistently altered in the spinal cord were restored to preinjury levels by the agonist. Concomitant upregulation of DNA repair proteins, ATM and BRCA1, the latter being required for C286-mediated pain modulation, suggests that early DNA repair may be important to prevent phenotypic epigenetic imprints in NP. Thus, C286 is a promising drug candidate for neuropathic pain and DNA repair mechanisms may be useful therapeutic targets to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Goncalves
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Julien Moehlin
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Earl Clarke
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - John Grist
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Carl Hobbs
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Antony M Carr
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Julian Jack
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marco Antonio Mendoza-Parra
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France.
| | - Jonathan P T Corcoran
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Duran RCD, Wei H, Kim DH, Wu JQ. Invited Review: Long non-coding RNAs: important regulators in the development, function and disorders of the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:538-556. [PMID: 30636336 PMCID: PMC6626588 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide transcriptional studies have demonstrated that tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) genes are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and that they exhibit tissue- and cell-type specificity. Their regulated and dynamic expression and their co-expression with protein-coding gene neighbours have led to the study of the functions of lncRNAs in CNS development and disorders. In this review, we describe the general characteristics, localization and classification of lncRNAs. We also elucidate the examples of the molecular mechanisms of nuclear and cytoplasmic lncRNA actions in the CNS and discuss common experimental approaches used to identify and unveil the functions of lncRNAs. Additionally, we provide examples of lncRNA studies of cell differentiation and CNS disorders including CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review novel lncRNA-based therapies. Overall, this review highlights the important biological roles of lncRNAs in CNS functions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, N.L., 64710, Mexico
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong H. Kim
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Microglia Adopt Longitudinal Transcriptional Changes After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 246:113-122. [PMID: 31563831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an under-recognized public health threat. Even mild brain injuries can lead to long-term neurologic impairment. Microglia play a fundamental role in the development and progression of this ensuing neurologic impairment. Despite this, a microglia-specific injury signature has yet to be identified. We hypothesized that TBI would lead to long-term changes in the transcriptional profile of microglial pathways associated with the development of subsequent neurologic impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TBI via a controlled cortical impact and were followed longitudinally. FACSorted microglia from TBI mice were subjected to Quantiseq 3'-biased RNA sequencing at 7, 30, and 90 d after TBI. K-means clustering on 396 differentially expressed genes was performed, and gene ontology enrichment analysis was used to determine corresponding enriched processes. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes in microglia exhibited four main patterns of expression over the course of TBI. In particular, we identified four gene clusters which corresponded to the host defense response, synaptic plasticity, lipid remodeling, and membrane polarization. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional profiling within individual populations of microglia after TBI remains a critical unmet research need within the field of TBI. This focused study identified several physiologic processes within microglia that may be associated with development of long-term neurologic impairment after TBI. These data demonstrate the capability of longitudinal transcriptional profiling to uncover potential cell-specific targets for the treatment of TBI.
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Hore Z, Denk F. Neuroimmune interactions in chronic pain - An interdisciplinary perspective. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:56-62. [PMID: 31029795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that communication between the nervous and immune systems is involved in the development of chronic pain. At each level of the nervous system, immune cells have been reported to accompany and frequently mediate dysfunction of nociceptive circuitry; however the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. One way to speed up progress in this area is to increase interdisciplinary cross-talk. This review sets out to summarize what pain research has already learnt, or indeed might still learn, from examining peripheral and central nociceptive mechanisms using tools and perspectives from other fields like immunology, inflammation biology or the study of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Hore
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Glial inhibitors only reverse mechanical hypersensitivity in male mice subjected to arthritis. No obvious arthritis-related transcriptional difference was identified between male and female spinal microglia. Recent studies have suggested a sexually dimorphic role of spinal glial cells in the maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity in rodent models of chronic pain. We have used the collagen antibody–induced arthritis (CAIA) mouse model to examine differences between males and females in the context of spinal regulation of arthritis-induced pain. We have focused on the late phase of this model when joint inflammation has resolved, but mechanical hypersensitivity persists. Although the intensity of substance P, calcitonin gene–related peptide, and galanin immunoreactivity in the spinal cord was not different from controls, the intensity of microglia (Iba-1) and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein) markers was elevated in both males and females. Intrathecal administration of the glial inhibitors minocycline and pentoxifylline reversed mechanical thresholds in male, but not in female mice. We isolated resident microglia from the lumbar dorsal horns and observed a significantly lower number of microglial cells in females by flow cytometry analysis. However, although genome-wide RNA sequencing results pointed to several transcriptional differences between male and female microglia, no convincing differences were identified between control and CAIA groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that there are subtle sex differences in microglial expression profiles independent of arthritis. Our experiments failed to identify the underlying mRNA correlates of microglial actions in the late phase of the CAIA model. It is likely that transcriptional changes are either subtle and highly localised and therefore difficult to identify with bulk isolation techniques or that other factors, such as changes in protein expression or epigenetic modifications, are at play.
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Wang SS, Bandopadhayay P, Jenkins MR. Towards Immunotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:748-761. [PMID: 31229353 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of childhood cancer-related death. Immunotherapy is a powerful new approach for treating some refractory cancers; applying this 'fourth pillar' of cancer treatment to pediatric brain tumors is an exciting but challenging prospect. This review offers new perspectives on moving towards successful immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors, focusing on pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG), a subgroup with universally poor outcomes. We cover chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, vaccine therapy, and checkpoint inhibition in this context, and focus on the need for intimately understanding the growing brain and its immune system. We highlight the challenges associated with the application of immunotherapy in pediatric neuro-oncology, as well as the tissue-specific challenges to be overcome, to achieve improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Shiqi Wang
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Misty Rayna Jenkins
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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36
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
A century ago, Pío del Río-Hortega discovered that microglial cells are endowed with remarkable dynamic and plastic capabilities. The real-time plasticity of microglia could be revealed, however, only during the last 15 years with the development of new transgenic animal models and new molecular and functional analysis methods. Phenotyping microglia in situ with these new tools sealed the fate of the classical two state model of "resting" microglia in physiological conditions and "activated" microglia in pathological conditions. Our current view on functional behavior of microglia takes into account the exquisite reactivity of these immune cells to changes occurring in the CNS in both physiological and pathological conditions. We briefly review here the results and methods that have uncovered the dynamics and versatility of microglial reactivity.
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38
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Panoptic imaging of transparent mice reveals whole-body neuronal projections and skull-meninges connections. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:317-327. [PMID: 30598527 PMCID: PMC6494982 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of entire transparent rodent bodies after clearing could provide holistic biological information in health and disease, but reliable imaging and quantification of fluorescent protein signals deep inside the tissues has remained a challenge. Here, we developed vDISCO, a pressure-driven, nanobody-based whole-body immunolabeling technology to enhance the signal of fluorescent proteins by up to two orders of magnitude. This allowed us to image and quantify subcellular details through bones, skin and highly autofluorescent tissues of intact transparent mice. For the first time, we visualized whole-body neuronal projections in adult mice. We assessed CNS trauma effects in the whole body and found degeneration of peripheral nerve terminals in the torso. Furthermore, vDISCO revealed short vascular connections between skull marrow and brain meninges, which were filled with immune cells upon stroke. Thus, our new approach enables unbiased comprehensive studies of the interactions between the nervous system and the rest of the body.
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39
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Gerber YN, Saint-Martin GP, Bringuier CM, Bartolami S, Goze-Bac C, Noristani HN, Perrin FE. CSF1R Inhibition Reduces Microglia Proliferation, Promotes Tissue Preservation and Improves Motor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:368. [PMID: 30386212 PMCID: PMC6198221 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a pronounced neuroinflammation driven by activation and proliferation of resident microglia as well as infiltrating peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages. Depending on the time post-lesion, positive and detrimental influences of microglia/macrophages on axonal regeneration had been reported after SCI, raising the issue whether their modulation may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) regulates microglia/macrophages proliferation, differentiation and survival thus, pharmacological treatments using CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors had been used to ablate microglia. We analyzed the effect of chronic (10 weeks) food diet containing GW2580 (a CSF1R inhibitor) in mice that underwent lateral spinal cord hemisection (HS) at vertebral thoracic level 9. Treatment started 4 weeks prior to SCI and continued until 6 weeks post-lesion. We first demonstrate that GW2580 treatment did not modify microglial response in non-injured spinal cords. Conversely, a strong decrease in proliferating microglia was observed following SCI. Second, we showed that GW2580 treatment improved some parameters of motor recovery in injured animals through better paw placement. Using in and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we then established that GW2580 treatment had no effect on lesion extension and volume. However, histological analyses revealed that GW2580-treated animals had reduced gliosis and microcavity formation following SCI. In conclusion, CSF1R blockade using GW2580 specifically inhibits SCI-induced microglia/macrophages proliferation, reduces gliosis and microcavity formations and improves fine motor recovery after incomplete SCI. Preventing microglial proliferation may offer therapeutic approach to limit neuroinflammation, promote tissue preservation and motor recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Patrick Saint-Martin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France.,UMR 5221 CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Mathilde Bringuier
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bartolami
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Harun Najib Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
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40
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Trias E, Barbeito L, Yamanaka K. Phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in motor neuron disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:225-234. [PMID: 30555538 PMCID: PMC6282976 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that astrocytes do not just support the function of neurons, but play key roles in maintaining the brain environment in health and disease. Contrary to the traditional understanding of astrocytes as static cells, reactive astrocytes possess more diverse functions and phenotypes than previously predicted. In the present focused review, we summarize the evidence showing that astrocytes are playing profound roles in the disease process of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aberrantly activated astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rodents express microglial molecular markers and provoke toxicities to accelerate disease progression. In addition, TIR domain–containing adapter protein–inducing interferon‐β‐dependent innate immune pathway in astrocytes also has a novel function in terminating glial activation and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, heterogeneity in phenotypes and functions of astrocytes are also observed in various disease conditions, such as other neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia, aging and acute lesions in the central nervous system. Through accumulating knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of astrocytes, these cells will become more attractive therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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41
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Mestre-Francés N, Serratrice N, Gennetier A, Devau G, Cobo S, Trouche SG, Fontès P, Zussy C, De Deurwaerdere P, Salinas S, Mennechet FJ, Dusonchet J, Schneider BL, Saggio I, Kalatzis V, Luquin-Piudo MR, Verdier JM, Kremer EJ. Exogenous LRRK2G2019S induces parkinsonian-like pathology in a nonhuman primate. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98202. [PMID: 30046008 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. To understand its pathogenesis and to test therapies, animal models that faithfully reproduce key pathological PD hallmarks are needed. As a prelude to developing a model of PD, we tested the tropism, efficacy, biodistribution, and transcriptional effect of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors in the brain of Microcebus murinus, a nonhuman primate that naturally develops neurodegenerative lesions. We show that introducing helper-dependent (HD) CAV-2 vectors results in long-term, neuron-specific expression at the injection site and in afferent nuclei. Although HD CAV-2 vector injection induced a modest transcriptional response, no significant adaptive immune response was generated. We then generated and tested HD CAV-2 vectors expressing leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and LRRK2 carrying a G2019S mutation (LRRK2G2019S), which is linked to sporadic and familial autosomal dominant forms of PD. We show that HD-LRRK2G2019S expression induced parkinsonian-like motor symptoms and histological features in less than 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mestre-Francés
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Serratrice
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Gennetier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gina Devau
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Cobo
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie G Trouche
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascaline Fontès
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Jd Mennechet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Dusonchet
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Rosario Luquin-Piudo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroscience Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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42
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Noristani HN, They L, Perrin FE. C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster Mice Display Differences in Mobility, Gliosis, Microcavity Formation and Lesion Volume After Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:173. [PMID: 29977191 PMCID: PMC6021489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are neuropathologies causing enormous physical and emotional anguish as well as irreversibly disabilities with great socio/economic burdens to our society. The availability of multiple mouse strains is important for studying the underlying pathophysiological response after SCI. Although strain differences have been shown to directly affect spontaneous functional recovery following incomplete SCI, its influence after complete lesion of the spinal cord is unclear. To study the influence of mouse strain on recovery after severe SCI, we first carried out behavioral analyses up to 6 weeks following complete transection of the spinal cord in mice with two different genetic backgrounds namely, C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster. Using immunohistochemistry, we then analyzed glial cell reactivity not only at different time-points after injury but also at different distances from the lesion epicenter. Behavioral assessments using CatWalk™ and open field analyses revealed increased mobility (measured using average speed) and differential forelimb gross sensory response in Swiss Webster compared to C57BL/6 mice after complete transection of the spinal cord. Comprehensive histological assessment revealed elevated microglia/macrophage reactivity and a moderate increase in astrogliosis in Swiss Webster that was associated with reduced microcavity formation and reduced lesion volume after spinal cord transection compared to C57BL/6 mice. Our results thus suggest that increased mobility correlates with enhanced gliosis and better tissue protection after complete transection of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Najib Noristani
- INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1051, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1051, Montpellier, France
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43
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Kostuk EW, Cai J, Iacovitti L. Regional microglia are transcriptionally distinct but similarly exacerbate neurodegeneration in a culture model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:139. [PMID: 29751760 PMCID: PMC5948771 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) while neighboring ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons are relatively spared. Mechanisms underlying the selective protection of the VTA and susceptibility of the SN are still mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of balance between astrocytes and microglia in the susceptibility of SN DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Methods Previously established methods were used to isolate astrocytes and microglia from the cortex (CTX), SN, and VTA, as well as embryonic midbrain DA neurons from the SN and VTA. The transcriptional profile of isolated microglia was examined for 21 canonical pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR with and without MPP+ exposure. Homo- and heterotypic co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes were established, and the effect of altering the ratio of astrocytes and microglia in vitro on the susceptibility of midbrain DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin MPP+ was investigated. Results We found that regionally isolated microglia (SN, VTA, CTX) exhibit basal differences in their cytokine profiles and that activation of these microglia with MPP+ results in differential cytokine upregulation. The addition of microglia to cultures of SN neurons and astrocytes was not sufficient to cause neurodegeneration; however, when challenged with MPP+, all regionally isolated microglia resulted in exacerbation of MPP+ toxicity which was alleviated by inhibition of microglial activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that isolated VTA, but not SN, astrocytes were able to mediate protection of both SN and VTA DA neurons even in the presence of exacerbatory microglia; however, this protection could be reversed by increasing the numbers of microglia present. Conclusion These results suggest that the balance of astrocytes and microglia within the midbrain is a key factor underlying the selective vulnerability of SN DA neurons seen in PD pathogenesis and that VTA astrocytes mediate protection of DA neurons which can be countered by greater numbers of deleterious microglia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1181-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wildon Kostuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 320, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jingli Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 320, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 320, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 320, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 320, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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44
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Rangaraju S, Raza SA, Li NX, Betarbet R, Dammer EB, Duong D, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI. Differential Phagocytic Properties of CD45 low Microglia and CD45 high Brain Mononuclear Phagocytes-Activation and Age-Related Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:405. [PMID: 29552013 PMCID: PMC5840283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are innate immune mononuclear phagocytes (CNS MPs) that can phagocytose infectious particles, apoptotic cells, neurons, and pathological protein aggregates, such as Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While CD11b+CD45low microglia account for the majority of CNS MPs, a small population of CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs is also recognized in AD that surround Aβ plaques. These transcriptionally and pathologically unique CD45high cells have unclear origin and undefined phagocytic characteristics. We have comprehensively validated rapid flow cytometric assays of bulk-phase and amyloid β fibril (fAβ) phagocytosis and applied these to study acutely isolated CNS MPs. Using these methods, we provide novel insights into differential abilities of CD11b+ CD45low and CD45high CNS MPs to phagocytose macroparticles and fAβ under normal, acute, and chronic neuroinflammatory states. CD45high CNS MPs also highly upregulate TREM2, CD11c, and several disease-associated microglia signature genes and have a higher phagocytic capacity for Aβ as compared to CD45low microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD that becomes more apparent with aging. Our data suggest an overall pro-phagocytic and protective role for CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs in neurodegeneration, which if promoted, could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Noel Xiang'An Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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45
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Maduna T, Audouard E, Dembélé D, Mouzaoui N, Reiss D, Massotte D, Gaveriaux-Ruff C. Microglia Express Mu Opioid Receptor: Insights From Transcriptomics and Fluorescent Reporter Mice. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:726. [PMID: 30662412 PMCID: PMC6328486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microglia activation contributes to chronic pain and to the adverse effects of opiate use such as analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Both mu opioid receptor (MOR) encoded by Oprm1/OPRM1 gene and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been reported to mediate these morphine effects and a current question is whether microglia express the Oprm1 transcript and MOR protein. The aim of this study was to characterize Oprm1-MOR expression in naive murine and human microglia, combining transcriptomics datasets previously published by other groups with our own imaging study using the Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry reporter mouse line. Methods: We analyzed microglial Oprm1/OPRM1 expression obtained from transcriptomics datasets, focusing on ex vivo studies from adult wild-type animals and adult post-mortem human cerebral cortex. Oprm1, as well as co-regulated gene sets were examined. The expression of MOR in microglia was also investigated using our novel fluorescent Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mcherry reporter mouse line. We determined whether CX3cR1-eGFP positive microglial cells expressed MOR-mCherry protein by imaging various brain areas including the Frontal Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area, Central Amygdala, and Periaqueductal Gray matter, as well as spinal cord. Results: Oprm1 expression was found in all 12 microglia datasets from mouse whole brain, in 7 out of 8 from cerebral cortex, 3 out of 4 from hippocampus, 1 out of 1 from striatum, and 4 out of 5 from mouse or rat spinal cord. OPRM1 was expressed in 16 out of 17 microglia transcriptomes from human cerebral cortex. In Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry mice, the percentage of MOR-positive microglial cells ranged between 35.4 and 51.6% in the different brain areas, and between 36.8 and 42.4% in the spinal cord. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of the microglia transcriptomes indicates that Oprm1/OPRM1 transcripts are expressed in microglia. The investigation of Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry mice also shows microglial expression of MOR proteinin the brain and spine. These results corroborate functional studies showing the actions of MOR agonists on microglia and suppression of these effects by MOR-selective antagonists or MOR knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tando Maduna
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Emilie Audouard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Doulaye Dembélé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Nejma Mouzaoui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - David Reiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Gaveriaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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46
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Starobova H, S. W. A. H, Lewis RJ, Vetter I. Transcriptomics in pain research: insights from new and old technologies. Mol Omics 2018; 14:389-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and pathological pain involves a complex interplay of multiple cell types and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Starobova
- Centre for Pain Research
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Himaya S. W. A.
- Centre for Pain Research
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - R. J. Lewis
- Centre for Pain Research
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - I. Vetter
- Centre for Pain Research
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
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47
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Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kooistra SM. Regulation of Microglia Identity from an Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Point of View. Neuroscience 2017; 405:3-13. [PMID: 29247774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have long been recognized as the endogenous innate immune elements in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Besides fulfilling local immune-related functions, they provide cross-talk between the CNS and the immune system at large. In the adult CNS, microglia are involved in maintaining brain homeostasis, modulating synaptic transmission and clearance of apoptotic cells. During embryonic development, microglia are responsible for the removal of supernumerary synapses and neurons, and neuronal network formation. The full scale of their potential abilities has been highlighted by improvements in microglia isolation methods, the development of genetically tagged mouse models, advanced imaging technologies and the application of next-generation sequencing in recent years. Genome-wide expression analysis of relatively pure microglia populations from both mouse and human CNS tissues has thereby greatly contributed to our knowledge of their biology; what defines them under homeostatic conditions and how microglia respond to processes like aging and CNS disease? How and to what degree beneficial functions of microglia can be restored in the aged or diseased brain will be the key issue to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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49
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Oxidative stress and DNA damage after cerebral ischemia: Potential therapeutic targets to repair the genome and improve stroke recovery. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:208-217. [PMID: 29128308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in oxidative stress research, particularly in the context of ischemic brain injury. Oxidative stress in ischemic tissues compromises the integrity of the genome, resulting in DNA lesions, cell death in neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, and impairments in neurological recovery after stroke. As DNA is particularly vulnerable to oxidative attack, cells have evolved the ability to induce multiple DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homogenous endpoint jointing (NHEJ). Defective DNA repair is tightly correlated with worse neurological outcomes after stroke, whereas upregulation of DNA repair enzymes, such as APE1, OGG1, and XRCC1, improves long-term functional recovery following stroke. Indeed, DNA damage and repair are now known to play critical roles in fundamental aspects of stroke recovery, such as neurogenesis, white matter recovery, and neurovascular unit remodeling. Several DNA repair enzymes are essential for comprehensive neural repair mechanisms after stroke, including Polβ and NEIL3 for neurogenesis, APE1 for white matter repair, Gadd45b for axonal regeneration, and DNA-PKs for neurovascular remodeling. This review discusses the emerging role of DNA damage and repair in functional recovery after stroke and highlights the contribution of DNA repair to regenerative elements after stroke. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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50
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Splitting the "Unsplittable": Dissecting Resident and Infiltrating Macrophages in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102072. [PMID: 28961183 PMCID: PMC5666754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages predominate the inflammatory landscape within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, not only regarding cellularity but also with respect to the diverse functions this cell fraction provides during disease progression and remission. Researchers have been well aware of the fact that the macrophage pool during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity consists of a mixture of myeloid cells. Yet, separating these populations to define their unique contribution to disease pathology has long been challenging due to their similar marker expression. Sophisticated lineage tracing approaches as well as comprehensive transcriptome analysis have elevated our insight into macrophage biology to a new level enabling scientists to dissect the roles of resident (microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages) and infiltrating macrophages with unprecedented precision. To do so in an accurate way, researchers have to know their toolbox, which has been filled with diverse, discriminating approaches from decades of studying neuroinflammation in animal models. Every method has its own strengths and weaknesses, which will be addressed in this review. The focus will be on tools to manipulate and/or identify different macrophage subgroups within the injured murine CNS.
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