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Pan SY, Gu YR, Zhao G, Wang Y, Qin ZH, Tang QY, Qin YY, Li Luo. NADPH mimics the antidepressant effects of exercise in a chronic unpredictable stress rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 731:150360. [PMID: 39018970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Exercise is known to be an effective intervention for depression. NADPH has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in our previous studies. This study aimed to investigate if NADPH has antidepressant effects and can mimic the effects of exercise in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model. CUS rats underwent an 8-week swimming exercise (30 min/d, 5d/w) or were intraperitoneally administered 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg NADPH. The open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to examine the antidepressant-like behaviors of the rats. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH similarly reduced anxiety, as demonstrated by the number of fecal pellets. Meanwhile, exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly increased locomotion activity in the OFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH effectively reversed CUS-induced anhedonia in rats in the SPT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH had no impact on appetite of depressed rats; however, 8 mg/kg NADPH increased the rats' exploratory activity in the NSFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly reduced the immobility time of CUS model rats, while exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH postponed the early CUS-induced "immobility" in the FST. These results demonstrated that NADPH has similar antidepressant-like effects to exercise in CUS-induced depression model rats and is a potential exercise-mimicking antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yao Pan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yan-Rong Gu
- Changshu Xupu High School, Suzhou, 215513, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nan'ao People's Hospital of Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qiu-Yue Tang
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qin
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
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Chen G, Zhang W, Chen Q, Dong M, Liu M, Liu G. Geniposide exerts the antidepressant effect by affecting inflammation and glucose metabolism in a mouse model of depression. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 400:111182. [PMID: 39098740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a severe mental illness affecting patient's physical and mental health. However, long-term effects of existing therapeutic modalities for depression are not satisfactory. Geniposide is an iridoid compound highly expressed in gardenia jasminoides for removing annoyance. The activity of geniposide against depression has been widely studied while most studies concentrated on the expression levels of gene and protein. Herein, the aim of the present study was to employ non-target metabolomic platform of serum to investigate metabolic changes of depression mice and further verify in hippocampus for analyzing the antidepressant mechanism of geniposide. Then we discovered that 9 metabolites of serum were significantly increased in depressive group (prostaglandin E2, leukotriene C4, arachidonic acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC, 16:0/16:0), LysoPC (18:1 (9Z)/0:0), phosphatidylethanolamine (14:0/16:0), creatine, oleamide and aminomalonic acid) and 6 metabolites were decreased (indoxylsulfuric acid, testosterone, lactic acid, glucose 6-phosphate, leucine and valine). The levels of arachidonic acid, LysoPC, lactic acid and glucose 6-phosphate in hippocampus were consistent change with serum in depression mice. Most of them showed significant tendencies to be normal by geniposide treatment. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that arachidonic acid metabolism and glucose metabolism were the main pathogenesis for the antidepressant effect of geniposide. In addition, the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 were increased in depressive mice and reversed after geniposide treatment. This study revealed that abnormal metabolism of inflammatory response and glucose metabolism of the serum and hippocampus involved in the occurrence of depressive disorder and antidepressant effect of geniposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Meixue Dong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Subba R, Fasciolo G, Geremia E, Muscari Tomajoli MT, Petito A, Carrella S, Mondal AC, Napolitano G, Venditti P. Simultaneous induction of systemic hyperglycaemia and stress impairs brain redox homeostasis in the adult zebrafish. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 759:110101. [PMID: 39029645 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
For diabetic patients it is crucial to constantly monitor blood glucose levels to mitigate complications due to hyperglycaemia, including neurological issues and cognitive impairments. This activity leads to psychological stress, called "diabetes distress," a problem for most patients living with diabetes. Diabetes distress can exacerbate the hyperglycaemia effects on brain and negatively impact the quality of life, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. We simulated diabetes distress in adult zebrafish by modelling hyperglycaemia, through exposure to dextrose solution, along with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluated brain redox homeostasis by assessing reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, the antioxidant system, and effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and fission/fusion processes. We also evaluated the total, cytosolic and nuclear content of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a critical regulator of redox balance, in the whole brain and total NRF2 in specific brain emotional areas. The combined CUMS + Dextrose challenge, but not the individual treatments, reduced total NRF2 levels in the entire brain, but strongly increased its levels in the nuclear fraction. Compensatory upregulation of antioxidant genes appeared inadequate to combat elevated levels of ROS, leading to lowering of the reduced glutathione content and total antioxidant capacity. CUMS + Dextrose treatment also upregulated transcription factors implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics with a predominance of fission, which is consistent with increased oxidative stress. In conclusion, this study highlights the close interplay between hyperglycaemia and psychological distress causing overriding oxidative stress in the brain, rendering the organism vulnerable to the development of disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Subba
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, Napoli, 80133, Italy
| | - Eugenio Geremia
- International PhD Programme, UNESCO Chair "Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development", Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Muscari Tomajoli
- International PhD Programme, UNESCO Chair "Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development", Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Petito
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Carrella
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, Napoli, 80133, Italy
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067.
| | - Gaetana Napolitano
- International PhD Programme, UNESCO Chair "Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development", Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Shi H, Sun M, Wang S, He F, Yang R, Li Z, Chen W, Wang F. Jiawei Dachaihu decoction protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis (AS) mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) via SIRT1/PGC-1α/TFAM/LON signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118150. [PMID: 38631487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE JiaWei DaChaiHu is composed of Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, Pinellia ternata, Paeonia lactiflora, Zingiber officinaleRoscoe, Poncirus tuifoliata, Rheum palmatum L., Curcumae Radix, Herba Lysimachiae, Ziziphus. JiaWei DaChaiHu is one of the most common traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of depression. AIM OF THE STUDY The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) has been shown to promote atherosclerosis (AS). Dachaihu has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been known to exert distinct pharmacological effects. This investigation aims to examine the therapeutic effect of Jiawei Dachaihu extract on AS animal models with CUMS. METHODS AS-CUMS mice model was established by Apoe-/- mice. Mice were treated with Jiawei Dachaihu. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels were measured using ELISA kits. Aortic tissue pathologic changes detected by oil red O staining. Mice behavioral changes detected by sucrose preference test and sucrose preference test. The relative mRNA expression levels of CRH, ND1, and TFAM were determined by qRT-PCR. 5-HT1A, BDNF, LON, TFAM, PGC-1α, and SIRT1 protein expression determined by western blotting. ATP content detected by ATP kits. RESULTS The treatment with Jiawei Dachaihu extract alleviated the veins plaque and reduced stress signs in vitro and in vivo. It increased the ATP and HDL-C levels while decreased the TC, TG, LDL-C levels. Jiawei Dachaihu extract treatment upregulated Lon, SIRT1, TFAM, PGC-1α, BDNF, and 5-HT1A protein expression and regained mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION Jiawei Dachaihu extract could alleviate AS and reduce CUMS by upregulating the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling and promoted its crosstalk with Lon protein to maintain mitochondrial stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Fanyu He
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ronglai Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Fengrong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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Yang X, Yu D, Gao F, Yang J, Chen Z, Liu J, Yang X, Li L, Zhang Y, Yan C. Integrative Analysis of Morphine-Induced Differential Circular RNAs and ceRNA Networks in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4602-4618. [PMID: 38109006 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNAs. Despite the fact that the functional mechanisms of most circRNAs remain unknown, emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs could sponge microRNAs (miRNAs), bind to RNA binding proteins (RBP), and even be translated into protein. Recent research has demonstrated the crucial roles played by circRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a crucial component of drug reward circuitry and exerts top-down control over cognitive functions. However, there is currently limited knowledge about the correlation between circRNAs and morphine-associated contextual memory in the mPFC. Here, we performed morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice and extracted mPFC tissue for RNA-sequencing. Our study represented the first attempt to identify differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in the mPFC after morphine-induced CPP. We identified 47 significantly up-regulated DEcircRNAs and 429 significantly up-regulated DEmRNAs, along with 74 significantly down-regulated DEcircRNAs and 391 significantly down-regulated DEmRNAs. Functional analysis revealed that both DEcircRNAs and DEmRNAs were closely associated with neuroplasticity. To further validate the DEcircRNAs, we conducted qRT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and RNase R digestion assays. Additionally, using an integrated bioinformatics approach, we constructed ceRNA networks and identified critical circRNA/miRNA/mRNA axes that contributed to the development of morphine-associated contextual memory. In summary, our study provided novel insights into the role of circRNAs in drug-related memory, specifically from the perspective of ceRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Yang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyu Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Gao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingsi Yang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhennan Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lanjiang Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunxia Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, National Health Commission, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Bio-Evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Lv S, Zhang G, Lu Y, Zhong X, Huang Y, Ma Y, Yan W, Teng J, Wei S. Pharmacological mechanism of natural antidepressants: The role of mitochondrial quality control. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155669. [PMID: 38696923 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a mental illness characterized by persistent sadness and a reduced capacity for pleasure. In clinical practice, SSRIs and other medications are commonly used for therapy, despite their various side effects. Natural products present distinct advantages, including synergistic interactions among multiple components and targeting multiple pathways, suggesting their tremendous potential in depression treatment. Imbalance in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) plays a significant role in the pathology of depression, emphasizing the importance of regulating MQC as a potential intervention strategy in addressing the onset and progression of depression. However, the role and mechanism through which natural products regulate MQC in depression treatments still need to be comprehensively elucidated, particularly in clinical and preclinical settings. PURPOSE This review was aimed to summarize the findings of recent studies and outline the pharmacological mechanisms by which natural products modulate MQC to exert antidepressant effects. Additionally, it evaluated current research limitations and proposed new strategies for future preclinical and clinical applications in the depression domain. METHODS To study the main pharmacological mechanisms underlying the regulation of MQC by natural products in the treatment of depression, we conducted a thorough search across databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases to classify and summarize the relationship between MQC and depression, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of natural products. RESULTS Numerous studies have shown that irregularities in the MQC system play an important role in the pathology of depression, and the regulation of the MQC system is involved in antidepressant treatments. Natural products mainly regulate the MQC system to induce antidepressant effects by alleviating oxidative stress, balancing ATP levels, promoting mitophagy, maintaining calcium homeostasis, optimizing mitochondrial dynamics, regulating mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We comprehensively summarized the regulation of natural products on the MQC system in antidepressants, providing a unique perspective for the application of natural products within antidepressant therapy. However, extensive efforts are imperative in clinical and preclinical investigations to delve deeper into the mechanisms underlying how antidepressant medications impact MQC, which is crucial for the development of effective antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355,China
| | - Wei Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; High Level Key Disciplines of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine (PTMBD), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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7
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Cintado E, Tezanos P, De Las Casas M, Muela P, McGreevy KR, Fontán-Lozano Á, Sacristán-Horcajada E, Pignatelli J, de Ceballos ML, Del Hierro MJ, Fernández-Punzano J, Montoliu L, Trejo JL. Grandfathers-to-Grandsons Transgenerational Transmission of Exercise Positive Effects on Cognitive Performance. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2061232024. [PMID: 38719448 PMCID: PMC11154851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2061-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a robust lifestyle intervention known for its enhancement of cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, the extent to which these benefits can be transmitted across generations (intergenerational inheritance to F1, and transgenerational to F2 and beyond) remains a topic of limited comprehension. We have already shown that cognitive improvements resulting from physical exercise can be inherited from parents to their offspring, proving intergenerational effects. So, we set out to explore whether these enhancements might extend transgenerationally, impacting the F2 generation. In this study, we initially examined the behavioral traits of second generation (F2) male mice, whose grandfathers (F0) had an exercise intervention. Our findings revealed that F2 mice with physically active grandpaternal F0 progenitors displayed significantly improved memory recall, encompassing both spatial and non-spatial information when compared to their counterparts from sedentary F0 progenitors, and proving for the first time the transgenerational inheritance of physical exercise induced cognitive enhancement. Surprisingly, while F2 memory improved (as was the case with F1), adult hippocampal neurogenesis remained unchanged between experimental and control groups (unlike in F1). Additionally, our analysis of small RNA sequences in the hippocampus identified 35 differentially expressed miRNAs linked to important brain function categories. Notably, two of these miRNAs, miRNA-144 and miRNA-298, displayed a robust negative correlation with cognitive performance. These findings highlight the enduring transgenerational transmission of cognitive benefits associated with exercise, even after two generations, suggesting that moderate exercise training can have lasting positive effects, possibly orchestrated by a specific set of miRNAs that exert their influence across multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cintado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Manuela De Las Casas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, CSIC-UMH, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Pablo Muela
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Kerry R McGreevy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Eva Sacristán-Horcajada
- Laboratory of Omic Technologies and Bioinformatics, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Laboratory of Omic Technologies and Bioinformatics, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - María L de Ceballos
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - María Jesús Del Hierro
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julia Fernández-Punzano
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Lluís Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - José Luis Trejo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
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8
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Amadio P, Sandrini L, Zarà M, Barbieri SS, Ieraci A. NADPH-oxidases as potential pharmacological targets for thrombosis and depression comorbidity. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103060. [PMID: 38310682 PMCID: PMC10848036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a complex interrelationship between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with mental disorders, and vice versa, are prevalent. Adults with mental disorders such as anxiety and depression have a higher risk of developing CVD, and people with CVD have an increased risk of being diagnosed with mental disorders. Oxidative stress is one of the many pathways associated with the pathophysiology of brain and cardiovascular disease. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is one of the major generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells, as it is the enzyme that specifically produces superoxide. This review summarizes recent findings on the consequences of NOX activation in thrombosis and depression. It also discusses the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies of NOX inhibitors in CVD and brain disorders. A better comprehension of these processes could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of the comorbidity of thrombosis and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060, Novedrate (CO), Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Qian H, Hu Y, Wang Z, Ren A, Zhang H, Chu S, Peng H. Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus ( Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1346591. [PMID: 38476680 PMCID: PMC10927785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1346591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A-G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Aoyu Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU57), Beijing, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU57), Beijing, China
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10
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Siniscalchi C, Di Palo A, Petito G, Senese R, Manfrevola F, Leo ID, Mosca N, Chioccarelli T, Porreca V, Marchese G, Ravo M, Chianese R, Cobellis G, Lanni A, Russo A, Potenza N. A landscape of mouse mitochondrial small non-coding RNAs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293644. [PMID: 38165955 PMCID: PMC10760717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly miRNAs, play key roles in a plethora of biological processes both in health and disease. Although largely operative in the cytoplasm, emerging data indicate their shuttling in different subcellular compartments. Given the central role of mitochondria in cellular homeostasis, here we systematically profiled their small ncRNAs content across mouse tissues that largely rely on mitochondria functioning. The ubiquitous presence of piRNAs in mitochondria (mitopiRNA) of somatic tissues is reported for the first time, supporting the idea of a strong and general connection between mitochondria biology and piRNA pathways. Then, we found groups of tissue-shared and tissue-specific mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs), potentially related to the "basic" or "cell context dependent" biology of mitochondria. Overall, this large data platform will be useful to deepen the knowledge about small ncRNAs processing and their governed regulatory networks contributing to mitochondria functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Siniscalchi
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Armando Di Palo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfrevola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia De Leo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Nicola Mosca
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Chioccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Porreca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health, CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health, CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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11
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Xie Z, Xie H, Peng X, Hu J, Chen L, Li X, Qi H, Zeng J, Zeng N. The antidepressant-like effects of Danzhi Xiaoyao San and its active ingredients. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:155015. [PMID: 37597362 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a severe mental illness that endangers human health. Depressed individuals are prone to sleep less and to the loss of appetite for food; their thinking and cognition processes, as well as mood, may even be affected. Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS), documented in the Internal Medicine Summary, has been used for hundreds of years in China and is widely applied traditionally to treat liver qi stagnation, liver and spleen blood deficiency, menstrual disorders, and spontaneous and night sweating. DXS can also clear heat and drain the liver. Presently, it is used frequently in the treatment of depression based on its ability to clear the liver and alleviate depression. PURPOSE To summarize clinical and preclinical studies on the antidepressant-like effects of DXS, understand the material basis and mechanisms of these effects, and offer new suggestions and methods for the clinical treatment of depression. METHODS "Danzhi Xiaoyao", "Danzhixiaoyao", "Xiaoyao", "depression" and active ingredients were entered as keywords in PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI and WANFANG DATA databases in the search for material on DXS and its active ingredients. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review process. RESULTS Per clinical reports, DXS has a therapeutic effect on patients with depression but few side effects. DXS and its active ingredients allegedly produce their neuroprotective antidepressant-like effects by modulating monoamine neurotransmitter levels, inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperfunction, reducing neuroinflammation and increasing neurotrophic factors. CONCLUSION Overall, DXS influences multiple potential mechanisms to exert its antidepressant-like effects thanks to its multicomponent character. Because depression is not caused by a single mechanism, probing the antidepressant-like effects of DXS could further help understand the pathogenesis of depression and discover new antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Hongxiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Hu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
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12
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Wang C. Research progress on the correlation between transforming growth factor- β level and symptoms of depression. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:646-652. [PMID: 37916311 PMCID: PMC10630060 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a group of cytokines with anti-inflammatory effects in the TGF family, which participates in the development of stress and depression-related mechanisms, and plays roles in the regulation of inflammatory response in depression and the recovery of various cytokine imbalances. The core symptoms of depression is associated with TGF-β level, and the psychological symptoms of depression are related to TGF-β gene polymorphism. Various antidepressants may up-regulate TGF-β level through the complex interaction between neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors, inhibiting inflammatory response and regulating cytokine imbalance to improve depressive symptoms. Studies have shown that recombinant TGF-β1 protein has beneficial effects in mouse depression models, indicating TGF-β1 might be a potential therapeutic target for depression and nasal sprays having the advantage of being fast acting delivery method. This article reviews the research progress on dynamic changes of TGF-β level before and after depression treatment and the application of TGF-β level as an indicator for the improvement of depressive symptoms. We provide ideas for the development of new antidepressants and for the evaluation of the treatment efficacy in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Ment, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
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13
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Tao W, Yao G, Yue Q, Xu C, Hu Y, Cheng X, Zhao T, Qi M, Chen G, Zhao M, Yu Y. 14-3-3ζ Plays a key role in the modulation of neuroplasticity underlying the antidepressant-like effects of Zhi-Zi-Chi-Tang. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154888. [PMID: 37257329 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zhi-Zi-Chi-Tang (ZZCT) is an effective traditional Chinese medicinal formula. ZZCT has been used for the treatment of depression for centuries. Its clinical efficacy in relieving depression has been confirmed. However, the molecular mechanisms of ZZCT regarding neuroplasticity in the pathogenesis of depression have not yet been elucidated. PURPOSE The present study aimed to examine the effects of ZZCT on neuroplasticity in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS For this purpose, a murine model of depression was established using the CUMS procedure. Following the intragastric administration of ZZCT or fluoxetine, classic behavioral experiments were performed to observe the efficacy of ZZCT as an antidepressant. Immunofluorescence was used to label and quantify microtubule-associated protein (MAP2) and postsynaptic density protein (PSD95) in the hippocampus. Golgi staining was applied to visualize the dendritic spine density of neurons in the hippocampi. Isolated hippocampal slices were prepared to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area. The hippocampal protein expression levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), p-GSK-3β (Ser9), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), p-CREB (Ser133), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 14-3-3ζ were detected using western blot analysis. The interaction of 14-3-3ζ and p-GSK-3β (Ser9) was examined using co-immunoprecipitation. LV-shRNA was used to knockdown 14-3-3ζ by an intracerebroventricular injection. RESULTS ZZCT (6 g/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) alleviated depressive-like behavior, restored hippocampal MAP2+ PSD95+ intensity, and reversed the dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons and LTP in the CA1 region of mice exposed to CUMS. Both low and high doses of ZZCT (3 and 6 g/kg) significantly promoted the binding of 14-3-3ζ to p-GSK-3β (Ser9) in the hippocampus, and ZZCT (6 g/kg) significantly promoted the phosphorylation of GSK-3β Ser9 and CREB Ser133 in the hippocampus. ZZCT (3 and 6 g/kg) upregulated hippocampal BDNF expression in mice exposed to CUMS. LV-sh14-3-3ξ reduced the antidepressant effects of ZZCT. CONCLUSION ZZCT exerted antidepressant effects against CUMS-stimulated depressive-like behavior mice. The knockdown of 14-3-3ζ using lentivirus confirmed that 14-3-3ζ was involved in the ZZCT-mediated antidepressant effects through GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF signaling. On the whole, these results suggest that the antidepressant effects of ZZCT are attributed to restoring damage by neuroplasticity enhancement via the 14-3-3ζ/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Neurology Department, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Guangda Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiyu Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - XiaoLan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingming Qi
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, and Research Center for Formula and Patterns, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- Neurology Department, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Yan Y, Wang X, Shao Y, Mei C, Zou T. Antidepressant-like effects of geniposide in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced mice by regulating the circ_0008405/miR-25-3p/Gata2 and Oip5os1/miR-25-3p/Gata2 networks. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1850-1863. [PMID: 36515407 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists suggesting the anti-depressive activities of geniposide (GP), a major compound in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Accordingly, the present study attempts to explore the anti-depressive mechanism of GP in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behaviors of mice. CUMS-induced mice were given GP daily and subjected to behavioral tests to observe the effect of GP on the depression-like behaviors. It was noted that GP administration reduced depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted in three control and three CUMS mice. Differentially expressed circRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs were then screened by bioinformatics analyses. Intersection analysis of the transcriptome sequencing results with the bioinformatics analysis results was followed to identify the candidate targets. We found that Gata2 alleviated depression-like behaviors via the metabolism- and synapse-related pathways. Gata2 was a target of miR-25-3p, which had binding sites to circ_0008405 and Oip5os1. circ_0008405 and Oip5os1 competitively bound to miR-25-3p to release the expression of Gata2. GP administration ameliorated depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice through regulation of the circ_0008405/miR-25-3p/Gata2 and Oip5os1/miR-25-3p/Gata2 crosstalk networks. Taken together, GP may exert a potential antidepressant-like effect on CUMS mice, which is ascribed to regulation of the circ_0008405/miR-25-3p/Gata2 and Oip5os1/miR-25-3p/Gata2 crosstalk networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Yan
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yin Shao
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Encephalopathy, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zou
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
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15
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Hursitoglu O, Kurutas EB, Strawbridge R, Oner E, Gungor M, Tuman TC, Uygur OF. Serum NOX1 and Raftlin as new potential biomarkers of Major Depressive Disorder: A study in treatment-naive first episode patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110670. [PMID: 36341844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological factors are known to be important in understanding the pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation pathways are likely to play a critical role here. METHODS We undertook a study to investigate two novel biomarkers - serum NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and Raftlin levels - in treatment-naive, smoking-free first episode patients with MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex and body mass index. RESULTS We found increased NOX1 and Raftlin levels in MDD patients compared to HCs. Both parameters showed very good diagnostic performance in the MDD group. In addition, we found a significant positive correlation between depression severity (HAMD) scores and both biomarker levels in the patient group. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first human study to evaluate serum NOX1 and Raftlin levels in depression. NOX1, an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Raftlin, which may play a role in the inflammatory process, represent novel potential biomarkers of MDD. These findings support the implication of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in patients with MDD, and indicate that the deteriorated ROS-antioxidant balance can be regulated via NOX1 in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hursitoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sular Academy Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erkan Oner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meltem Gungor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sanko University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Taha Can Tuman
- Medipol University, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Uygur
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey
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16
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Chen J, Li T, Qin X, Du G, Zhou Y. Integration of Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Targeted Quantitative Analysis to Elucidate the Synergistic Antidepressant Effect of Bupleurum Chinense DC-Paeonia Lactiflora Pall Herb Pair by Regulating Purine Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900459. [PMID: 35847012 PMCID: PMC9280301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bupleurum chinense DC (Chaihu)-Paeonia lactiflora Pall (Baishao) is among the most accepted herb pairs in many classic antidepressant prescriptions. Our previous study has shown that the Chaihu–Baishao herb pair (CBHP) had a better antidepressant effect than Chaihu or Baishao. Nevertheless, the synergistic antidepressant mechanism of this herb pair was not clearly understood. This study aimed to investigate the compatibility mechanism of Chaihu and Baishao for treating depression through a strategy of non-targeted metabolomics combined with targeted quantitative analysis and molecular biology techniques. First, the compatibility effects of CBHP were assessed by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model. Next, cortex metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) was used to discover the metabolic pathway that was synergistically regulated by CBHP. Based on the results of metabolomics analysis, metabolites were quantitatively validated by UPLC-MS/MS combined with the MRM mode in the crucial metabolic pathway. In addition, the signaling pathway associated with this metabolic pathway was detected by molecular biology techniques to further identify the biological meaning of the crucial metabolite on the synergistic antidepressant effect of CBHP. The antidepressant effect of CBHP was significantly better than that of Chaihu or Baishao single administrated in the behavioral test. According to cortex metabolomics, a total of 21 differential metabolites were screened out, and purine metabolism was selected as the crucial metabolic pathway by the enrichment analysis of differential metabolites. Subsequently, purine metabolism was confirmed as disorder in the CUMS group by targeted quantitative analysis, CBHP regulated more purine metabolites (six) than individual administration (two and two). The results showed that purine metabolism was modulated by CBHP through synergistically decreasing xanthine levels and inhibiting the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) to xanthine oxidase (XOD). Finally, the synergistic regulation effect of CBHP on xanthine synthesis was found to be related to inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) production, Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome expression, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion. The present study demonstrated that the regulation of purine metabolism, the suppression of oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the cortex were involved in the synergistic antidepressant effect of CBHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tian Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuzhi Zhou,
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17
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Gao YN, Zhang YQ, Wang H, Deng YL, Li NM. A New Player in Depression: MiRNAs as Modulators of Altered Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094555. [PMID: 35562946 PMCID: PMC9101307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder that presents with a persistent depressed mood as the main clinical feature and is accompanied by cognitive impairment. Changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis greatly affect depression. Without genetic changes, epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to function by regulating gene expression during the body’s adaptation to stress. Studies in recent years have shown that as important regulatory factors in epigenetic mechanisms, microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the development and progression of depression through the regulation of protein expression. Herein, we review the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated neuroplasticity in depression and discus synaptic structural plasticity, synaptic functional plasticity, and neurogenesis. Furthermore, we found that miRNAs regulate neuroplasticity through several signalling pathways to affect cognitive functions. However, these pathways do not work independently. Therefore, we try to identify synergistic correlations between miRNAs and multiple signalling pathways to broaden the potential pathogenesis of depression. In addition, in the future, dual-function miRNAs (protection/injury) are promising candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression, and their regulated genes can potentially be used as target genes for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-N.G.); (H.W.)
| | - Yong-Qian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.-L.D.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-N.G.); (H.W.)
| | - Yu-Lin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.-L.D.)
| | - Nuo-Min Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-N.G.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Li D, Chen K, Tang H, Hu S, Xin L, Jing X, He Q, Wang S, Song J, Mei L, Cannon RD, Ji P, Wang H, Chen T. A Logic-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Hydrogel with Multistimuli Responsiveness to Orchestrate Diabetic Bone Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108430. [PMID: 34921569 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of diabetic bone defects remains challenging as the innate healing process is impaired by glucose fluctuation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overexpression of proteinases (such as matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs). A "diagnostic" and therapeutic dual-logic-based hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration is therefore developed through the design of a double-network hydrogel consisting of phenylboronic-acid-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and gelatin colloids. It exhibits a "diagnostic" logic to interpret pathological cues (glucose fluctuation, ROS, MMPs) and determines when to release drug in a diabetic microenvironment and a therapeutic logic to program different cargo release to match immune-osteo cascade for better tissue regeneration. The hydrogel is also shown to be mechanically adaptable to the local complexity at the bone defect. Furthermore, the underlying therapeutic mechanism is elucidated, whereby the logic-based cargo release enables the regulation of macrophage polarization by remodeling the mitochondria-related antioxidative system, resulting in enhanced osteogenesis in diabetic bone defects. This study provides critical insight into the design and biological mechanism of dual-logic-based tissue-engineering strategies for diabetic bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dize Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- Key State Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Han Tang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Liangjing Xin
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing He
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Si Wang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Song
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Li Mei
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
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19
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Brown OI, Bridge KI, Kearney MT. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes-Related Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092315. [PMID: 34571964 PMCID: PMC8469180 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress within the vascular endothelium, due to excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is thought to be fundamental to the initiation and progression of the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The term ROS encompasses a variety of chemical species including superoxide anion (O2•-), hydroxyl radical (OH-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While constitutive generation of low concentrations of ROS are indispensable for normal cellular function, excess O2•- can result in irreversible tissue damage. Excess ROS generation is catalysed by xanthine oxidase, uncoupled nitric oxide synthases, the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. Amongst enzymatic sources of O2•- the Nox2 isoform of NADPH oxidase is thought to be critical to the oxidative stress found in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, the transcriptionally regulated Nox4 isoform, which generates H2O2, may fulfil a protective role and contribute to normal glucose homeostasis. This review describes the key roles of Nox2 and Nox4, as well as Nox1 and Nox5, in glucose homeostasis, endothelial function and oxidative stress, with a key focus on how they are regulated in health, and dysregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Antidepressant-Like Properties of Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070505. [PMID: 34357977 PMCID: PMC8310221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s patients often suffer from depression and anxiety, for which there are no optimal treatments. Hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats were used to test whether intrastriatal Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) application could also have antidepressant-like properties in addition to the known improvement of motor performance. To quantify depression- and anxiety-like behavior, the forced swim test, tail suspension test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test were applied to hemi-PD rats injected with BoNT-A or vehicle. Furthermore, we correlated the results in the forced swim test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test with the rotational behavior induced by apomorphine and amphetamine. Hemi-PD rats did not show significant anxiety-like behavior as compared with Sham 6-OHDA- + Sham BoNT-A-injected as well as with non-injected rats. However, hemi-PD rats demonstrated increased depression-like behaviors compared with Sham- or non-injected rats; this was seen by increased struggling frequency and increased immobility frequency. Hemi-PD rats intrastriatally injected with BoNT-A exhibited reduced depression-like behavior compared with the respective vehicle-receiving hemi-PD animals. The significant effects of intrastriatally applied BoNT-A seen in the forced swim test are reminiscent of those found after various antidepressant drug therapies. Our data correspond with the efficacy of BoNT-A treatment of glabellar frown lines in treating patients with major depression and suggest that also intrastriatal injected BoNT-A may have some antidepressant-like effect on hemi-PD.
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