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Louçã M, El Akrouti D, Lemesle A, Louessard M, Dufour N, Baroin C, de la Fouchardière A, Cotter L, Jean-Jacques H, Redeker V, Perrier AL. Huntingtin lowering impairs the maturation and synchronized synaptic activity of human cortical neuronal networks derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 200:106630. [PMID: 39106928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite growing descriptions of wild-type Huntingtin (wt-HTT) roles in both adult brain function and, more recently, development, several clinical trials are exploring HTT-lowering approaches that target both wt-HTT and the mutant isoform (mut-HTT) responsible for Huntington's disease (HD). This non-selective targeting is based on the autosomal dominant inheritance of HD, supporting the idea that mut-HTT exerts its harmful effects through a toxic gain-of-function or a dominant-negative mechanism. However, the precise amount of wt-HTT needed for healthy neurons in adults and during development remains unclear. In this study, we address this question by examining how wt-HTT loss affects human neuronal network formation, synaptic maturation, and homeostasis in vitro. Our findings establish a role of wt-HTT in the maturation of dendritic arborization and the acquisition of network-wide synchronized activity by human cortical neuronal networks modeled in vitro. Interestingly, the network synchronization defects only became apparent when more than two-thirds of the wt-HTT protein was depleted. Our study underscores the critical need to precisely understand wt-HTT role in neuronal health. It also emphasizes the potential risks of excessive wt-HTT loss associated with non-selective therapeutic approaches targeting both wt- and mut-HTT isoforms in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Louçã
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Donya El Akrouti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aude Lemesle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Morgane Louessard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Noëlle Dufour
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chloé Baroin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aurore de la Fouchardière
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent Cotter
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Hélène Jean-Jacques
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anselme L Perrier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives : Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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2
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Tizabi Y, Bennani S, El Kouhen N, Getachew B, Aschner M. Heavy Metal Interactions with Neuroglia and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Huntington's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:1144. [PMID: 38994995 PMCID: PMC11240758 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare but progressive and devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, executive dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. It follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Thus, a child who has a parent with the mutated huntingtin (mHTT) gene has a 50% chance of developing the disease. Since the HTT protein is involved in many critical cellular processes, including neurogenesis, brain development, energy metabolism, transcriptional regulation, synaptic activity, vesicle trafficking, cell signaling, and autophagy, its aberrant aggregates lead to the disruption of numerous cellular pathways and neurodegeneration. Essential heavy metals are vital at low concentrations; however, at higher concentrations, they can exacerbate HD by disrupting glial-neuronal communication and/or causing dysbiosis (disturbance in the gut microbiota, GM), both of which can lead to neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss in detail the interactions of iron, manganese, and copper with glial-neuron communication and GM and indicate how this knowledge may pave the way for the development of a new generation of disease-modifying therapies in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Samia Bennani
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco
| | - Nacer El Kouhen
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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3
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Martin DDO, Sanders SS. Let's get fat: emergence of S-acylation as a therapeutic target in Huntington disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1385-1392. [PMID: 38695682 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Protein mislocalization is a key initial step in neurodegeneration, regardless of etiology, and has been linked to changes in the dynamic addition of saturated fatty acids to proteins, a process known as S-acylation. With the advent of new techniques to study S-acylation and the recent discovery of new enzymes that facilitate protein deacylation, novel small molecules are emerging as potential new therapeutic treatments. Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating, fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene. The protein that is mutated in HD, huntingtin, is less S-acylated which is associated with mutant HTT aggregation and cytotoxicity. Recent exciting findings indicate that restoring S-acylation in HD models using small molecule inhibitors of the deacylation enzymes is protective. Herein, we set out to describe the known roles of S-acylation in HD and how it can be targeted for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D O Martin
- NeurdyPhagy Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- NeuroPalm Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Townsend CA, Petropavlovskiy AA, Kogut JA, Church AM, Sanders SS. Protocol to identify S-acylated proteins in hippocampal neurons using ω-alkynyl fatty acid analogs and click chemistry. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103068. [PMID: 38762884 PMCID: PMC11133971 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
S-acylation, commonly palmitoylation, is the addition of fatty acids to cysteines to regulate protein localization and function. S-acylation detection has been hampered by limited sensitivity and selectivity in low-protein, costly samples like cultured neurons. Here, we present a protocol for sensitive and selective bioorthogonal labeling and click-chemistry-based detection of S-acylated proteins in primary hippocampal neurons. We describe steps for metabolically labeling neurons with alkynyl fatty acid, click chemistry, NeutrAvidin-based capture, and elution with hydroxylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andrey A Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jordan A Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alysha M Church
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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5
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Moldovean-Cioroianu NS. Reviewing the Structure-Function Paradigm in Polyglutamine Disorders: A Synergistic Perspective on Theoretical and Experimental Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6789. [PMID: 38928495 PMCID: PMC11204371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the excessive expansion of CAG (cytosine, adenine, guanine) repeats within host proteins. The quest to unravel the complex diseases mechanism has led researchers to adopt both theoretical and experimental methods, each offering unique insights into the underlying pathogenesis. This review emphasizes the significance of combining multiple approaches in the study of polyQ disorders, focusing on the structure-function correlations and the relevance of polyQ-related protein dynamics in neurodegeneration. By integrating computational/theoretical predictions with experimental observations, one can establish robust structure-function correlations, aiding in the identification of key molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. PolyQ proteins' dynamics, influenced by their length and interactions with other molecular partners, play a pivotal role in the polyQ-related pathogenic cascade. Moreover, conformational dynamics of polyQ proteins can trigger aggregation, leading to toxic assembles that hinder proper cellular homeostasis. Understanding these intricacies offers new avenues for therapeutic strategies by fine-tuning polyQ kinetics, in order to prevent and control disease progression. Last but not least, this review highlights the importance of integrating multidisciplinary efforts to advancing research in this field, bringing us closer to the ultimate goal of finding effective treatments against polyQ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasia Sanda Moldovean-Cioroianu
- Institute of Materials Science, Bioinspired Materials and Biosensor Technologies, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Belozor OS, Vasilev A, Mileiko AG, Mosina LD, Mikhailov IG, Ox DA, Boitsova EB, Shuvaev AN, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Shuvaev AN. Memantine suppresses the excitotoxicity but fails to rescue the ataxic phenotype in SCA1 model mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116526. [PMID: 38574621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder of the cerebellum and brainstem. Memantine has been proposed as a potential treatment for SCA1. It blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on neurons, reduces excitotoxicity and decreases neurodegeneration in Alzheimer models. However, in cerebellar neurodegenerative diseases, the potential value of memantine is still unclear. We investigated the effects of memantine on motor performance and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum in a mouse model where mutant ataxin 1 is specifically targeted to glia. Lentiviral vectors (LVV) were used to express mutant ataxin 1 selectively in Bergmann glia (BG). In mice transduced with the mutant ataxin 1, chronic treatment with memantine improved motor activity during initial tests, presumably due to preserved BG and Purkinje cell (PC) morphology and numbers. However, mice were unable to improve their rota rod scores during next days of training. Memantine also compromised improvement in the rota rod scores in control mice upon repetitive training. These effects may be due to the effects of memantine on plasticity (LTD suppression) and NMDA receptor modulation. Some effects of chronically administered memantine persisted even after its wash-out from brain slices. Chronic memantine reduced morphological signs of neurodegeneration in the cerebellum of SCA1 model mice. This resulted in an apparent initial reduction of ataxic phenotype, but memantine also affected cerebellar plasticity and ultimately compromised motor learning. We speculate that that clinical application of memantine in SCA1 might be hampered by its ability to suppress NMDA-dependent plasticity in cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Belozor
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Alex Vasilev
- JSC «BIOCAD», Svyazi str. 34-A, Strelna, Saint-Petersburg 198515, Russia
| | | | - Lyudmila D Mosina
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Ilya G Mikhailov
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Darius A Ox
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Elizaveta B Boitsova
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey N Shuvaev
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anton N Shuvaev
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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8
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Suzuki N, Oota-Ishigaki A, Kaizuka T, Itoh M, Yamazaki M, Natsume R, Abe M, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Hayashi T. Limb-Clasping Response in NMDA Receptor Palmitoylation-Deficient Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04166-9. [PMID: 38592586 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Proper regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDA receptor) expression is responsible for excitatory synaptic functions in the mammalian brain. NMDA receptor dysfunction can cause various neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Posttranslational protein S-palmitoylation, the covalent attachment of palmitic acid to intracellular cysteine residues via thioester bonds, occurs in the carboxyl terminus of GluN2B, which is the major regulatory NMDA receptor subunit. Mutations of three palmitoylatable cysteine residues in the membrane-proximal cluster of GluN2B to non-palmitoylatable serine (3CS) lead to the dephosphorylation of GluN2B Tyr1472 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, inducing a reduction in the surface expression of GluN2B-containig NMDA receptors. Furthermore, adult GluN2B 3CS homozygous mice demonstrated a definite clasping response without abnormalities in the gross brain structure, other neurological reflexes, or expression levels of synaptic proteins in the cerebrum. This behavioral disorder, observed in the GluN2B 3CS knock-in mice, indicated that complex higher brain functions are coordinated through the palmitoylation-dependent regulation of NMDA receptors in excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Suzuki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akiko Oota-Ishigaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toshie Kaizuka
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Science Laboratory, The Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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9
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Tong H, Yang T, Xu S, Li X, Liu L, Zhou G, Yang S, Yin S, Li XJ, Li S. Huntington's Disease: Complex Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3845. [PMID: 38612657 PMCID: PMC11011923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) arises from the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT), resulting in the production of the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with a polyglutamine stretch in its N-terminus. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying HD are complex and not yet fully elucidated. However, mHTT forms aggregates and accumulates abnormally in neuronal nuclei and processes, leading to disruptions in multiple cellular functions. Although there is currently no effective curative treatment for HD, significant progress has been made in developing various therapeutic strategies to treat HD. In addition to drugs targeting the neuronal toxicity of mHTT, gene therapy approaches that aim to reduce the expression of the mutant HTT gene hold great promise for effective HD therapy. This review provides an overview of current HD treatments, discusses different therapeutic strategies, and aims to facilitate future therapeutic advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.T.); (T.Y.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (G.Z.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.T.); (T.Y.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (G.Z.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.)
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10
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Jurcau A, Simion A, Jurcau MC. Emerging antibody-based therapies for Huntington's disease: current status and perspectives for future development. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:299-312. [PMID: 38324338 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2314183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Being an inherited neurodegenerative disease with an identifiable genetic defect, Huntington's disease (HD) is a suitable candidate for early intervention, possibly even in the pre-symptomatic stage. Our recent advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of HD have revealed a series of novel potential therapeutic targets, among which immunotherapies are actively pursued in preclinical experiments. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the potential of antibody-based treatments targeting various epitopes (of mutant huntingtin as well as phosphorylated tau) that are currently evaluated in vitro and in animal experiments. The references used in this review were retrieved from the PubMed database, searching for immunotherapies in HD, and clinical trial registries were reviewed for molecules already evaluated in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Antibody-based therapies have raised considerable interest in a series of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by deposition of aggregated of aberrantly folded proteins, HD included. Intrabodies and nanobodies can interact with mutant huntingtin inside the nervous cells. However, the conflicting results obtained with some of these intrabodies highlight the need for proper choice of epitopes and for developing animal models more closely mimicking human disease. Approval of these strategies will require a considerable financial and logistic effort on behalf of healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Aurel Simion
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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11
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Liao D, Huang Y, Liu D, Zhang H, Shi X, Li X, Luo P. The role of s-palmitoylation in neurological diseases: implication for zDHHC family. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1342830. [PMID: 38293675 PMCID: PMC10824933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1342830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational modification, and the palmitoylation reaction in human-derived cells is mediated by the zDHHC family, which is composed of S-acyltransferase enzymes that possess the DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) structural domain. zDHHC proteins form an autoacylation intermediate, which then attaches the fatty acid to cysteine a residue in the target protein. zDHHC proteins sublocalize in different neuronal structures and exert dif-ferential effects on neurons. In humans, many zDHHC proteins are closely related to human neu-rological disor-ders. This review focuses on a variety of neurological disorders, such as AD (Alz-heimer's disease), HD (Huntington's disease), SCZ (schizophrenia), XLID (X-linked intellectual disability), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and glioma. In this paper, we will discuss and summarize the research progress regarding the role of zDHHC proteins in these neu-rological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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12
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Serwach K, Nurowska E, Klukowska M, Zablocka B, Gruszczynska-Biegala J. STIM2 regulates NMDA receptor endocytosis that is induced by short-term NMDA receptor overactivation in cortical neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:368. [PMID: 37989792 PMCID: PMC10663207 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest an important role for the dysregulation of stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins, activators of store-operated Ca2+ channels, and the prolonged activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We previously demonstrated that STIM silencing increases Ca2+ influx through NMDAR and STIM-NMDAR2 complexes are present in neurons. However, the interplay between NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) and STIM1/STIM2 with regard to intracellular trafficking remains unknown. Here, we found that the activation of NMDAR endocytosis led to an increase in STIM2-GluN2A and STIM2-GluN2B interactions in primary cortical neurons. STIM1 appeared to migrate from synaptic to extrasynaptic sites. STIM2 silencing inhibited post-activation NMDAR translocation from the plasma membrane and synaptic spines and increased NMDAR currents. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which STIM2 regulates NMDAR synaptic trafficking by promoting NMDAR endocytosis after receptor overactivation, which may suggest protection against excessive uncontrolled Ca2+ influx through NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Serwach
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Nurowska
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Klukowska
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Zablocka
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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He Q, Qu M, Shen T, Su J, Xu Y, Xu C, Barkat MQ, Cai J, Zhu H, Zeng LH, Wu X. Control of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes by protein S-palmitoylation: Novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101920. [PMID: 37004843 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) are dynamic coupling structures between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As a new subcellular structure, MAMs combine the two critical organelle functions. Mitochondria and the ER could regulate each other via MAMs. MAMs are involved in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, autophagy, ER stress, lipid metabolism, etc. Researchers have found that MAMs are closely related to metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The formation of MAMs and their functions depend on specific proteins. Numerous protein enrichments, such as the IP3R-Grp75-VDAC complex, constitute MAMs. The changes in these proteins govern the interaction between mitochondria and the ER; they also affect the biological functions of MAMs. S-palmitoylation is a reversible protein post-translational modification (PTM) that mainly occurs on protein cysteine residues. More and more studies have shown that the S-palmitoylation of proteins is closely related to their membrane localization. Here, we first briefly describe the composition and function of MAMs, reviewing the component and biological roles of MAMs mediated by S-palmitoylation, elaborating on S-palmitoylated proteins in Ca2+ flux, lipid rafts, and so on. We try to provide new insight into the molecular basis of MAMs-related diseases, mainly NDs. Finally, we propose potential drug compounds targeting S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang He
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Meiyu Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingyu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiakun Su
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yana Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Barkat
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jibao Cai
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Haibin Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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14
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Buszka A, Pytyś A, Colvin D, Włodarczyk J, Wójtowicz T. S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Brains. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030387. [PMID: 36766729 PMCID: PMC9913408 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple recent experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation. A surge of novel methods of detection of protein lipidation at high resolution allowed us to get better insights into the roles of protein palmitoylation in brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we specifically discuss experimental work devoted to understanding the impact of protein palmitoylation on functional changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synapses associated with neuronal activity and neuronal plasticity. The accumulated evidence also implies a crucial role of S-palmitoylation in learning and memory, and brain disorders associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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15
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Gironacci MM. Mas receptor endocytosis and signaling in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:49-65. [PMID: 36631200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis and is mainly composed by two axes mediating opposite effects. The pressor axis, constituted by angiotensin (Ang) II and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), exerts vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative and pro-inflammatory actions, while the depressor/protective axis, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The MasR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. To avoid receptor overstimulation, GPCRs undergo internalization and trafficking into the cell after being stimulated. Then, the receptor may induce other signaling cascades or it may even interact with other receptors, generating distinct biological responses. Thus, control of a GPCR regarding space and time affects the specificity of the signals transduced by the receptor and the ultimate cellular response. The present chapter is focused on the signaling and trafficking pathways of MasR under physiological conditions and its participation in the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Lemarié FL, Sanders SS, Nguyen Y, Martin DDO, Hayden MR. Full-length huntingtin is palmitoylated at multiple sites and post-translationally myristoylated following caspase-cleavage. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1086112. [PMID: 36711022 PMCID: PMC9880554 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1086112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene that codes for an elongated polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Huntingtin is subjected to multiple post-translational modifications which regulate its cellular functions and degradation. We have previously identified a palmitoylation site at cysteine 214 (C214), catalyzed by the enzymes ZDHHC17 and ZDHHC13. Reduced palmitoylation level of mutant huntingtin is linked to toxicity and loss of function. Moreover, we have described N-terminal myristoylation by the N-myristoyltransferases of a short fragment of huntingtin (HTT553-586) at glycine 553 (G553) following proteolysis at aspartate 552 (D552). Results: Here, we show that huntingtin is palmitoylated at numerous cysteines: C105, C433, C3134 and C3144. In addition, we confirm that full-length huntingtin is cleaved at D552 and post-translationally myristoylated at G553. Importantly, blocking caspase cleavage at the critical and pathogenic aspartate 586 (D586) significantly increases posttranslational myristoylation of huntingtin. In turn, myristoylation of huntingtin promotes the co-interaction between C-terminal and N-terminal huntingtin fragments, which is also protective. Discussion: This suggests that the protective effect of inhibiting caspase-cleavage at D586 may be mediated through post-translational myristoylation of huntingtin at G553.
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17
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Wennagel D, Braz BY, Capizzi M, Barnat M, Humbert S. Huntingtin coordinates dendritic spine morphology and function through cofilin-mediated control of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111261. [PMID: 36044862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that in Huntington's disease (HD), mutation of huntingtin (HTT) alters several aspects of early brain development such as synaptogenesis. It is not clear to what extent the partial loss of wild-type HTT function contributes to these abnormalities. Here we investigate the function of HTT in the formation of spines. Although larger spines normally correlate with more synaptic activity, cell-autonomous depletion of HTT leads to enlarged spines but reduced excitatory synaptic function. We find that HTT is required for the proper turnover of endogenous actin and to recruit AMPA receptors at active synapses; loss of HTT leads to LIM kinase (LIMK) hyperactivation, which maintains cofilin in its inactive state. HTT therefore influences actin dynamics through the LIMK-cofilin pathway. Loss of HTT uncouples spine structure from synaptic function, which may contribute to the ultimate development of HD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wennagel
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, 38000 Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Barbara Yael Braz
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, 38000 Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Mariacristina Capizzi
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, 38000 Grenoble, La Tronche, France; Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Monia Barnat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, 38000 Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Sandrine Humbert
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, 38000 Grenoble, La Tronche, France; Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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18
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Molecular Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Huntington's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061432. [PMID: 35740453 PMCID: PMC9219859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease described 150 years ago by George Huntington. The genetic defect was identified in 1993 to be an expanded CAG repeat on exon 1 of the huntingtin gene located on chromosome 4. In the following almost 30 years, a considerable amount of research, using mainly animal models or in vitro experiments, has tried to unravel the complex molecular cascades through which the transcription of the mutant protein leads to neuronal loss, especially in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum, and identified excitotoxicity, transcriptional dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis, altered axonal trafficking and reduced availability of trophic factors to be crucial contributors. This review discusses the pathogenic cascades described in the literature through which mutant huntingtin leads to neuronal demise. However, due to the ubiquitous presence of huntingtin, astrocytes are also dysfunctional, and neuroinflammation may additionally contribute to Huntington’s disease pathology. The quest for therapies to delay the onset and reduce the rate of Huntington’s disease progression is ongoing, but is based on findings from basic research.
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19
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Vesga-Jiménez DJ, Martin C, Barreto GE, Aristizábal-Pachón AF, Pinzón A, González J. Fatty Acids: An Insight into the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2577. [PMID: 35269720 PMCID: PMC8910658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common lipids in the human body is palmitic acid (PA), a saturated fatty acid with essential functions in brain cells. PA is used by cells as an energy source, besides being a precursor of signaling molecules and protein tilting across the membrane. Although PA plays physiological functions in the brain, its excessive accumulation leads to detrimental effects on brain cells, causing lipotoxicity. This mechanism involves the activation of toll-like receptors (TLR) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways, with the consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy impairment. Importantly, some of the cellular changes induced by PA lead to an augmented susceptibility to the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson´s diseases. Considering the complexity of the response to PA and the intrinsic differences of the brain, in this review, we provide an overview of the molecular and cellular effects of PA on different brain cells and their possible relationships with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Furthermore, we propose the use of other fatty acids, such as oleic acid or linoleic acid, as potential therapeutic approaches against NDs, as these fatty acids can counteract PA's negative effects on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Julián Vesga-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (D.J.V.-J.); (A.F.A.-P.)
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Cynthia Martin
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrés Felipe Aristizábal-Pachón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (D.J.V.-J.); (A.F.A.-P.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia;
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (D.J.V.-J.); (A.F.A.-P.)
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20
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Petropavlovskiy A, Kogut J, Leekha A, Townsend C, Sanders S. A sticky situation: regulation and function of protein palmitoylation with a spotlight on the axon and axon initial segment. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210005. [PMID: 34659801 PMCID: PMC8495546 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the axon and axon initial segment (AIS) are critical structures for action potential initiation and propagation. Their formation and function rely on tight compartmentalisation, a process where specific proteins are trafficked to and retained at distinct subcellular locations. One mechanism which regulates protein trafficking and association with lipid membranes is the modification of protein cysteine residues with the 16-carbon palmitic acid, known as S-acylation or palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, akin to phosphorylation, is reversible, with palmitate cycling being mediated by substrate-specific enzymes. Palmitoylation is well-known to be highly prevalent among neuronal proteins and is well studied in the context of the synapse. Comparatively, how palmitoylation regulates trafficking and clustering of axonal and AIS proteins remains less understood. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical regulation of palmitoylation, its involvement in various neurological diseases, and the most up-to-date perspective on axonal palmitoylation. Through a palmitoylation analysis of the AIS proteome, we also report that an overwhelming proportion of AIS proteins are likely palmitoylated. Overall, our review and analysis confirm a central role for palmitoylation in the formation and function of the axon and AIS and provide a resource for further exploration of palmitoylation-dependent protein targeting to and function at the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshia Leekha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte A. Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Kim C, Yousefian-Jazi A, Choi SH, Chang I, Lee J, Ryu H. Non-Cell Autonomous and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12499. [PMID: 34830381 PMCID: PMC8617801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat located in the exon 1 of Huntingtin (HTT) gene in human chromosome 4. The HTT protein is ubiquitously expressed in the brain. Specifically, mutant HTT (mHTT) protein-mediated toxicity leads to a dramatic degeneration of the striatum among many regions of the brain. HD symptoms exhibit a major involuntary movement followed by cognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions. In this review, we address the conventional role of wild type HTT (wtHTT) and how mHTT protein disrupts the function of medium spiny neurons (MSNs). We also discuss how mHTT modulates epigenetic modifications and transcriptional pathways in MSNs. In addition, we define how non-cell autonomous pathways lead to damage and death of MSNs under HD pathological conditions. Lastly, we overview therapeutic approaches for HD. Together, understanding of precise neuropathological mechanisms of HD may improve therapeutic approaches to treat the onset and progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaebin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (C.K.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Ali Yousefian-Jazi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (C.K.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Seung-Hye Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (C.K.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Inyoung Chang
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Junghee Lee
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (C.K.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.-H.C.)
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22
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Cao X, Zhang Y, Abdulkadir M, Deng L, Fernandez TV, Garcia-Delgar B, Hagstrøm J, Hoekstra PJ, King RA, Koesterich J, Kuperman S, Morer A, Nasello C, Plessen KJ, Thackray JK, Zhou L, Dietrich A, Tischfield JA, Heiman GA, Xing J. Whole-exome sequencing identifies genes associated with Tourette's disorder in multiplex families. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6937-6951. [PMID: 33837273 PMCID: PMC8501157 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourette's Disorder (TD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) that affects about 0.7% of the population and is one of the most heritable NDDs. Nevertheless, because of its polygenic nature and genetic heterogeneity, the genetic etiology of TD is not well understood. In this study, we combined the segregation information in 13 TD multiplex families with high-throughput sequencing and genotyping to identify genes associated with TD. Using whole-exome sequencing and genotyping array data, we identified both small and large genetic variants within the individuals. We then combined multiple types of evidence to prioritize candidate genes for TD, including variant segregation pattern, variant function prediction, candidate gene expression, protein-protein interaction network, candidate genes from previous studies, etc. From the 13 families, 71 strong candidate genes were identified, including both known genes for NDDs and novel genes, such as HtrA Serine Peptidase 3 (HTRA3), Cadherin-Related Family Member 1 (CDHR1), and Zinc Finger DHHC-Type Palmitoyltransferase 17 (ZDHHC17). The candidate genes are enriched in several Gene Ontology categories, such as dynein complex and synaptic membrane. Candidate genes and pathways identified in this study provide biological insight into TD etiology and potential targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdulkadir
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Blanca Garcia-Delgar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Hagstrøm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Koesterich
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIPABS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cara Nasello
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kerstin J Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joshua K Thackray
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary A Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Human Genetic Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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23
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Barron JC, Hurley EP, Parsons MP. Huntingtin and the Synapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:689332. [PMID: 34211373 PMCID: PMC8239291 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.689332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a monogenic disease that results in a combination of motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. HD is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which results in the production of a pathogenic mutant HTT protein (mHTT). Although there is no cure at present for HD, a number of RNA-targeting therapies have recently entered clinical trials which aim to lower mHTT production through the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and RNAi. However, many of these treatment strategies are non-selective in that they cannot differentiate between non-pathogenic wild type HTT (wtHTT) and the mHTT variant. As HD patients are already born with decreased levels of wtHTT, these genetic therapies may result in critically low levels of wtHTT. The consequence of wtHTT reduction in the adult brain is currently under debate, and here we argue that wtHTT loss is not well-tolerated at the synaptic level. Synaptic dysfunction is an extremely sensitive measure of subsequent cell death, and is known to precede neurodegeneration in numerous brain diseases including HD. The present review focuses on the prominent role of wtHTT at the synapse and considers the consequences of wtHTT loss on both pre- and postsynaptic function. We discuss how wtHTT is implicated in virtually all major facets of synaptic neurotransmission including anterograde and retrograde transport of proteins to/from terminal buttons and dendrites, neurotransmitter release, endocytic vesicle recycling, and postsynaptic receptor localization and recycling. We conclude that wtHTT presence is essential for proper synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Barron
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Emily P Hurley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew P Parsons
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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24
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Seefelder M, Kochanek S. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic profiles of Huntington's disease patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253037. [PMID: 34111223 PMCID: PMC8191979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Description of robust transcriptomic alterations in Huntington’s disease is essential to identify targets for biochemical studies and drug development. We analysed publicly available transcriptome data from the brain and blood of 220 HD patients and 241 healthy controls and identified 737 and 661 genes with robustly altered mRNA levels in the brain and blood of HD patients, respectively. In the brain, a subnetwork of 320 genes strongly correlated with HD and was enriched in transport-related genes. Bioinformatical analysis of this subnetwork highlighted CDC42, PAK1, YWHAH, NFY, DLX1, HMGN3, and PRMT3. Moreover, we found that CREB1 can regulate 78.0% of genes whose mRNA levels correlated with HD in the blood of patients. Alterations in protein transport, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and CDC42-mediated functions are likely central features of HD. Further our data substantiate the role of transcriptional regulators that have not been reported in the context of HD (e.g. DLX1, HMGN3 and PRMT3) and strongly suggest dysregulation of NFY and its target genes across tissues. A large proportion of the identified genes such as CDC42 were also altered in Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The observed dysregulation of CDC42 and YWHAH in samples from HD, AD and PD patients indicates that those genes and their upstream regulators may be interesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Seefelder
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Iuliano M, Seeley C, Sapp E, Jones EL, Martin C, Li X, DiFiglia M, Kegel-Gleason KB. Disposition of Proteins and Lipids in Synaptic Membrane Compartments Is Altered in Q175/Q7 Huntington's Disease Mouse Striatum. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:618391. [PMID: 33815086 PMCID: PMC8013775 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.618391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction at synapses is thought to be an early change contributing to cognitive, psychiatric and motor disturbances in Huntington's disease (HD). In neurons, mutant Huntingtin collects in aggregates and distributes to the same sites as wild-type Huntingtin including on membranes and in synapses. In this study, we investigated the biochemical integrity of synapses in HD mouse striatum. We performed subcellular fractionation of striatal tissue from 2 and 6-month old knock-in Q175/Q7 HD and Q7/Q7 mice. Compared to striata of Q7/Q7 mice, proteins including GLUT3, Na+/K+ ATPase, NMDAR 2b, PSD95, and VGLUT1 had altered distribution in Q175/Q7 HD striata of 6-month old mice but not 2-month old mice. These proteins are found on plasma membranes and pre- and postsynaptic membranes supporting hypotheses that functional changes at synapses contribute to cognitive and behavioral symptoms of HD. Lipidomic analysis of mouse fractions indicated that compared to those of wild-type, fractions 1 and 2 of 6 months Q175/Q7 HD had altered levels of two species of PIP2, a phospholipid involved in synaptic signaling, increased levels of cholesterol ester and decreased cardiolipin species. At 2 months, increased levels of species of acylcarnitine, phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin were measured. EM analysis showed that the contents of fractions 1 and 2 of Q7/Q7 and Q175/Q7 HD striata had a mix of isolated synaptic vesicles, vesicle filled axon terminals singly or in clusters, and ER and endosome-like membranes. However, those of Q175/Q7 striata contained significantly fewer and larger clumps of particles compared to those of Q7/Q7. Human HD postmortem putamen showed differences from control putamen in subcellular distribution of two proteins (Calnexin and GLUT3). Our biochemical, lipidomic and EM analysis show that the presence of the HD mutation conferred age dependent disruption of localization of synaptic proteins and lipids important for synaptic function. Our data demonstrate concrete biochemical changes suggesting altered integrity of synaptic compartments in HD mice that may mirror changes in HD patients and presage cognitive and psychiatric changes that occur in premanifest HD.
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26
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Wu Z, Tan R, Zhu L, Yao P, Hu Q. Protein S-Palmitoylation and Lung Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:165-186. [PMID: 34019269 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation of protein is a posttranslational, reversible lipid modification; it was catalyzed by a family of 23 mammalian palmitoyl acyltransferases in humans. S-palmitoylation can impact protein function by regulating protein sorting, secretion, trafficking, stability, and protein interaction. Thus, S-palmitoylation plays a crucial role in many human diseases including mental illness and cancers. In this chapter, we systematically reviewed the influence of S-palmitoylation on protein performance, the characteristics of S-palmitoylation regulating protein function, and the role of S-palmitoylation in pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary hypertension and summed up the treatment strategies of S-palmitoylation-related diseases and the research status of targeted S-palmitoylation agonists/inhibitors. In conclusion, we highlighted the potential role of S-palmitoylation and depalmitoylation in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeang Wu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rubin Tan
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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27
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Naseri N, Sharma M, Velinov M. Autosomal dominant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: Clinical features and molecular basis. Clin Genet 2020; 99:111-118. [PMID: 32783189 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are at least 13 distinct progressive neurodegenerative disorders unified by the accumulation of lysosomal auto-fluorescent material called lipofuscin. The only form that occurs via autosomal-dominant inheritance exhibits adult onset and is sometimes referred to as Parry type NCL. The manifestations may include behavioral symptoms followed by seizures, ataxia, dementia, and early death. Mutations in the gene DNAJC5 that codes for the presynaptic co-chaperone cysteine string protein-α (CSPα) were recently reported in sporadic adult-onset cases and in families with dominant inheritance. The mutant CSPα protein may lead to disease progression by both loss and gain of function mechanisms. Iron chelation therapy may be considered as a possible pharmaceutical intervention based on our recent mechanism-based proposal of CSPα oligomerization via ectopic Fe-S cluster-binding, summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Naseri
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, and Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Manu Sharma
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, and Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
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28
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Lontay B, Kiss A, Virág L, Tar K. How Do Post-Translational Modifications Influence the Pathomechanistic Landscape of Huntington's Disease? A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124282. [PMID: 32560122 PMCID: PMC7349273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor control and cognitive ability, which eventually leads to death. The mutant huntingtin protein (HTT) exhibits an expansion of a polyglutamine repeat. The mechanism of pathogenesis is still not fully characterized; however, evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of HTT and upstream and downstream proteins of neuronal signaling pathways are involved. The determination and characterization of PTMs are essential to understand the mechanisms at work in HD, to define possible therapeutic targets better, and to challenge the scientific community to develop new approaches and methods. The discovery and characterization of a panoply of PTMs in HTT aggregation and cellular events in HD will bring us closer to understanding how the expression of mutant polyglutamine-containing HTT affects cellular homeostasis that leads to the perturbation of cell functions, neurotoxicity, and finally, cell death. Hence, here we review the current knowledge on recently identified PTMs of HD-related proteins and their pathophysiological relevance in the formation of abnormal protein aggregates, proteolytic dysfunction, and alterations of mitochondrial and metabolic pathways, neuroinflammatory regulation, excitotoxicity, and abnormal regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-412345
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29
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Huang TT, Smith R, Bacos K, Song DY, Faull RM, Waldvogel HJ, Li JY. No symphony without bassoon and piccolo: changes in synaptic active zone proteins in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:77. [PMID: 32493491 PMCID: PMC7268643 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent features of HD neuropathology are the intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions of huntingtin and striatal and cortical neuronal cell death. Recently, synaptic defects have been reported on HD-related studies, including impairment of neurotransmitter release and alterations of synaptic components. However, the definite characteristics of synapse dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We studied the gene expression levels and patterns of a number of proteins forming the cytoskeletal matrix of the presynaptic active zones in HD transgenic mice (R6/1), in hippocampal neuronal cultures overexpressing mutant huntingtin and in postmortem brain tissues of HD patients. To investigate the interactions between huntingtin and active proteins, we performed confocal microscopic imaging and immunoprecipitation in mouse and HEK 293 cell line models. The mRNA and protein levels of Bassoon were reduced in mouse and cell culture models of HD and in brain tissues of patients with HD. Moreover, a striking re-distribution of a complex of proteins including Bassoon, Piccolo and Munc 13-1 from the cytoplasm and synapses into intranuclear huntingtin aggregates with loss of active zone proteins and dendritic spines. This re-localization was age-dependent and coincided with the formation of huntingtin aggregates. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that huntingtin interacts with Bassoon, and that this interaction is likely mediated by a third linking protein. Three structural proteins involved in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic active zones of neurons are altered in expression and that the proteins are redistributed from their normal functional site into mutant huntingtin aggregates.
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30
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Hayashi T. Post-translational palmitoylation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in excitatory synaptic functions. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:784-797. [PMID: 32159240 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian CNS, glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neurons. Regulation of glutamatergic synapses is critical for higher brain functions including neural communication, memory formation, learning, emotion, and behaviour. Many previous studies have shown that post-translational protein S-palmitoylation, the only reversible covalent attachment of lipid to protein, regulates synaptic expression, intracellular localization, and membrane trafficking of iGluRs and their scaffolding proteins in neurons. This modification mechanism is extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages. The failure of appropriate palmitoylation-dependent regulation of iGluRs leads to hyperexcitability that reduces the maintenance of network stability, resulting in brain disorders, such as epileptic seizures. This review summarizes advances in the study of palmitoylation of iGluRs, especially AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, and describes the current understanding of palmitoylation-dependent regulation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hayashi
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Vieira M, Yong XLH, Roche KW, Anggono V. Regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor functions by the GluN2 subunits. J Neurochem 2020; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31978252 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate the flux of calcium (Ca2+ ) into the post-synaptic compartment. Ca2+ influx subsequently triggers the activation of various intracellular signalling cascades that underpin multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDARs are assembled as heterotetramers composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Four different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D) are present throughout the central nervous system; however, they are differentially expressed, both developmentally and spatially, in a cell- and synapse-specific manner. Each GluN2 subunit confers NMDARs with distinct ion channel properties and intracellular trafficking pathways. Regulated membrane trafficking of NMDARs is a dynamic process that ultimately determines the number of NMDARs at synapses, and is controlled by subunit-specific interactions with various intracellular regulatory proteins. Here we review recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of GluN2-containing NMDARs, focusing on the roles of several key synaptic proteins that interact with NMDARs via their carboxyl termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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32
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Subramaniam S. Selective Neuronal Death in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Ongoing Mystery. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:695-705. [PMID: 31866784 PMCID: PMC6913821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A major unresolved problem in neurodegenerative disease is why and how a specific set of neurons in the brain are highly vulnerable to neuronal death. Multiple pathways and mechanisms have been proposed to play a role in Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease (HD), yet how they contribute to neuronal vulnerability remains far from clear. In this review, various mechanisms ascribed in AD, PD, ALS, and HD will be briefly summarized. Particular focus will be placed on Rhes-mediated intercellular transport of the HD protein and its role in mitophagy, in which I will discuss some intriguing observations that I apply to model striatal vulnerability in HD. I may have unintentionally missed referring some studies in this review, and I extend my apologies to the authors in those circumstances.
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