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Dehnavi F, Koo-Poeggel PC, Ghorbani M, Marshall L. Memory ability and retention performance relate differentially to sleep depth and spindle type. iScience 2023; 26:108154. [PMID: 37876817 PMCID: PMC10590735 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal interactions between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep rhythms especially the coupling between cortical slow oscillations (SO, ∼1 Hz) and thalamic spindles (∼12 Hz) have been proposed to contribute to multi-regional interactions crucial for memory processing and cognitive ability. We investigated relationships between NREM sleep depth, sleep spindles and SO-spindle coupling regarding memory ability and memory consolidation in healthy humans. Findings underscore the functional relevance of spindle dynamics (slow versus fast), SO-phase, and most importantly NREM sleep depth for cognitive processing. Cross-frequency coupling analyses demonstrated stronger precise temporal coordination of slow spindles to SO down-state in N2 for subjects with higher general memory ability. A GLM model underscored this relationship, and furthermore that fast spindle properties were predictive of overnight memory consolidation. Our results suggest cognitive fingerprints dependent on conjoint fine-tuned SO-spindle temporal coupling, spindle properties, and brain sleep state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Dehnavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Center for International Scientific Studies & Collaborations (CISSC), Shahid Azodi Street, Karim-Khane Zand Boulevard, Tehran 15875-7788, Iran
| | - Ping Chai Koo-Poeggel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg. 66, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Center for International Scientific Studies & Collaborations (CISSC), Shahid Azodi Street, Karim-Khane Zand Boulevard, Tehran 15875-7788, Iran
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg. 66, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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Abdellahi MEA, Koopman ACM, Treder MS, Lewis PA. Targeted memory reactivation in human REM sleep elicits detectable reactivation. eLife 2023; 12:e84324. [PMID: 37350572 PMCID: PMC10425171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that memories can reactivate during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, but the question of whether equivalent reactivation can be detected in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is hotly debated. To examine this, we used a technique called targeted memory reactivation (TMR) in which sounds are paired with learned material in wake, and then re-presented in subsequent sleep, in this case REM, to trigger reactivation. We then used machine learning classifiers to identify reactivation of task-related motor imagery from wake in REM sleep. Interestingly, the strength of measured reactivation positively predicted overnight performance improvement. These findings provide the first evidence for memory reactivation in human REM sleep after TMR that is directly related to brain activity during wakeful task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud EA Abdellahi
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne CM Koopman
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias S Treder
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
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3
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Gaeta G, Wilson DA. Reciprocal relationships between sleep and smell. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1076354. [PMID: 36619661 PMCID: PMC9813672 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1076354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major anatomical differences with other mammalian sensory systems, olfaction shares with those systems a modulation by sleep/wake states. Sleep modulates odor sensitivity and serves as an important regulator of both perceptual and associative odor memory. In addition, however, olfaction also has an important modulatory impact on sleep. Odors can affect the latency to sleep onset, as well as the quality and duration of sleep. Olfactory modulation of sleep may be mediated by direct synaptic interaction between the olfactory system and sleep control nuclei, and/or indirectly through odor modulation of arousal and respiration. This reciprocal interaction between sleep and olfaction presents novel opportunities for sleep related modulation of memory and perception, as well as development of non-pharmacological olfactory treatments of simple sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Gaeta
- Givaudan UK Limited, Health and Well-Being Centre of Excellence, Ashford, United Kingdom,Giuliano Gaeta,
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Donald A. Wilson,
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Dehnavi F, Koo-Poeggel PC, Ghorbani M, Marshall L. Spontaneous slow oscillation - slow spindle features predict induced overnight memory retention. Sleep 2021; 44:6277833. [PMID: 34003291 PMCID: PMC8503833 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Synchronization of neural activity within local networks and between brain regions is a major contributor to rhythmic field potentials such as the EEG. On the other hand, dynamic changes in microstructure and activity are reflected in the EEG, for instance slow oscillation (SO) slope can reflect synaptic strength. SO-spindle coupling is a measure for neural communication. It was previously associated with memory consolidation, but also shown to reveal strong interindividual differences. In studies, weak electric current stimulation has modulated brain rhythms and memory retention. Here, we investigate whether SO-spindle coupling and SO slope during baseline sleep are associated with (predictive of) stimulation efficacy on retention performance. Methods Twenty-five healthy subjects participated in three experimental sessions. Sleep-associated memory consolidation was measured in two sessions, in one anodal transcranial direct current stimulation oscillating at subjects individual SO frequency (so-tDCS) was applied during nocturnal sleep. The third session was without a learning task (baseline sleep). The dependence on SO-spindle coupling and SO-slope during baseline sleep of so-tDCS efficacy on retention performance were investigated. Results Stimulation efficacy on overnight retention of declarative memories was associated with nesting of slow spindles to SO trough in deep nonrapid eye movement baseline sleep. Steepness and direction of SO slope in baseline sleep were features indicative for stimulation efficacy. Conclusions Findings underscore a functional relevance of activity during the SO up-to-down state transition for memory consolidation and provide support for distinct consolidation mechanisms for types of declarative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Dehnavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ping Chai Koo-Poeggel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
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5
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Sleep parameters improvement in PTSD soldiers after symptoms remission. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8873. [PMID: 33893376 PMCID: PMC8065125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is still unclear whether symptoms remission through EMDR therapy is associated with a beneficial effect on one of the PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbance. Our objective was therefore to study sleep parameters before and after symptom remission in soldiers with PTSD. The control group consisted of 20 healthy active duty military men who slept in a sleep lab with standard polysomnography (PSG) on two sessions separated by one month. The patient group consisted of 17 active duty military with PTSD who underwent EMDR therapy. PSG-recorded sleep was assessed 1 week before the EMDR therapy began and 1 week after PTSD remission. We found that the increased REMs density after remission was positively correlated with a greater decrease of symptoms. Also, the number of EMDR sessions required to reach remission was correlated with intra-sleep awakenings before treatment. These results confirm the improvement of some sleep parameters in PTSD after symptoms remission in a soldier's population and provide a possible predictor of treatment success. Further experiments will be required to establish whether this effect is specific to the EMDR therapy.
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Targeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses. Commun Biol 2021; 4:404. [PMID: 33767319 PMCID: PMC7994443 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that sleep can help to decouple the memory of emotional experiences from their associated affective charge. This process is thought to rely on the spontaneous reactivation of emotional memories during sleep, though it is still unclear which sleep stage is optimal for such reactivation. We examined this question by explicitly manipulating memory reactivation in both rapid-eye movement sleep (REM) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) using targeted memory reactivation (TMR) and testing the impact of this manipulation on habituation of subjective arousal responses across a night. Our results show that TMR during REM, but not SWS significantly decreased subjective arousal, and this effect is driven by the more negative stimuli. These results support one aspect of the sleep to forget, sleep to remember (SFSR) hypothesis which proposes that emotional memory reactivation during REM sleep underlies sleep-dependent habituation. Hutchison et al. played sounds, which were paired with either emotionally negative or neutral images, to participants during either REM or slow-wave stages of sleep. They demonstrated that such targeted memory reactivation during REM sleep, but not slow-wave sleep, significantly decreased arousal. This provides key information about memory consolidation/loss during sleep.
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8
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Chang Y, Gu Q, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Qian Z, Wei C, Liu Z, Ren W, Han J. The Endocannabinoid System Contributes to Memory Deficits Induced by Rapid-eye-movement Sleep Deprivation in Adolescent Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 433:174-183. [PMID: 32198011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep loss or insomnia is among the contributing factors of cognitive deficit, the underlying mechanisms of which remain largely elusive. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a role in sleep, while it is unknown if it is involved in the regulation of memory retrieval by sleep deprivation. In addition, it still controversial how rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) affects the spatial memory of adolescent mice. Here, we found that 24-h REMSD impairs spatial memory retrieval of adolescent mice in an object-place recognition task, which was rescued by NESS0327, a neutral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist. Mechanistically, REMSD induced eCB-mediated short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity changing including depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, in which long-term synaptic plasticity changing was rescued by NESS0327. REMSD downregulated monoacylglycerol lipase, a hydrolase for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), suggesting the involvement of eCB accumulation and the consequent synaptic plasticity in REMSD-elicited memory impairment in adolescent mice. These findings shed light on the role of sleep disorders in learning and memory deficit of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Lizi Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Qiaofen Gu
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Qian
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Chunling Wei
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Lab of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
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9
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Hu X, Cheng LY, Chiu MH, Paller KA. Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation. Psychol Bull 2020; 146:218-244. [PMID: 32027149 PMCID: PMC7144680 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is a methodology employed to manipulate memory processing during sleep. TMR studies have great potential to advance understanding of sleep-based memory consolidation and corresponding neural mechanisms. Research making use of TMR has developed rapidly, with over 70 articles published in the last decade, yet no quantitative analysis exists to evaluate the overall effects. Here we present the first meta-analysis of sleep TMR, compiled from 91 experiments with 212 effect sizes (N = 2,004). Based on multilevel modeling, overall sleep TMR was highly effective (Hedges' g = 0.29, 95% CI [0.21, 0.38]), with a significant effect for two stages of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (Stage NREM 2: Hedges' g = 0.32, 95% CI [0.04, 0.60]; and slow-wave sleep: Hedges' g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.20, 0.35]). In contrast, TMR was not effective during REM sleep nor during wakefulness in the present analyses. Several analysis strategies were used to address the potential relevance of publication bias. Additional analyses showed that TMR improved memory across multiple domains, including declarative memory and skill acquisition. Given that TMR can reinforce many types of memory, it could be useful for various educational and clinical applications. Overall, the present meta-analysis provides substantial support for the notion that TMR can influence memory storage during NREM sleep, and that this method can be useful for understanding neurocognitive mechanisms of memory consolidation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Larry Y. Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Man Hey Chiu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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10
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How odor cues help to optimize learning during sleep in a real life-setting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1227. [PMID: 31988352 PMCID: PMC6985213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effortless learning during sleep is everybody’s dream. Several studies found that presenting odor cues during learning and selectively during slow wave sleep increases learning success. The current study extends previous research in three aspects to test for optimization and practical applicability of this cueing effect: We (1) performed a field study of vocabulary-learning in a regular school setting, (2) stimulated with odor cues during the whole night without sleep monitoring, and (3) applied the odor additionally as retrieval cue in a subsequent test. We found an odor cueing effect with comparable effect sizes (d between 0.6 and 1.2) as studies with sleep monitoring and selective cueing. Further, we observed some (non-significant) indication for a further performance benefit with additional cueing during the recall test. Our results replicate previous findings and provide important extensions: First, the odor effect also works outside the lab. Second, continuous cueing at night produces similar effect sizes as a study with selective cueing in specific sleep stages. Whether odor cueing during memory recall further increases memory performance hast to be shown in future studies. Overall, our results extend the knowledge on odor cueing effects and provide a realistic practical perspective on it.
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Amores J, Dotan M, Maes P. An Exploration of Form Factors for Sleep-Olfactory Interfaces. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1456-1460. [PMID: 31946168 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Releasing scent during sleep has been shown to influence the emotional valence of dreams, reduce cigarette smoking behavior, strengthen memories as well as enhance restorative slow-wave activity. Nevertheless, current scent technologies used in sleep laboratories are not portable and require the use of nasal masks and large olfactometers. In this paper we investigated the preferred form factor and acceptance of a set of biometric wearables that can release scent based on the user's physiological state. We conducted an online survey with 163 participants and evaluated 8 different form factors. The results showed that 73.5% of the subjects preferred the designs that are not wearable during the night but that can be worn during the day. We provide insights to take into account for the design of next generation sleep-olfactory technologies. We provide a literature review of sleep and scent studies and discuss the opportunities for well-being and memory applications.
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Cellini N, Capuozzo A. Shaping memory consolidation via targeted memory reactivation during sleep. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1426:52-71. [PMID: 29762867 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the reactivation of specific memories during sleep can be modulated using external stimulation. Specifically, it has been reported that matching a sensory stimulus (e.g., odor or sound cue) with target information (e.g., pairs of words, pictures, and motor sequences) during wakefulness, and then presenting the cue alone during sleep, facilitates memory of the target information. Thus, presenting learned cues while asleep may reactivate related declarative, procedural, and emotional material, and facilitate the neurophysiological processes underpinning memory consolidation in humans. This paradigm, which has been named targeted memory reactivation, has been successfully used to improve visuospatial and verbal memories, strengthen motor skills, modify implicit social biases, and enhance fear extinction. However, these studies also show that results depend on the type of memory investigated, the task employed, the sensory cue used, and the specific sleep stage of stimulation. Here, we present a review of how memory consolidation may be shaped using noninvasive sensory stimulation during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Capuozzo
- International School for Advanced Studies - SISSA, Neuroscience Area, Trieste, Italy
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14
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Auditory conditioned stimulus presentation during NREM sleep impairs fear memory in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46247. [PMID: 28401950 PMCID: PMC5388892 DOI: 10.1038/srep46247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Externally manipulating memories by presenting conditioned stimuli (CS) during sleep is a new approach to investigating memory processing during sleep. However, whether presenting a CS during REM or NREM sleep enhances or extinguishes fear memory has not been clearly delineated. In this study, mice underwent trace fear conditioning consisting of an auditory CS paired with a foot shock, and the auditory CS was re-presented during subsequent REM or NREM sleep. Mice that received auditory cueing during NREM but not REM sleep showed impaired fear memory upon later presentation of the auditory CS. These findings have implications for the use of cueing during sleep and advance our understanding of the role of REM and NREM sleep in memory consolidation.
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Schouten DI, Pereira SI, Tops M, Louzada FM. State of the art on targeted memory reactivation: Sleep your way to enhanced cognition. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 32:123-131. [PMID: 27296303 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Schreiner T, Rasch B. The beneficial role of memory reactivation for language learning during sleep: A review. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 167:94-105. [PMID: 27036946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for diverse aspects of language learning. According to a prominent concept these beneficial effects of sleep rely on spontaneous reactivation processes. A series of recent studies demonstrated that inducing such reactivation processes by re-exposure to memory cues during sleep enhances foreign vocabulary learning. Building upon these findings, the present article reviews recent models and empirical findings concerning the beneficial effects of sleep on language learning. Consequently, the memory function of sleep, its neural underpinnings and the role of the sleeping brain in language learning will be summarized. Finally, we will propose a working model concerning the oscillatory requirements for successful reactivation processes and future research questions to advance our understanding of the role of sleep on language learning and memory processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiner
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Fribourg, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Björn Rasch
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Fribourg, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), Zurich, Switzerland.
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Chambers AM. The role of sleep in cognitive processing: focusing on memory consolidation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8. [PMID: 28044430 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that sleep promotes various cognitive functions, such as decision-making, language, categorization, and memory. Of these, most work has focused on the influence of sleep on memory, with ample work showing that sleep enhances memory consolidation, a process that stores new memories in the brain over time. Recent psychological and neurophysiological research has vastly increased understanding of this process. Such work not only suggests that consolidation relies on plasticity-related mechanisms that reactivate and stabilize memory representations, but also that this process may be experimentally manipulated by methods that target which memory traces are reactivated during sleep. Furthermore, aside from memory storage capabilities, memory consolidation also appears to reorganize and integrate memories with preexisting knowledge, which may facilitate the discovery of underlying rules and associations that benefit other cognitive functioning, including problem solving and creativity. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1433. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1433 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Chambers
- Department of Psychology, North Central College, Naperville, IL, USA
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Emotional arousal modulates oscillatory correlates of targeted memory reactivation during NREM, but not REM sleep. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39229. [PMID: 27982120 PMCID: PMC5159847 DOI: 10.1038/srep39229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is considered to preferentially reprocess emotionally arousing memories. We tested this hypothesis by cueing emotional vs. neutral memories during REM and NREM sleep and wakefulness by presenting associated verbal memory cues after learning. Here we show that cueing during NREM sleep significantly improved memory for emotional pictures, while no cueing benefit was observed during REM sleep. On the oscillatory level, successful memory cueing during NREM sleep resulted in significant increases in theta and spindle oscillations with stronger responses for emotional than neutral memories. In contrast during REM sleep, solely cueing of neutral (but not emotional) memories was associated with increases in theta activity. Our results do not support a preferential role of REM sleep for emotional memories, but rather suggest that emotional arousal modulates memory replay and consolidation processes and their oscillatory correlates during NREM sleep.
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Cousins JN, El-Deredy W, Parkes LM, Hennies N, Lewis PA. Cued Reactivation of Motor Learning during Sleep Leads to Overnight Changes in Functional Brain Activity and Connectivity. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002451. [PMID: 27137944 PMCID: PMC4854410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a role in memory consolidation. This is demonstrated by improved performance and neural plasticity underlying that improvement after sleep. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) allows the manipulation of sleep-dependent consolidation through intentionally biasing the replay of specific memories in sleep, but the underlying neural basis of these altered memories remains unclear. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show a change in the neural representation of a motor memory after targeted reactivation in slow-wave sleep (SWS). Participants learned two serial reaction time task (SRTT) sequences associated with different auditory tones (high or low pitch). During subsequent SWS, one sequence was reactivated by replaying the associated tones. Participants were retested on both sequences the following day during fMRI. As predicted, they showed faster reaction times for the cued sequence after targeted memory reactivation. Furthermore, increased activity in bilateral caudate nucleus and hippocampus for the cued relative to uncued sequence was associated with time in SWS, while increased cerebellar and cortical motor activity was related to time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Functional connectivity between the caudate nucleus and hippocampus was also increased after targeted memory reactivation. These findings suggest that the offline performance gains associated with memory reactivation are supported by altered functional activity in key cognitive and motor networks, and that this consolidation is differentially mediated by both REM sleep and SWS. Slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep are associated with the reactivation and consolidation of a motor skill within distinct brain networks. After a motor skill is learned, the memory undergoes "offline" processing so that improvement occurs even without further practice. Sleep has been shown to enhance this consolidation and, in the process, to reorganize the brain regions involved. However, it remains unclear how sleep does this, and whether different sleep stages have different contributions. One popular idea is that the memory trace is reactivated during slow-wave sleep—a period of sleep characterized by synchronized activity at a slow frequency and high amplitude, as recorded by electroencephalography (EEG)—which drives memory reorganization within the brain. To test this in humans, we took advantage of "targeted memory reactivation," where replay of specific memories is cued by presentation of a sound that was present during learning. After sleep, motor performance was faster for cued memories, suggesting that the trace was consolidated during sleep. Coupled with this, brain activation and connectivity in several motor-learning areas was enhanced for the cued memory. Furthermore, some changes in brain activity were associated with time spent in slow-wave sleep, while others were associated with time spent in rapid-eye movement sleep. These observations provide further insight into sleep's unique role in memory consolidation by showing that offline skill enhancement depends on the reactivation of specific memories, and the associated changes in neural activity may rely upon processing that unfolds across different stages of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cousins
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Laura M Parkes
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Hennies
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Diekelmann S, Born J, Rasch B. Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:74. [PMID: 27147995 PMCID: PMC4828435 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep consolidates newly acquired memories. Beyond stabilizing memories, sleep is thought to reorganize memory representations such that invariant structures, statistical regularities and even new explicit knowledge are extracted. Whereas increasing evidence suggests that the stabilization of memories during sleep can be facilitated by cueing with learning-associated stimuli, the effect of cueing on memory reorganization is less well understood. Here we asked whether olfactory cueing during sleep enhances the generation of explicit knowledge about an implicitly learned procedural memory task. Subjects were trained on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) containing a hidden 12-element sequence in the presence of an odor. During subsequent sleep, half of the subjects were re-exposed to the odor during periods of slow wave sleep (SWS), while the other half received odorless vehicle. In the next morning, subjects were tested on their explicit knowledge about the underlying sequence in a free recall test and a generation task. Although odor cueing did not significantly affect overall explicit knowledge, differential effects were evident when analyzing male and female subjects separately. Explicit sequence knowledge, both in free recall and the generation task, was enhanced by odor cueing in men, whereas women showed no cueing effect. Procedural skill in the SRTT was not affected by cueing, neither in men nor in women. These findings suggest that olfactory memory reactivation can increase explicit knowledge about implicitly learned information, but only in men. Hormonal differences due to menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptives might explain the lacking effect in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, Department of Psychology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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22
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The dream-lag effect: Selective processing of personally significant events during Rapid Eye Movement sleep, but not during Slow Wave Sleep. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:98-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Barsky MM, Tucker MA, Stickgold R. REM sleep enhancement of probabilistic classification learning is sensitive to subsequent interference. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:63-8. [PMID: 25769506 PMCID: PMC4456240 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During wakefulness the brain creates meaningful relationships between disparate stimuli in ways that escape conscious awareness. Processes active during sleep can strengthen these relationships, leading to more adaptive use of those stimuli when encountered during subsequent wake. Performance on the Weather Prediction Task (WPT), a well-studied measure of implicit probabilistic learning, has been shown to improve significantly following a night of sleep, with stronger initial learning predicting more nocturnal REM sleep. We investigated this relationship further, studying the effect on WPT performance of a daytime nap containing REM sleep. We also added an interference condition after the nap/wake period as an additional probe of memory strength. Our results show that a nap significantly boosts WPT performance, and that this improvement is correlated with the amount of REM sleep obtained during the nap. When interference training is introduced following the nap, however, this REM-sleep benefit vanishes. In contrast, following an equal period of wake, performance is both unchanged from training and unaffected by interference training. Thus, while the true probabilistic relationships between WPT stimuli are strengthened by sleep, these changes are selectively susceptible to the destructive effects of retroactive interference, at least in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray M Barsky
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave/FD 861, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Matthew A Tucker
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave/FD 861, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Greenville, Health Sciences Administration Building - Rm 248, 701 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave/FD 861, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Rihm JS, Rasch B. Replay of conditioned stimuli during late REM and stage N2 sleep influences affective tone rather than emotional memory strength. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:142-51. [PMID: 25933506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Emotional memories are reprocessed during sleep, and it is widely assumed that this reprocessing occurs mainly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In support for this notion, vivid emotional dreams occur mainly during REM sleep, and several studies have reported emotional memory enhancement to be associated with REM sleep or REM sleep-related parameters. However, it is still unknown whether reactivation of emotional memories during REM sleep strengthens emotional memories. Here, we tested whether re-presentation of emotionally learned stimuli during REM sleep enhances emotional memory. In a split-night design, participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning after the first half of the night. Neutral sounds served as conditioned stimuli (CS) and were either paired with a negative odor (CS+) or an odorless vehicle (CS-). During sound replay in subsequent late REM or N2 sleep, half of the CS+ and half of the CS- were presented again. In contrast to our hypothesis, replay during sleep did not affect emotional memory as measured by the differentiation between CS+ and CS- in expectancy, arousal and valence ratings. However, replay unspecifically decreased subjective arousal ratings of both emotional and neutral sounds and increased positive valence ratings also for both CS+ and CS- sounds, respectively. These effects were slightly more pronounced for replay during REM sleep. Our results suggest that re-exposure to previously conditioned stimuli during late sleep does not affect emotional memory strength, but rather influences the affective tone of both emotional and neutral memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Rihm
- Department of Psychology, Division of Biopsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), Zurich, Switzerland.
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