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Wei J, Zhang M, Wang X, Yang K, Xiao Q, Zhu X, Pan X. Role of Cardiolipin in regulating and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176853. [PMID: 39067567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, mainly caused by atherosclerosis, are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the discrepancies in clinical manifestations between different abnormalities, atherosclerosis shares similar pathophysiological processes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cardiolipin (CL) is a conserved mitochondria-specific lipid that contributes to the cristae structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Alterations in the CL, including oxidative modification, reduced quantity, and abnormal localization, contribute to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the knowledge that CL is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. On the one hand, CL and its oxidative modification promote the progression of atherosclerosis via several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in response to stress. On the other hand, CL externalizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and acts as the pivotal "eat-me" signal in mitophagy, removing dysfunctional mitochondria and safeguarding against the progression of atherosclerosis. Given the imbalance between proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects, we provide our understanding of the roles of the CL and its oxidative modification in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, in addition to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the CL. Briefly, CL is far more than a structural IMM lipid; broader significances of the evolutionarily conserved lipid need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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2
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Zhu W, Guo S, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu C. Lactate and lactylation in cardiovascular diseases: current progress and future perspectives. Metabolism 2024; 158:155957. [PMID: 38908508 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are often linked to structural and functional impairments, such as heart defects and circulatory dysfunction, leading to compromised peripheral perfusion and heightened morbidity risks. Metabolic remodeling, particularly in the context of cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, is increasingly recognized as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Metabolic syndromes further predispose individuals to these conditions, underscoring the need to elucidate the metabolic underpinnings of CVDs. Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, is now recognized as a key molecule that connects cellular metabolism with the regulation of cellular activity. The transport of lactate between different cells is essential for metabolic homeostasis and signal transduction. Disruptions to lactate dynamics are implicated in various CVDs. Furthermore, lactylation, a novel post-translational modification, has been identified in cardiac cells, where it influences protein function and gene expression, thereby playing a significant role in CVD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarized recent advancements in understanding the role of lactate and lactylation in CVDs, offering fresh insights that could guide future research directions and therapeutic interventions. The potential of lactate metabolism and lactylation as innovative therapeutic targets for CVD is a promising avenue for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation and Vascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation and Vascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yudan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation and Vascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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3
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Ye W, Han K, Xie M, Li S, Chen G, Wang Y, Li T. Mitochondrial energy metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Physiological adaption, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:936-948. [PMID: 38527931 PMCID: PMC11046025 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diabetic cardiomyopathy is defined as abnormal structure and function of the heart in the setting of diabetes, which could eventually develop heart failure and leads to the death of the patients. Although blood glucose control and medications to heart failure show beneficial effects on this disease, there is currently no specific treatment for diabetic cardiomyopathy. Over the past few decades, the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy has been extensively studied, and an increasing number of studies pinpoint that impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism is a key mediator as well as a therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the latest research in the field of diabetic cardiomyopathy, focusing on mitochondrial damage and adaptation, altered energy substrates, and potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the mitochondrial energy metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy may help to gain more mechanistic insights and generate more precise mitochondria-oriented therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Maodi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Guideline and Rapid Recommendation, Cochrane China Center, MAGIC China Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Kamunde C, Wijayakulathilake Y, Okoye C, Chinnappareddy N, Kalvani Z, van den Heuvel M, Sappal R, Stevens D. Exhaustive exercise alters native and site-specific H 2O 2 emission in red and white skeletal muscle mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:602-613. [PMID: 37729974 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is intricately linked to energy conversion reactions and entails regulation of the mechanisms of ROS production and removal. However, there is limited understanding of how energy demand modulates ROS balance. Skeletal muscle experiences a wide range of energy requirements depending on the intensity and duration of exercise and therefore is an excellent model to probe the effect of altered energy demand on mitochondrial ROS production. Because in most fish skeletal muscle exists essentially as pure spatially distinct slow-twitch red oxidative and fast-twitch white glycolytic fibers, it provides a natural system for investigating how functional specialization affects ROS homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that acute increase in energy demand imposed by exhaustive exercise will increase mitochondrial H2O2 emission to a greater extent in red muscle mitochondria (RMM) compared with white muscle mitochondria (WMM). We found that native H2O2 emission rates varied by up to 6-fold depending on the substrate being oxidized and muscle fiber type, with RMM emitting at higher rates with glutamate-malate and palmitoylcarnitine while WMM emitted at higher rates with succinate and glyceral-3-phosphate. Exhaustive exercise increased the native and site-specific H2O2 emission rates; however, the maximal emission rates depended on the substrate, fiber type and redox site. The H2O2 consumption capacity and activities of individual antioxidant enzymes including the glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases as well as catalase were higher in RMM compared with WMM indicating that the activity of antioxidant defense system does not explain the differences in H2O2 emission rates in RMM and WMM. Overall, our study suggests that substrate selection and oxidation may be the key factors determining the rates of ROS production in RMM and WMM following exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada.
| | - Yashodya Wijayakulathilake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Chidozie Okoye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Nirmala Chinnappareddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Zahra Kalvani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | | | - Ravinder Sappal
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, USA
| | - Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
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5
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Liu Y, Wang D, Liu YP. Metabolite profiles of diabetes mellitus and response to intervention in anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1237934. [PMID: 38027178 PMCID: PMC10644798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1237934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health problem, threatening the quality of life of nearly 500 million patients worldwide. As a typical multifactorial metabolic disease, T2DM involves the changes and interactions of various metabolic pathways such as carbohydrates, amino acid, and lipids. It has been suggested that metabolites are not only the endpoints of upstream biochemical processes, but also play a critical role as regulators of disease progression. For example, excess free fatty acids can lead to reduced glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and induce insulin resistance; metabolism disorder of branched-chain amino acids contributes to the accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates, and promotes the dysfunction of β-cell mitochondria, stress signal transduction, and apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss the role of metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM and their potential as biomarkers. Finally, we list the effects of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on serum/plasma metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Mu M, Niu W, Chu F, Dong Q, Hu S, Niu C. CircSOBP suppresses the progression of glioma by disrupting glycolysis and promoting the MDA5-mediated immune response. iScience 2023; 26:107897. [PMID: 37766977 PMCID: PMC10520879 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma, an aggressively growing and highly malignant brain tumor, poses substantial therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recent research has identified circRNAs as pivotal players in glioma formation and development. However, the roles of circRNA in the metabolic and immune regulation of glioma are unclear. In this study, circSOBP expression was significantly downregulated in glioma cells and specimens. Functionally, enhanced circSOBP expression mitigated cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and glycolysis in gliomas. Mechanistically, circSOBP inhibited glycolysis and activated the MDA5-mediated IKKε/TBK1/IRF3 signaling pathway by binding TKFC proteins. Furthermore, the elevated levels of IFN-I induced by the MDA5 pathway increased the number and activity of CD8+ T and NK cells in the immune response of the animal models. In summary, our findings have emphasized the critical role of circSOBP in binding and modulating TKFC protein, offering potential therapeutic avenue for targeting glioma metabolism and immunological reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Wanxiang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Qingsheng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Stereotactic Neurosurgical Institute, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgical Disease, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Chaoshi Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Stereotactic Neurosurgical Institute, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgical Disease, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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7
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Duan X, Tian H, Zheng S, Zhu J, Li C, He B, Li L, Jiang H, Lu S, Feng Y, Bentley GT, Zhang W, Huang C, Gao W, Xie N, Xie K. Photothermal-Starvation Therapy Nanomodulator Capable of Inhibiting Colorectal Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis by Energy Metabolism Reduction. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300968. [PMID: 37543843 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been considered as a severe challenge in clinical treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and lactate can promote local tumor angiogenesis, recurrence, and metastasis. The expression of MMPs is highly dependent on energy metabolism, and lactate is considered an alternative energy source for tumor proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, using a rational approach, a photothermal-starvation therapy nanomodulator that can reduce energy metabolism to suppress CRC recurrence and metastasis is designed. To design a suitable nanomodulator, glucose oxidase (GOX), indocyanine green (IR820), and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC) into nanoparticles by a coassembly method are combined. The photothermal properties of IR820 provide the appropriate temperature and oxygen supply for the enzymatic reaction of GOX to promote intracellular glucose consumption. CHC inhibits the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), the transporter of lactic acid into cells, and also reduces oxygen consumption and promotes the GOX reaction. Additionally, altering adenosine triphosphate synthesis to block heat shock proteins expression can be an effective means to prevent IR820-mediated photothermal therapy resistance. Thus, this dual photothermal-starvation therapy nanomodulator efficiently suppresses the recurrence and metastasis of CRC by depleting intracellular nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Duan
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Shuwen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jianmei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chan Li
- Department of Oncology, Peoples Hospital of Xinjin, Chengdu, 611430, China
| | - Bo He
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Shuaijun Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Gary T Bentley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 100215, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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Johnson RJ, Lanaspa MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan D, Nakagawa T, Ishimoto T, Andres-Hernando A, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Stenvinkel P. The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220230. [PMID: 37482773 PMCID: PMC10363705 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The fructose survival hypothesis proposes that obesity and metabolic disorders may have developed from over-stimulation of an evolutionary-based biologic response (survival switch) that aims to protect animals in advance of crisis. The response is characterized by hunger, thirst, foraging, weight gain, fat accumulation, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and increased blood pressure. The process is initiated by the ingestion of fructose or by stimulating endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway. Unlike other nutrients, fructose reduces the active energy (adenosine triphosphate) in the cell, while blocking its regeneration from fat stores. This is mediated by intracellular uric acid, mitochondrial oxidative stress, the inhibition of AMP kinase and stimulation of vasopressin. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed, and glycolysis stimulated. While this response is aimed to be modest and short-lived, the response in humans is exaggerated due to gain of 'thrifty genes' coupled with a western diet rich in foods that contain or generate fructose. We propose excessive fructose metabolism not only explains obesity but the epidemics of diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity-associated cancers, vascular and Alzheimer's dementia, and even ageing. Moreover, the hypothesis unites current hypotheses on obesity. Reducing activation and/or blocking this pathway and stimulating mitochondrial regeneration may benefit health-span. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Miguel A. Lanaspa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - L. Gabriela Sanchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chavez’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Dean Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai-Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1103, Japan
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición ‘Salvador Zubirán’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Caddye E, Pineau J, Reyniers J, Ronen I, Colasanti A. Lactate: A Theranostic Biomarker for Metabolic Psychiatry? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1656. [PMID: 37759960 PMCID: PMC10526106 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in neurometabolism and mitochondria are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and schizophrenia. Thus, developing objective biomarkers related to brain mitochondrial function is crucial for the development of interventions, such as central nervous system penetrating agents that target brain health. Lactate, a major circulatory fuel source that can be produced and utilized by the brain and body, is presented as a theranostic biomarker for neurometabolic dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. This concept is based on three key properties of lactate that make it an intriguing metabolic intermediate with implications for this field: Firstly, the lactate response to various stimuli, including physiological or psychological stress, represents a quantifiable and dynamic marker that reflects metabolic and mitochondrial health. Second, lactate concentration in the brain is tightly regulated according to the sleep-wake cycle, the dysregulation of which is implicated in both metabolic and mood disorders. Third, lactate universally integrates arousal behaviours, pH, cellular metabolism, redox states, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and can signal and encode this information via intra- and extracellular pathways in the brain. In this review, we expand on the above properties of lactate and discuss the methodological developments and rationale for the use of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in vivo monitoring of brain lactate. We conclude that accurate and dynamic assessment of brain lactate responses might contribute to the development of novel and personalized therapies that improve mitochondrial health in psychiatric disorders and other conditions associated with neurometabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Caddye
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Julien Pineau
- Independent Researcher, Florianópolis 88062-300, Brazil
| | - Joshua Reyniers
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
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Schostak T, Millan IS, Jani A, Johnson RJ. Thiamine deficiency: a commonly unrecognised but easily treatable condition. Postgrad Med J 2023; 99:844-848. [PMID: 37125640 PMCID: PMC10398819 DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-141972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine is present in many foods and is well recognised as an essential nutrient critical for energy metabolism. While thiamine deficiency is commonly recognised in alcoholism, it can present in many other settings where it is often not considered and goes unrecognised. One challenging aspect to diagnosis is that it may have varied metabolic, neurological and cardiac presentations. Here we present an overview of the disorder, focusing on the multiple causes and clinical presentations. Interestingly, thiamine deficiency is likely increasing in frequency, especially among wildlife, where it is linked with changing environments and climate change. Thiamine deficiency should be considered whenever neurological or cardiological disease of unknown aetiology presents, especially in any patient presenting with lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tritia Schostak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Iňigo San Millan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alkesh Jani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard Joseph Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Nemkov T, Cendali F, Stefanoni D, Martinez JL, Hansen KC, San-Millán I, D'Alessandro A. Metabolic Signatures of Performance in Elite World Tour Professional Male Cyclists. Sports Med 2023; 53:1651-1665. [PMID: 37148487 PMCID: PMC10163861 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolomics studies of recreational and elite athletes have been so far limited to venipuncture-dependent blood sample collection in the setting of controlled training and medical facilities. However, limited to no information is currently available to determine if findings in laboratory settings are translatable to a real-world scenario in elite competitions. The goal of this study was to define molecular signatures of exertion under controlled exercise conditions and use these signatures as a framework for assessing cycling performance in a World Tour competition. METHODS To characterize molecular profiles of exertion in elite athletes during cycling, we performed metabolomics analyses on blood isolated from 28 international-level, elite, World Tour professional male athletes from a Union Cycliste Internationale World Team taken before and after a graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion and before and after a long aerobic training session. Moreover, established signatures were then used to characterize the metabolic physiology of five of these cyclists who were selected to represent the same Union Cycliste Internationale World Team during a seven-stage elite World Tour race. RESULTS Using dried blood spot collection to circumvent logistical hurdles associated with field sampling, these studies defined metabolite signatures and fold change ranges of anaerobic or aerobic exertion in elite cyclists, respectively. Blood profiles of lactate, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines differed between exercise modes. The graded exercise test elicited significant two- to three-fold accumulations in lactate and succinate, in addition to significant elevations in free fatty acids and acylcarnitines. Conversely, the long aerobic training session elicited a larger magnitude of increase in fatty acids and acylcarnitines without appreciable increases in lactate or succinate. Comparable signatures were revealed after sprinting and climbing stages, respectively, in a World Tour race. In addition, signatures of elevated fatty acid oxidation capacity correlated with competitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these studies provide a unique view of alterations in the blood metabolome of elite athletes during competition and at the peak of their performance capabilities. Furthermore, they demonstrate the utility of dried blood sampling for omics analysis, thereby enabling molecular monitoring of athletic performance in the field during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Ave L18-9122, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Francesca Cendali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Ave L18-9122, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Ave L18-9122, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Janel L Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Ave L18-9122, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Ave L18-9122, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17Th Ave L18-9118, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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12
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Brooks GA. What the Lactate Shuttle Means for Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2023; 15:2178. [PMID: 37432330 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the lactate shuttle (LS) mechanism may have two opposite perceptions, It may mean very little, because the body normally and inexorably uses the LS mechanism. On the contrary, one may support the viewpoint that understanding the LS mechanism offers immense opportunities for understanding nutrition and metabolism in general, as well as in a sports nutrition supplementation setting. In fact, regardless of the specific form of the carbohydrate (CHO) nutrient taken, the bodily CHO energy flux is from a hexose sugar glucose or glucose polymer (glycogen and starches) to lactate with subsequent somatic tissue oxidation or storage as liver glycogen. In fact, because oxygen and lactate flow together through the circulation to sites of utilization, the bodily carbon energy flow is essentially the lactate disposal rate. Consequently, one can consume glucose or glucose polymers in various forms (glycogen, maltodextrin, potato, corn starch, and fructose or high-fructose corn syrup), and the intestinal wall, liver, integument, and active and inactive muscles make lactate which is the chief energy fuel for red skeletal muscle, heart, brain, erythrocytes, and kidneys. Therefore, if one wants to hasten the delivery of CHO energy delivery, instead of providing CHO foods, supplementation with lactate nutrient compounds can augment body energy flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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13
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San-Millán I. The Key Role of Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040782. [PMID: 37107158 PMCID: PMC10135185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly recognized, particularly in the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well as disruptions of cellular bioenergetics have been shown to be ubiquitous in some of the most prevalent diseases in our society, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases have yet to be elucidated, making it one of the most significant medical challenges in our history. However, the rapid advances in our knowledge of cellular metabolism coupled with the novel understanding at the molecular and genetic levels show tremendous promise to one day elucidate the mysteries of this ancient organelle in order to treat it therapeutically when needed. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, infections, aging, and a lack of physical activity have been identified to be major players in mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases. This review examines the complexities of mitochondrial function, whose ancient incorporation into eukaryotic cells for energy purposes was key for the survival and creation of new species. Among these complexities, the tightly intertwined bioenergetics derived from the combustion of alimentary substrates and oxygen are necessary for cellular homeostasis, including the production of reactive oxygen species. This review discusses different etiological mechanisms by which mitochondria could become dysregulated, determining the fate of multiple tissues and organs and being a protagonist in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Finally, physical activity is a canonical evolutionary characteristic of humans that remains embedded in our genes. The normalization of a lack of physical activity in our modern society has led to the perception that exercise is an "intervention". However, physical activity remains the modus vivendi engrained in our genes and being sedentary has been the real intervention and collateral effect of modern societies. It is well known that a lack of physical activity leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and, hence, it probably becomes a major etiological factor of many non-communicable diseases affecting modern societies. Since physical activity remains the only stimulus we know that can improve and maintain mitochondrial function, a significant emphasis on exercise promotion should be imperative in order to prevent multiple diseases. Finally, in populations with chronic diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is involved, an individualized exercise prescription should be crucial for the "metabolic rehabilitation" of many patients. From lessons learned from elite athletes (the perfect human machines), it is possible to translate and apply multiple concepts to the betterment of populations with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80198, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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14
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Curl CC, Moreno-Santillan DD, Leija RG. Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:529-548. [PMID: 36633863 PMCID: PMC9970662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in normal as well as pathophysiological conditions. Lactate exists in millimolar concentrations in muscle, blood, and other tissues and can rise more than an order of magnitude as the result of increased production and clearance limitations. Lactate exerts its powerful driver-like influence by mass action, redox change, allosteric binding, and other mechanisms described in this article. Depending on the condition, such as during rest and exercise, following carbohydrate nutrition, injury, or pathology, lactate can serve as a myokine or exerkine with autocrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like functions that have important basic and translational implications. For instance, lactate signaling is: involved in reproductive biology, fueling the heart, muscle adaptation, and brain executive function, growth and development, and a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Lactate also works with many other mechanisms and factors in controlling cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation during exercise. Ironically, lactate can be disruptive of normal processes such as insulin secretion when insertion of lactate transporters into pancreatic β-cell membranes is not suppressed, and in carcinogenesis when factors that suppress carcinogenesis are inhibited, whereas factors that promote carcinogenesis are upregulated. Lactate signaling is important in areas of intermediary metabolism, redox biology, mitochondrial biogenesis, neurobiology, gut physiology, appetite regulation, nutrition, and overall health and vigor. The various roles of lactate as a myokine and exerkine are reviewed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactate sensing and signaling is a relatively new and rapidly changing field. As a physiological signal lactate works both independently and in concert with other signals. Lactate operates via covalent binding and canonical signaling, redox change, and lactylation of DNA. Lactate can also serve as an element of feedback loops in cardiopulmonary regulation. From conception through aging lactate is not the only a myokine or exerkine, but it certainly deserves consideration as a physiological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Diana D Moreno-Santillan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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15
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Qiu S, Wang Y, Rao H, Que Q, Wu Y, Zhu R, Feng X, Chi J, Lai W, Sun Y, Xiao Q, Shi H, Xiang Y. Tumor microenvironment-associated lactate metabolism regulates the prognosis and precise checkpoint immunotherapy outcomes of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:256. [PMID: 36411477 PMCID: PMC9677690 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wide clinical application of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma, its limited benefit to patients remains puzzling to researchers. One of the mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance may be the dysregulation of lactate metabolism in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which can inhibit dendritic cell maturation and prevent T-cell invasion into tumors. However, the key genes related to lactate metabolism and their influence on the immunotherapeutic effects in lung adenocarcinoma have not yet been investigated in depth. METHODS In this study, we first surveyed the dysregulated expression of genes related to lactate metabolism in lung adenocarcinoma and then characterized their biological functions. Using machine learning methods, we constructed a lactate-associated gene signature in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and validated its effectiveness in predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes of patients in the Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts. RESULTS A 7-gene signature based on the metabolomics related to lactate metabolism was found to be associated with multiple important clinical features of cancer and was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that rather than being simply a metabolic byproduct of glycolysis, lactate in the TME can affect immunotherapy outcomes. Therefore, the mechanism underlying this effect of lactate is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qiu
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hui Rao
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qiuyang Que
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Feng
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Chi
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Weiling Lai
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yihang Sun
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Jiangkou Town Central Health Center, Ganxian District, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huaqiu Shi
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- grid.440714.20000 0004 1797 9454Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, No 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, China
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16
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Guntur VP, Nemkov T, de Boer E, Mohning MP, Baraghoshi D, Cendali FI, San-Millán I, Petrache I, D’Alessandro A. Signatures of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Impaired Fatty Acid Metabolism in Plasma of Patients with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Metabolites 2022; 12:1026. [PMID: 36355108 PMCID: PMC9699059 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is a major manifestation of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection (PASC, or "long-COVID"). Exercise intolerance in PASC is associated with higher arterial blood lactate accumulation and lower fatty acid oxidation rates during graded exercise tests to volitional exertion, suggesting altered metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. It remains unclear whether the profound disturbances in metabolism that have been identified in plasma from patients suffering from acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are also present in PASC. To bridge this gap, individuals with a history of previous acute COVID-19 infection that did not require hospitalization were enrolled at National Jewish Health (Denver, CO, USA) and were grouped into those that developed PASC (n = 29) and those that fully recovered (n = 16). Plasma samples from the two groups were analyzed via mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics and compared against plasma metabolic profiles of healthy control individuals (n = 30). Observational demographic and clinical data were retrospectively abstracted from the medical record. Compared to plasma of healthy controls or individuals who recovered from COVID-19, PASC plasma exhibited significantly higher free- and carnitine-conjugated mono-, poly-, and highly unsaturated fatty acids, accompanied by markedly lower levels of mono-, di- and tricarboxylates (pyruvate, lactate, citrate, succinate, and malate), polyamines (spermine) and taurine. Plasma from individuals who fully recovered from COVID-19 exhibited an intermediary metabolic phenotype, with milder disturbances in fatty acid metabolism and higher levels of spermine and taurine. Of note, depletion of tryptophan-a hallmark of disease severity in COVID-19-is not normalized in PASC patients, despite normalization of kynurenine levels-a tryptophan metabolite that predicts mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, PASC plasma metabolites are indicative of altered fatty acid metabolism and dysfunctional mitochondria-dependent lipid catabolism. These metabolic profiles obtained at rest are consistent with previously reported mitochondrial dysfunction during exercise, and may pave the way for therapeutic intervention focused on restoring mitochondrial fat-burning capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi P. Guntur
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Esther de Boer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael P. Mohning
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Baraghoshi
- Department of Biostatistics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Francesca I. Cendali
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Inigo San-Millán
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Zhao B, Xu Y, Chen Y, Cai Y, Gong Z, Li D, Kuang H, Liu X, Zhou H, Liu G, Yin Y. Activation of TRPV4 by lactate as a critical mediator of renal fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats after moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 13:927078. [PMID: 36160854 PMCID: PMC9493464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.927078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate-intensity exercise training has been regarded a healthy way to alleviate kidney fibrosis by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway. However, the impact of different intensity exercise training on renal function is unknown, and the underlying mechanism is also unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of lactic acid in different intensity exercise training on renal fibrosis in spontaneous hypertension. Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry, lactic acid kit, and Western blotting were applied on the excised renal tissue from six male Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) and 18 male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which were randomly divided into a sedentary hypertensive group (SHR), moderate-intensity exercise hypertensive group (SHR-M), and high-intensity exercise hypertensive group (SHR-H). The results revealed that renal and blood lactic acid, as well as the key fibrotic protein levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), TGFβ-1, phospho-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), were significantly decreased in the SHR-M group when compared with the SHR and SHR-H groups. In further in vitro experiments, we selected normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) cells. By immunofluorescence and Western blotting techniques, we found that TRPV4 antagonists (RN-1734) markedly inhibited lactate-induced fibrosis. In conclusion, compared with previous studies, high-intensity exercise training (HIET) can cause adverse effects (renal damage and fibrosis). High concentrations of lactic acid can aggravate renal fibrosis conditions via activating TRPV4-TGFβ1-SMAD2/3-CTGF-mediated renal fibrotic pathways in spontaneous hypertension. This finding might provide new ideas for treating hypertensive nephropathy with different intensity exercise in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyan Gong
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guochun Liu
- The College of Exercise Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guochun Liu, ; Yuehui Yin, ,
| | - Yuehui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guochun Liu, ; Yuehui Yin, ,
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18
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Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 on Lactate Uptake and Usage in Mice with Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Decline. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5656-5672. [PMID: 35761156 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that exerts beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. However, the impact of FGF21 on type 1 diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) and its mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of FGF21 on lactate uptake and usage in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced DACD. Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into the control, diabetic, and FGF21 (which received 2 mg/kg recombinant human FGF21) groups. At the end of the treatment period, learning and memory performance, nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics, and expressions of various hippocampal protein were analyzed to determine the efficacy of FGF21. The results showed that compared to the control mice, the diabetic mice had reduced long-term memory performance after the hyperglycemic insult; decreased hippocampal levels of lactate dehydrogenase-B (LDH-B) activity, bioenergy metabolites, and monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2); and increased lactate levels. Impaired phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling was also observed in the diabetic mice. However, FGF21 treatment improved LDH-B activity, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and ATP levels, and increased MCT2 expression and PI3K signaling pathway, which in turn improved the learning and memory defects. These findings demonstrated that the effects of FGF21 on DACD were associated with its ability to improve LDH-B-mediated lactate usage and MCT2-dependent lactate uptake. Further, these beneficial effects of FGF21 in the hippocampus were mediated by the PI3K signaling pathways.
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