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Jiang Q, Yang X, Deng T, Yan J, Guo F, Mo L, An S, Huang Q. Comprehensive machine learning-based integration develops a novel prognostic model for glioblastoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200838. [PMID: 39072291 PMCID: PMC11278295 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new prognostic model for glioblastoma (GBM) based on an integrated machine learning algorithm. We used univariate Cox regression analysis to identify prognostic genes by combining six GBM cohorts. Based on the prognostic genes, 10 machine learning algorithms were integrated into 117 algorithm combinations, and the artificial intelligence prognostic signature (AIPS) with the greatest average C-index was chosen. The AIPS was compared with 10 previously published models by univariate Cox analysis and the C-index. We compared the differences in prognosis, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and immunotherapy sensitivity between the high and low AIPS score groups. The AIPS based on the random survival forest algorithm with the highest average C-index (0.868) was selected. Compared with the previous 10 prognostic models, our AIPS has the highest C-index. The AIPS was closely linked to the clinical features of GBM. We discovered that patients in the low score group had improved prognoses, a more active TIME, and were more sensitive to immunotherapy. Finally, we verified the expression of several key genes by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We identified an ideal prognostic signature for GBM, which might provide new insights into stratified treatment approaches for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiawei Yang
- Transplant Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Teng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ligen Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sanqi An
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qianrong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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2
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Frederico SC, Raphael I, Nisnboym M, Huq S, Schlegel BT, Sneiderman CT, Jackson SA, Jain A, Olin MR, Rood BR, Pollack IF, Hwang EI, Rajasundaram D, Kohanbash G. Transcriptomic observations of intra and extracellular immunotherapy targets for pediatric brain tumors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39114885 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2390023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite surgical resection, chemoradiation, and targeted therapy, brain tumors remain a leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Immunotherapy has shown some promise and is actively being investigated for treating childhood brain tumors. However, a critical step in advancing immunotherapy for these patients is to uncover targets that can be effectively translated into therapeutic interventions. METHODS In this study, our team performed a transcriptomic analysis across pediatric brain tumor types to identify potential targets for immunotherapy. Additionally, we assessed components that may impact patient response to immunotherapy, including the expression of genes essential for antigen processing and presentation, inhibitory ligands and receptors, interferon signature, and overall predicted T cell infiltration. RESULTS We observed distinct expression patterns across tumor types. These included elevated expression of antigen genes and antigen processing machinery in some tumor types while other tumors had elevated inhibitory checkpoint receptors, known to be associated with response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that pediatric brain tumors exhibit distinct potential for specific immunotherapies. We believe our findings can guide investigators in their assessment of appropriate immunotherapy classes and targets in pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Frederico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michal Nisnboym
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sakibul Huq
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brent T Schlegel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaim T Sneiderman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sydney A Jackson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anya Jain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian R Rood
- Division of Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Division of Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Savage WM, Yeary MD, Tang AJ, Sperring CP, Argenziano MG, Adapa AR, Yoh N, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Biomarkers of immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Neurooncol Pract 2024; 11:383-394. [PMID: 39006524 PMCID: PMC11241363 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer, comprising half of all malignant brain tumors. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 14-15 months. Current therapies for GBM, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection, remain inadequate. Novel therapies are required to extend patient survival. Although immunotherapy has shown promise in other cancers, including melanoma and non-small lung cancer, its efficacy in GBM has been limited to subsets of patients. Identifying biomarkers of immunotherapy response in GBM could help stratify patients, identify new therapeutic targets, and develop more effective treatments. This article reviews existing and emerging biomarkers of clinical response to immunotherapy in GBM. The scope of this review includes immune checkpoint inhibitor and antitumoral vaccination approaches, summarizing the variety of molecular, cellular, and computational methodologies that have been explored in the setting of anti-GBM immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Savage
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell D Yeary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony J Tang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colin P Sperring
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Argenziano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arjun R Adapa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Yoh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Li C, Long L, Wang Y, Chi X, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Ji N. Constitutive type-1 interferons signaling activity in malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 2024; 168:381-391. [PMID: 38789844 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-024-04601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies revealed a pro-tumor effect of constitutive Type-1 interferons (IFN-I) production and the downstream signaling activity in several malignancies. In contrast, heterogeneity and clinical significance of the signaling activity in gliomas remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to depict the heterogeneity and clinical significance of constitutive Type-1 interferon (IFN-I) production and the downstream signaling activity in gliomas. METHODS We utilized multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) on a 364 gliomas tissue microarray from our cohort. Moreover, we conducted bioinformatic analyses on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases to investigate the heterogeneity and clinical significance of constitutive IFN-I signaling activity in gliomas. RESULTS We observed high heterogeneity of the constitutive IFN-I signaling activity among glioma subtypes. Signaling increased with the WHO malignancy grade while decreasing in the gliomas with IDH mutations. Additionally, high IFN-I activity served as an independent predictor of unfavorable outcomes, and global DNA hypermethylation in IDH-mutant gliomas was associated with decreased IFN-I signaling activity. Positive correlations were observed between the IFN-I activity and glioma-associated inflammation, encompassing both anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, the IFN-I activity varied significantly among tumor and immune cells in the glioma microenvironment (GME). Notably, a distinct pattern of IFN-I signaling activity distribution in GME cells was observed among glioma subtypes, and the pattern was independently associated with patient overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive IFN-I signaling activity varies significantly among glioma subtypes and represents a potential indicator for increased glioma inflammation and unfavorable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Chi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fengtai District, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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Pesce A, Palmieri M, Pietrantonio A, Ciarlo S, Salvati M, Pompucci A. Resection of supratentorial high-grade gliomas availing of neuronavigation matched intraoperative ultrasound and Fluorescein: How far is it safe to push the resection? World Neurosurg X 2024; 23:100379. [PMID: 38645511 PMCID: PMC11027571 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High-Grade Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancies and despite the multimodal treatment, and the increasing amount of adjuvant treatment options the overall prognosis remains dismal. The present investigation aims to analyze the safety profile of the use of intraoperative ultrasounds (Io-US) in a homogeneous and matched cohort of patients suffering from High-grade gliomas (HGG) operated on with or without the aid of Io-US and Fluorescein in specific relation to the incidence of neurological and functional status sequelae. Methods and materials A retrospective analysis was performed on 74 patients affected by HGG. 22 patients were treated with Io-US matched with neuronavigational system (Group A); 15 patients were treated both with the use of Io-US and Fluorescein matched with neuronavigational system (Group B); 37 patients were treated with the use of the neuronavigational system only (Group C). Primary endpoints were the extent of resection and functional outcome (measured with Karnofski Performance Status). Results Significative differences were observed in terms of a higher extent of resection in Group B. In a multivariate analysis, this data appears to be independent of the location (eloquent/non-eloquent) of the lesion and from its histology. Regarding functional outcomes, no differences were detected between the two groups. Conclusions The present study is the first that analyzes the simultaneous use of Io-US and Fluorescein, and the results demonstrate that these two instruments together could improve the extent of resection in HGG while ensuring good outcomes in terms of functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pesce
- A.O. “Santa Maria Goretti”, Neurosurgery Division - Latina, Via Lucia Scaravelli, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
| | - Mauro Palmieri
- Università“La Sapienza” di Roma, Neurosurgery Division - Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea Pietrantonio
- A.O. “Santa Maria Goretti”, Neurosurgery Division - Latina, Via Lucia Scaravelli, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciarlo
- A.O. “Santa Maria Goretti”, Neurosurgery Division - Latina, Via Lucia Scaravelli, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
| | - Maurizio Salvati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Pompucci
- A.O. “Santa Maria Goretti”, Neurosurgery Division - Latina, Via Lucia Scaravelli, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy
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Bak S, Kim KS, Na K. Human adipose-derived stem cells genetically programmed to induce necroptosis for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:995-1006. [PMID: 38858535 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) inserted with the receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) gene (RP@ADSCs), which induces cell necroptosis, for tumor immunotherapy. Necroptosis has characteristics of both apoptosis, such as programmed cell death, and necrosis, such as swelling and plasma membrane rupture, during which damage-related molecular patterns are released, triggering an immune response. Therefore, necroptosis has the potential to be used as an effective anticancer immunotherapy. RP@ADSCs were programmed to necroptosis after a particular time after being injected in vivo, and various pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted during the stem cell death process stimulated the immune system, showing local and sustained anticancer effects. It was confirmed that RIP3 protein expression increased in ADSCs after RP transfection. RP@ADSCs continued to induce ADSCs death for 7 days, and various pro-inflammatory cytokines were secreted through ADSCs death. The efficacy of RP@ADSCs-mediated immunotherapy was evaluated in mouse models bearing GL-26 (glioblastoma) and K1735 (melanoma), and it was found that RP resulted in an increase in the population of long-term cytotoxic T cells and a decrease in the population of regulatory T cells. This shows that RP@ADSCs have potential and applicability as an excellent anticancer immunotherapy agent in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bak
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Kim
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Pollack IF, Felker J, Frederico SC, Raphael I, Kohanbash G. Immunotherapy for pediatric low-grade gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 2024:10.1007/s00381-024-06491-9. [PMID: 38884777 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common brain tumor types affecting children. Although gross-total resection remains the treatment of choice, many tumors are not amenable to complete removal, because they either involve midline structures, such as the optic chiasm or hypothalamus, and are not conducive to aggressive resection, or have diffuse biological features and blend with the surrounding brain. Historically, radiation therapy was used as the second-line option for disease control, but with the recognition that this often led to adverse long-term sequelae, particularly in young children, conventional chemotherapy assumed a greater role in initial therapy for unresectable tumors. A variety of agents demonstrated activity, but long-term disease control was suboptimal, with more than 50% of tumors exhibiting disease progression within 5 years. More recently, it has been recognized that a high percentage of these tumors in children exhibit constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway because of BRAF translocations or mutations, NFI mutations, or a host of other anomalies that converged on MAPK. This led to phase 1, 2, and 3 trials that explored the activity of blocking this signaling pathway, and the efficacy of this approach compared to conventional chemotherapy. Despite initial promise of these strategies, not all children tolerate this therapy, and many tumors resume growth once MAPK inhibition is stopped, raising concern that long-term and potentially life-long treatment will be required to maintain tumor control, even among responders. This observation has led to interest in other treatments, such as immunotherapy, that may delay or avoid the need for additional treatments. This chapter will summarize the place of immunotherapy in the current armamentarium for these tumors and discuss prior results and future options to improve disease control, with a focus on our prior efforts and experience in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - James Felker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Stephen C Frederico
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
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Khosravi G, Mostafavi S, Bastan S, Ebrahimi N, Gharibvand RS, Eskandari N. Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:521-553. [PMID: 38551889 PMCID: PMC11110955 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors can be classified into distinct immunophenotypes based on the presence and arrangement of cytotoxic immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hot tumors, characterized by heightened immune activity and responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), stand in stark contrast to cold tumors, which lack immune infiltration and remain resistant to therapy. To overcome immune evasion mechanisms employed by tumor cells, novel immunologic modulators have emerged, particularly ICIs targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1). These agents disrupt inhibitory signals and reactivate the immune system, transforming cold tumors into hot ones and promoting effective antitumor responses. However, challenges persist, including primary resistance to immunotherapy, autoimmune side effects, and tumor response heterogeneity. Addressing these challenges requires innovative strategies, deeper mechanistic insights, and a combination of immune interventions to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies. In the landscape of cancer medicine, where immune cold tumors represent a formidable hurdle, understanding the TME and harnessing its potential to reprogram the immune response is paramount. This review sheds light on current advancements and future directions in the quest for more effective and safer cancer treatment strategies, offering hope for patients with immune-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam‐Reza Khosravi
- Department of Medical ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Samaneh Mostafavi
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sanaz Bastan
- Department of Medical ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Narges Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Roya Safari Gharibvand
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Medical ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Cuccarini V, Savoldi F, Mardor Y, Last D, Pellegatta S, Mazzi F, Bruzzone MG, Anghileri E, Pollo B, Maddaloni L, Russo C, Bocchi E, Pinzi V, Eoli M, Aquino D. Response assessment of GBM during immunotherapy by delayed contrast treatment response assessment maps. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1374737. [PMID: 38651109 PMCID: PMC11033465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1374737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessing the treatment response of glioblastoma multiforme during immunotherapy (IT) is an open issue. Treatment response assessment maps (TRAMs) might help distinguish true tumor progression (TTP) and pseudoprogression (PsP) in this setting. Methods We recruited 16 naïve glioblastoma patients enrolled in a phase II trial consisting of the Stupp protocol (a standardized treatment for glioblastoma involving combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide, followed by adjuvant temozolomide) plus IT with dendritic cells. Patients were followed up till progression or death; seven underwent a second surgery for suspected progression. Clinical, immunological, and MRI data were collected from all patients and histology in case of second surgery. Patients were classified as responders (progression-free survival, PFS > 12 months), and non-responders (PFS ≤ 12), HIGH-NK (natural killer cells, i.e., immunological responders), and LOW-NK (immunological non-responders) based on immune cell counts in peripheral blood. TRAMs differentiate contrast-enhancing lesions with different washout dynamics into hypothesized tumoral (conventionally blue-colored) vs. treatment-related (red-colored). Results Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, a threshold of -0.066 in VBlue/VCE (volume of the blue portion of tumoral area/volume of contrast enhancement) variation between values obtained in the MRI performed before PsP/TTP and at TTP/PSP allowed to discriminate TTP from PsP with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 100%. Among HIGH-NK patients, at month 6 there was a significant reduction compared to baseline and month 2 in median "blue" volumes. Discussion In conclusion, in our pilot study TRAMs support the discrimination between tumoral and treatment-related enhancing features in immunological responders vs. non-responders, the distinction between PsP and TTP, and might provide surrogate markers of immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cuccarini
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Savoldi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Yael Mardor
- Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Last
- Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Anghileri
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Neuro-Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Maddaloni
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Russo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione (DIETI), Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Bocchi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pinzi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Eoli
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Aquino
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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10
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Salvato I, Marchini A. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1276. [PMID: 38610954 PMCID: PMC11010873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the best up-to-date treatments, grade 4 Glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly fatal with a patient median overall survival of less than 2 years. Recent advances in immunotherapy have reignited interest in utilizing immunological approaches to fight cancer. However, current immunotherapies have so far not met the anticipated expectations, achieving modest results in their journey from bench to bedside for the treatment of GBM. Understanding the intrinsic features of GBM is of crucial importance for the development of effective antitumoral strategies to improve patient life expectancy and conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the distinctive characteristics of GBM that significantly influence current conventional therapies and immune-based approaches. Moreover, we present an overview of the immunotherapeutic strategies currently undergoing clinical evaluation for GBM treatment, with a specific emphasis on those advancing to phase 3 clinical studies. These encompass immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapies, vaccination strategies (i.e., RNA-, DNA-, and peptide-based vaccines), and virus-based approaches. Finally, we explore novel innovative strategies and future prospects in the field of immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Salvato
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Frederico SC, Sharma N, Darling C, Taori S, Dubinsky AC, Zhang X, Raphael I, Kohanbash G. Myeloid cells as potential targets for immunotherapy in pediatric gliomas. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1346493. [PMID: 38523840 PMCID: PMC10960498 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1346493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) including pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) are highly aggressive pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. pGBM comprises approximately 3% of all pediatric CNS malignancies and has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. Surgical resection and chemoradiation are often the standard of care for pGBM and pHGG, however, even with these interventions, survival for children diagnosed with pGBM and pHGG remains poor. Due to shortcomings associated with the standard of care, many efforts have been made to create novel immunotherapeutic approaches targeted to these malignancies. These efforts include the use of vaccines, cell-based therapies, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, it is believed that in many pediatric glioma patients an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) possess barriers that limit the efficacy of immune-based therapies. One of these barriers includes the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. In this review we will discuss the various types of myeloid cells present in the glioma TME, including macrophages and microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and dendritic cells, as well as the specific mechanisms these cells can employ to enable immunosuppression. Finally, we will highlight therapeutic strategies targeted to these cells that are aimed at impeding myeloid-cell derived immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Frederico
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Corbin Darling
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Suchet Taori
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Sloan Kettering Memorial Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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12
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Vincze SR, Jaswal AP, Frederico SC, Nisnboym M, Li B, Xiong Z, Sever RE, Sneiderman CT, Rodgers M, Day KE, Latoche JD, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Frederick R, Patel RB, Hadjipanayis CG, Raphael I, Nedrow JR, Edwards WB, Kohanbash G. ImmunoPET imaging of TIGIT in the glioma microenvironment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5305. [PMID: 38438420 PMCID: PMC10912309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Currently, there are few effective treatment options for GBM beyond surgery and chemo-radiation, and even with these interventions, median patient survival remains poor. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against non-central nervous system cancers, ICI trials for GBM have typically had poor outcomes. TIGIT is an immune checkpoint receptor that is expressed on activated T-cells and has a role in the suppression of T-cell and Natural Killer (NK) cell function. As TIGIT expression is reported as both prognostic and a biomarker for anti-TIGIT therapy, we constructed a molecular imaging agent, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-TIGIT (89Zr-αTIGIT), to visualize TIGIT in preclinical GBM by immunoPET imaging. PET imaging and biodistribution analysis of 89Zr-αTIGIT demonstrated uptake in the tumor microenvironment of GBM-bearing mice. Blocking antibody and irrelevant antibody tracer studies demonstrated specificity of 89Zr-αTIGIT with significance at a late time point post-tracer injection. However, the magnitude of 89Zr-αTIGIT uptake in tumor, relative to the IgG tracer was minimal. These findings highlight the features and limitations of using 89Zr-αTIGIT to visualize TIGIT in the GBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Vincze
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ambika P Jaswal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C Frederico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michal Nisnboym
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - ReidAnn E Sever
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaim T Sneiderman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mikayla Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kathryn E Day
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph D Latoche
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lesley M Foley
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robin Frederick
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Costas G Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessie R Nedrow
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - W Barry Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Trivedi V, Yang C, Klippel K, Yegorov O, von Roemeling C, Hoang-Minh L, Fenton G, Ogando-Rivas E, Castillo P, Moore G, Long-James K, Dyson K, Doonan B, Flores C, Mitchell DA. mRNA-based precision targeting of neoantigens and tumor-associated antigens in malignant brain tumors. Genome Med 2024; 16:17. [PMID: 38268001 PMCID: PMC10809449 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in the successful use of immunotherapy in treating a variety of solid tumors, applications in treating brain tumors have lagged considerably. This is due, at least in part, to the lack of well-characterized antigens expressed within brain tumors that can mediate tumor rejection; the low mutational burden of these tumors that limits the abundance of targetable neoantigens; and the immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment that hampers the generation of sustained and productive immunologic responses. The field of mRNA-based therapeutics has experienced a boon following the universal approval of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. mRNA-based immunotherapeutics have also garnered widespread interest for their potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. In this study, we developed a novel and scalable approach for the production of personalized mRNA-based therapeutics that target multiple tumor rejection antigens in a single therapy for the treatment of refractory brain tumors. METHODS Tumor-specific neoantigens and aberrantly overexpressed tumor-associated antigens were identified for glioblastoma and medulloblastoma tumors using our cancer immunogenomics pipeline called Open Reading Frame Antigen Network (O.R.A.N). Personalized tumor antigen-specific mRNA vaccine was developed for each individual tumor model using selective gene capture and enrichment strategy. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the personalized mRNA vaccines was evaluated in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy or adoptive cellular therapy with ex vivo expanded tumor antigen-specific lymphocytes in highly aggressive murine GBM models. RESULTS Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the antigen-specific mRNA vaccines in eliciting robust anti-tumor immune responses in GBM hosts. Our findings substantiate an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes characterized by enhanced effector function, both intratumorally and systemically, after antigen-specific mRNA-directed immunotherapy, resulting in a favorable shift in the tumor microenvironment from immunologically cold to hot. Capacity to generate personalized mRNA vaccines targeting human GBM antigens was also demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS We have established a personalized and customizable mRNA-therapeutic approach that effectively targets a plurality of tumor antigens and demonstrated potent anti-tumor response in preclinical brain tumor models. This platform mRNA technology uniquely addresses the challenge of tumor heterogeneity and low antigen burden, two key deficiencies in targeting the classically immunotherapy-resistant CNS malignancies, and possibly other cold tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrunda Trivedi
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Changlin Yang
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kelena Klippel
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Oleg Yegorov
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Lan Hoang-Minh
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Graeme Fenton
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Paul Castillo
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ginger Moore
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kaytora Long-James
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kyle Dyson
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bently Doonan
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Catherine Flores
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, BSB B1-118, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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14
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Dusoswa SA, Verhoeff J, van Asten S, Lübbers J, van den Braber M, Peters S, Abeln S, Crommentuijn MH, Wesseling P, Vandertop WP, Twisk JWR, Würdinger T, Noske D, van Kooyk Y, Garcia-Vallejo JJ. The immunological landscape of peripheral blood in glioblastoma patients and immunological consequences of age and dexamethasone treatment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343484. [PMID: 38318180 PMCID: PMC10839779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastomas manipulate the immune system both locally and systemically, yet, glioblastoma-associated changes in peripheral blood immune composition are poorly studied. Age and dexamethasone administration in glioblastoma patients have been hypothesized to limit the effectiveness of immunotherapy, but their effects remain unclear. We compared peripheral blood immune composition in patients with different types of brain tumor to determine the influence of age, dexamethasone treatment, and tumor volume. Methods High-dimensional mass cytometry was used to characterise peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 169 patients with glioblastoma, lower grade astrocytoma, metastases and meningioma. We used blood from medically-refractory epilepsy patients and healthy controls as control groups. Immune phenotyping was performed using FlowSOM and t-SNE analysis in R followed by supervised annotation of the resulting clusters. We conducted multiple linear regression analysis between intracranial pathology and cell type abundance, corrected for clinical variables. We tested correlations between cell type abundance and survival with Cox-regression analyses. Results Glioblastoma patients had significantly fewer naive CD4+ T cells, but higher percentages of mature NK cells than controls. Decreases of naive CD8+ T cells and alternative monocytes and an increase of memory B cells in glioblastoma patients were influenced by age and dexamethasone treatment, and only memory B cells by tumor volume. Progression free survival was associated with percentages of CD4+ regulatory T cells and double negative T cells. Conclusion High-dimensional mass cytometry of peripheral blood in patients with different types of intracranial tumor provides insight into the relation between intracranial pathology and peripheral immune status. Wide immunosuppression associated with age and pre-operative dexamethasone treatment provide further evidence for their deleterious effects on treatment with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Verhoeff
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Asten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lübbers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlous van den Braber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Peters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Abeln
- Department of Computer Science, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matheus H.W. Crommentuijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Princes Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Al-Hawary SIS, Alhajlah S, Olegovich BD, Hjazi A, Rajput P, Ali SHJ, Abosoda M, Ihsan A, Oudah SK, Mustafa YF. Effective extracellular vesicles in glioma: Focusing on effective ncRNA exosomes and immunotherapy methods for treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3921. [PMID: 38269511 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive article explores the complex field of glioma treatment, with a focus on the important roles of non-coding RNAsRNAs (ncRNAs) and exosomes, as well as the potential synergies of immunotherapy. The investigation begins by examining the various functions of ncRNAs and their involvement in glioma pathogenesis, progression, and as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Special attention is given to exosomes as carriers of ncRNAs and their intricate dynamics within the tumor microenvironment. The exploration extends to immunotherapy methods, analyzing their mechanisms and clinical implications in the treatment of glioma. By synthesizing these components, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how ncRNAs, exosomes, and immunotherapy interact, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of glioma research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharif Alhajlah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bokov Dmitry Olegovich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranchal Rajput
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Saad Hayif Jasim Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Munther Abosoda
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Ihsan
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Iraq
| | - Shamam Kareem Oudah
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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16
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Glavatskyi O, Khranovska N, Skachkova O, Gorbach O, Khmelnytskyi H, Shuba I, Pedachenko Y, Zemskova O, Zemskova O. DENDRITIC CELLS IN GLIOBLASTOMA TREATMENT: A MODERN VIEW OF THE PROBLEM AND OWN EXPERIENCE. Exp Oncol 2023; 45:282-296. [PMID: 38186026 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.03.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The improvement of the efficacy of GBM treatment is an urgent problem encouraging the development of novel therapeutic strategies, in particular, immunotherapeutic modalities. With more understanding of the intimate interrelationships between the immune system and the mechanisms involved in cancer origin and progression, the skepticism related to the relevance of the immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of brain tumors is gradually decreasing. The review discloses the modern concepts on the association between CNS and the immune system. For a long time, CNS was considered as the immunoprivileged site that prevents the effects of immunotherapy in the treatment of brain tumors. Nowadays, these views are reconsidered, which opens the way to the use of immunotherapeutic approaches in GBM treatment. The results of the recent clinical trials on immunotherapy as a supplement to the conventional GBM treatment are considered. Vaccines based on the dendritic cell (DC) technology are regarded as the most promising for this purpose. The preliminary results of the Ukrainian clinical study are also presented and discussed. The results of the international clinical trials as well as our own experience give evidence of the relevance for using DC vaccines in the complex treatment of GBM, which is supported by the increased survival of patients and the safety of vaccine application. It is of high importance that GBM patients with the most unfavorable prognosis can benefit from DC vaccines as a component of the complex treatment. The prospects for immunotherapy in neurooncology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Glavatskyi
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - N Khranovska
- State Non-commercial Enterprise "National Cancer Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Skachkova
- State Non-commercial Enterprise "National Cancer Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Gorbach
- State Non-commercial Enterprise "National Cancer Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - H Khmelnytskyi
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - I Shuba
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ye Pedachenko
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Zemskova
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - O Zemskova
- State Institution "Academician Romodanov Institute of Neurosurgery, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine.
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17
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Batchu S, Hanafy KA, Redjal N, Godil SS, Thomas AJ. Single-cell analysis reveals diversity of tumor-associated macrophages and their interactions with T lymphocytes in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20874. [PMID: 38012322 PMCID: PMC10682178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary CNS malignancy and clinical outcomes have remained stagnant despite introduction of new treatments. Understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) interact with T cells has been of great interest. Although previous studies examining TAMs in GBM have shown that certain TAMs are associated with specific clinical and/or pathologic features, these studies used an outdated M1/M2 paradigm of macrophage polarization and failed to include the continuum of TAM states in GBM. Perhaps most significantly, the interactions of TAMs with T cells have yet to be fully explored. Our study uses single-cell RNA sequencing data from adult IDH-wildtype GBM, with the primary aim of deciphering the cellular interactions of the 7 TAM subtypes with T cells in the GBM TME. Furthermore, the interactions discovered herein are compared to IDH-mutant astrocytoma, allowing for focus on the cellular ecosystem unique to GBM. The resulting ligand-receptor interactions, signaling sources, and global communication patterns discovered provide a framework for future studies to explore methods of leveraging the immune system for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Batchu
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Khalid A Hanafy
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Navid Redjal
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Saniya S Godil
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ajith J Thomas
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA.
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18
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Pour ME, Moghadam SG, Shirkhani P, Sahebkar A, Mosaffa F. Therapeutic cell-based vaccines for glioblastoma multiforme. Med Oncol 2023; 40:354. [PMID: 37952224 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly aggressive tumor, poses significant challenges in achieving successful treatment outcomes. Conventional therapeutic modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have demonstrated limited efficacy, primarily attributed to the complexities associated with drug delivery to the tumor site and tumor heterogeneity. To address this critical need for innovative therapies, the potential of cancer vaccines utilizing tumor cells and dendritic cells has been explored for GBM treatment. This article provides a comprehensive review of therapeutic vaccinations employing cell-based vaccine strategies for the management of GBM. A meticulous evaluation of 45 clinical trials involving more than 1500 participants revealed that cell-based vaccinations have exhibited favorable safety profiles with minimal toxicity. Moreover, these vaccines have demonstrated modest improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival among patients. However, certain limitations still persist. Notably, there is a need for advancements in the development of potent antigens to evoke immune responses, as well as the optimization of dosage regimens. Consequently, while cell-based vaccinations show promise as a potential therapeutic approach for GBM, further research is imperative to overcome the current limitations. The ultimate objective is to surmount these obstacles and establish cell-based vaccinations as a standard therapeutic modality for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Ebrahim Pour
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samin Ghorbani Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parian Shirkhani
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Jucht A, Dumont S, Pooley C, Gonzalez Castro LN. Cancer vaccine strategies for the treatment of diffusely infiltrating gliomas. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2023; 11:25151355231206163. [PMID: 37886714 PMCID: PMC10599115 DOI: 10.1177/25151355231206163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusely infiltrating gliomas - including glioblastoma (GBM), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas, and histone 3 (H3) altered gliomas - are primary brain tumors with an invariably fatal outcome. Despite advances in the understanding of their biology, standard, targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies have proven ineffective in arresting their inexorable progression and associated morbidity and mortality. Recognizing the unique aspects of the immunogenicity of cancer cells, the last decade has seen the development and evaluation of vaccine-based therapies for the treatment of solid tumors, including gliomas. Here we review the current vaccine strategies for the treatment of GBM, IDH-mutant gliomas and diffuse midline glioma H3 K27M-altered. We discuss potential benefits and challenges of vaccine therapies in these specific patient populations.
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20
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Garcia G, Chakravarty N, Paiola S, Urena E, Gyani P, Tse C, French SW, Danielpour M, Breunig JJ, Nathanson DA, Arumugaswami V. Differential Susceptibility of Ex Vivo Primary Glioblastoma Tumors to Oncolytic Effect of Modified Zika Virus. Cells 2023; 12:2384. [PMID: 37830597 PMCID: PMC10572118 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, is a highly lethal form of cancer with a very limited set of treatment options. High heterogeneity in the tumor cell population and the invasive nature of these cells decrease the likely efficacy of traditional cancer treatments, thus requiring research into novel treatment options. The use of oncolytic viruses as potential therapeutics has been researched for some time. Zika virus (ZIKV) has demonstrated oncotropism and oncolytic effects on GBM stem cells (GSCs). To address the need for safe and effective GBM treatments, we designed an attenuated ZIKV strain (ZOL-1) that does not cause paralytic or neurological diseases in mouse models compared with unmodified ZIKV. Importantly, we found that patient-derived GBM tumors exhibited susceptibility (responders) and non-susceptibility (non-responders) to ZOL-1-mediated tumor cell killing, as evidenced by differential apoptotic cell death and cell viability upon ZOL-1 treatment. The oncolytic effect observed in responder cells was seen both in vitro in neurosphere models and in vivo upon xenograft. Finally, we observed that the use of ZOL-1 as combination therapy with multiple PI3K-AKT inhibitors in non-responder GBM resulted in enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy. Altogether, this study establishes ZOL-1 as a safe and effective treatment against GBM and provides a foundation to conduct further studies evaluating its potential as an effective adjuvant with other chemotherapies and kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Sophia Paiola
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Estrella Urena
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Priya Gyani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Christopher Tse
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.D.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.D.); (J.J.B.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Chen D, Varanasi SK, Hara T, Traina K, Sun M, McDonald B, Farsakoglu Y, Clanton J, Xu S, Garcia-Rivera L, Mann TH, Du V, Chung HK, Xu Z, Tripple V, Casillas E, Ma S, O'Connor C, Yang Q, Zheng Y, Hunter T, Lemke G, Kaech SM. CTLA-4 blockade induces a microglia-Th1 cell partnership that stimulates microglia phagocytosis and anti-tumor function in glioblastoma. Immunity 2023; 56:2086-2104.e8. [PMID: 37572655 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The limited efficacy of immunotherapies against glioblastoma underscores the urgency of better understanding immunity in the central nervous system. We found that treatment with αCTLA-4, but not αPD-1, prolonged survival in a mouse model of mesenchymal-like glioblastoma. This effect was lost upon the depletion of CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells. αCTLA-4 treatment increased frequencies of intratumoral IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells, and IFNγ blockade negated the therapeutic impact of αCTLA-4. The anti-tumor activity of CD4+ T cells did not require tumor-intrinsic MHC-II expression but rather required conventional dendritic cells as well as MHC-II expression on microglia. CD4+ T cells interacted directly with microglia, promoting IFNγ-dependent microglia activation and phagocytosis via the AXL/MER tyrosine kinase receptors, which were necessary for tumor suppression. Thus, αCTLA-4 blockade in mesenchymal-like glioblastoma promotes a CD4+ T cell-microglia circuit wherein IFNγ triggers microglia activation and phagocytosis and microglia in turn act as antigen-presenting cells fueling the CD4+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kacie Traina
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yagmur Farsakoglu
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Josh Clanton
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shihao Xu
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lizmarie Garcia-Rivera
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas H Mann
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Victor Du
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Kay Chung
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ziyan Xu
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Victoria Tripple
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduardo Casillas
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shixin Ma
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Yasinjan F, Xing Y, Geng H, Guo R, Yang L, Liu Z, Wang H. Immunotherapy: a promising approach for glioma treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255611. [PMID: 37744349 PMCID: PMC10512462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors worldwide, with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most common and aggressive type. Despite two decades of relentless pursuit in exploring novel therapeutic approaches for GBM, there is limited progress in improving patients' survival outcomes. Numerous obstacles impede the effective treatment of GBM, including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), the blood-brain barrier, and extensive heterogeneity. Despite these challenges, immunotherapies are emerging as a promising avenue that may offer new hope for the treatment of gliomas. There are four main types of immunotherapies for gliomas, immune checkpoint blockades, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. In addition, gene therapy, bispecific antibody therapy, and combine therapy are also briefly introduced in this review. The significant role of TME in the process of immunotherapies has been emphasized in many studies. Although immunotherapy is a promising treatment for gliomas, enormous effort is required to overcome the existing barriers to its success. Owing to the rapid development and increasing attention paid to immunotherapies for gliomas, this article aims to review the recent advances in immunotherapies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroza Yasinjan
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xing
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huayue Geng
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziling Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Zeng K, Zeng Y, Zhan H, Zhan Z, Wang L, Xie Y, Tang Y, Li C, Chen Y, Li S, Liu M, Chen X, Liang L, Deng F, Song Y, Zhou A. SEC61G assists EGFR-amplified glioblastoma to evade immune elimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303400120. [PMID: 37523556 PMCID: PMC10410745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of chromosome 7p11 (7p11) is the most common alteration in primary glioblastoma (GBM), resulting in gains of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) copy number in 50 to 60% of GBM tumors. However, treatment strategies targeting EGFR have thus far failed in clinical trials, and the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. We here demonstrate that EGFR amplification at the 7p11 locus frequently encompasses its neighboring genes and identifies SEC61G as a critical regulator facilitating GBM immune evasion and tumor growth. We found that SEC61G is always coamplified with EGFR and is highly expressed in GBM. As an essential subunit of the SEC61 translocon complex, SEC61G promotes translocation of newly translated immune checkpoint ligands (ICLs, including PD-L1, PVR, and PD-L2) into the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes their glycosylation, stabilization, and membrane presentation. Depletion of SEC61G promotes the infiltration and cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells and thus inhibits GBM occurrence. Further, SEC61G inhibition augments the therapeutic efficiency of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mice. Our study demonstrates a critical role of SEC61G in GBM immune evasion, which provides a compelling rationale for combination therapy of EGFR-amplified GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Hongchao Zhan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Ziling Zhan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Shangbiao Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510285, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Li Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Aidong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510285, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
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24
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Hothi P, Cobbs C. The potential role of human endogenous retrovirus K in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170885. [PMID: 37395278 DOI: 10.1172/jci170885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The most active human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) subtype, HML-2, has been implicated as a driver of oncogenesis in several cancers. However, the presence and function of HML-2 in malignant gliomas has remained unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Shah and colleagues demonstrate HML-2 overexpression in glioblastoma (GBM) and its role in maintaining the cancer stem cell phenotype. Given that stem-like cells are considered responsible for GBM heterogeneity and treatment resistance, targeting the stem cell niche may reduce tumor recurrence and improve clinical outcomes. The findings provide a foundation for future studies to determine whether antiretroviral and/or immunotherapy approaches targeting HML-2 could be used as therapeutics for GBM.
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25
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Kang X. In-situ formed thermosensitive hydrogel amplifies statin-mediated immune checkpoint blockade for coordinated tumor chemo-immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1154392. [PMID: 37229252 PMCID: PMC10204804 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1154392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule drugs are the next-generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but their in vivo therapeutic outcomes remain unsatisfactory for a long time. Herein, we proposed a combinatory regimen that delivered a small molecule ICI and an immunogenic cell death inducer in an in-situ formed hydrogel scaffold based on thermosensitive materials (Pluronic F127). This platform increased the tumor retention of administrated small molecules, creating more opportunities for the interaction between drugs and tumor cells. We found that atorvastatin (ATO) effectively downregulated the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and reversed compensative PD-L1 upregulation after cyclophosphamide (CTX) chemotherapy on CT26 colon tumors. CTX not only killed tumor cells to reduce the tumor burden, but also release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to stimulate T cell immunity, therefore amplifying statin-mediated immunotherapy. The platform reported in this study might be promising to overcome the limitation of small molecule ICIs with short retention time and potentiate tumor chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Liu
- *Correspondence: Zefan Liu, ; Xin Kang,
| | | | | | | | - Xin Kang
- *Correspondence: Zefan Liu, ; Xin Kang,
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26
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Dillman RO, Nistor GI, Keirstead HS. Autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from self-renewing autologous tumor cells as patient-specific therapeutic cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023:2198467. [PMID: 37133853 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2198467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising personal immunotherapy is autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded ex vivo with autologous tumor antigens (ATA) derived from self-renewing autologous cancer cells. DC-ATA are suspended in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor at the time of each subcutaneous injection. Previously, irradiated autologous tumor cell vaccines have produced encouraging results in 150 cancer patients, but the DC-ATA vaccine demonstrated superiority in single-arm and randomized trials in metastatic melanoma. DC-ATA have been injected into more than 200 patients with melanoma, glioblastoma, and ovarian, hepatocellular, and renal cell cancers. Key observations include: [1] greater than 95% success rates for tumor cell cultures and monocyte collection for dendritic cell production; [2] injections are well-tolerated; [3] the immune response is rapid and includes primarily TH1/TH17 cellular responses; [4] efficacy has been suggested by delayed but durable complete tumor regressions in patients with measurable disease, by progression-free survival in glioblastoma, and by overall survival in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel I Nistor
- Research and Development, AIVITA Biomedical Inc, Irvine, CA, USA
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27
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Hosseinalizadeh H, Rahmati M, Ebrahimi A, O’Connor RS. Current Status and Challenges of Vaccination Therapy for Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:435-446. [PMID: 36779991 PMCID: PMC10155120 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), also known as grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and deadly type of central nervous system malignancy in adults. Despite significant breakthroughs in current GBM treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for late-stage glioblastoma remains bleak due to tumor recurrence following surgical resection. The poor prognosis highlights the evident and pressing need for more efficient and targeted treatment. Vaccination has successfully treated patients with advanced colorectal and lung cancer. Therefore, the potential value of using tumor vaccines in treating glioblastoma is increasingly discussed as a monotherapy or in combination with other cellular immunotherapies. Cancer vaccination includes both passive administration of monoclonal antibodies and active vaccination procedures to activate, boost, or bias antitumor immunity against cancer cells. This article focuses on active immunotherapy with peptide, genetic (DNA, mRNA), and cell-based vaccines in treating GBM and reviews the various treatment approaches currently being tested. Although the ease of synthesis, relative safety, and ability to elicit tumor-specific immune responses have made these vaccines an invaluable tool for cancer treatment, more extensive cohort studies and better guidelines are needed to improve the efficacy of these vaccines in anti-GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hosseinalizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41376, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41376, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ammar Ebrahimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue Du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roddy S O’Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Luo H, Zhang H, Mao J, Cao H, Tao Y, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Zhang N, Liu Z, Zhang J, Luo P, Xia Y, Cheng Y, Xie Z, Cheng Q, Liu G. Exosome-based nanoimmunotherapy targeting TAMs, a promising strategy for glioma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:235. [PMID: 37012233 PMCID: PMC10070666 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, the cell-derived small extracellular vehicles, play a vital role in intracellular communication by reciprocally transporting DNA, RNA, bioactive protein, chains of glucose, and metabolites. With great potential to be developed as targeted drug carriers, cancer vaccines and noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment response evaluation, prognosis prediction, exosomes show extensive advantages of relatively high drug loading capacity, adjustable therapeutic agents release, enhanced permeation and retention effect, striking biodegradability, excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, etc. With the rapid progression of basic exosome research, exosome-based therapeutics are gaining increasing attention in recent years. Glioma, the standard primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor, is still up against significant challenges as current traditional therapies of surgery resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy and numerous efforts into new drugs showed little clinical curative effect. The emerging immunotherapy strategy presents convincing results in many tumors and is driving researchers to exert its potential in glioma. As the crucial component of the glioma microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and strongly influence glioma progression via various signaling molecules, simultaneously providing new insight into therapeutic strategies. Exosomes would substantially assist the TAMs-centered treatment as drug delivery vehicles and liquid biopsy biomarkers. Here we review the current potential exosome-mediated immunotherapeutics targeting TAMs in glioma and conclude the recent investigation on the fundamental mechanisms of diversiform molecular signaling events by TAMs that promote glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinning Mao
- Health management center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanjian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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29
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Neth BJ, Webb MJ, Parney IF, Sener UT. The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Potential of Therapeutic Vaccination in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041134. [PMID: 37111620 PMCID: PMC10141140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and confers a dismal prognosis. With only two FDA-approved therapeutics showing modest survival gains since 2005, there is a great need for the development of other disease-targeted therapies. Due, in part, to the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment seen in GBMs, there has been a broad interest in immunotherapy. In both GBMs and other cancers, therapeutic vaccines have generally yielded limited efficacy, despite their theoretical basis. However, recent results from the DCVax-L trial provide some promise for vaccine therapy in GBMs. There is also the potential that future combination therapies with vaccines and adjuvant immunomodulating agents may greatly enhance antitumor immune responses. Clinicians must remain open to novel therapeutic strategies, such as vaccinations, and carefully await the results of ongoing and future trials. In this review of GBM management, the promise and challenges of immunotherapy with a focus on therapeutic vaccinations are discussed. Additionally, adjuvant therapies, logistical considerations, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Neth
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mason J Webb
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ugur T Sener
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Telomerase: A prominent oncological target for development of chemotherapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115121. [PMID: 36669398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) responsible for the maintenance of chromosomal integrity by stabilizing telomere length. Telomerase is a widely expressed hallmark responsible for replicative immortality in 80-90% of malignant tumors. Cancer cells produce telomerase which prevents telomere shortening by adding telomeres sequences beyond Hayflick's limit; which enables them to divide uncontrollably. The activity of telomerase is relatively low in somatic cells and absent in normal cells, but the re-activation of this RNP in normal cells suppresses p53 activity which leads to the avoidance of senescence causing malignancy. Here, we have focused explicitly on various anti-telomerase therapies and telomerase-inhibiting molecules for the treatment of cancer. We have covered molecules that are reported in developmental, preclinical, and clinical trial stages as potent telomerase inhibitors. Apart from chemotherapy, we have also included details of immunotherapy, gene therapy, G-quadruplex stabilizers, and HSP-90 inhibitors. The purpose of this work is to discuss the challenges behind the development of novel telomerase inhibitors and to identify various perspectives for designing anti-telomerase compounds.
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Pérez de la Cruz G, Pérez de la Cruz V, Navarro Cossio J, Vázquez Cervantes GI, Salazar A, Orozco Morales M, Pineda B. Kynureninase Promotes Immunosuppression and Predicts Survival in Glioma Patients: In Silico Data Analyses of the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030369. [PMID: 36986469 PMCID: PMC10051585 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynureninase (KYNU) is a kynurenine pathway (KP) enzyme that produces metabolites with immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, overactivation of KP has been associated with poor prognosis of several types of cancer, in particular by promoting the invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. However, the role of KYNU in gliomas remains to be explored. In this study, we used the available data from TCGA, CGGA and GTEx projects to analyze KYNU expression in gliomas and healthy tissue, as well as the potential contribution of KYNU in the tumor immune infiltrate. In addition, immune-related genes were screened with KYNU expression. KYNU expression correlated with the increased malignancy of astrocytic tumors. Survival analysis in primary astrocytomas showed that KYNU expression correlated with poor prognosis. Additionally, KYNU expression correlated positively with several genes related to an immunosuppressive microenvironment and with the characteristic immune tumor infiltrate. These findings indicate that KYNU could be a potential therapeutic target for modulating the tumor microenvironment and enhancing an effective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Javier Navarro Cossio
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Mario Orozco Morales
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5606-4040
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Pant A, Lim M. CAR-T Therapy in GBM: Current Challenges and Avenues for Improvement. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1249. [PMID: 36831591 PMCID: PMC9954019 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Completed clinical trials of CAR-T cells in glioblastoma (GBM) have revealed key challenges that limit their efficacy. These include incomplete antigen coverage, downregulation of target antigen in response to therapy, exposure to immunosuppressive cells and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and exhaustion of CAR-T cells. To overcome these challenges, CAR-T cells have been modified to maximize effector function and resist immunosuppression in the tumor while limiting toxicities to the host. Adoption of these novel CAR-T strategies in GBM can overcome the "cold tumor" phenotype of GBM and trigger an inflammatory cascade that maximizes tumor clearance and minimizes CAR-T dysfunction. To achieve this, understanding and harnessing the antigenic, metabolic and immunological composition of GBM is crucial. Here we review the findings from completed clinical trials of CAR-T cells in GBM as well as novel strategies that could improve CAR-T survival and function in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Recent Developments in Glioblastoma Therapy: Oncolytic Viruses and Emerging Future Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020547. [PMID: 36851761 PMCID: PMC9958853 DOI: 10.3390/v15020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of malignant brain tumor. Standard treatment protocols and traditional immunotherapy are poorly effective as they do not significantly increase the long-term survival of glioblastoma patients. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) may be an effective alternative approach. Combining OVs with some modern treatment options may also provide significant benefits for glioblastoma patients. Here we review virotherapy for glioblastomas and describe several OVs and their combination with other therapies. The personalized use of OVs and their combination with other treatment options would become a significant area of research aiming to develop the most effective treatment regimens for glioblastomas.
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Frederico SC, Zhang X, Hu B, Kohanbash G. Pre-clinical models for evaluating glioma targeted immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1092399. [PMID: 36700223 PMCID: PMC9870312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1092399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas have an extremely poor prognosis in both adult and pediatric patient populations as these tumors are known to grow aggressively and respond poorly to standard of care treatment. Currently, treatment for gliomas involves surgical resection followed by chemoradiation therapy. However, some gliomas, such as diffuse midline glioma, have more limited treatment options such as radiotherapy alone. Even with these interventions, the prognosis for those diagnosed with a glioma remains poor. Immunotherapy is highly effective for some cancers and there is great interest in the development of effective immunotherapies for the treatment of gliomas. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapies targeted to gliomas have largely failed to date, and we believe this is partially due to the poor choice in pre-clinical mouse models that are used to evaluate these immunotherapies. A key consideration in evaluating new immunotherapies is the selection of pre-clinical models that mimic the glioma-immune response in humans. Multiple pre-clinical options are currently available, each one with their own benefits and limitations. Informed selection of pre-clinical models for testing can facilitate translation of more promising immunotherapies in the clinical setting. In this review we plan to present glioma cell lines and mouse models, as well as alternatives to mouse models, that are available for pre-clinical glioma immunotherapy studies. We plan to discuss considerations of model selection that should be made for future studies as we hope this review can serve as a guide for investigators as they choose which model is best suited for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Frederico
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Gary Kohanbash,
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Mantica M, Drappatz J. Immunotherapy associated central nervous system complications in primary brain tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124198. [PMID: 36874119 PMCID: PMC9981156 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances clarifying the genetics and function of the immune system within the central nervous system (CNS) and brain tumor microenvironment have led to increasing momentum and number of clinical trials using immunotherapy for primary brain tumors. While neurological complications of immunotherapy in extra-cranial malignancies is well described, the CNS toxicities of immunotherapy in patients with primary brain tumors with their own unique physiology and challenges are burgeoning. This review highlights the emerging and unique CNS complications associated with immunotherapy including checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell transfer/chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell and vaccines for primary brain tumors, as well as reviews modalities that have been currently employed or are undergoing investigation for treatment of such toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mantica
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jan Drappatz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Mechanism of action of DSP-7888 (adegramotide/nelatimotide) Emulsion, a peptide-based therapeutic cancer vaccine with the potential to turn up the heat on non-immunoreactive tumors. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:396-407. [PMID: 36138335 PMCID: PMC9510518 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is highly expressed in various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. DSP-7888 (adegramotide/nelatimotide) Emulsion is an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine comprising three synthetic epitopes derived from WT1. We evaluated the mechanism of action of DSP-7888 Emulsion, which is hypothesized to induce WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs). METHODS The ability of nelatimotide and adegramotide to induce WT1-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells was assessed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The ability of DSP-7888 Emulsion to induce WT1-specific CTLs in vivo was assessed using human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) transgenic mice. To assess how adegramotide, the helper peptide in DSP-7888 Emulsion, enhances WT1-specific CTLs, HLA-I transgenic mice were administered DSP-7888 or nelatimotide-only Emulsion. Interferon-gamma secretion under antigen stimulation by splenocytes co-cultured with or without tumor cells was then quantified. The effects of combination treatment with DSP-7888 Emulsion and an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody on tumor volume and the frequency of tumor-infiltrating WT1-specific T cells were assessed in HLA-I transgenic mice implanted with WT1 antigen-positive tumors. RESULTS The peptides in DSP-7888 Emulsion were shown to induce WT1-specific CTLs and HTLs in both human PBMCs and HLA-I transgenic mice. Unlike splenocytes from nelatimotide-only Emulsion-treated mice, splenocytes from DSP-7888 Emulsion-treated mice exhibited high levels of interferon-gamma secretion, including when co-cultured with tumor cells; interferon-gamma secretion was further enhanced by concomitant treatment with anti-PD-1. HLA-I transgenic mice administered DSP-7888 Emulsion plus anti-PD-1 experienced significantly greater reductions in tumor size than mice treated with either agent alone. This reduction in tumor volume was accompanied by increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating WT1-specific CTLs. CONCLUSIONS DSP-7888 Emulsion can promote both cytotoxic and helper T-cell-mediated immune responses against WT1-positive tumors. Adegramotide enhances CTL numbers, and the CTLs induced by treatment with both nelatimotide and adegramotide are capable of functioning within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The ability of anti-PD-1 to enhance the antitumor activity of DSP-7888 Emulsion in mice implanted with WT1-positive tumors suggests the potential for synergy.
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Frederico SC, Darling C, Bielanin JP, Dubinsky AC, Zhang X, Hadjipanayis CG, Kohanbash G. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition in the management of glioblastoma: Exploring a new frontier. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1057567. [PMID: 36875096 PMCID: PMC9981631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1057567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the leading causes of cancer related death in both the adult and pediatric patient population. Gliomas represent a cohort of brain tumors derived from glial cell lineages which include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas (GBMs). These tumors are known to grow aggressively and have a high lethality with GBM being the most aggressive tumor in this group. Currently, few treatment options exist for GBM outside of surgical resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. While these measures have been shown to marginally improve patient survival, patients, especially those diagnosed with GBM, often experience a recurrence of their disease. Following disease recurrence, treatment options become more limited as additional surgical resections can pose life threatening risk to the patient, patients may be ineligible for additional radiation, and the recurrent tumor may be resistant to chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy as many patients with cancers residing outside the central nervous system (CNS) have experienced a survival benefit from this treatment modality. It has often been observed that this survival benefit is increased following neoadjuvant administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors as tumor antigen is still present in the patient which enables a more robust anti-tumor immune response. Interestingly, results for ICI-based studies for patients with GBM have been largely disappointing which is a stark contrast from the success this treatment modality has had in non-central nervous system cancers. In this review, we will discuss the various benefits of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition such as how this approach reduces tumor burden and allows for a greater induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Additionally, we will discuss several non-CNS cancers where neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition has been successful and discuss why we believe this approach may provide a survival benefit for GBM patients. We hope this manuscript will foster future studies aimed at exploring whether this approach may be beneficial for patients diagnosed with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Frederico
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Corbin Darling
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John P Bielanin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Mowforth OD, Brannigan J, El Khoury M, Sarathi CIP, Bestwick H, Bhatti F, Mair R. Personalised therapeutic approaches to glioblastoma: A systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166104. [PMID: 37122327 PMCID: PMC10140534 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumour with median survival of 14.6 months. Personalised medicine aims to improve survival by targeting individualised patient characteristics. However, a major limitation has been application of targeted therapies in a non-personalised manner without biomarker enrichment. This has risked therapies being discounted without fair and rigorous evaluation. The objective was therefore to synthesise the current evidence on survival efficacy of personalised therapies in glioblastoma. Methods Studies reporting a survival outcome in human adults with supratentorial glioblastoma were eligible. PRISMA guidelines were followed. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched to 5th May 2022. Clinicaltrials.gov was searched to 25th May 2022. Reference lists were hand-searched. Duplicate title/abstract screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessments were conducted. A quantitative synthesis is presented. Results A total of 102 trials were included: 16 were randomised and 41 studied newly diagnosed patients. Of 5,527 included patients, 59.4% were male and mean age was 53.7 years. More than 20 types of personalised therapy were included: targeted molecular therapies were the most studied (33.3%, 34/102), followed by autologous dendritic cell vaccines (32.4%, 33/102) and autologous tumour vaccines (10.8%, 11/102). There was no consistent evidence for survival efficacy of any personalised therapy. Conclusion Personalised glioblastoma therapies remain of unproven survival benefit. Evidence is inconsistent with high risk of bias. Nonetheless, encouraging results in some trials provide reason for optimism. Future focus should address target-enriched trials, combination therapies, longitudinal biomarker monitoring and standardised reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D. Mowforth
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Brannigan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Marc El Khoury
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harry Bestwick
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Faheem Bhatti
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mair
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Richard Mair,
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Bergado-Báez G, Gonzalez Suarez N, García LC, Pérez-Martínez D, Hernández-Fernández DR, Fundora-Barrios T, Rodríguez-Álvarez A, Díaz-Ordaz GD, Lindzen M, Yarden Y, Sánchez-Ramírez B. Polyclonal antibody-induced downregulation of HER1/EGFR and HER2 surpasses the effect of combinations of specific registered antibodies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:951267. [PMID: 36408164 PMCID: PMC9667895 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.951267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antitumor therapies targeting HER1/EGFR and HER2, such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have demonstrated a significant clinical benefit, but the emergence of resistance limits long-term efficacy. While secondary HER1 mutations confer tolerance to TKI, compensatory upregulation of HER2 drives resistance to anti-HER1 MAbs, which identifies MAb combinations targeting both receptors as an attractive therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, toxicity hampers the clinical validation of this approach. Alternatively, cancer vaccines may induce antibodies directed against several antigens with less concern about induced toxicity. Methods Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) targeting HER1 and HER2 were induced in mice or rabbits through immunization. Recognition of different epitopes on targets by PAbs was validated by phage-display technology. Receptor downregulation was evaluated by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. MTT assays assessed cytotoxicity, while the antitumor effect of PAbs was assayed in nude mice. Results PAbs promoted degradation of HER1 and HER2 regarding clinical MAbs or their combinations. As a result, inhibition of cytotoxicity on tumor cell lines was improved, even in the presence of oncogenic mutations in HER1, as well as in cetuximab-insensitive cells. Accordingly, the antitumor effect of vaccination-induced PAbs was observed in lung tumor lines representative of sensitivity or resistance to HER1 targeting therapies. Conclusions Immunization against HER1 and HER2 receptors offers an alternative to passive administration of combinations of MAbs, since vaccination-induced PAbs promote the downregulation of both receptors and they have a higher impact on the survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Bergado-Báez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Narjara Gonzalez Suarez
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisset Chao García
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dayana Pérez-Martínez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Talia Fundora-Barrios
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Moshit Lindzen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Belinda Sánchez-Ramírez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Belinda Sánchez-Ramírez,
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Fathi M, Razavi SM, Sojoodi M, Ahmadi A, Ebrahimi F, Namdar A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Gholamin S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting the CTLA-4/B7 axes in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:949-961. [PMID: 36527817 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2160703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the fatal cancers of the Central Nervous System (CNS). A variety of reasons exist for why previous immunotherapy strategies, especially Immune Checkpoint Blockers (ICBs), did not work in treating GBM patients. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a key immune checkpoint receptor. Its overexpression in cancer and immune cells causes tumor cell progression. CTLA-4 suppresses anti-tumor responses inside the GBM tumor-immune microenvironment. AREAS COVERED It has been attempted to explain the immunobiology of CTLA-4 as well as its interaction with different immune cells and cancer cells that lead to GBM progression. Additionally, CTLA-4 targeting studies have been reviewed and CTLA-4 combination therapy, as a promising therapeutic target and strategy for GBM immunotherapy, is recommended. EXPERT OPINION CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Neoantigen Vaccines; Clinical Trials, Classes, Indications, Adjuvants and Combinatorial Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205163. [PMID: 36291947 PMCID: PMC9600771 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Personalized neoantigen vaccines are a diverse group of personally tailored cancer vaccines that strengthen patients´ own immune reaction against cancer antigens. We analyzed 147 neoantigen vaccine clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov database and showed that peptide vaccines were the dominating vaccine type, while there were multiple new neoantigen vaccine types in the field. We also showed that neoantigen vaccines were mostly used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and glioma. According to our results neoantigen vaccines work at their best when combined with other treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The effect of some neoantigen vaccine types were also often promoted with adjuvant therapy where poly-ICLC were the most recurrent adjuvant choice. Abstract Personalized neoantigen vaccines are a highly specific cancer treatment designed to induce a robust cytotoxic T-cell attack against a patient’s cancer antigens. In this study, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov for neoantigen vaccine clinical trials and systematically analyzed them, a total of 147 trials. Peptide vaccines are the largest neoantigen vaccine type, comprising up to 41% of the clinical trials. However, mRNA vaccines are a growing neoantigen vaccine group, especially in the most recent clinical trials. The most common cancer types in the clinical trials are glioma, lung cancer, and malignant melanoma, being seen in more than half of the clinical trials. Small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer are the largest individual cancer types. According to the results from the clinical trials, neoantigen vaccines work best when combined with other cancer treatments, and popular combination treatments include immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Additionally, half of the clinical trials combined neoantigen vaccines with an adjuvant to boost the immune effects, with poly-ICLC being the most recurrent adjuvant choice. This study clarifies the rapid clinical trial development of personalized neoantigen vaccines as an emerging class of cancer treatment with increasingly diversified opportunities in classes, indications, and combinatorial treatments.
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Cordell EC, Alghamri MS, Castro MG, Gutmann DH. T lymphocytes as dynamic regulators of glioma pathobiology. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:1647-1657. [PMID: 35325210 PMCID: PMC9527522 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain tumor microenvironment contains numerous distinct types of nonneoplastic cells, which each serve a diverse set of roles relevant to the formation, maintenance, and progression of these central nervous system cancers. While varying in frequencies, monocytes (macrophages, microglia, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T lymphocytes represent the most common nonneoplastic cellular constituents in low- and high-grade gliomas (astrocytomas). Although T cells are conventionally thought to target and eliminate neoplastic cells, T cells also exist in other states, characterized by tolerance, ignorance, anergy, and exhaustion. In addition, T cells can function as drivers of brain cancer growth, especially in low-grade gliomas. Since T cells originate in the blood and bone marrow sinuses, their capacity to function as both positive and negative regulators of glioma growth has ignited renewed interest in their deployment as immunotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the roles of T cells in low- and high-grade glioma formation and progression, as well as the potential uses of modified T lymphocytes for brain cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Corresponding Author: David H. Gutmann, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA ()
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Verdugo E, Puerto I, Medina MÁ. An update on the molecular biology of glioblastoma, with clinical implications and progress in its treatment. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1083-1111. [PMID: 36129048 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common malignant primary brain tumor. Patients with GBM often have poor prognoses, with a median survival of ∼15 months. Enhanced understanding of the molecular biology of central nervous system tumors has led to modifications in their classifications, the most recent of which classified these tumors into new categories and made some changes in their nomenclature and grading system. This review aims to give a panoramic view of the last 3 years' findings in glioblastoma characterization, its heterogeneity, and current advances in its treatment. Several molecular parameters have been used to achieve an accurate and personalized characterization of glioblastoma in patients, including epigenetic, genetic, transcriptomic and metabolic features, as well as age- and sex-related patterns and the involvement of several noncoding RNAs in glioblastoma progression. Astrocyte-like neural stem cells and outer radial glial-like cells from the subventricular zone have been proposed as agents involved in GBM of IDH-wildtype origin, but this remains controversial. Glioblastoma metabolism is characterized by upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, promotion of the glycolytic flux, maintenance of lipid storage, and other features. This metabolism also contributes to glioblastoma's resistance to conventional therapies. Tumor heterogeneity, a hallmark of GBM, has been shown to affect the genetic expression, modulation of metabolic pathways, and immune system evasion. GBM's aggressive invasion potential is modulated by cell-to-cell crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment and altered expressions of specific genes, such as ANXA2, GBP2, FN1, PHIP, and GLUT3. Nevertheless, the rising number of active clinical trials illustrates the efforts to identify new targets and drugs to treat this malignancy. Immunotherapy is still relevant for research purposes, given the amount of ongoing clinical trials based on this strategy to treat GBM, and neoantigen and nucleic acid-based vaccines are gaining importance due to their antitumoral activity by inducing the immune response. Furthermore, there are clinical trials focused on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis, angiogenesis, and tumor heterogeneity for developing molecular-targeted therapies against GBM. Other strategies, such as nanodelivery and computational models, may improve the drug pharmacokinetics and the prognosis of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Verdugo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Iker Puerto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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44
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Gimple RC, Yang K, Halbert ME, Agnihotri S, Rich JN. Brain cancer stem cells: resilience through adaptive plasticity and hierarchical heterogeneity. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:497-514. [PMID: 35710946 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumours are complex ecosystems containing neoplastic and stromal components that generate adaptive and evolutionarily driven aberrant tissues in the central nervous system. Brain cancers are cultivated by a dynamic population of stem-like cells that enforce intratumoural heterogeneity and respond to intrinsic microenvironment or therapeutically guided insults through proliferation, plasticity and restructuring of neoplastic and stromal components. Far from a rigid hierarchy, heterogeneous neoplastic populations transition between cellular states with differential self-renewal capacities, endowing them with powerful resilience. Here we review the biological machinery used by brain tumour stem cells to commandeer tissues in the intracranial space, evade immune responses and resist chemoradiotherapy. Through recent advances in single-cell sequencing, improved models to investigate the role of the tumour microenvironment and a deeper understanding of the fundamental role of the immune system in cancer biology, we are now better equipped to explore mechanisms by which these processes can be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gimple
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kailin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew E Halbert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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45
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Giotta Lucifero A, Luzzi S. Emerging immune-based technologies for high-grade gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:957-980. [PMID: 35924820 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The selection of a tailored and successful strategy for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) treatment is still a concern. The abundance of aberrant mutations within the heterogenic genetic landscape of glioblastoma strongly influences cell expansion, proliferation, and therapeutic resistance. Identification of immune evasion pathways opens the way to novel immune-based strategies. This review intends to explore the emerging immunotherapies for HGGs. The immunosuppressive mechanisms related to the tumor microenvironment and future perspectives to overcome glioma immunity barriers are also debated. AREAS COVERED An extensive literature review was performed on the PubMed/Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Only highly relevant articles in English and published in the last 20 years were selected. Data about immunotherapies coming from preclinical and clinical trials were summarized. EXPERT OPINION The overall level of evidence about the efficacy and safety of immunotherapies for HGGs is noteworthy. Monoclonal antibodies have been approved as second-line treatment, while peptide vaccines, viral gene strategies, and adoptive technologies proved to boost a vivid antitumor immunization. Malignant brain tumor-treating fields are ever-changing in the upcoming years. Constant refinements and development of new routes of drug administration will permit to design of novel immune-based treatment algorithms thus improving the overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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46
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Li L, Zhou J, Dong X, Liao Q, Zhou D, Zhou Y. Dendritic cell vaccines for glioblastoma fail to complete clinical translation: Bottlenecks and potential countermeasures. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108929. [PMID: 35700581 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a heterogeneous and invasive WHO grade IV brain tumor. Patients with GBM have a median overall survival (OS) of only 14 to 17 months when treated with surgical resection and chemoradiation. As one of the most promising anti-tumor immunotherapies, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have demonstrated good efficacy, safety, and tolerability in many clinical trials. However, to date, no Phase III clinical trial has achieved positive endpoints and truly implement clinical development and transformation. Moreover, the survival benefits of DC vaccines for patients with GBM seem to have a delayed effect; therefore, we urgently require strategies to optimize DC vaccines to advance the time point of its survival benefits. Here, we discuss the latest clinical trial progress of DC vaccines in GBM and summarize the benefits and drawbacks of various vaccine design options, as well as the challenges faced in clinical translation. Moreover, we target future combination therapy strategies for DC vaccines in GBM, which provides a new perspective for comprehensively understanding the effectiveness, limitations, and new directions of the development of DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luohong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xueting Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Dongbo Zhou
- Department of Geriatric, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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47
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Hormuth DA, Farhat M, Christenson C, Curl B, Chad Quarles C, Chung C, Yankeelov TE. Opportunities for improving brain cancer treatment outcomes through imaging-based mathematical modeling of the delivery of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114367. [PMID: 35654212 PMCID: PMC11165420 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a fourth pillar in the treatment of brain tumors and, when combined with radiation therapy, may improve patient outcomes and reduce the neurotoxicity. As with other combination therapies, the identification of a treatment schedule that maximizes the synergistic effect of radiation- and immune-therapy is a fundamental challenge. Mechanism-based mathematical modeling is one promising approach to systematically investigate therapeutic combinations to maximize positive outcomes within a rigorous framework. However, successful clinical translation of model-generated combinations of treatment requires patient-specific data to allow the models to be meaningfully initialized and parameterized. Quantitative imaging techniques have emerged as a promising source of high quality, spatially and temporally resolved data for the development and validation of mathematical models. In this review, we will present approaches to personalize mechanism-based modeling frameworks with patient data, and then discuss how these techniques could be leveraged to improve brain cancer outcomes through patient-specific modeling and optimization of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hormuth
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Maguy Farhat
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Chase Christenson
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Brandon Curl
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - C Chad Quarles
- Barrow Neuroimaging Innovation Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Caroline Chung
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Departments of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
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48
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Fekrirad Z, Barzegar Behrooz A, Ghaemi S, Khosrojerdi A, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Arefian E, Ghavami S. Immunology Meets Bioengineering: Improving the Effectiveness of Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3698. [PMID: 35954362 PMCID: PMC9367505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy has seen little change over the past two decades. Surgical excision followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the current gold standard treatment. Immunotherapy techniques have recently transformed many cancer treatments, and GBM is now at the forefront of immunotherapy research. GBM immunotherapy prospects are reviewed here, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses. Various forms of nanomaterials to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness are also discussed. For GBM treatment and immunotherapy, we outline the specific properties of nanomaterials. In addition, we provide a short overview of several 3D (bio)printing techniques and their applications in stimulating the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, the susceptibility of GBM cancer cells to the various immunotherapy methods will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran 18735-136, Iran;
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Shokoofeh Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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49
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Liu YQ, Luo M, Shi Y, Guo Y, Zhang H, Yang KD, Li TR, Yang LQ, Liu TT, Huang B, Liu Q, He ZC, Zhang XN, Wang WY, Wang S, Zeng H, Niu Q, Zhang X, Cui YH, Zhang ZR, Bian XW, Ping YF. Dicer deficiency impairs proliferation but potentiates anti-tumoral effect of macrophages in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:3791-3803. [PMID: 35764885 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a lethal primary brain tumor with abundant immune-suppressive glioblastoma-associated macrophage (GAM) infiltration. Skewing immune suppressive GAMs towards an immune-activating phenotype represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma. Herein, we reported that genetic deletion of miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer in macrophages inhibited the growth of GL261 murine glioblastoma xenografts and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells revealed that Dicer deletion in macrophages reduced the proportion of cell-cycling GAM cluster and reprogramed the remaining GAMs towards a proinflammatory activation state (enhanced phagocytotic and IFN-producing signature). Dicer-deficient GAMs showed reduced level of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1 and CDK2) and increased expression of CDK inhibitor p27 Kip1, thus manifesting impaired proliferation. Dicer knockout enhanced phagocytotic activity of GAMs to eliminate GL261 tumor cells. Increased proinflammatory GAM clusters in macrophage Dicer-deficient mice actively interacted with tumor-infiltrating T cells and NK cells through TNF paracrine signaling to create a pro-inflammatory immune microenvironment for tumor cell elimination. Our work identifies the role of Dicer deletion in macrophages in generating an immune-activating microenvironment, which could be further developed as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Army 953 Hospital, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kai-Di Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tian-Ran Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qin Niu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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50
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Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:976-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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