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Zhao L, Wu Q, Long Y, Qu Q, Qi F, Liu L, Zhang L, Ai K. microRNAs: critical targets for treating rheumatoid arthritis angiogenesis. J Drug Target 2024; 32:1-20. [PMID: 37982157 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2284097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular neogenesis, an early event in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation, is critical for the formation of synovial vascular networks and plays a key role in the progression and persistence of chronic RA inflammation. microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of single-stranded, non-coding RNAs with approximately 21-23 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs are differently expressed in diseases associated with vascular neogenesis and play a crucial role in disease-related vascular neogenesis. However, current studies are not sufficient and further experimental studies are needed to validate and establish the relationship between miRNAs and diseases associated with vascular neogenesis, and to determine the specific role of miRNAs in vascular development pathways. To better treat vascular neogenesis in diseases such as RA, we need additional studies on the role of miRNAs and their target genes in vascular development, and to provide more strategic references. In addition, future studies can use modern biotechnological methods such as proteomics and transcriptomics to investigate the expression and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth research basis for the treatment of related diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhao
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingze Wu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yiying Long
- Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qirui Qu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Qi
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Ai
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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2
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Xu D, Wang W, Wang D, Ding J, Zhou Y, Zhang W. Long noncoding RNA MALAT-1: A versatile regulator in cancer progression, metastasis, immunity, and therapeutic resistance. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:388-406. [PMID: 38511067 PMCID: PMC10950606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but have been linked to cancer development and metastasis. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) influences crucial cancer hallmarks through intricate molecular mechanisms, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The current article highlights the involvement of MALAT-1 in drug resistance, making it a potential target to overcome chemotherapy refractoriness. It discusses the impact of MALAT-1 on immunomodulatory molecules, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and PD-L1, leading to immune evasion and hindering anti-tumor immune responses. MALAT-1 also plays a significant role in cancer immunology by regulating diverse immune cell populations. In summary, MALAT-1 is a versatile cancer regulator, influencing tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and immunotherapy responses. Understanding its precise molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies, and therapeutic strategies targeting MALAT-1 show promise for improving cancer treatment outcomes. However, further research is needed to fully uncover the role of MALAT-1 in cancer biology and translate these findings into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wenhai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Electrodiagnosis, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yunan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
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3
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Gu N, Wang Y, Li L, Sui X, Liu Z. The mechanism of lncRNA MALAT1 targeting the miR-124-3p/IGF2BP1 axis to regulate osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:219. [PMID: 38492123 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the regulatory roles of lncRNA MALAT1, miR-124-3p, and IGF2BP1 in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We characterized PDLSCs by employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses to evaluate the expression of key osteogenic markers including ALPL, SPP1, and RUNX2. Manipulation of lncRNA MALAT1 and miR-124-3p expression levels was achieved through transfection techniques. In addition, early osteogenic differentiation was assessed via Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and mineral deposition was quantified using Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. Cellular localization of lncRNA MALAT1 was determined through Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). To elucidate the intricate regulatory network, we conducted dual-luciferase reporter assays to decipher the binding interactions between lncRNA MALAT1 and miR-124-3P as well as between miR-124-3P and IGF2BP1. RESULTS Overexpression of lncRNA MALAT1 robustly promoted osteogenesis in PDLSCs, while its knockdown significantly inhibited the process. We confirmed the direct interaction between miR-124-3p and lncRNA MALAT1, underscoring its role in impeding osteogenic differentiation. Notably, IGF2BP1 was identified as a direct binding partner of lncRNA MALAT1, highlighting its pivotal role within this intricate network. Moreover, we determined the optimal IGF2BP1 concentration (50 ng/ml) as a potent enhancer of osteogenesis, effectively countering the inhibition induced by si-MALAT1. Furthermore, in vivo experiments utilizing rat calvarial defects provided compelling evidence, solidifying lncRNA MALAT1's crucial role in bone formation. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the regulatory network involving lncRNA MALAT1, miR-124-3p, and IGF2BP1 in PDLSCs' osteogenic differentiation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings enhance our understanding of lncRNA-mediated osteogenesis, offering potential therapeutic implications for periodontal tissue regeneration and the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road No.1500, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road No.1500, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road No.1500, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road No.1500, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Liao X, Wei R, Zhou J, Wu K, Li J. Emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs in osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1327459. [PMID: 38516191 PMCID: PMC10955361 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1327459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive and lethal malignant bone tumor that primarily afflicts children, adolescents, and young adults. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying OS pathogenesis remain obscure. Mounting evidence implicates dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis and progression. These lncRNAs play a pivotal role in modulating gene expression at diverse epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Uncovering the roles of aberrant lncRNAs would provide new insights into OS pathogenesis and novel tools for its early diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the significance of lncRNAs in controlling signaling pathways implicated in OS development, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, Notch, Hippo, and HIF-1α. Moreover, we discuss the multifaceted contributions of lncRNAs to drug resistance in OS, as well as their potential to serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review aims to encourage further research into lncRNA field and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liao
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junxiu Zhou
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Zhou X, Jia Y, Mao C, Liu S. Small extracellular vesicles: Non-negligible vesicles in tumor progression, diagnosis, and therapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 580:216481. [PMID: 37972701 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) such as exosomes are nanoscale membranous particles (<200 nm) that have emerged as crucial targets for liquid biopsy and as promising drug delivery vehicles. They play a significant role in tumor progression as intercellular messengers. They can serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and as drug carriers for cancer treatment. This article reviews recent studies on sEVs in oncology and explores their potential as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. Following tumorigenesis, sEVs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and circulatory system undergo modifications to regulate various events in the TME, including angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor immunity, with either pro- or anti-tumor effects. sEVs have been investigated for use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for a variety of tumors, including lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. sEVs can be used for cancer therapy by packaging drugs or proteins into them through pre- and post-isolation modification techniques. The clinical trials of sEVs as biomarkers and drug carriers are also summarized. Finally, the challenges in the use of sEVs are described and the possible approaches to tackling them are suggested. Overall, sEVs will advance the precision cancer medicine and has shown great potential in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Jia
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shanrong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Pereira M, Pinto J, Arteaga B, Guerra A, Jorge RN, Monteiro FJ, Salgado CL. A Comprehensive Look at In Vitro Angiogenesis Image Analysis Software. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17625. [PMID: 38139453 PMCID: PMC10743557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the complex challenges faced presently by tissue engineering (TE) is the development of vascularized constructs that accurately mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native tissue in which they are inserted to promote vessel growth and, consequently, wound healing and tissue regeneration. TE technique is characterized by several stages, starting from the choice of cell culture and the more appropriate scaffold material that can adequately support and supply them with the necessary biological cues for microvessel development. The next step is to analyze the attained microvasculature, which is reliant on the available labeling and microscopy techniques to visualize the network, as well as metrics employed to characterize it. These are usually attained with the use of software, which has been cited in several works, although no clear standard procedure has been observed to promote the reproduction of the cell response analysis. The present review analyzes not only the various steps previously described in terms of the current standards for evaluation, but also surveys some of the available metrics and software used to quantify networks, along with the detection of analysis limitations and future improvements that could lead to considerable progress for angiogenesis evaluation and application in TE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Pinto
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Belén Arteaga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Guerra
- INEGI—Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (R.N.J.)
| | - Renato Natal Jorge
- INEGI—Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (R.N.J.)
- LAETA—Laboratório Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeronáutica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
- PCCC—Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Christiane Laranjo Salgado
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Jankowski M, Farzaneh M, Ghaedrahmati F, Shirvaliloo M, Moalemnia A, Kulus M, Ziemak H, Chwarzyński M, Dzięgiel P, Zabel M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B. Unveiling Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Regenerative Potential in Clinical Applications: Insights in miRNA and lncRNA Implications. Cells 2023; 12:2559. [PMID: 37947637 PMCID: PMC10649218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into a wide array of cell types. Numerous studies have identified the role of lncRNA in the regulation of MSC differentiation. It is important to elucidate the role and interplay of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of signalling pathways that govern MSC function. Furthermore, miRNAs and lncRNAs are important clinical for innovative strategies aimed at addressing a wide spectrum of existing and emerging disease. Hence it is important to consider their impact on MSC function and differentiation. Examining the data available in public databases, we have collected the literature containing the latest discoveries pertaining to human stem cells and their potential in both fundamental research and clinical applications. Furthermore, we have compiled completed clinical studies that revolve around the application of MSCs, shedding light on the opportunities presented by harnessing the regulatory potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs. This exploration of the therapeutic possibilities offered by miRNAs and lncRNAs within MSCs unveils exciting prospects for the development of precision therapies and personalized treatment approaches. Ultimately, these advancements promise to augment the efficacy of regenerative strategies and produce positive outcomes for patients. As research in this field continues to evolve, it is imperative to explore and exploit the vast potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as therapeutic agents. The findings provide a solid basis for ongoing investigations, fuelling the quest to fully unlock the regenerative potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Future Science Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London N3 1QB, UK
| | - Arash Moalemnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Ziemak
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Chwarzyński
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 50-038 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27613, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27613, USA
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Yuan Z, Huang Y, Sadikot RT. Long Noncoding RNA Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 Promotes HIV-1 Replication through Modulating microRNAs in Macrophages. J Virol 2023; 97:e0005323. [PMID: 37255470 PMCID: PMC10308927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00053-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can serve as a reservoir for human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1) virus in host cells, constituting a barrier to eradication, even in patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. Although many noncoding RNAs have been characterized as regulators in HIV-1/AIDS-induced immune response and pathogenesis, only a few long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have demonstrated a close association with HIV-1 replication, and the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated how lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), related microRNAs, and key inflammatory genes alter HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Our data show that HIV-1 infection modulates the expression of miR-155 and miR-150-5p in a time-dependent manner, which is regulated by MALAT1. MALAT1 induced suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) expression by sponging miR-150-5p in HIV-1-infected macrophages and stimulated inflammatory mediators triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells/cold inducible RNA binding protein (TREM 1/CIRP) ligand/receptor. The RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay validated the direct interaction within the MALAT1/miR-150-5p/SOCS1 axis. HIV-1 infection-mediated upregulation of MALAT1, SOCS1, and HIV-1 Gag was attenuated by SN50 (an NF-кB p50 inhibitor). MALAT1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) suppressed HIV-1 p24 production and HIV-1 Gag gene expression and decreased expression of miR-155 and SOCS1, as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines by HIV-1-infected macrophages. In conclusion, HIV-1 infection induces MALAT1, which attenuates miR-150-5p expression and increases SOCS1 expression, promoting HIV-1 replication and reactivation. These data provide new insights into how MALAT1 alters the macrophage microenvironment and subsequently promotes viral replication and suggest a potential role for targeting MALAT1 as a therapeutic approach to eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs. IMPORTANCE Viral reservoirs constitute an obstacle to curing HIV-1 diseases, despite antiretroviral therapy. Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs in HIV infection by promoting long-term replication and latency. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs can modulate virus-host interactions, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate how lncRNA MALAT1 contributes to HIV-1 replication through modulation of the miR-150/SOCS1 axis in human macrophages. Our findings have the potential to identify new therapies for eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yuan
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of 0Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ruxana T. Sadikot
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of 0Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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9
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Yang F, Wang M, Shi J, Xu G. IncRNA MALAT1 Regulates the Proliferation, Apoptosis, Migration, and Invasion of Osteosarcoma Cells by Targeting miR-873-5p/ROCK1. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2023; 33:67-79. [PMID: 36734858 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022044747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The malignant bone tumor osteosarcoma (OS) was one of the most aggressive tumors. Despite breakthroughs in treatment options for OS recently, the survival rate of patients with metastasis or reoccurring disease has remained unchanged over the last 25 years, at around 20%. lncRNA expression dysregulation is linked to carcinogenesis, advancement, and metastasis. Additionally, the fundamental mechanism of lncRNAs in regulating OS cell biological activity and progression is still being investigated. The expression of miR-873-5p and MALAT1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in OS. The relationship between the expression level of MALAT1 and the survival rate of OS individuals was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier plotter. The tumor cell's capability of proliferation was determined using the CCK-8. Transwell was used to test the migratory and invasive properties of tumor cells. ROCK1 protein expression was analyzed by western blot, while qRT-PCR was used to detect ROCK1 mRNA expression. Targeted genes of MALAT1 or miR-873-5p were predicted by StarBase2.0. The target association among miR-873-5p and MALAT1 or ROCK1 was confirmed using the luciferase assay. The relationship between ROCK1 and MALAT1 or miR-873-5p expression in OS was investigated using Spearman's correlation analysis. MALAT1 was up-regulated and was linked to a lower survival rate of patients in OS. The malignant behaviors of cells were inhibited by down-regulated MALAT1 in vitro. Dual-luciferase gene experiments confirmed the presence of MALAT1/miR-873-5p/ROCK1 axis. The up-regulated miR-873-5p blocked the promoted effects of MALAT1 on cell behaviors. Over-expressed MALAT1 promoted the malignant behaviors of cells by miR-873-5p/ROCK1 axis in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumor, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumor, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Junlong Shi
- Department of Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumor, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumor, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, China
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10
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Xiaotong S, Xiao L, Shiyu L, Zhiguo B, Chunyang F, Jianguo L. LncRNAs could play a vital role in osteosarcoma treatment: Inhibiting osteosarcoma progression and improving chemotherapy resistance. Front Genet 2023; 13:1022155. [PMID: 36726721 PMCID: PMC9885180 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1022155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common primary solid malignant tumors in orthopedics, and its main clinical treatments are surgery and chemotherapy. However, a wide surgical resection range, functional reconstruction of postoperative limbs, and chemotherapy resistance remain as challenges for patients and orthopedists. To address these problems, the discovery of new effective conservative treatments is important. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides in length that do not encode proteins. Researchers have recently found that long non-coding RNAs are closely associated with the development of OS, indicating their potentially vital role in new treatment methods for OS. This review presents new findings regarding the association of lncRNAs with OS and summarizes potential clinical applications of OS with lncRNAs, including the downregulation of oncogenic lncRNAs, upregulation of tumor suppressive lncRNAs, and lncRNAs-based treatment to improve chemotherapy resistance. We hope these potential methods will be translated into clinical applications and greatly reduce patient suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xiaotong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liao Shiyu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bi Zhiguo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Chunyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Feng Chunyang, ; Liu Jianguo,
| | - Liu Jianguo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Feng Chunyang, ; Liu Jianguo,
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11
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Farzaneh M, Najafi S, Anbiyaee O, Azizidoost S, Khoshnam SE. LncRNA MALAT1-related signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:21-32. [PMID: 35790599 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common and malignant form of bone cancer, which affects children and young adults. OS is identified by osteogenic differentiation and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism of OS development and progression is still unclear. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been proven to regulate OS proliferation and drug resistance. LncRNAs are longer than 200 nucleotides that represent the extensive applications in the processing of pre-mRNA and the pathogenesis of human diseases. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT1) is a well-known lncRNA known as a transcriptional and translational regulator. The aberrant expression of MALAT1 has been shown in several human cancers. The high level of MALAT1 is involved in OS cell growth and tumorigenicity by targeting several signaling pathways and miRNAs. Hence, MALAT1 might be a suitable approach for OS diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we will summarize the role of lncRNA MALAT1 in the pathophysiology of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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12
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Hu YZ, Li Q, Wang PF, Li XP, Hu ZL. Multiple functions and regulatory network of miR-150 in B lymphocyte-related diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140813. [PMID: 37182123 PMCID: PMC10172652 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have shown that miR-150 is a crucial regulator of B cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. miR-150 regulates the immune homeostasis during the development of obesity and is aberrantly expressed in multiple B-cell-related malignant tumors. Additionally, the altered expression of MIR-150 is a diagnostic biomarker of various autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, exosome-derived miR-150 is considered as prognostic tool in B cell lymphoma, autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders, suggesting miR-150 plays a vital role in disease onset and progression. In this review, we summarized the miR-150-dependent regulation of B cell function in B cell-related immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zi Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue-Ping Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Lan Hu,
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13
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Fontemaggi G. Non-coding RNA regulatory networks in post-transcriptional regulation of VEGFA in cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:30-39. [PMID: 35467790 PMCID: PMC10084289 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The switch from the normal quiescent vasculature to angiogenesis in tumors is induced by a variety of growth factors, released from cancer and stromal cells upon oxygen and nutrients deprivation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a potent-secreted mitogen and the only growth factor specific to endothelial cells that is observed almost ubiquitously at sites of angiogenesis. Expression of VEGF-A in cancer cells is controlled through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Post-transcriptional regulation of VEGF-A occurs at multiple levels, through the control of splicing, mRNA stability and translation rate, enabling a fine-tuned expression and release of VEGF-A. Mounting evidence is highlighting the important role played by microRNAs (miRNAs) in the control of VEGF-A mRNA stability and translation in cancer. Moreover, non-coding RNAs, as long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, are emerging as crucial modulators of VEGF-A-targeting miRNAs, with consequent ability to modulate VEGF-A expression. This review discusses the recent progress on the ncRNA-related networks controlling VEGF-A expression in cancer cells and provides insights into the complexity of VEGF-A post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fontemaggi
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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14
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Ding Y, Tang S, Zhou Z, Wei H, Yang W. Plasma miR-150-5p as a Biomarker for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:399-406. [PMID: 36993790 PMCID: PMC10041995 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s400985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential of plasma microRNA-150-5p (miR-150-5p) as a biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its relationship with clinical indicators such as pulmonary function. Patients and Methods Fifty-nine patients with COPD and twenty-six healthy control individuals were recruited in the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from September 2021 to September 2022. The plasma expression level of miR-150-5p was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The miR-150-5p level in the COPD group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the relative expression was lower in patients with severe airflow limitation than those with mild limitation. Plasma miR-150-5p levels were positively correlated with pulmonary function indicators and negatively correlated with the white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level. The receiver operating characteristic curve suggested that plasma miR-150-5p had predictive value for COPD (area under curve = 0.819, sensitivity 64.4%, specificity 92.3%). Conclusion MiR-150-5p can be useful for the diagnosis and disease assessment of COPD, and has value as a biomarker for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihui Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei Affiliated to Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wanchun Yang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, 230011, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8662965684, Fax +8662965684, Email
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15
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Zhou W, Xu X, Cen Y, Chen J. The role of lncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy of melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1085766. [PMID: 36601121 PMCID: PMC9806239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal tumors with highly aggressive and metastatic properties. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy have certain therapeutic effects in melanoma, a significant proportion of patients still have drug resistance after treatment. Recent studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely recognized as regulatory factors in cancer. They can regulate numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and the immune microenvironment. The role of lncRNAs in malignant tumors has received much attention, whereas the relationship between lncRNAs and melanoma requires further investigation. Our review summarizes tumor suppressive and oncogenic lncRNAs closely related to the occurrence and development of melanoma. We summarize the role of lncRNAs in the immune microenvironment, immunotherapy and targeted therapy to provide new targets and therapeutic methods for clinical treatment.
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16
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Identification of JPX-RABEP1 Pair as an Immune-Related Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Bioinformatics and Experimental Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415559. [PMID: 36555200 PMCID: PMC9779127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and right heart enlargement the pathogenesis of PAH is complicated; no biologic-based therapy is available for the treatment of PAH, but recent studies suggest that inflammatory response and abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are the main pathogenic mechanism, while the role of immune-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze immune-related lncRNAs in PAH. Here, we downloaded a publicly available microarray data from PAH and control patients (GSE113439). A total of 243 up-regulated and 203 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and immune-related DEGs were further obtained from ImmPort. The immune-related lncRNAs were obtained by co-expression analysis of immune-related mRNAs. Then, immune-related lncRNAs-mRNAs network including 2 lncRNAs and 6 mRNAs was constructed which share regulatory miRNAs and have significant correlation. Among the lncRNA-mRNA pairs, one pair (JPX-RABEP1) was verified in the validating dataset GSE53408 and PAH mouse model. Furthermore, the immune cell infiltration analysis of the GSE113439 dataset revealed that the JPX-RABEP1 pair may participate in the occurrence and development of PAH through immune cell infiltration. Together, our findings reveal that the lncRNA-mRNA pair JPX-RABEP1 may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for PAH.
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17
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Biogenesis, classification, and role of LncRNAs in tumor angiogenesis: A focus on tumor and its neighbouring cells, and interaction with miRNAs. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Fan L, Zhong Z, Lin Y, Li J. Non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers in osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:1028477. [PMID: 36338952 PMCID: PMC9627036 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1028477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary solid malignant tumor that occurs most frequently in the metaphysis of long bones. More likely to happen to children and adolescents. OS has high mortality and disability rate. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OS have not been fully understood till now. Due to the lack of effective biomarkers, OS cannot be precisely detected in the early stage. With the application of next-generation and high-throughput sequencing, more and more abnormally expressed non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) have been identified in OS. Growing evidences have suggested the ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), have played an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of OS. Thus, they can be served as novel biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This review summarized the application of ncRNA as biomarkers in OS in detail, and discussed the limitation and future improvement of the potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Luoyang Postgraduate Training Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jitian Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Luoyang Postgraduate Training Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First College for Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jitian Li,
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19
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Vimalraj S. A concise review of VEGF, PDGF, FGF, Notch, angiopoietin, and HGF signalling in tumor angiogenesis with a focus on alternative approaches and future directions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1428-1438. [PMID: 36122781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis forms new vessels from existing ones. Abnormal angiogenesis, which is what gives tumor microenvironments their distinctive features, is characterised by convoluted, permeable blood vessels with a variety of shapes and high perfusion efficiency. Tumor angiogenesis controls cancer growth by allowing invasion and metastasis and is highly controlled by signalling networks. Therapeutic techniques targeting VEGF, PDGF, FGF Notch, Angiopoietin, and HGF signalling restrict the tumor's vascular supply. Numerous pathways regulate angiogenesis, and when one of those processes is blocked, the other pathways may step in to help. VEGF signalling inhibition alone has limits as an antiangiogenic therapy, and additional angiogenic pathways such as FGF, PDGF, Notch, angiopoietin, and HGF are important. For the treatment of advanced solid tumors, there are also new, emerging medicines that target multiple angiogenic pathways. Recent therapies block numerous signalling channels concurrently. This study focuses on 'alternative' methods to standard antiangiogenic medicines, such as cyclooxygenase-2 blocking, oligonucleotide binding complementary sites to noncoding RNAs to regulate mRNA target, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition and CRISPR/Cas9 based gene edition and dissecting alternative angiogenesis mechanism in tumor microenvironment.
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20
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Guo W, Liu GM, Guan JY, Chen YJ, Zhao YZ, Wang K, Bai O. Epigenetic regulation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is mediated by dysregulated lncRNA MALAT1 through modulation of tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:977266. [PMID: 36059695 PMCID: PMC9433805 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by migration of T-lymphocytes to the skin. It has many subtypes some of which are aggressive with documented metastasis. We investigated a possible role of lncRNA MALAT1 in CTCL cells because of its documented involvement in cancer metastasis. A screening of MALAT1 in CTCL patients revealed its elevated levels in the patients, compared to healthy individuals. For our investigation, we employed HH and H9 CTCL cells and silenced MALAT1 to understand the MALAT1 mediated functions. Such silencing of MALAT1 resulted in reversal of EMT and inhibition of cancer stem cell phenotype, along with reduced cell growth and proliferation. EMT reversal was established through increased E-cadherin and reduced N-cadherin while inhibition of cancer stem cell phenotype was evident through reduced Sox2 and Nanog. CTCL patients had higher circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TGFβ, PGE2 and MMP7 which are factors released by tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironment. MALAT1 sponged miR-124 as this tumor suppressive miRNA was de-repressed upon MALAT1 silencing. Moreover, downregulation of miR-124 attenuated MALAT1 silencing effects. Our study provides a rationale for further studies focused on an evaluation of MALAT1-miR-124 in CTCL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Yu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Jia Chen
- Department of Gastric Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oncology Hematology, Meihekou Central Hospital, Meihekou, China
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Ou Bai,
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21
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Li R, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Maimaitirexiati G, Yan Q, Li Y, Maimaitiyimin A, Zhou C, Ren J, Liu C, Mainike A, Zhou P, Ding L. LncRNA SCAMP1 disrupts the balance between miR-26a-5p and ZEB2 to promote osteosarcoma cell viability and invasion. Front Oncol 2022; 12:967000. [PMID: 35992869 PMCID: PMC9382636 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.967000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma often occurs in children and adolescents and affects their health. The survival rate of osteosarcoma patients is unsatisfactory due to the lack of early detection and metastasis development and drug resistance. Hence, dissection of molecular insight into osteosarcoma initiation and progression is pivotal to provide the new therapeutic strategy. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have burst into stage in osteosarcoma development and malignant behaviors. LncRNA SCAMP1 has been discovered to play an essential role in carcinogenesis and progression. However, the mechanisms of lncRNA SCAMP1-involved tumorigenesis have not been reported in human osteosarcoma. In this study, we utilized multiple cellular biological approaches to determine the function of lncRNA SCAMP1 in osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, we performed several molecular biological approaches to define the mechanism by which lncRNA SCAMP1 regulated cell viability and invasion in osteosarcoma. We dissected that lncRNA SCAMP1 promoted progression of osteosarcoma via modulation of miR-26a-5p/ZEB2 axis. In conclusion, targeting lncRNA SCAMP1 and its downstream targets, miR-26a-5p and ZEB2, might be a useful approach for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gulikezi Maimaitirexiati
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Yan
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Changhui Zhou
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jingqin Ren
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chengqing Liu
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abasi Mainike
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Fifth Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Fifth Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Postdoctoral Research Center on Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Ding,
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22
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Wang Z, Wei Y, Zhu H, Yu L, Zhu J, Han Q, Liu Z, Huang J, Zhu Y, Fan G, Tang Q, Qian J, Chen X, Zhou G. LncRNA NDRG1 aggravates osteosarcoma progression and regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:728. [PMID: 35787258 PMCID: PMC9252029 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents. Large numbers of studies have focused on the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that plays essential roles in the progression of osteosarcoma. Nevertheless, the functions and underlying mechanisms of LncRNA NDRG1 in osteosarcoma remain unknown. METHODS Differentially expressed lncRNAs between osteosarcoma and adjacent normal tissues were identified through RNA sequencing. The role of LncRNA NDRG1 in osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis were investigated through in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. The interaction between LncRNA NDRG1 and miR-96-5p was verified through bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Regulation relationship between LncRNA NDRG1 and miR-96-5p was further evaluated by the rescue experiments. Additionally, the changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the PI3K/AKT pathway were verified by Western blot. RESULTS LncRNA NDRG1 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues and the expression of LncRNA NDRG1 was correlated with the overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. Functional experiments exhibited that LncRNA NDRG1 aggravated osteosarcoma proliferation and migration in vitro; meanwhile, animals experiments showed that LncRNA NDRG1 promoted osteosarcoma growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, LncRNA NDRG1 was found to aggravate osteosarcoma progression and regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA NDRG1 aggravates osteosarcoma progression and regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p. Therefore, LncRNA NDRG1 could act as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yanting Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Tianyuan East Road 818, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Jianhu Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Lingfeng Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qixiu Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ziying Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Gentao Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qikai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Qian
- Department of Digestion Medicine, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Tianyuan East Road 818, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Guangxin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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23
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Ji Y, Zhang G, Zhang X. Identification of LncRNA CARD8-AS1 as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker Associated With Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Br J Biomed Sci 2022; 79:10498. [PMID: 35996500 PMCID: PMC9302548 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2022.10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit crucial roles in human tumors. However, the role of lncRNA CARD8-AS1 in lung adenocarcinoma remains elusive. This study investigated the role of CARD8-AS1 in lung adenocarcinoma.Materials and Methods: The expression of CARD8-AS1 was detected by RT-qPCR analysis and confirmed using an online database. The clinical value of CARD8-AS1 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The effects of CARD8-AS1 on cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion potential were assessed through several cellular experiments. Western blot assay was used to measure Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels. The interaction among CARD8-AS1, miR-650, and Bax, was assessed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay.Results: The expression of CARD8-AS1 was decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines (p < 0.001). Low expression of CARD8-AS1 was related to tumor size (p = 0.042), TNM stage (p = 0.021), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.025), and poor overall survival (p < 0.05). Elevated expression of CARD8-AS1 could suppress cellular viability, migration potential, and invasion ability (p < 0.05). The Bcl-2 protein levels were decreased while Bax levels were increased by overexpression of CARD8-AS1 (p < 0.001). miR-650 may thus be a direct target of CARD8-AS1 and Bax may be a direct target of miR-650.Discussion: CARD8-AS1 expression was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and associated with several clinical parameters. CARD8-AS1 exerted tumor-suppressive effects by targeting the miR-650 and then regulating Bax expression. CARD8-AS1/miR-650 may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ji
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital - Songjiang South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital - Jiading Campus, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyi Zhang, ; Guoqing Zhang,
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital - Songjiang South Campus, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyi Zhang, ; Guoqing Zhang,
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24
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Zhang S, Xu J, Cao H, Jiang M, Xiong J. KB-68A7.1 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development Through Binding to NSD1 and Suppressing Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling. Front Oncol 2022; 11:808291. [PMID: 35127520 PMCID: PMC8810504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.808291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, revealing the critical molecules involved in HCC progression and prognosis is urgently needed. In this study, through combining public dataset and our cohort, we found a novel prognosis-related long non-coding RNA KB-68A7.1 in HCC. KB-68A7.1 was lowly expressed in HCC, whose low expression was associated with large tumour size, aggressive clinical characteristic, and poor survival. Gain- and loss-of-function assays demonstrated that KB-68A7.1 restricted HCC cellular proliferation, induced HCC cellular apoptosis, and suppressed HCC cellular migration and invasion in vitro. Xenograft assays demonstrated that KB-68A7.1 suppressed HCC tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. These functional assays suggested KB-68A7.1 as a tumour suppressor in HCC. Histone methyltransferase nuclear receptor binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) was found to bind to KB-68A7.1. KB-68A7.1 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. The binding of KB-68A7.1 to NSD1 sequestrated NSD1 in the cytoplasm, leading to the reduction in nuclear NSD1 level. Through decreasing nuclear NSD1 level, KB-68A7.1 reduced di-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3K36me2) and increased tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) at the promoter of WNT10B, a target of NSD1. Thus, KB-68A7.1 repressed WNT10B transcription. The expression of WNT10B was negatively correlated with that of KB-68A7.1 in HCC tissues. Through repressing WNT10B, KB-68A7.1 further repressed Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Functional rescue assays showed that overexpression of WNT10B reversed the tumour-suppressive roles of KB-68A7.1, whereas the oncogenic roles of KB-68A7.1 depletion were abolished by Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibitor. Overall, this study identified KB-68A7.1 as a lowly expressed and prognosis-related lncRNA in HCC, which suppressed HCC progression through binding to NSD1 and repressing Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianqun Xu,
| | - Huan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Fernandes M, Marques H, Teixeira AL, Medeiros R. ceRNA Network of lncRNA/miRNA as Circulating Prognostic Biomarkers in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Bioinformatic Analysis and Assessment of Their Prognostic Value in an NHL Cohort. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010201. [PMID: 35008626 PMCID: PMC8745130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has been focusing on identifying novel biomarkers to better stratify non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients based on prognosis. Studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs act as miRNA sponges, creating ceRNA networks to regulate mRNA expression, and its deregulation is associated with lymphoma development. This study aimed to identify novel circulating prognostic biomarkers based on miRNA/lncRNA-associated ceRNA network for NHL. Herein, bioinformatic analysis was performed to construct ceRNA networks for hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR335-5p. Then, the prognostic value of the miRNA–lncRNA pairs’ plasma levels was assessed in a cohort of 113 NHL patients. Bioinformatic analysis identified MALAT1 and NEAT1 as hsa-miR-150-5p and has-miR-335-5p sponges, respectively. Plasma hsa-miR-150-5p/MALAT1 and hsa-miR335-5p/NEAT1 levels were significantly associated with more aggressive and advanced disease. The overall survival and progression-free survival analysis indicated that hsa-miR-150-5p/MALAT1 and hsa-miR335-5p/NEAT1 pairs’ plasma levels were remarkably associated with NHL patients’ prognosis, being independent prognostic factors in a multivariate Cox analysis. Low levels of hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-335-5p combined with high levels of the respective lncRNA pair were associated with poor prognosis of NHL patients. Overall, the analysis of ceRNA network expression levels may be a useful prognostic biomarker for NHL patients and could identify patients who could benefit from more intensive treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cohort Studies
- Computational Biology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/blood
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Prognosis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/blood
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fernandes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Herlander Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000 (ext. 5414)
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