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Li L, Wang P, Jiao X, Qin S, Liu Z, Ye Y, Song Y, Hou H. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids: A potential treatment for obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13735. [PMID: 38462545 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with multiple chronic diseases, including diabetes and chronic inflammation. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified lipids with mitigating and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetes. Increasing work has shown that FAHFAs exert antioxidant activity and enhance autophagy in neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes. We systematically summarized the biological activities of FAHFAs, including their regulatory effects on diabetes and inflammation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy augmentation. Notably, the structure-activity relationships and potential biosynthesis of FAHFAs are thoroughly discussed. FAHFAs also showed potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers. FAHFAs are a class of resources with promising applications in the biomedical field that require in-depth research and hotspot development, as their structure has not been fully resolved and their biological activity has not been fully revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hu Hou
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Wang T, Wu X, Zhao X, Li J, Yu J, Sheng M, Gao M, Cao Y, Wang J, Guo X, Zeng K. Sevoflurane Alters Serum Metabolites in Elders and Aging Mice and Increases Inflammation in Hippocampus. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1241-1253. [PMID: 38415263 PMCID: PMC10898602 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s448959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a central nervous system complication that occurs after anesthesia, particularly among the elderly. However, the neurological pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sevoflurane exposure on serum metabolites and hippocampal gene expression in elderly patients and aging mice by metabolomics and transcriptomic analysis and to explore the pathogenesis of sevoflurane induced POCD. Patients and Methods Human serum samples from five patients over 60 years old were collected before sevoflurane anesthesia and 1 hour after anesthesia. Besides, mice aged at 12 months (n=6 per group) were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 2 hours or with sham procedure. Subsequently, serum and hippocampal tissues were harvested for analysis. Further investigation into the relationship between isatin and neuroinflammation was conducted using BV2 microglial cells. Results Sevoflurane anesthesia led to the activation of inflammatory pathways, an increased presence of hippocampal astrocytes and microglia, and elevated expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines. Comparative analysis identified 12 differential metabolites that exhibited changes in both human and mouse serum post-sevoflurane anesthesia. Notably, isatin levels were significantly decreased after anesthesia. Notably, isatin levels significantly decreased after anesthesia, a factor known to stimulate proliferation and proinflammatory gene expression in microglia-the pivotal cell type in inflammatory responses. Conclusion Sevoflurane-induced alterations in serum metabolites in both elderly patients and aging mice, subsequently contributing to increased inflammation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maozheng Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Gao Y, Hua R, Peng K, Yin Y, Zeng C, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li L, Li X, Qiu Y, Wang Z. High-starchy carbohydrate diet aggravates NAFLD by increasing fatty acids influx mediated by NOX2. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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9-PAHPA long term intake in DIO and db/db mice ameliorates insulin sensitivity but has few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109216. [PMID: 36372312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids are endogenous lipids reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, we showed that 9-palmitic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid (9-PAHPA) and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid increased insulin sensitivity in mice when incorporated to a chow diet or to a high fat and high sucrose diet. However, preventive supplementation with 9-PAHPA and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid in high fat and high sucrose diet mice did not impair significant weight gain or the development of hyperglycemia. The aim of this work was therefore to study whether in two animal models of obesity, namely the classical diet-induced obesity (DIO) and the db/db mice, 9-PAHPA may have beneficial effects against obesity and liver and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. In DIO mice, we observed that 9-PAHPA increased body weight and fat mass. In line with this observation, we found that 9-PAHPA supplementation decreased energy expenditure. In liver and in skeletal muscle, mitochondrial activities and oxidative stress parameters were not modified by 9-PAHPA supplementation. In db/db mice, 9-PAHPA had no effect on the dramatic weight gain and hyperglycemia. In addition, 9-PAHPA supplementation did not correct either the hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis or the severe muscle atrophy recorded compared with db/+ animals. Likewise, supplementation with 9-PAHPA did not impact the different metabolic parameters analyzed, either in the liver or in the skeletal muscles. However, it decreased insulin resistance in DIO and db/db mice. In conclusion, our study indicated that a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA in DIO and db/db mice improved insulin sensitivity but had only few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Rychtrmoc D, Staňková P, Kučera O, Červinková Z. Comparison of two anti-diabetic monoestolides regarding effects on intact murine liver tissue. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:985-992. [PMID: 32208934 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Monoestolides belonging to the fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) family have recently emerged as promising insulin sensitizers. OBJECTIVE To investigate and compare impact of two selected FAHFA isomers, namely 9-hexadecanoyloxy-octadecanoic acid [9-PAHSA] and 9-(9Z-octadecenoyloxy)-octadecanoic acid [9-OAHSA], on intact livers in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short-term in vivo study with intragastric gavage of 13 mg/kg of substances. Morphological, biochemical and high-resolution respirometric assessment of plasma and liver tissue or homogenates thereof. RESULTS The 9-OAHSA-gavaged mice had the highest final total body weight, the lowest free fatty acid circulating levels and the highest plasma activities of both ALT and AST. No significant changes of ambient glycaemia were found, however 9-PAHSA-gavaged mice tended to have lower glycaemia than other animals. Respirometry proved no substance-dependent differences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 9-PAHSA was more metabolically beneficial and less hepatotoxic than 9-OAHSA. Bioenergetic machinery of liver homogenates seemed unaffected at our FAHFA dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rychtrmoc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Staňková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Kučera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Červinková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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7
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Sokolowska P, Jastrzebska E, Dobrzyn A, Brzozka Z. Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of New Antidiabetic Compounds Using Islet-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Model. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050302. [PMID: 35624603 PMCID: PMC9138207 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Current research on the treatment of diabetes combines many fields of science, such as biotechnology, transplantology or engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies and preventive methods. A newly discovered class of lipids—Palmitic Acid Hydroxy Stearic Acid (PAHSA) has recently been proposed as an agent with potential therapeutic properties. In this research, we used an islet-on-a-chip microfluidic 3D model of pancreatic islets (pseudoislets) to study two isomers of PAHSA: 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA as potential regulators of proliferation, viability, insulin and glucagon expression, and glucose-stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion. Due to the use of the Lab-on-a-chip systems and flow conditions, we were able to reflect conditions similar to in vivo. In addition, we significantly shortened the time of pseudoislet production, and we were able to carry out cell culture, microscopic analysis and measurements using a multi-well plate reader at the same time on one device. In this report we showed that under microfluidic conditions PAHSA, especially 5-PAHSA, has a positive effect on pseudoislet proliferation, increase in cell number and mass, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which may qualify it as a compound with potential therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Sokolowska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elzbieta Jastrzebska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (Z.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Brzozka
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (Z.B.)
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Prasathkumar M, Becky R, Anisha S, Dhrisya C, Sadhasivam S. Evaluation of hypoglycemic therapeutics and nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: An insight on molecular approaches. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:203-238. [PMID: 35119572 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the current management of type 2 diabetes principles, including oral hypoglycemic agents, types of insulin administration, diet maintenance, and various molecular approaches. METHODS A literature search was conducted in different databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science by using the following keywords: type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), first-line and second-line treatment, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin administration, diet/nutritional therapy, gene and stem cell therapy, and diabetic complications. RESULTS The first-line treatment of T2DM includes administering oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and second-line treatment by insulin therapy and some OHAs like Sulfonylurea's (SU). The oral hypoglycemic or oral antidiabetic drugs have the function of lowering glucose in the blood. Insulin therapy is recommended for people with A1C levels > 7.0, and insulin administration is evolved drastically from the syringe, pump, pen, inhalation, insulin jet, and patch. The use of OHAs and insulin therapy during glycemic control has a severe effect on weight gain and other side effects. Hence, diet maintenance (macro and micronutrients) and nutritional therapy guidelines were also reviewed/recommended for safe T2DM management. Besides, the recent progress in molecular approaches that focuses on identifying new targets for T2DM (i.e.) consisting of gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and the modulation of insulin signaling pathways for the regulation of glucose storage and uptake also discussed. CONCLUSION The analysis of all these key factors is necessary to develop a potential agent to cure T2DM and suggest that a combination of therapies will pave the way for advanced management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Prasathkumar
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Robert Becky
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Salim Anisha
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Chenthamara Dhrisya
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Subramaniam Sadhasivam
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
- Department of Extension and Career Guidance, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
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9
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Riecan M, Paluchova V, Lopes M, Brejchova K, Kuda O. Branched and linear fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) relevant to human health. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107972. [PMID: 34453998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent a complex lipid class that contains both signaling mediators and structural components of lipid biofilms in humans. The majority of endogenous FAHFAs share a common chemical architecture, characterized by an estolide bond that links the hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) backbone and the fatty acid (FA). Two structurally and functionally distinct FAHFA superfamilies are recognized based on the position of the estolide bond: omega-FAHFAs and in-chain branched FAHFAs. The existing variety of possible HFAs and FAs combined with the position of the estolide bond generates a vast quantity of unique structures identified in FAHFA families. In this review, we discuss the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of branched FAHFAs and the role of omega-FAHFA-derived lipids as surfactants in the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. To emphasize potential pharmacological targets, we recapitulate the biosynthesis of the HFA backbone within the superfamilies together with the degradation pathways and the FAHFA regioisomer distribution in human and mouse adipose tissue. We propose a theoretical involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the generation and degradation of saturated HFA backbones and present an overview of small-molecule inhibitors used in FAHFA research. The FAHFA lipid class is huge and largely unexplored. Besides the unknown biological effects of individual FAHFAs, also the enigmatic enzymatic machinery behind their synthesis could provide new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory metabolic or eye diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of (FA)HFA synthesis at the molecular level should be the next step in FAHFA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riecan
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Magno Lopes
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Aryal P, Syed I, Lee J, Patel R, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. Distinct biological activities of isomers from several families of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100108. [PMID: 34418413 PMCID: PMC8479484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Each FAHFA family consists of esters with different acyl chains and multiple isomers with branch points at different carbons. Some FAHFAs, including palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production and reducing adipose tissue inflammation. However, little is known about the biological effects of other FAHFAs. Here, we investigated whether PAHSAs, oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, and stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid potentiate GSIS in β-cells and human islets, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes, and anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells. We also investigated whether they activate G protein-coupled receptor 40, which mediates the effects of PAHSAs on insulin secretion and sensitivity in vivo. We show that many FAHFAs potentiate GSIS, activate G protein-coupled receptor 40, and attenuate LPS-induced chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion and phagocytosis in immune cells. However, fewer FAHFAs augment insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. S-9-PAHSA, but not R-9-PAHSA, potentiated GSIS and glucose uptake, while both stereoisomers had anti-inflammatory effects. FAHFAs containing unsaturated acyl chains with higher branching from the carboxylate head group are more likely to potentiate GSIS, whereas FAHFAs with lower branching are more likely to be anti-inflammatory. This study provides insight into the specificity of the biological actions of different FAHFAs and could lead to the development of FAHFAs to treat metabolic and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rucha Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Potential physio-pathological effects of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Biochimie 2021; 182:13-22. [PMID: 33412159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) are a new endogenous lipid class with recently uncovered interesting biological effects and which have been detected in food of plant and animal origins. Some FAHFAs can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Other beneficial health effects have also been suggested, in particular against some cancers. FAHFAs could therefore be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of numerous metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Their recent discovery has generated a great interest in the field of human health. This short review aims at bringing together the information available to date in the literature concerning their chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as their potential physio-pathological beneficial effects.
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12
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Pessemesse L, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Pavlin L, Goustard B, Gaillet S, Durand T, Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Casas F. FAHFAs Regulate the Proliferation of C2C12 Myoblasts and Induce a Shift toward a More Oxidative Phenotype in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239046. [PMID: 33260741 PMCID: PMC7729663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Since skeletal muscle is a major target for insulin, the aim of this study is to explore for the first time the influence of several FAHFAs in C2C12 myoblasts and in skeletal muscle phenotype in mice. Here, we show that eleven FAHFAs belonging to different families inhibit C2C12 myoblast proliferation. In addition, all FAHFAs decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity without affecting reactive oxygen species production and the mitochondrial network. During C2C12 myoblasts differentiation, we found that two of the most active lipids, 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA, did not significantly affect the fusion index and the expression of myosin heavy chains. However, we found that three months’ intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA in mice increased the expression of more oxidative myosin in skeletal muscle without affecting skeletal muscle mass, number, and mean fiber area, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, our study indicated that the eleven FAHFAs tested decreased the proliferation rate of C2C12 myoblasts, probably through the inhibition of mitochondrial activity. In addition, we found that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA supplementation in mice induced a switch toward a more oxidative contractile phenotype of skeletal muscle. These data suggest that the increase in insulin sensitivity previously described for these two FAHFAs is of muscular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melha Benlebna
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Laurence Balas
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron), CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Laurence Pessemesse
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Béatrice Bonafos
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Gilles Fouret
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Bénédicte Goustard
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Sylvie Gaillet
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron), CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Charles Coudray
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Christine Feillet-Coudray
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - François Casas
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Wang YM, Huang TL, Meng C, Zhang J, Fang NY. SIRT1 deacetylates mitochondrial trifunctional enzyme α subunit to inhibit ubiquitylation and decrease insulin resistance. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 33009367 PMCID: PMC7532168 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of free acid metabolism is a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Mitochondrial trifunctional enzyme subunit (MTPα) has a critical role in fatty acid β-oxidation. However, the association between MTPα and insulin resistance is not definitively known. Here, we aimed to determine how MTPα affects insulin resistance. We tested how MTPα affected glucose uptake in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes and white adipose tissue (WAT) of db/db diabetic mice. We also measured how acetylation and ubiquitylation modifications regulated MTPα activation and stability, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation. We found that MTPα overexpression promoted glucose uptake via Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, MTPα upregulation decreased glycemia in db/db mice. Deacetylation increased MTPα protein stability and its ability to reduce insulin resistance. The activation of SIRT1, a major deacetylase, prevented MTPα degradation by decreasing its acetylation in adipocytes. Our study demonstrates a new role for MTPα in reducing insulin resistance. Acetylation and ubiquitylation modifications of MTPα were crucial to regulating its function in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ting-Lei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Ning-Yuan Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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14
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Fouret G, Vigor C, Gaillet S, Grober J, Bernex F, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulates favorably the basal metabolism and exerts an insulin sensitizing effect in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2013-2027. [PMID: 32989473 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a large family of endogenous bioactive lipids. To date, most of the studied FAHFAs are branched regioisomers of Palmitic Acid Hydroxyl Stearic Acid (PAHSA) that were reported to possess anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and rodents. Recently, we have demonstrated that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased basal metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity in healthy control diet-fed mice but induced liver damage in some mice. The present work aims to explore whether a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA may have similar effects in obesogenic diet-fed mice. METHODS C57Bl6 mice were fed with a control or high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diets for 12 weeks. The HFHS diet was supplemented or not with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA. Whole-body metabolism was explored. Glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress status were analyzed. RESULTS As expected, the intake of HFHS diet led to obesity and lower insulin sensitivity with minor effects on liver parameters. The long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulated favorably the basal metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin tolerance test. On the contrary to what we have reported previously in healthy mice, no marked effect for these FAHFAs was observed on liver metabolism of obese diabetic mice. CONCLUSION This study indicates that both 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA may have interesting insulin-sensitizing effects in obese mice with lower insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Vigor
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Grober
- LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- INSERM, U1194, Network of Experimental Histology, BioCampus, CNRS, UMS3426, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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15
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Brejchova K, Balas L, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Durand T, Kuda O. Understanding FAHFAs: From structure to metabolic regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101053. [PMID: 32735891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in humans draw attention of many researches to their biological effects. Although FAHFAs were originally discovered in insects and plants, their introduction into the mammalian realm opened new horizons in bioactive lipid research. Hundreds of isomers from different families have been identified so far and their role in (patho) physiological processes is currently being explored. The family of palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), especially 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA regioisomers, stands out in the crowd of other FAHFAs for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Beneficial effects of PAHSAs have been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, colitis, and chronic inflammation. Besides PAHSAs, a growing family of polyunsaturated FAHFAs exerts mainly immunomodulatory effects and biological roles of many other FAHFAs remain currently unknown. Therefore, FAHFAs represent unique lipid messengers capable of affecting many immunometabolic processes. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge concerning the diversity of FAHFAs, nomenclature, and their analysis and detection. Special attention is paid to the total syntheses of FAHFAs, optimal strategies, and to the formation of the stereocenter required for optically active molecules. Biosynthetic pathways of saturated and polyunsaturated FAHFAs in mammals and plants are reviewed together with their metabolism and degradation. Moreover, an overview of biological effects of branched FAHFAs is provided and many unanswered questions regarding FAHFAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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MSC-induced lncRNA HCP5 drove fatty acid oxidation through miR-3619-5p/AMPK/PGC1α/CEBPB axis to promote stemness and chemo-resistance of gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:233. [PMID: 32300102 PMCID: PMC7162922 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the first-tier treatment regime for gastric cancer (GC) patients at advance stages. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cam affect drug-resistance of GC cells in tumor microenvironment, but the detailed mechanism remains poorly understood. Present study aimed to investigate the regulation of MSC-induced long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in GC. Dysregulated lncRNAs in GC were analyzed based on GEO data. Stemness and drug-resistance of GC cells were detected by sphere formation, colony formation, CCK-8, and flow cytometry analyses. MicroRNA (miRNA)-related pathways were analyzed by online KEGG analysis tool DAVID6.8. Molecular interactions were determined by luciferase reporter assay, pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP). Results revealed that MSC co-culture improved stemness and drug-resistance of GC cells. LncRNA histocompatibility leukocyte antigen complex P5 (HCP5) was induced in GC cells by MSC co-culture, contributing to stemness and drug-resistance. Mechanistically, HCP5 sequestered miR-3619-5p and upregulated PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), increasing transcription complex Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator-1α (PGC1α)/CEBPB and transcriptionally inducing carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which prompted the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in GC cells. In conclusion, MSC-induced lncRNA HCP5 drove FAO through miR-3619-5p/AMPK/PGC1α/CEBPB axis to promote stemness and chemo-resistance of GC, indicating that targeting HCP5 was a novel approach to enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in GC.
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Zhou P, Santoro A, Peroni OD, Nelson AT, Saghatelian A, Siegel D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs enhance hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity through direct and indirect mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4138-4150. [PMID: 31449056 PMCID: PMC6763232 DOI: 10.1172/jci127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are bioactive lipids with antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects. PAHSAs reduce ambient glycemia and improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant aged chow- and high-fat diet-fed (HFD-fed) mice. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanisms by which PAHSAs improve insulin sensitivity. Both acute and chronic PAHSA treatment enhanced the action of insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production (EGP) in chow- and HFD-fed mice. Moreover, chronic PAHSA treatment augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in glycolytic muscle and heart in HFD-fed mice. The mechanisms by which PAHSAs enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity included direct and indirect actions involving intertissue communication between adipose tissue and liver. PAHSAs inhibited lipolysis directly in WAT explants and enhanced the action of insulin to suppress lipolysis during the clamp in vivo. Preventing the reduction of free fatty acids during the clamp with Intralipid infusion reduced PAHSAs' effects on EGP in HFD-fed mice but not in chow-fed mice. Direct hepatic actions of PAHSAs may also be important, as PAHSAs inhibited basal and glucagon-stimulated EGP directly in isolated hepatocytes through a cAMP-dependent pathway involving Gαi protein-coupled receptors. Thus, this study advances our understanding of PAHSA biology and the physiologic mechanisms by which PAHSAs exert beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Odile D. Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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