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Wu X, Wu G, Ma P, Wang R, Li L, Chen Y, Xu J, Li Y, Li Q, Yang Y, Wang L, Xin X, Qiao Y, Fu G, Huang X, Su B, Zhang T, Wang H, Zou H. Associations of modern initial antiretroviral therapy regimens with all-cause mortality in people living with HIV in resource-limited settings: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in China. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5334. [PMID: 37660054 PMCID: PMC10475132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the proven virological advantages, there remains some controversy regarding whether first-line integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) contributes to reducing mortality of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in clinical practice. Here we report a retrospective study comparing all-cause mortality among PLHIV in China who were on different initial ART regimens (nevirapine, efavirenz, dolutegravir, lopinavir, and others [including darunavir, raltegravie, elvitegravir and rilpivirine]) between 2017 and 2019. A total of 41,018 individuals were included across China, representing 21.3% of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases collectively in the country during this period. Only the differences in all-cause mortality of PLHIV between the efavirenz group and the nevirapine group, the dolutegravir group and the nevirapine group, and the lopinavir group and the nevirapine group, were observed in China. After stratifying the cause of mortality, we found that the differences in mortality between initial ART regimens were mainly observed in AIDS-related mortality.
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Grants
- HZ is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission Basic Research Program [JCYJ20190807155409373], the Natural Science Foundation of China Excellent Young Scientists Fund [82022064], Natural Science Foundation of China International/Regional Research Collaboration Project [72061137001], the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen [SZSM201811071], the High Level Project of Medicine in Longhua, Shenzhen [HLPM201907020105], Special Support Plan for High-Level Talents of Guangdong Province [2019TQ05Y230], the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [58000-31620005], Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences [2020-JKCS-030]. GW is supported by the Chongqing Talents Program for Innovative and Entrepreneurial Pioneers [cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0097], the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project [cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1171], the Chinese State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control [2021SKLID303]. PM is supported by the Health Science and Technology Project of Tianjin Health Commission [ZC20037], the Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project [Infectious Diseases ZD02]. LL is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [2022YFC2304800], the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou [20220020285]. XH is supported by the Public Health Talent Grant by Beijing Municipal Health Commission [Global Health Governance-02-12; 2022-1-007], the Capital Health Development Research [2022-2-2185; 2022-1G-3011]. BS is supported by the High-Level Public Health Specialized Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Health Commission [2022-2-018], the National Key R&D Program of China [2021YFC2301900; 2021YFC2301905], the Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research [BZ0089]. All funding parties did not have any role in the design of the study or in the explanation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Wu
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Guohui Wu
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Association of STD/AIDS Prevention and Control, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Rugang Wang
- Dalian Public Health Clinical Center, Dalian, PR China
| | - Linghua Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanyi Chen
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Quanmin Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuecheng Yang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dehong, PR China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Xin
- No.6 People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ying Qiao
- No.2 Hospital of Hohhot, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Gengfeng Fu
- Department of STD/AIDS Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bin Su
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China.
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Ho WS, Zhang R, Tan YL, Chai CLL. COVID-19 and The Promise of Small Molecule Therapeutics: Are There Lessons to be Learnt? Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106201. [PMID: 35367622 PMCID: PMC8970615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had grounded the world to a standstill. As the disease continues to rage two years on, it is apparent that effective therapeutics are critical for a successful endemic living with COVID-19. A dearth in suitable antivirals has prompted researchers and healthcare professionals to investigate existing and developmental drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although some of these drugs initially appeared to be promising for the treatment of COVID-19, they were ultimately found to be ineffective. In this review, we provide a retrospective analysis on the merits and limitations of some of these drugs that were tested against SARS-CoV-2 as well as those used for adjuvant therapy. While many of these drugs are no longer part of our arsenal for the treatment of COVID-19, important lessons can be learnt. The recent inclusion of molnupiravir and Paxlovid™ as treatment options for COVID-19 represent our best hope to date for endemic living with COVID-19. Our viewpoints on these two drugs and their prospects as current and future antiviral agents will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yeong Lan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christina Li Lin Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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3
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Zhao B, Yang TF, Zheng R. Theory and reality of antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6663-6673. [PMID: 34447813 PMCID: PMC8362513 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, over 180 million people have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide and there have been more than 3.8 million deaths due to the virus. However, specific effective antiviral treatment for this infectious disease is absent. At the beginning of the epidemic, relevant cellular and animal experiments of antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 were conducted based on the prior studies of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Some antivirals were preliminarily validated to be potentially effective in the clinical settings. But as the epidemic continued and more studies were carried out, the efficacy of these antiviral drugs became controversial. This paper reviews the pharmacology and application of interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine, arbidol, favipiravir, remdesivir, and thymosin α1 in coronavirus disease 2019. The actual effect of these drugs remains controversial. Meanwhile, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Teng-Fei Yang
- Department of Health Management and Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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4
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Rai PK, Mueed Z, Chowdhury A, Deval R, Kumar D, Kamal MA, Negi YS, Pareek S, Poddar NK. Current Overviews on COVID-19 Management Strategies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:361-387. [PMID: 33966618 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210509022313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has hit the world lately and caused acute respiratory syndrome in humans. The causative agent of the disease was soon brought to focus by scientists as SARS-CoV-2 and later called a novel coronavirus by the general public. Due to the severity and rapid spread of the disease, WHO classifies the COVID-19 pandemic as the 6th public health emergency even after taking efforts like worldwide quarantine and restrictions. Since only symptomatic treatment is available, the best way to control the spread of the virus is by taking preventive measures. Various types of antigen/antibody detection kits and diagnostic methods are available for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In recent years, various phytochemicals and repurposing drugs are showing a broad range of anti-viral activities with different modes of action have been identified. Repurposing drugs such as arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, hexamethylene amiloride, and dexamethasone, tocilizumab, interferon-β, neutralizing antibodies exhibit in vitro anti-coronaviral properties by inhibiting multiple processes in the virus life cycle. Various research groups are involved in drug trials and vaccine development. Plant-based anti-viral compounds such as baicalin, calanolides, curcumin, oxymatrine, matrine, and resveratrol exhibit different modes of action against a wide range of positive/negative sense-RNA/DNA virus, and future researches need to be conducted to ascertain their role, use in managing SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this article is an attempt to review the current understanding of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease and summarize its clinical features with their prospective control and various aspects of the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zeba Mueed
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhiroop Chowdhury
- School of Environment & Sustainability, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Deval
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan. China
| | - Yogeshwar Singh Negi
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, DehmiKalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur-303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubhra Pareek
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, DehmiKalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur-303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, DehmiKalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur-303007, Rajasthan, India
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5
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Guo PL, He HL, Chen XJ, Chen JF, Chen XT, Lan Y, Wang J, Du PS, Zhong HL, Li H, Liu C, Li LY, Hu FY, Tang XP, Cai WP, Li LH. Antiretroviral Long-Term Efficacy and Resistance of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Plus Lamivudine in HIV-1-Infected Treatment-Naïve Patients (ALTERLL): 144-Week Results of a Randomized, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Study From Guangdong, China. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:569766. [PMID: 33841131 PMCID: PMC8027496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus lamivudine (3TC) has been demonstrated to be non-inferior to the triple drug regimen including LPV/r plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in 48-week studies. However, little is known about the long-term efficacy and drug resistance of this simplified strategy. A randomized, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial (ALTERLL) was conducted to assess the efficacy, drug resistance, and safety of dual therapy with LPV/r plus 3TC (DT group), compared with the first-line triple-therapy regimen containing tenofovir (TDF), 3TC plus efavirenz (EFV) (TT group) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-1-infected adults in Guangdong, China. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/ml at week 144. Between March 1 and December 31, 2015, a total of 196 patients (from 274 patients screened) were included and randomly assigned to either the DT group (n = 99) or the TT group (n = 97). In the primary intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis at week 144, 95 patients (96%) in the DT group and 93 patients (95.9%) in the TT group achieved virological inhibition with plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml (difference: 0.1%; 95% CI, -4.6-4.7%), meeting the criteria for non-inferiority. The DT group did not show significant differences in the mean increase in CD4+ cell count (247.0 vs. 204.5 cells/mm3; p = 0.074) or the CD4/CD8 ratio (0.47 vs. 0.49; p = 0.947) from baseline, or the inflammatory biomarker levels through week 144 compared with the TT group. For the subgroup analysis, baseline high viremia (HIV-1 RNA > 100,000 copies/ml) and genotype BC did not affect the primary endpoint or the mean increase in CD4+ cell count or CD4/CD8 ratio from baseline at week 144. However, in patients with genotype AE, the DT group showed a higher mean increase in CD4+ cell count from baseline through 144 weeks than the TT group (308.7 vs. 209.4 cells/mm3; p = 0.038). No secondary HIV resistance was observed in either group. Moreover, no severe adverse event (SAE) or death was observed in any group. Nonetheless, more patients in the TT group (6.1%) discontinued the assigned regimen than those in the DT group (1%) due to adverse events. Dual therapy with LPV/r plus 3TC manifests long-term non-inferior therapeutic efficacy, low drug resistance, good safety, and tolerability compared with the first-line triple-therapy regimen in Guangdong, China, indicating dual therapy is a viable alternative in resource-limited areas. Clinical Trial Registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR1900024611].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Ping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Hua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Chtita S, Belhassan A, Aouidate A, Belaidi S, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. Discovery of Potent SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors from Approved Antiviral Drugs via Docking and Virtual Screening. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:441-454. [PMID: 32748740 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200730205447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies and healthcare systems around the world. There is an urgent need to search for possible medications. OBJECTIVE This article intends to use virtual screening and molecular docking methods to find potential inhibitors from existing drugs that can respond to COVID-19. METHODS To take part in the current research investigation and to define a potential target drug that may protect the world from the pandemic of corona disease, a virtual screening study of 129 approved drugs was carried out which showed that their metabolic characteristics, dosages used, potential efficacy and side effects are clear as they have been approved for treating existing infections. Especially 12 drugs against chronic hepatitis B virus, 37 against chronic hepatitis C virus, 37 against human immunodeficiency virus, 14 anti-herpesvirus, 11 anti-influenza, and 18 other drugs currently on the market were considered for this study. These drugs were then evaluated using virtual screening and molecular docking studies on the active site of the (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (6lu7). Once the efficacy of the drug is determined, it can be approved for its in vitro and in vivo activity against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can be beneficial for the rapid clinical treatment of patients. These drugs were considered potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2 and those with high molecular docking scores were proposed as novel candidates for repurposing. The N3 inhibitor cocrystallized with protease (6lu7) and the anti-HIV protease inhibitor Lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. RESULTS The results suggest the effectiveness of Beclabuvir, Nilotinib, Tirilazad, Trametinib and Glecaprevir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its main protease. CONCLUSION These promising drugs can inhibit the replication of the virus; hence, the repurposing of these compounds is suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. No toxicity measurements are required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA. However, the assessment of these potential inhibitors as clinical drugs requires further in vivo tests of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 7955 Sidi Othmane, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Assia Belhassan
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Adnane Aouidate
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Salah Belaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment, Group of Computational and pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Biskra, BP145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- High School of Technology of Khenifra, Sultan Slimane University, B.P. 591, Khenifra, Morocco
| | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
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7
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Chtita S, Belhassan A, Aouidate A, Belaidi S, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. Discovery of Potent SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors from Approved Antiviral Drugs via Docking and Virtual Screening. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200730205447 10.1093/glycob/1.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten
patients, societies and healthcare systems around the world. There is an urgent need to search for
possible medications.
Objective:
This article intends to use virtual screening and molecular docking methods to find
potential inhibitors from existing drugs that can respond to COVID-19.
Methods:
To take part in the current research investigation and to define a potential target
drug that may protect the world from the pandemic of corona disease, a virtual screening
study of 129 approved drugs was carried out which showed that their metabolic
characteristics, dosages used, potential efficacy and side effects are clear as they have been
approved for treating existing infections. Especially 12 drugs against chronic hepatitis B
virus, 37 against chronic hepatitis C virus, 37 against human immunodeficiency virus, 14
anti-herpesvirus, 11 anti-influenza, and 18 other drugs currently on the market were
considered for this study. These drugs were then evaluated using virtual screening and
molecular docking studies on the active site of the (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (6lu7). Once
the efficacy of the drug is determined, it can be approved for its in vitro and in vivo
activity against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which
can be beneficial for the rapid clinical treatment of patients.
:
These drugs were considered potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2 and those with high
molecular docking scores were proposed as novel candidates for repurposing. The N3 inhibitor cocrystallized
with protease (6lu7) and the anti-HIV protease inhibitor Lopinavir were used as
standards for comparison.
Results:
The results suggest the effectiveness of Beclabuvir, Nilotinib, Tirilazad, Trametinib and
Glecaprevir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its main protease.
Conclusion:
These promising drugs can inhibit the replication of the virus; hence, the repurposing
of these compounds is suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. No toxicity measurements are
required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA.
However, the assessment of these potential inhibitors as clinical drugs requires further in vivo tests
of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 7955 Sidi Othmane, Casablanca,Morocco
| | - Assia Belhassan
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes,Morocco
| | - Adnane Aouidate
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes,Morocco
| | - Salah Belaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment, Group of Computational and pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Biskra, BP145, 07000, Biskra,Algeria
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- High School of Technology of Khenifra, Sultan Slimane University, B.P. 591, Khenifra,Morocco
| | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes,Morocco
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8
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Kalhori MR, Saadatpour F, Arefian E, Soleimani M, Farzaei MH, Aneva IY, Echeverría J. The Potential Therapeutic Effect of RNA Interference and Natural Products on COVID-19: A Review of the Coronaviruses Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:616993. [PMID: 33716745 PMCID: PMC7953353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.616993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus was reported for the first time in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and causes respiratory infection. This pandemic pneumonia killed about 1,437,835 people out of 61,308,161cases up to November 27, 2020. The disease's main clinical complications include fever, recurrent coughing, shortness of breath, acute respiratory syndrome, and failure of vital organs that could lead to death. It has been shown that natural compounds with antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities and RNA interference agents could play an essential role in preventing or treating coronavirus infection by inhibiting the expression of crucial virus genes. This study aims to introduce a summary of coronavirus's genetic and morphological structure and determine the role of miRNAs, siRNAs, chemical drugs, and natural compounds in stimulating the immune system or inhibiting the virus's structural and non-structural genes that are essential for replication and infection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Kalhori
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadatpour
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosien Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Choudhary J, Dheeman S, Sharma V, Katiyar P, Karn SK, Sarangi MK, Chauhan AK, Verma G, Baliyan N. Insights of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: a current review. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 33526007 PMCID: PMC7849622 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of the 21st century caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was originated from China and shallowed world economy and human resource. The medical cures via herbal treatments, antiviral drugs, and vaccines still in progress, and studying rigorously. SARS-CoV-2 is more virulent than its ancestors due to evolution in the spike protein(s), mediates viral attachment to the host's membranes. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding spike domain associates itself with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors. It causes respiratory ailments with irregularities in the hepatic, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, as reported in humans suffering from COVID-19 and reviewed in the present article. There are several approaches, have been put forward by many countries under the world health organization (WHO) recommendations and some trial drugs were introduced for possible treatment of COVID-19, such as Lopinavir or Ritonavir, Arbidol, Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and most important Remdesivir including other like Tocilizumab, Oritavancin, Chlorpromazine, Azithromycin, Baricitinib, etc. RT-PCR is the only and early detection test available besides the rapid test kit (serodiagnosis) used by a few countries due to unreasonable causes. Development of vaccine by several leader of pharmaceutical groups still under trial or waiting for approval for mass inoculation. Management strategies have been evolved by the recommendations of WHO, specifically important to control COVID-19 situations, in the pandemic era. This review will provide a comprehensive collection of studies to support future research and enhancement in our wisdom to combat COVID-19 pandemic and to serve humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Chinmaya Degree College (Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand), Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249401 India
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Vipin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Faculty of Ayurvedic and Medicinal Sciences, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Prashant Katiyar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Ankit Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Deaprtment of Microbiology, Shri Dev Suman Subharti Medical College, Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Nitin Baliyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
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10
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Bolarin JA, Oluwatoyosi MA, Orege JI, Ayeni EA, Ibrahim YA, Adeyemi SB, Tiamiyu BB, Gbadegesin LA, Akinyemi TO, Odoh CK, Umeobi HI, Adeoye ABE. Therapeutic drugs for SARS-CoV-2 treatment: Current state and perspective. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107228. [PMID: 33302035 PMCID: PMC7691844 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by viral pneumonia called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) declared by the World Health Organization is a global pandemic that the world has witnessed since the last Ebola epidemic, SARS and MERS viruses. Many chemical compounds with antiviral activity are currently undergoing clinical investigation in order to find treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. On-going drug-drug interaction examinations on new, existing, and repurposed antiviral drugs are yet to provide adequate safety, toxicological, and effective monitoring protocols. This review presents an overview of direct and indirect antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and immune-stimulants used in the management of SARS-CoV-2. It also seeks to outline the recent development of drugs with anti-coronavirus effects; their mono and combination therapy in managing the disease vis-à-vis their biological sources and chemistry. Co-administration of these drugs and their interactions were discussed to provide significant insight into how adequate monitoring of patients towards effective health management could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Adedeji Bolarin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mercy Adaramodu Oluwatoyosi
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Joshua Iseoluwa Orege
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Emmanuel Ayodeji Ayeni
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu PMB 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yusuf Ajibola Ibrahim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Bashir Bolaji Tiamiyu
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Toluwanimi Oluwadara Akinyemi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuks Kenneth Odoh
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Happiness Ijeoma Umeobi
- Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Adenike Bernice-Eloise Adeoye
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Dutta A, Roy A, Roy L, Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee S. Immune response and possible therapeutics in COVID-19. RSC Adv 2020; 11:960-977. [PMID: 35423713 PMCID: PMC8693424 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has emerged as a pandemic affecting about 213 countries in all the continents of the globe, resulting in more than 37.8 million individuals getting infected and over 1.08 million deaths worldwide, jeopardizing global human health and the economy. This presents an urgent need to develop therapies that target the SARS-CoV2 virus specifically. This review aims at presenting the available information on the coronavirus disease 2019 along with various drugs that are having widespread use until a vaccine candidate is available to aid in the development of therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM Kolkata-700054 India +91-033-25693340
| | - Ananya Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM Kolkata-700054 India +91-033-25693340
| | - Laboni Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM Kolkata-700054 India +91-033-25693340
| | | | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM Kolkata-700054 India +91-033-25693340
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12
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Martone AM, Ciciarello F, Landi F. Treatment of COVID-19 disease in older people with cognitive impairment: a challenge into the challenge. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Su B, Yao C, Zhao QX, Cai WP, Wang M, Lu HZ, Chen YY, Liu L, Wang H, He Y, Zheng YH, Li LH, Chen JF, Yu JH, Zhu B, Zhao M, Sun YT, Lun WH, Xia W, Sun LJ, Dai LL, Jiang TY, Wang MX, Zheng QS, Peng HY, Wang Y, Lu RJ, Hu JH, Xing H, Shao YM, Xie D, Zhang T, Zhang FJ, Wu H. Efficacy and safety of the long-acting fusion inhibitor albuvirtide in antiretroviral-experienced adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1: interim analysis of the randomized, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority TALENT study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2919-2927. [PMID: 33252379 PMCID: PMC7752691 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albuvirtide is a once-weekly injectable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 fusion inhibitor. We present interim data for a phase 3 trial assessing the safety and efficacy of albuvirtide plus lopinavir-ritonavir in HIV-1-infected adults already treated with antiretroviral drugs. METHODS We carried out a 48-week, randomized, controlled, open-label non-inferiority trial at 12 sites in China. Adults on the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended first-line treatment for >6 months with a plasma viral load >1000 copies/mL were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive albuvirtide (once weekly) plus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (ABT group) or the WHO-recommended second-line treatment (NRTI group). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a plasma viral load below 50 copies/mL at 48 weeks. Non-inferiority was prespecified with a margin of 12%. RESULTS At the time of analysis, week 24 data were available for 83 and 92 patients, and week 48 data were available for 46 and 50 patients in the albuvirtide and NRTI groups, respectively. At 48 weeks, 80.4% of patients in the ABT group and 66.0% of those in the NRTI group had HIV-1 RNA levels below 50 copies/mL, meeting the criteria for non-inferiority. For the per-protocol population, the superiority of albuvirtide over NRTI was demonstrated. The frequency of grade 3 to 4 adverse events was similar in the two groups; the most common adverse events were diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, and grade 3 to 4 increases in triglyceride concentration. Renal function was significantly more impaired at 12 weeks in the patients of the NRTI group who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate than in those of the ABT group. CONCLUSIONS The TALENT study is the first phase 3 trial of an injectable long-acting HIV drug. This interim analysis indicates that once-weekly albuvirtide in combination with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir is well tolerated and non-inferior to the WHO-recommended second-line regimen in patients with first-line treatment failure. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02369965; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.Chinese Clinical Trial Registry No. ChiCTR-TRC-14004276; http://www.chictr.org.cn/enindex.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cheng Yao
- Frontier Biotechnologies Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211122, China
| | - Qing-Xia Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450061, China
| | - Wei-Ping Cai
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of HIV/AIDS, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450061, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Yu-Huang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ling-Hua Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Jin-Feng Chen
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Min Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yong-Tao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lun
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Jun Sun
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Li Dai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tai-Yi Jiang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Mei-Xia Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qing-Shan Zheng
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-Yan Peng
- Beijing Co-CRO Medical Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100711, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Co-CRO Medical Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100711, China
| | - Rong-Jian Lu
- Frontier Biotechnologies Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211122, China
| | - Jian-Hua Hu
- Frontier Biotechnologies Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211122, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi-Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Frontier Biotechnologies Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211122, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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14
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Marcolino VA, Pimentel TC, Barão CE. What to expect from different drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19: A study on applications and in vivo and in vitro results. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173467. [PMID: 32777212 PMCID: PMC7414419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The end of 2019 was marked by the emergence of a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which has killed more than 240,000 people around the world so far. Several clinical studies are being performed to test possible drugs in response to the COVID-19 outbreak; however, there is still no treatment that is completely effective. Our goal in this paper is to bring together the results of main studies carried out with different drugs in order to help spread the knowledge about possible treatments for COVID-19 that have been suggested so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Barão
- Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR), Campus Paranavaí, 87703-536, Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil.
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15
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Qu J, Li GH, Wang JJ, He GF, Huang JJ, Chen Y, Qu Q, Chen XY, Lu Q. Comparative effectiveness of Lopinavir/Ritonavir-based regimens in COVID-19. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:203-210. [PMID: 33090501 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spreading throughout the world rapidly. Here we evaluated the efficacy of the Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) and its combination with other drugs in the treatment of COVID-19. We included 170 confirmed COVID-19 patients who had been cured and discharged. Their antiviral therapies were LPV/r alone or combinations with interferon (IFN), Novaferon and Arbidol. We evaluated the medication efficacy by comparing the time of the negative nucleic acid conversion and the length of hospitalization mainly. The LPV/r + Novaferon [6.00 (4.00-8.00) and 7.50 (5.00-10.00) days] had shorter time of the negative nucleic acid conversion (P = .0036) and shorter time of hospitalization (P < .001) compared with LPV/r alone [9.00 (5.00-12.00) and 12.00 (11.00-15.00) days] and LPV/r + IFN [9.00 (7.25-11.00) and 12.00 (10.00-13.50) days]. On the contrary, LPV/r + IFN [9.00 (7.25-11.00) and 12.00 (10.00-13.50) days] had shorter time of the negative nucleic acid conversion (P = .031) and shorter time of hospitalization (P < .001) compared with LPV/r + IFN +Novaferon [10.00 (8.00-11.25) and 13.50 (11.50-17.00) days] and LPV/r + IFN +Arbidol [14.00 (9.75-19.00) and 19.50 (13.25-24.00) days]. In conclusion, the combination of LPV/r and Novaferon may have better efficacy against COVID-19. However, adding IFN based on LPV/r + Novaferon or adding Arbidol based on LPV/r + IFN may not improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge-Fei He
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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MUTLU O, UYGUN İ, ERDEN F. Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) Tedavisinde Kullanılan İlaçlar. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.761170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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Parlakpinar H, Gunata M. SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19): Cellular and biochemical properties and pharmacological insights into new therapeutic developments. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:10-28. [PMID: 32992409 PMCID: PMC7537523 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID‐19 caused by SARS‐COV‐2 first appeared in the Wuhan City of China and began to spread rapidly among people. Rapid progression of the outbreak has led to a major global public health problem of a potentially fatal disease. On January 30, 2020, WHO declared the pandemic as the sixth public health emergency of the world. Upon this, the whole country has started to take the necessary precautions. The new coronavirus uses membrane‐bound angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter into the cells, such as SARS‐CoV, and mostly affects the respiratory tract. Symptoms of COVID‐19 patients include fever (93%), fatigue (70%), cough (70%), anorexia (40%) and dyspnoea (34.5%). The elderly and people with underlying chronic diseases are more susceptible to infection and higher mortality. Currently, a large number of drugs and vaccines studies are ongoing. In this review, we discussed the virology, epidemiological data, the replication of the virus, and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases on COVID‐19 pandemics, treatment and vaccines. Thereby, this study aims to neatly present scientific data in light of many regarding literature that can be a clue for readers who research this disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineInonu UniversityMalatyaTurkey
| | - Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineInonu UniversityMalatyaTurkey
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18
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Chibber P, Haq SA, Ahmed I, Andrabi NI, Singh G. Advances in the possible treatment of COVID-19: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173372. [PMID: 32682787 PMCID: PMC7366101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the global pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has put a challenge to identify or derive the therapeutics for its prevention and treatment. Despite the unprecedented advances in the modern medicinal system, currently, there are no proven effective therapies. However, rapid research on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology help unveiling some new targets for potential drug therapies. Many drugs have been screened, and even their clinical trials are going on at an exceptional pace. Amongst these RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors (favipiravir and remdesivir) and steroids especially dexamethasone showed promising effects. The biological agents like tocilizumab, interferons, and convalescent plasma prove to be beneficial in viral clearance. Moreover, many immunomodulatory and viral S protein targeting vaccines have their ongoing clinical trials. The establishment of various in vitro and in vivo models for preclinical studies can additionally help the current research. The volume and the pace of the clinical trials launched to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reflect the need for high-quality evidence for various therapies to be practiced by clinicians. This study aims to sum up all the current advances in the global medicinal system against the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chibber
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
| | - Syed Assim Haq
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Nusrit Iqbal Andrabi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
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19
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Li Y, Li C, Wang J, Zhu C, Zhu L, Ji F, Liu L, Xu T, Zhang B, Xue L, Yan X, Huang R, Wu C, Yan X. A case series of COVID-19 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2785-2791. [PMID: 32558945 PMCID: PMC7323302 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) was likely to result in liver injury. However, few studies reported the impacts of COVID‐19 on liver function in patients with chronic liver diseases. We aimed to describe a case series of COVID‐19 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Confirmed hospitalized COVID‐19 patients from hospitals in 10 cities of Jiangsu province, China, were retrospectively included between 18 January 2020 and 26 February 2020. Demographic information, epidemiologic data, clinical features, and treatment data were extracted from medical records. Seven COVID‐19 patients with chronic HBV infection were included. Six (85.7%) patients were male. The patients aged from 33 to 49 years. Two patients had HBV‐related cirrhosis. One patient (14.3%) was positive for serum HBV e‐antigen. On admission, 1 (14.3%) patient had mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (>40 U/L) and 1 (14.3%) had elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (>40 U/L). The serum albumin level and platelet counts were decreased in two patients with HBV‐related liver cirrhosis. Three (42.9%) patients had elevated ALT level and 2 (28.6%) patients had elevated AST level in hospitalization. However, the peak ALT and AST level during hospitalization was 51 U/L and 44 U/L, respectively. As of 29 February 2020, all patients were discharged. No patient was admitted to the intensive care units or developed liver failure during hospitalization. The abnormalities of liver function are not uncommon on COVID‐19 patients with chronic HBV infection in our case series. However, no patient developed severe liver‐related complications during hospitalization. The impacts of COVID‐19 on liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis B remain unclear. Our study showed the clinical features of COVID‐19 with CHB by a multicenter cohort. About half of patients presented mild elevated ALT and AST level. The abnormalities of liver function are common on COVID‐19 patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanwu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longgen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Quality Control Office, Huai'an No. 4 People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Leyang Xue
- Department of Critical Medicine, Huai'an No. 4 People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Rehman M, Tauseef I, Aalia B, Shah SH, Junaid M, Haleem KS. Therapeutic and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2: past, present and future. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7386380 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019. It was first reported in Wuhan, China and has since become a global health concern. Keeping in view, the magnitude of the problem, scientists around the globe are working to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on previous findings regarding SARS-CoV, which may prove helpful in future research on SARS-CoV-2. In addition, it also highlights recent developments in medicine and biotechnology toward developing effective drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. This review will analyze available data on this topic and will help researchers develop new thoughts using information already available as a step toward developing novel therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Isfahan Tauseef
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Bibi Aalia
- Pediatric Department, KMU Institute of Medical Science, Kohat, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
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21
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Zhang Y, Xu Q, Sun Z, Zhou L. Current targeted therapeutics against COVID-19: Based on first-line experience in China. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104854. [PMID: 32360585 PMCID: PMC7192075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain, causing a global pandemic since the end of 2019. The majority of patients showed nonspecific symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Most patients have a good prognosis while some with severe conditions could rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction, and even die. The exacerbation of the patient's condition may be due to a cytokine storm in the body. Effective targeted therapies including antiviral and immunization are urgently needed. Although many clinical trials are already underway and the majority of patients have received antiviral therapy based on medication experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and preliminary results from some clinical trials, there are no antiviral drugs proven to be effective currently. We summarize the current therapeutic medicines used in the clinic, hope to be able to provide some implications for clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Qianhao Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Zhuoyan Sun
- School of Medical Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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22
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Yaqinuddin A, Kashir J. Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109777. [PMID: 32344314 PMCID: PMC7194824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells are required to generate an effective immune response against viruses, functional exhaustion of which enables disease progression. Patients with severe COVID-19 present significantly lower lymphocyte, and higher neutrophil, counts in blood. Specifically, CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells were significantly reduced in cases of severe infection compared to patients with mild infection and healthy individuals. The NK group 2 member A (NKG2A) receptor transduces inhibitory signalling, suppressing NK cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity. Overexpression of NKG2A has been observed on CD8+ and NK cells of COVID-19 infected patients compared to healthy controls, while NKG2A overexpression also functionally exhausts CD8+ cells and NK cells, resulting in a severely compromised innate immune response. Blocking NKG2A on CD8+ cells and NK cells in cancers modulated tumor growth, restoring CD8+ T and NK cell function. A recently proposed mechanism via which SARS-CoV-2 overrides innate immune response of the host is by over-expressing NKG2A on CD+ T and NK cells, culminating in functional exhaustion of the immune response against the viral pathogen. Monalizumab is an inhibiting antibody against NKG2A which can restore the function of CD8 + T and NK cells in cancers, successfully ceasing tumor progression with no significant side effects in Phase 2 clinical trials. We hypothesize that patients with severe COVID-19 have a severely compromised innate immune response and could be treated via the use of Monalizumab, interferon α, chloroquine, and other antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Han YN, Feng ZW, Sun LN, Ren XX, Wang H, Xue YM, Wang Y, Fang Y. A comparative-descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics in 2019-coronavirus-infected children and adults. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1596-1602. [PMID: 32249943 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has rapidly spread throughout China. Children and adults show a different clinical course. The purpose of the current study is to comparatively analyze the clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV infection in children and adults and to explore the possible causes for the discrepancies present. The medical records of 25 adults and 7 children confirmed cases of 2019-2019-nCoV acute respiratory diseases were reviewed retrospectively. All children were family clusters. The total adult patients were differentiated into the local residents of Wuhan, a history of travel to Wuhan and direct contact with people from Wuhan. The numbers were 14 (56%), 10 (40%), and 1 (4%), respectively. The median incubation period of children and adults was 5 days (ranged, 3-12 days) and 4 days (ranged, 2-12 days), respectively. Diarrhoea and/or vomiting (57.1%) were demic by World Health Organiza more common in children, whereas for adults it was myalgia or fatigue (52%). On admission, the percentage of children having pneumonia (5%, 71.4%) was roughly the same as adults (20%, 80%). A total of 20% of adults had leucopoenia, but leukocytosis was more frequently in children (28.6%, P=.014). A higher number of children had elevated creatine kinase isoenzyme (57.1% vs 4%, P=.004). Antiviral therapy was given to all adult patients but to none of the children. In summary, knowledge of these differences between children and adults will not only be helpful for the clinical diagnosis of 2019-nCoV disease, but also for a future discussion on age-specific coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Ming Xue
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Eighth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of NICU, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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24
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in December 2019 and then spread rapidly worldwide, particularly to China, Japan, and South Korea. Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far. This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shasha Hu
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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25
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Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:64-68. [PMID: 32037389 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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