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Oliveira KB, de Souza FMA, de Sá LBM, Pacheco ALD, Prado MR, de Sousa Rodrigues CF, Bassi ÊJ, Santana-Melo I, Silva-Júnior A, Sabino-Silva R, Shetty AK, de Castro OW. Potential Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19-Mediated Central and Peripheral Demyelination: Roles of the RAAS and ADAM-17. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04329-8. [PMID: 38965171 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination is among the most conspicuous neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in both the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying demyelination in COVID-19. However, none have considered the SARS-CoV-2's effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, our objective in this review is to evaluate how RAAS imbalance, caused by direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, could contribute to myelin loss in the PNS and CNS. In the PNS, we propose that demyelination transpires from two significant changes induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which include upregulation of ADAM-17 and induction of lymphopenia. Whereas, in the CNS, demyelination could result from RAAS imbalance triggering two alterations: (1) a decrease in angiotensin type II receptor (AT2R) activity, responsible for restraining defense cells' action on myelin; (2) upregulation of ADAM-17 activity, leading to impaired maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. Thus, we hypothesize that increased ADAM-17 activity and decreased AT2R activity play roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection-mediated demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araujo de Souza
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Barros Maurício de Sá
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Reis Prado
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Célio Fernando de Sousa Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana-Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil.
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2
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Tang X, Guo J, Qi F, Rezaei MJ. Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in vasculitis: A narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129658. [PMID: 38266857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A category of very uncommon systemic inflammatory blood vessel illnesses known as vasculitides. The pathogenesis and etiology of vasculitis are still poorly known. Despite all of the progress made in understanding the genetics and causes behind vasculitis, there is still more to learn. Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant contributor to immune-mediated illnesses, and epigenetic aberrancies in vasculitis are becoming more widely acknowledged. Less than 2 % of the genome contains protein-encoding DNA. Studies have shown that a variety of RNAs originating from the non-coding genome exist. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted the most attention in recent years as they are becoming more and more important regulators of different biological processes, such as diseases of the veins. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) such as exosomes, are membrane-bound vesicular structures that break free either during programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis or during cell activation. Exosomes may be involved in harmful ways in inflammation, procoagulation, autoimmune reactions, endothelial dysfunction/damage, intimal hyperplasia and angiogenesis, all of which may be significant in vasculitis. Herein, we summarized various non-coding RNAs that are involved in vasculitides pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomes in vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Jiajuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mohammad J Rezaei
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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3
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Zhang X, Liu J, Deng X, Bo L. Understanding COVID-19-associated endothelial dysfunction: role of PIEZO1 as a potential therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1281263. [PMID: 38487535 PMCID: PMC10937424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1281263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Due to its high infectivity, the pandemic has rapidly spread and become a global health crisis. Emerging evidence indicates that endothelial dysfunction may play a central role in the multiorgan injuries associated with COVID-19. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and validate novel therapeutic strategies targeting endothelial cells. PIEZO1, a mechanosensitive (MS) ion channel highly expressed in the blood vessels of various tissues, has garnered increasing attention for its potential involvement in the regulation of inflammation, thrombosis, and endothelial integrity. This review aims to provide a novel perspective on the potential role of PIEZO1 as a promising target for mitigating COVID-19-associated endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Bielecka E, Sielatycki P, Pietraszko P, Zapora-Kurel A, Zbroch E. Elevated Arterial Blood Pressure as a Delayed Complication Following COVID-19-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1837. [PMID: 38339115 PMCID: PMC10856065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is one of the most common and significant cardiovascular risk factors. There are many well-known and identified risk factors for its development. In recent times, there has been growing concern about the potential impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system and its relation to arterial hypertension. Various theories have been developed that suggest a connection between COVID-19 and elevated blood pressure. However, the precise link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the long-term risk of developing hypertension remains insufficiently explored. Therefore, the primary objective of our study was to investigate the influence of COVID-19 infection on blood pressure elevation and the subsequent risk of developing arterial hypertension over an extended period. To accomplish this, we conducted a thorough search review of relevant papers in the PubMed and SCOPUS databases up to 3 September 2023. Our analysis encompassed a total of 30 eligible articles. Out of the 30 papers we reviewed, 19 of them provided substantial evidence showing a heightened risk of developing arterial hypertension following COVID-19 infection. Eight of the studies showed that blood pressure values increased after the infection, while three of the qualified studies did not report any notable impact of COVID-19 on blood pressure levels. The precise mechanism behind the development of hypertension after COVID-19 remains unclear, but it is suggested that endothelial injury and dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be contributory. Additionally, changes in blood pressure following COVID-19 infection could be linked to lifestyle alterations that often occur alongside the illness. Our findings emphasize the pressing requirement for thorough research into the relationship between COVID-19 and hypertension. These insights are essential for the development of effective prevention and management approaches for individuals who have experienced COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edyta Zbroch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (E.B.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (A.Z.-K.)
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Sokol DK, Lahiri DK. APPlications of amyloid-β precursor protein metabolites in macrocephaly and autism spectrum disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1201744. [PMID: 37799731 PMCID: PMC10548831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of the Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) proteolysis may underlie brain overgrowth in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We have found elevated APP metabolites (total APP, secreted (s) APPα, and α-secretase adamalysins in the plasma and brain tissue of children with ASD). In this review, we highlight several lines of evidence supporting APP metabolites' potential contribution to macrocephaly in ASD. First, APP appears early in corticogenesis, placing APP in a prime position to accelerate growth in neurons and glia. APP metabolites are upregulated in neuroinflammation, another potential contributor to excessive brain growth in ASD. APP metabolites appear to directly affect translational signaling pathways, which have been linked to single gene forms of syndromic ASD (Fragile X Syndrome, PTEN, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex). Finally, APP metabolites, and microRNA, which regulates APP expression, may contribute to ASD brain overgrowth, particularly increased white matter, through ERK receptor activation on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Rho GTPase pathway, favoring myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Sokol
- Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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6
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Afsharmanesh MR, Mohammadi Z, Mansourian AR, Jafari SM. A Review of micro RNAs changes in T2DM in animals and humans. J Diabetes 2023; 15:649-664. [PMID: 37329278 PMCID: PMC10415875 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications have become a crucial public health concern in the world. According to the literature, chronic inflammation and the progression of T2DM have a close relationship. Accumulated evidence suggests that inflammation enhances the insulin secretion lost by islets of Langerhans and the resistance of target tissues to insulin action, which are two critical features in T2DM development. Based on recently highlighted research that plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 are elevated in insulin-resistant and T2DM, and it raises novel question marks about the processes causing inflammation in both situations. Over the past few decades, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short, noncoding RNA molecules, have been discovered to be involved in the regulation of inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2DM pathology. These noncoding RNAs are specifically comprised of RNA-induced silencing complexes and regulate the expression of specific protein-coding genes through various mechanisms. There is extending evidence that describes the expression profile of a special class of miRNA molecules altered during T2DM development. These modifications can be observed as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of T2DM and related diseases. In this review study, after reviewing the possible mechanisms involved in T2DM pathophysiology, we update recent information on the miRNA roles in T2DM, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Afsharmanesh
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Zeinab Mohammadi
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Azad Reza Mansourian
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Jafari
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
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7
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Bai X, Schountz T, Buckle AM, Talbert JL, Sandhaus RA, Chan ED. Alpha-1-antitrypsin antagonizes COVID-19: a review of the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical evidence. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1361-1375. [PMID: 37294003 PMCID: PMC10317171 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is increasingly recognized to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and counter many of the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiologic evidence, the molecular mechanisms, and the clinical evidence that support this paradigm. As background to our discussion, we first examined the basic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and contend that despite the availability of vaccines and anti-viral agents, COVID-19 remains problematic due to viral evolution. We next underscored that measures to prevent severe COVID-19 currently exists but teeters on a balance and that current treatment for severe COVID-19 remains grossly suboptimal. We then reviewed the epidemiologic and clinical evidence that AAT deficiency increases risk of COVID-19 infection and of more severe disease, and the experimental evidence that AAT inhibits cell surface transmembrane protease 2 (TMPRSS2) - a host serine protease required for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells - and that this inhibition may be augmented by heparin. We also elaborated on the panoply of other activities of AAT (and heparin) that could mitigate severity of COVID-19. Finally, we evaluated the available clinical evidence for AAT treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, U.S.A
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, U.S.A
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, U.S.A
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- PTNG Bio, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janet L. Talbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
| | | | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, U.S.A
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, U.S.A
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, U.S.A
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Sato K, Takayama KI, Inoue S. Stress granules sequester Alzheimer's disease-associated gene transcripts and regulate disease-related neuronal proteostasis. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204737. [PMID: 37219408 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and physiological stresses can accelerate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Under stress, a cytoplasmic membraneless structure termed a stress granule (SG) is formed and is associated with various neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. SGs contain translationally arrested mRNAs, suggesting that impaired RNA metabolism in neurons causes AD progression; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified numerous mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that are directly targeted by the SG core proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2. They redundantly target RNAs before and after stress conditions. We further identified RNAs within SGs, wherein AD-associated gene transcripts accumulated, suggesting that SGs can directly regulate AD development. Furthermore, gene-network analysis revealed a possible link between the sequestration of RNAs by SGs and the impairment of protein neurohomeostasis in AD brains. Together, our study provides a comprehensive RNA regulatory mechanism involving SGs, which could be targeted therapeutically to slow AD progression mediated by SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
- Integrated Research Initiative for Living Well with Dementia (IRIDE), TMIG, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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9
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Chen Q, Li Y, Bie B, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Fang S, Li S, Zhang Y. P38 MAPK activated ADAM17 mediates ACE2 shedding and promotes cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:73. [PMID: 37046278 PMCID: PMC10091339 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent disease with a poor prognosis. Relieving pathological cardiac remodeling and preserving cardiac function is a critical link in the treatment of post-MI HF. Thus, more new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The expression of ADAM17 is increased in patients with acute MI, but its functional role in post-MI HF remains unclear. METHODS To address this question, we examined the effects of ADAM17 on the severity and prognosis of HF within 1 year of MI in 152 MI patients with or without HF. In mechanistic studies, the effects of ADAM17 on ventricular remodeling and systolic function were extensively assessed at the tissue and cellular levels by establishing animal model of post-MI HF and in vitro hypoxic cell model. RESULTS High levels of ADAM17 predicted a higher incidence of post-MI HF, poorer cardiac function and higher mortality. Animal studies demonstrated that ADAM17 promoted the occurrence of post-MI HF, as indicated by increased infarct size, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial interstitial collagen deposition and cardiac failure. ADAM17 knock down significantly improved pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac function in mice with MI. Mechanistically, activated ADAM17 inhibited the cardioprotective effects of ACE2 by promoting hydrolytic shedding of the transmembrane protein ACE2 in cardiomyocytes, which subsequently mediated the occurrence of cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure. Moreover, the activation of ADAM17 in hypoxic cardiomyocytes was dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation at threonine 735. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a novel and important mechanism for ADAM17 to cause post-MI HF, which will hopefully be a new potential target for early prediction or intervention of post-MI HF. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yilan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bike Bie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuijie Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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10
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Oliveira KB, de Melo IS, da Silva BRM, Oliveira KLDS, Sabino-Silva R, Anhezini L, Katayama PL, Santos VR, Shetty AK, de Castro OW. SARS-CoV-2 and Hypertension: Evidence Supporting Invasion into the Brain Via Baroreflex Circuitry and the Role of Imbalanced Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231151926. [PMID: 36756280 PMCID: PMC9900164 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231151926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is considered one of the most critical risk factors for COVID-19. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces intense effects on the cardiovascular system by weakening the wall of large vessels via vasa-vasorum. In this commentary, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 invades carotid and aortic baroreceptors, leading to infection of the nucleus tractus solitari (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and such dysregulation of NTS and PVN following infection causes blood pressure alteration at the central level. We additionally explored the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 favors the internalization of membrane ACE2 receptors generating an imbalance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increasing the activity of angiotensin II (ANG-II), disintegrin, and metalloproteinase 17 domain (ADAM17/TACE), eventually modulating the integration of afferents reaching the NTS from baroreceptors and promoting increased blood pressure. These mechanisms are related to the increased sympathetic activity, which leads to transient or permanent hypertension associated with SARS-CoV-2 invasion, contributing to the high number of deaths by cardiovascular implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rodrigues Melo da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Keylla Lavínia da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas
Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Anhezini
- Department of Histology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas,
Brazil
| | - Pedro Lourenco Katayama
- Department of Physiology and Pathology,
Dentistry School of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of
Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of
Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil,Olagide Wagner de Castro, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av.
Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió,
Alagoas CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
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11
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Xing X, Hu X. Risk factors of cytokine release syndrome: stress, catecholamines, and beyond. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:93-100. [PMID: 36586780 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a severe clinical syndrome marked by drastic elevation of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Despite the current empirical therapeutic strategies, prediction of CRS onset and identification of high-risk individuals are not satisfactory due to poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying CRS-related immune dysfunction and risk factors for CRS. Recent studies have suggested that conditions such as stress, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension may contribute to the development of CRS. Here, we discuss potential connections between these conditions and CRS pathogenesis, with a focus on stress hormone catecholamine-mediated effects, hoping that the design of CRS therapeutic approaches ensues from a renewed perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xing
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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12
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Nejat R, Torshizi MF, Najafi DJ. S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020204. [PMID: 36851081 PMCID: PMC9968219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the spread of the deadly virus SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, researchers have restlessly sought to unravel how the virus enters the host cells. Some proteins on each side of the interaction between the virus and the host cells are involved as the major contributors to this process: (1) the nano-machine spike protein on behalf of the virus, (2) angiotensin converting enzyme II, the mono-carboxypeptidase and the key component of renin angiotensin system on behalf of the host cell, (3) some host proteases and proteins exploited by SARS-CoV-2. In this review, the complex process of SARS-CoV-2 entrance into the host cells with the contribution of the involved host proteins as well as the sequential conformational changes in the spike protein tending to increase the probability of complexification of the latter with angiotensin converting enzyme II, the receptor of the virus on the host cells, are discussed. Moreover, the release of the catalytic ectodomain of angiotensin converting enzyme II as its soluble form in the extracellular space and its positive or negative impact on the infectivity of the virus are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nejat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Laleh Hospital, Tehran 1467684595, Iran
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hydroxyurea as a promising ADAM17 inhibitor. Med Hypotheses 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Arjmand B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Sarvari M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rezazadeh- Mafi A, Arjmand R, Nikandish M, Nasli‐Esfahani E, Larijani B. Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:171-206. [PMID: 36600055 PMCID: PMC9812357 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been a shocking disaster for healthcare systems worldwide since December 2019. This virus can affect all systems of the body and its symptoms vary from a simple upper respiratory infection to fatal complications including end-organ damage. On the other hand, the normal immune system plays a pivotal role in the recovery of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, occasionally, exaggerated immune system inflammation and an excessive synthesis of cytokines, known as a "cytokine storm," can deteriorate the patient's clinical condition. Secondary bacterial co-infection is another problem in COVID-19 which affects the prognosis of patients. Although there are a few studies about this complication, they suggest not using antibiotics commonly, especially broad-spectrum ones. During this pandemic, various approaches and therapeutics were introduced for treating COVID-19 patients. However, available treatments are not helpful enough, especially for complicated cases. Hence, in this era, cell therapy and regenerative medicine will create new opportunities. Therefore, the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells, especially their antimicrobial activity, will help us understand how to treat COVID-19. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells may stop the immune system from becoming overactive in COVID-19 patients. On the other side, the stem cells' capacity for repair could encourage natural healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Cancer Control Center (MACSA), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ahmad Rezazadeh- Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasta Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli‐Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Tang BY, Ge J, Wu Y, Wen J, Tang XH. The Role of ADAM17 in Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 35648358 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that poses a huge economic burden due to its extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to explore potential mechanisms to improve the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a cell membrane-bound protein that performs a range of functions through membrane protein shedding and intracellular signaling. ADAM17-mediated inflammation has been identified to be an important contributor to atherosclerosis; however, the specific relationship between its multiple regulatory roles and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the activation, function, and regulation of ADAM17, described in detail the role of ADAM17-mediated inflammatory damage in atherosclerosis, and discussed several controversial points. We hope that these insights into ADAM17 biology will lead to rational management of atherosclerosis. ADAM17 promotes vascular inflammation in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, and regulates the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yi Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Third Hospital of Changsha, 176 W. Laodong Road, Changsha, 410015, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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16
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Bai X, Bai A, Tomasicchio M, Hagman JR, Buckle AM, Gupta A, Kadiyala V, Bevers S, Serban KA, Kim K, Feng Z, Spendier K, Hagen G, Fornis L, Griffith DE, Dzieciatkowska M, Sandhaus RA, Gerber AN, Chan ED. α1-Antitrypsin Binds to the Glucocorticoid Receptor with Anti-Inflammatory and Antimycobacterial Significance in Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1746-1759. [PMID: 36162872 PMCID: PMC10829398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor, is the third most abundant protein in plasma. Although the best-known function of AAT is irreversible inhibition of elastase, AAT is an acute-phase reactant and is increasingly recognized to have a panoply of other functions, including as an anti-inflammatory mediator and a host-protective molecule against various pathogens. Although a canonical receptor for AAT has not been identified, AAT can be internalized into the cytoplasm and is known to affect gene regulation. Because AAT has anti-inflammatory properties, we examined whether AAT binds the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in human macrophages. We report the finding that AAT binds to GR using several approaches, including coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and microscale thermophoresis. We also performed in silico molecular modeling and found that binding between AAT and GR has a plausible stereochemical basis. The significance of this interaction in macrophages is evinced by AAT inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 production as well as AAT induction of angiopoietin-like 4 protein, which are, in part, dependent on GR. Furthermore, this AAT-GR interaction contributes to a host-protective role against mycobacteria in macrophages. In summary, this study identifies a new mechanism for the gene regulation, anti-inflammatory, and host-defense properties of AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO;
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - An Bai
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Michele Tomasicchio
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, UCT Lung Institute and the MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James R Hagman
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- PTNG Bio, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnav Gupta
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | | | - Shaun Bevers
- Biophysics Core Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Kevin Kim
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Zhihong Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kathrin Spendier
- Department of Physics & Energy Science, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO; and
| | - Guy Hagen
- Department of Physics & Energy Science, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO; and
| | | | | | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO;
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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17
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da Silva MC, dos Santos VM, da Silva MVB, Prazeres TCMM, Cartágenes MDSS, Calzerra NTM, de Queiroz TM. Involvement of shedding induced by ADAM17 on the nitric oxide pathway in hypertension. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1032177. [PMID: 36310604 PMCID: PMC9614329 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1032177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), also called tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) convertase (TACE), is a well-known protease involved in the sheddase of growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. ADAM17 is also enrolled in hypertension, especially by shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) leading to impairment of angiotensin 1–7 [Ang-(1–7)] production and injury in vasodilation, induction of renal damage and cardiac hypertrophy. Activation of Mas receptor (MasR) by binding of Ang-(1–7) induces an increase in the nitric oxide (NO) gaseous molecule, which is an essential factor of vascular homeostasis and blood pressure control. On the other hand, TNF-ɑ has demonstrated to stimulate a decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability, triggering a disrupt in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. In spite of the previous studies, little knowledge is available about the involvement of the metalloprotease 17 and the NO pathways. Here we will provide an overview of the role of ADAM17 and Its mechanisms implicated with the NO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelly Cunha da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Maria dos Santos
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Matheus Vinícius B. da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thyago Moreira de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Thyago Moreira de Queiroz,
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18
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Qu H, Khalil RA. Role of ADAM and ADAMTS Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115266. [PMID: 36191626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy (NP) involves intricate processes starting with egg fertilization, proceeding to embryo implantation, placentation and gestation, and culminating in parturition. These pregnancy-related processes require marked uteroplacental and vascular remodeling by proteolytic enzymes and metalloproteinases. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) are members of the zinc-dependent family of proteinases with highly conserved protein structure and sequence homology, which include a pro-domain, and a metalloproteinase, disintegrin and cysteine-rich domain. In NP, ADAMs and ADAMTS regulate sperm-egg fusion, embryo implantation, trophoblast invasion, placental angiogenesis and spiral arteries remodeling through their ectodomain proteolysis of cell surface cytokines, cadherins and growth factors as well as their adhesion with integrins and cell-cell junction proteins. Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by new-onset hypertension (HTN) in pregnancy (HTN-Preg) at or after 20 weeks of gestation, with or without proteinuria. Insufficient trophoblast invasion of the uterine wall, inadequate expansive remodeling of the spiral arteries, reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure, and placental ischemia/hypoxia are major initiating events in the pathogenesis of PE. Placental ischemia/hypoxia increase the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to aberrant expression/activity of certain ADAMs and ADAMTS. In PE, abnormal expression/activity of specific ADAMs and ADAMTS that function as proteolytic sheddases could alter proangiogenic and growth factors, and promote the release of antiangiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines into the placenta and maternal circulation leading to generalized inflammation, endothelial cell injury and HTN-Preg, renal injury and proteinuria, and further decreases in uteroplacental blood flow, exaggeration of placental ischemia, and consequently fetal growth restriction. Identifying the role of ADAMs and ADAMTS in NP and PE has led to a better understanding of the underlying molecular and vascular pathways, and advanced the potential for novel biomarkers for prediction and early detection, and new approaches for the management of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Qu
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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19
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The Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Bacterial Metabolite p-Cresol Derails the Neuroimmune Response of Microglial Cells Partially via Reduction of ADAM17 and ADAM10. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911013. [PMID: 36232346 PMCID: PMC9570133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial metabolite 4-methylphenol (para-cresol or p-cresol) and its derivative p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are elevated in the urine and feces of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been shown that p-cresol administration induces social behavior deficits and repetitive behavior in mice. However, the mechanisms of p-cresol, specifically its metabolite pCS that can reach the brain, in ASD remain to be investigated. The pCS has been shown to inhibit LPS-stimulated inflammatory response. A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) are thought to regulate microglial immune response by cleaving membrane-bound proteins. In the present study, a neuroinflammation model of LPS-activated BV2 microglia has been used to unveil the potential molecular mechanism of pCS in ASD pathogenesis. In microglial cells pCS treatment decreases the expression or maturation of ADAM10 and ADAM17. In addition, pCS treatment attenuates TNF-α and IL-6 releases as well as phagocytosis activity of microglia. In in vitro ADAM10/17 inhibition experiments, either ADAM10 or ADAM17 inhibition reduces constitutive and LPS-activated release of TNF-α, TNFR-1 and IL-6R by microglial cells, while it increases constitutive and LPS-activated microglial phagocytotic activity. The in vivo results further confirm the involvement of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ASD pathogenesis. In in utero VPA-exposed male mice, elevated concentration in serum of p-cresol-associated metabolites pCS and p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG) is associated with a VPA-induced increased ADAM10 maturation, and a decreased ADAM17 maturation that is related with attenuated levels of soluble TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the mice brain. Overall, the present study demonstrates a partial role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the derailed innate immune response of microglial cells associated with pCS-induced ASD pathogenesis.
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20
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Khezri MR, Nazari-Khanamiri F, Mohammadi T, Moloodsouri D, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Potential effects of icariin, the Epimedium-derived bioactive compound in the treatment of COVID-19: a hypothesis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1019-1027. [PMID: 35657423 PMCID: PMC9163523 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected the world's health systems for more than two years. This disease causes a high mortality rate followed by cytokine storm-induced oxidative stress and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, many drugs have been considered with emphasis on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in controlling the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Icariin is a major bioactive pharmaceutical compound derived from Epimedium plants, which is known due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Additionally, the protective effects of icariin have been studied in different pathologies through modulating intracellular pathways. In addition to the potential effect of this compound on inflammation and oxidative stress caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, it appears to interfere with intracellular pathways involved in viral entry into the cell. Therefore, this paper aims to review the molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of icariin, and hypothesizes its potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells through modulating the intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafi Khezri
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Nazari-Khanamiri
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Tooba Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Donya Moloodsouri
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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21
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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22
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Silva MG, Corradi GR, Pérez Duhalde JI, Nuñez M, Cela EM, Gonzales Maglio DH, Brizzio A, Salazar MR, Espeche WG, Gironacci MM. Plasmatic renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and hypertensive patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113201. [PMID: 35661534 PMCID: PMC9135678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides its counterbalancing role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is the receptor for the type 2 coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, the etiological agent of COVID-19. COVID-19 is associated with increased plasmatic ACE2 levels, although conflicting results have been reported regarding angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1−7) levels. We investigated plasmatic ACE2 protein levels and enzymatic activity and Ang II and Ang-(1−7) levels in normotensive and hypertensive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 compared to healthy subjects. Methods Ang II and Ang-(1−7), and ACE2 activity and protein levels were measured in 93 adults (58 % (n = 54) normotensive and 42 % (n = 39) hypertensive) hospitalized with COVID-19. Healthy, normotensive (n = 33) and hypertensive (n = 7) outpatient adults comprised the control group. Results COVID-19 patients displayed higher ACE2 enzymatic activity and protein levels than healthy subjects. Within the COVID-19 group, ACE2 activity and protein levels were not different between normotensive and hypertensive-treated patients, not even between COVID-19 hypertensive patients under RAS blockade treatment and those treated with other antihypertensive medications. Ang II and Ang-(1−7) levels significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients. When COVID-19 patients under RAS blockade treatment were excluded from the analysis, ACE2 activity and protein levels remained higher and Ang II and Ang-(1−7) levels lower in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy people. Conclusions Our results support the involvement of RAS in COVID-19, even when patients under RAS blockade treatment were excluded. The increased circulating ACE2 suggest higher ACE2 expression and shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro G Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo R Corradi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Pérez Duhalde
- Unidad de Enfermedades Cardiometabólicas, Hospital San Martín de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Myriam Nuñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Matemáticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana M Cela
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología-IDEHU, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzales Maglio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología-IDEHU, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Brizzio
- Unidad de Enfermedades Cardiometabólicas, Hospital San Martín de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin R Salazar
- Unidad de Enfermedades Cardiometabólicas, Hospital San Martín de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Walter G Espeche
- Unidad de Enfermedades Cardiometabólicas, Hospital San Martín de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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A Elrayess M, T Zedan H, A Alattar R, Abusriwil H, Al-Ruweidi MKAA, Almuraikhy S, Parengal J, Alhariri B, Yassine HM, A Hssain A, Nair A, Al Samawi M, Abdelmajid A, Al Suwaidi J, Omar Saad M, Al-Maslamani M, Omrani AS, Yalcin HC. Soluble ACE2 and angiotensin II levels are modulated in hypertensive COVID-19 patients treated with different antihypertension drugs. Blood Press 2022; 31:80-90. [PMID: 35548940 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2022.2055530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the effect of antihypertensive drugs on ACE2 and Angiotensin II levels in hypertensive COVID-19 patients. INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a common comorbidity among severe COVID-19 patients. ACE2 expression can be modulated by antihypertensive drugs such as ACEis and ARBs, which may affect COVID-19's prognosis. BB and CCB reduce mortality, according to some evidence. Their effect on circulating levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II, as well as the severity of COVID-19, is less well studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical data were collected from 200 patients in four different antihypertensive medication classes (ACEi, ARB, BB, and CCB). Angiotensin II and ACE2 levels were determined using standard ELISA kits. ACE2, angiotensin II, and other clinical indices were evaluated by linear regression models. RESULTS Patients on ACEi (n = 57), ARB (n = 68), BB (n = 15), or CCB (n = 30) in this study had mild (n = 76), moderate (n = 76), or severe (n = 52) COVID-19. ACE2 levels were higher in COVID-19 patients with severe disease (p = 0.04) than mild (p = 0.07) and moderate (p = 0.007). The length of hospital stay is correlated with ACE2 levels (r = 0.3, p = 0.003). Angiotensin II levels decreased with severity (p = 0.04). Higher ACE2 levels are associated with higher CRP and D-dimer levels. Elevated Angiotensin II was associated with low levels of CRP, D-dimer, and troponin. ACE2 levels increase with disease severity in patients taking an ARB (p = 0.01), patients taking ACEi, the degree of disease severity was associated with a decrease in angiotensin II. BB patients had the lowest disease severity. CONCLUSION We found different levels of soluble ACE2, and angiotensin II are observed among COVID-19 patients taking different antihypertensive medications and exhibiting varying levels of disease severity. COVID-19 severity increases with elevated ACE2 levels and lower angiotensin II levels indicating that BB treatment reduces severity regardless of levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadeel T Zedan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rand A Alattar
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Abusriwil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Jabeed Parengal
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bassem Alhariri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arun Nair
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Musaed Al Samawi
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaaeldin Abdelmajid
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Muna Al-Maslamani
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali S Omrani
- Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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24
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Erol A. Importance of Efferocytosis in COVID-19 Mortality. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:995-1007. [PMID: 35299855 PMCID: PMC8922362 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a generally benign coronavirus disease that can spread rapidly, except for those with a group of risk factors. Since the pathogenesis responsible for the severity of the disease has not been clearly revealed, effective treatment alternatives has not been developed. The hallmark of the SARS-CoV-2-infected cells is apoptosis. Apoptotic cells are cleared through a sterile process defined as efferocytosis by professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells. The disease would be rapidly brought under control in the organism that can achieve effective efferocytosis, which is also a kind of innate immune response. In the risk group, the efferocytic process is defective. With the addition of the apoptotic cell load associated with SARS-COV-2 infection, failure to achieve efferocytosis of dying cells can initiate secondary necrosis, which is a highly destructive process. Uncontrolled inflammation and coagulation abnormalities caused by secondary necrosis reason in various organ failures, lung in particular, which are responsible for the poor prognosis. Following the short and simplified information, this opinion paper aims to present possible treatment options that can control the severity of COVID-19 by detailing the mechanisms that can cause defective efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Erol
- Independent Researcher, Not Affiliated to Any Institution, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Valenzuela R, Pedrosa MA, Quijano A, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Drugs Modulating Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID-19 Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:502. [PMID: 35203711 PMCID: PMC8962306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A massive worldwide vaccination campaign constitutes the main tool against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, drug treatments are also necessary. Antivirals are the most frequently considered treatments. However, strategies targeting mechanisms involved in disease aggravation may also be effective. A major role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology and severity of COVID-19 has been suggested. The main link between RAS and COVID-19 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a central RAS component and the primary binding site for SARS-CoV-2 that facilitates the virus entry into host cells. An initial suggestion that the susceptibility to infection and disease severity may be enhanced by angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) because they increase ACE2 levels, led to the consideration of discontinuing treatments in thousands of patients. More recent experimental and clinical data indicate that ACEIs and, particularly, ARBs can be beneficial for COVID-19 outcome, both by reducing inflammatory responses and by triggering mechanisms (such as ADAM17 inhibition) counteracting viral entry. Strategies directly activating RAS anti-inflammatory components such as soluble ACE2, Angiotensin 1-7 analogues, and Mas or AT2 receptor agonists may also be beneficial. However, while ACEIs and ARBs are cheap and widely used, the second type of strategies are currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Labandeira
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Neurology Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloia Quijano
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Yu Y, Chen E, Weiss RM, Felder RB, Wei SG. Transforming Growth Factor-α Acts in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus to Upregulate ERK1/2 Signaling and Expression of Sympathoexcitatory Mediators in Heart Failure Rats. Neuroscience 2022; 483:13-23. [PMID: 34968668 PMCID: PMC8837700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase is associated with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contributes to the sympathetic excitation in heart failure (HF). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-α is a major endogenous ligand for EGFR. The present study sought to determine whether TGF-α increases in the PVN in HF and promotes the activation of EGFR to increase ERK1/2 activity. Male rats received bilateral PVN microinjections of an EGFR siRNA or a scrambled siRNA followed by an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of TGF-α or vehicle one week later. In rats pretreated with the scrambled siRNA, ICV TGF-α increased phosphorylated (p-) EGFR and upregulated the expression of p-ERK1/2 and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in the PVN, when compared with the untreated age-matched control rats. These responses to ICV TGF-α were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with the EGFR siRNA. Furthermore, bilateral PVN microinjection of a TGF-α siRNA in HF rats significantly decreased the elevated levels of TGF-α, p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and the mRNA expression of PICs and RAS components in the PVN, compared with the HF rats treated with a scrambled siRNA. The TGF-α siRNA-treated HF rats also exhibited lower plasma norepinephrine levels and improved peripheral manifestations of HF. These data suggest that TGF-α expression is upregulated in the PVN in HF and induces the activation of EGFR-mediated ERK1/2 signaling to augment the inflammation and RAS activity that drives sympathetic excitation in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ethan Chen
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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27
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Chen C, Zhang S, Wei Y, Sun X. LncRNA RMST Regulates Neuronal Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response via Sponging miR-150-5p in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:55-62. [PMID: 34515176 DOI: 10.1159/000518212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LncRNA rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST) serves as a key regulator in neural stem cell fate and is involved in the progression of different neurological diseases. In this research, the serum level and clinical value of RMST in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were detected, and the underlying mechanism was explored. METHODS Ninety-nine PD patients and 93 healthy individuals were collected for clinical experiments. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to establish PD cell models. qRT-PCR was used for the detection of mRNA levels. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect neuronal viability and apoptosis. The target relationship of RMST with miR-15a-5p was confirmed applying luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS RMST was present at high levels in both serum of PD patients and PD cell models. Serum RMST had a certain clinical value for the diagnosis of PD with the AUC of 0.892 at a cutoff value of 1.225. Serum RMST was positively associated with the levels of TNF-α (r = 0.421, p < 0.001) and IL-1β (r = 0.567, p < 0.001) in PD patients. Knockdown of RMST alleviated the apoptosis and inflammatory response of SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP+. miR-150-5p was the target gene of RMST and less expressed in the clinical serum samples and PD cell models. CONCLUSION Serum RMST serves as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. RMST downregulation may regulate the occurrence and development of PD through inhibiting neuron cell apoptosis and the release of inflammatory cytokines via targeting miR-150-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlei Chen
- Department of Neurology First Ward, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Shijuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology First Ward, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xibo Sun
- Department of Neurology First Ward, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
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28
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Farahani M, Niknam Z, Mohammadi Amirabad L, Amiri-Dashatan N, Koushki M, Nemati M, Danesh Pouya F, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rasmi Y, Tayebi L. Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112420. [PMID: 34801852 PMCID: PMC8585639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular downstream consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)- 2 infection is important for a greater understanding of the disease and treatment planning. Furthermore, greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can help in the development of vaccines and drugs against COVID-19. At present, the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cells are not sufficiently comprehended. Some of the mechanisms are proposed considering the existing similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and the other members of the β-CoVs, and others are explained based on studies advanced in the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we endeavored to map the possible mechanisms of the host response following SARS-CoV-2 infection and surveyed current research conducted by in vitro, in vivo and human observations, as well as existing suggestions. We addressed the specific signaling events that can cause cytokine storm and demonstrated three forms of cell death signaling following virus infection, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Given the elicited signaling pathways, we introduced possible pathway-based therapeutic targets; ADAM17 was especially highlighted as one of the most important elements of several signaling pathways involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. We also provided the possible drug candidates against these targets. Moreover, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was found as one of the important cross-talk pathways through a pathway-pathway interaction analysis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Farahani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Amiri-Dashatan
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Koushki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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29
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Kountouras J, Papaefthymiou A, Polyzos SA, Deretzi G, Vardaka E, Soteriades ES, Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou M, Gkolfakis P, Karafyllidou K, Doulberis M. Impact of Helicobacter pylori-Related Metabolic Syndrome Parameters on Arterial Hypertension. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112351. [PMID: 34835476 PMCID: PMC8618184 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a risk factor for several pathologies, mainly including cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which rank as leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Arterial hypertension also constitutes a fundamental component of the metabolic syndrome. Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common types of chronic infection globally and displays a plethora of both gastric and extragastric effects. Among other entities, Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Within this review, we illustrate the current state-of-the-art evidence, which may link several components of the Helicobacter pylori-related metabolic syndrome, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and arterial hypertension. In particular, current knowledge of how Helicobacter pylori exerts its virulence through dietary, inflammatory and metabolic pathways will be discussed. Although there is still no causative link between these entities, the emerging evidence from both basic and clinical research supports the proposal that several components of the Helicobacter pylori infection-related metabolic syndrome present an important risk factor in the development of arterial hypertension. The triad of Helicobacter pylori infection, the metabolic syndrome, and hypertension represents a crucial worldwide health problem on a pandemic scale with high morbidity and mortality, like COVID-19, thereby requiring awareness and appropriate management on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110 Larisa, Greece
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2252, Cyprus;
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Midwifery Department, University of West Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Erasme University Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriaki Karafyllidou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
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30
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Saha P, Bose S, Srivastava AK, Chaudhary AA, Lall R, Prasad S. Jeopardy of COVID-19: Rechecking the Perks of Phytotherapeutic Interventions. Molecules 2021; 26:6783. [PMID: 34833873 PMCID: PMC8621307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the reason for worldwide pandemic, has already masked around 220 countries globally. This disease is induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Arising environmental stress, increase in the oxidative stress level, weak immunity and lack of nutrition deteriorates the clinical status of the infected patients. Though several researches are at its peak for understanding and bringing forward effective therapeutics, yet there is no promising solution treating this disease directly. Medicinal plants and their active metabolites have always been promising in treating many clinical complications since time immemorial. Mother nature provides vivid chemical structures, which act multi-dimensionally all alone or synergistically in mitigating several diseases. Their unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with least side effects have made them more effective candidate for pharmacological studies. These medicinal plants inhibit attachment, encapsulation and replication of COVID-19 viruses by targeting various signaling molecules such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease 2, spike glycoprotein, main protease etc. This property is re-examined and its potency is now used to improve the existing global health crisis. This review is an attempt to focus various antiviral activities of various noteworthy medicinal plants. Moreover, its implications as prophylactic or preventive in various secondary complications including neurological, cardiovascular, acute kidney disease, liver disease are also pinpointed in the present review. This knowledge will help emphasis on the therapeutic developments for this novel coronavirus where it can be used as alone or in combination with the repositioned drugs to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Subhankar Bose
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSUI), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajiv Lall
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
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31
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Cumpstey AF, Clark AD, Santolini J, Jackson AA, Feelisch M. COVID-19: A Redox Disease-What a Stress Pandemic Can Teach Us About Resilience and What We May Learn from the Reactive Species Interactome About Its Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1226-1268. [PMID: 33985343 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affects every aspect of human life by challenging bodily, socioeconomic, and political systems at unprecedented levels. As vaccines become available, their distribution, safety, and efficacy against emerging variants remain uncertain, and specific treatments are lacking. Recent Advances: Initially affecting the lungs, COVID-19 is a complex multisystems disease that disturbs the whole-body redox balance and can be long-lasting (Long-COVID). Numerous risk factors have been identified, but the reasons for variations in susceptibility to infection, disease severity, and outcome are poorly understood. The reactive species interactome (RSI) was recently introduced as a framework to conceptualize how cells and whole organisms sense, integrate, and accommodate stress. Critical Issues: We here consider COVID-19 as a redox disease, offering a holistic perspective of its effects on the human body, considering the vulnerability of complex interconnected systems with multiorgan/multilevel interdependencies. Host/viral glycan interactions underpin SARS-CoV-2's extraordinary efficiency in gaining cellular access, crossing the epithelial/endothelial barrier to spread along the vascular/lymphatic endothelium, and evading antiviral/antioxidant defences. An inflammation-driven "oxidative storm" alters the redox landscape, eliciting epithelial, endothelial, mitochondrial, metabolic, and immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy. Concomitantly reduced nitric oxide availability renders the sulfur-based redox circuitry vulnerable to oxidation, with eventual catastrophic failure in redox communication/regulation. Host nutrient limitations are crucial determinants of resilience at the individual and population level. Future Directions: While inflicting considerable damage to health and well-being, COVID-19 may provide the ultimate testing ground to improve the diagnosis and treatment of redox-related stress diseases. "Redox phenotyping" of patients to characterize whole-body RSI status as the disease progresses may inform new therapeutic approaches to regain redox balance, reduce mortality in COVID-19 and other redox diseases, and provide opportunities to tackle Long-COVID. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1226-1268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Cumpstey
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anna D Clark
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alan A Jackson
- Human Nutrition, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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32
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Pesce M, Agostoni P, Bøtker HE, Brundel B, Davidson SM, Caterina RD, Ferdinandy P, Girao H, Gyöngyösi M, Hulot JS, Lecour S, Perrino C, Schulz R, Sluijter JP, Steffens S, Tancevski I, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Tschöpe C, Linthout SV, Madonna R. COVID-19-related cardiac complications from clinical evidences to basic mechanisms: opinion paper of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2148-2160. [PMID: 34117887 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is a global threat, causing high mortality, especially in the elderly. The main symptoms and the primary cause of death are related to interstitial pneumonia. Viral entry also into myocardial cells mainly via the angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) receptor and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, however, also make the heart susceptible to injury. In addition to the immediate damage caused by the acute inflammatory response, the heart may also suffer from long-term consequences of COVID-19, potentially causing a post-pandemic increase in cardiac complications. Although the main cause of cardiac damage in COVID-19 remains coagulopathy with micro- (and to a lesser extent macro-) vascular occlusion, open questions remain about other possible modalities of cardiac dysfunction, such as direct infection of myocardial cells, effects of cytokines storm, and mechanisms related to enhanced coagulopathy. In this opinion paper, we focus on these lesser appreciated possibilities and propose experimental approaches that could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients. We first discuss approaches to characterize cardiac damage caused by possible direct viral infection of cardiac cells, followed by formulating hypotheses on how to reproduce and investigate the hyperinflammatory and pro-thrombotic conditions observed in the heart of COVID-19 patients using experimental in vitro systems. Finally, we elaborate on strategies to discover novel pathology biomarkers using omics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans-Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bianca Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Henrique Girao
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Sebastien Hulot
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joost Pg Sluijter
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie van Linthout
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Cardiology Chair, University of Pisa, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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33
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Mourão AA, Shimoura CG, Andrade MA, Truong TT, Pedrino GR, Toney GM. Local ionotropic glutamate receptors are required to trigger and sustain ramping of sympathetic nerve activity by hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus TNF α. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H580-H591. [PMID: 34355986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00322.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in cardiovascular disease models, but mechanisms are incompletely understood. As previously reported, bilateral PVN TNFα (0.6 pmol, 50 nL) induced acute ramping of splanchnic SNA (SSNA) that averaged +64 ± 7% after 60 min and +109 ± 17% after 120 min (P < 0.0001, n = 10). Given that TNFα can rapidly strengthen glutamatergic transmission, we hypothesized that progressive activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors is critically involved. When compared with that of vehicle (n = 5), prior blockade of PVN AMPA or NMDA receptors in anesthetized (urethane/α-chloralose) adult male Sprague-Dawley rats dose-dependently (ED50: 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), 2.48 nmol; D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), 12.33 nmol), but incompletely (Emax: NBQX, 64%; APV, 41%), attenuated TNFα-induced SSNA ramping (n = 5/dose). By contrast, combined receptor blockade prevented ramping (1.3 ± 2.1%, P < 0.0001, n = 5). Whereas separate blockade of PVN AMPA or NMDA receptors (n = 5/group) had little effect on continued SSNA ramping when performed 60 min after TNFα injection, combined blockade (n = 5) or PVN inhibition with the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (n = 5) effectively stalled, without reversing, the SSNA ramp. Notably, PVN TNFα increased local TNFα immunofluorescence after 120, but not 60 min. Findings indicate that AMPA and NMDA receptors each contribute to SSNA ramping to PVN TNFα, and that their collective availability and ongoing activity are required to initiate and sustain the ramping response. We conclude that acute sympathetic activation by PVN TNFα involves progressive local glutamatergic excitation that recruits downstream neurons capable of maintaining heightened SSNA, but incapable of sustaining SSNA ramping.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα contributes to heightened SNA in cardiovascular disease models, but mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that TNFα injection into the hypothalamic PVN triggers SNA ramping by mechanisms dependent on local ionotropic glutamate receptor availability, but largely independent of TNFα autoinduction. Continued SNA ramping depends on ionotropic glutamate receptor and neuronal activity in PVN, indicating that strengthening and/or increased efficacy of glutamatergic transmission is necessary for acute sympathoexcitation by PVN TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Mourão
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | - Caroline G Shimoura
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mary Ann Andrade
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tamara T Truong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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van Eijk LE, Binkhorst M, Bourgonje AR, Offringa AK, Mulder DJ, Bos EM, Kolundzic N, Abdulle AE, van der Voort PHJ, Olde Rikkert MGM, van der Hoeven JG, den Dunnen WFA, Hillebrands J, van Goor H. COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. J Pathol 2021; 254:307-331. [PMID: 33586189 PMCID: PMC8013908 DOI: 10.1002/path.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID-19 cases are characterised by a mild, self-limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi-organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID-19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to organ-specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune-mediated pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID-19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence-based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID-19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID-19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19, and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E van Eijk
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Binkhorst
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of NeonatologyRadboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Annette K Offringa
- Microbiology and System BiologyNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eelke M Bos
- Department of NeurosurgeryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Amaal E Abdulle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ van der Voort
- Department of Critical Care, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel GM Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wilfred FA den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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35
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Implications of ADAM17 activation for hyperglycaemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228464. [PMID: 33904577 PMCID: PMC8128101 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus specifically on the role that the metalloproteinase, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 [ADAM17] plays in the development and progression of the metabolic syndrome. There is a well-recognised link between the ADAM17 substrate tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and obesity, inflammation and diabetes. In addition, knocking out ADAM17 in mice leads to an extremely lean phenotype. Importantly, ADAM17-deficient mice exhibit one of the most pronounced examples of hypermetabolism in rodents to date. It is vital to further understand the mechanistic role that ADAM17 plays in the metabolic syndrome. Such studies will demonstrate that ADAM17 is a valuable therapeutic target to treat obesity and diabetes.
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36
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Does Genetic Predisposition Contribute to the Exacerbation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals with Comorbidities and Explain the Huge Mortality Disparity between the East and the West? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095000. [PMID: 34066804 PMCID: PMC8125927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly and patients with several comorbidities experience more severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy patients without underlying medical conditions. However, it is unclear why these people are prone to developing alveolar pneumonia, rapid exacerbations, and death. Therefore, we hypothesized that people with comorbidities may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to various factors; for example, they are likely to become more severely ill when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To test this hypothesis, we searched the literature extensively. Polymorphisms of genes, such as those that encode angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), have been associated with numerous comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and obesity, and there are potential mechanisms to explain these associations (e.g., DD-type carriers have greater ACE1 activity, and patients with a genetic alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) deficiency lack control over inflammatory mediators). Since comorbidities are associated with chronic inflammation and are closely related to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), these individuals may already have a mild ACE1/ACE2 imbalance before viral infection, which increases their risk for developing severe cases of COVID-19. However, there is still much debate about the association between ACE1 D/I polymorphism and comorbidities. The best explanation for this discrepancy could be that the D allele and DD subtypes are associated with comorbidities, but the DD genotype alone does not have an exceptionally large effect. This is also expected since the ACE1 D/I polymorphism is only an intron marker. We also discuss how polymorphisms of AAT and other genes are involved in comorbidities and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presumably, a combination of multiple genes and non-genetic factors is involved in the establishment of comorbidities and aggravation of COVID-19.
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37
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Experimental data using candesartan and captopril indicate no double-edged sword effect in COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:465-481. [PMID: 33479758 PMCID: PMC7851407 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The key link between renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and COVID-19 is ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), which acts as a double-edged sword, because ACE2 increases the tissue anti-inflammatory response but it is also the entry receptor for the virus. There is an important controversy on several drugs that regulate RAS activity and possibly ACE2, and are widely used, particularly by patients most vulnerable to severe COVID-19. In the lung of healthy rats, we observed that candesartan (an angiotensin type-1, AT1, receptor blocker; ARB) and captopril (an ACE inhibitor; ACEI) up-regulated expression of tissue ACE2 and RAS anti-inflammatory axis receptors (AT2 and Mas receptors). This effect was particularly pronounced in rats with metabolic syndrome (obesity, increased blood pressure and hyperglycemia) and aged rats. Treatment of cultures of human type-II pneumocytes with candesartan or captopril induced up-regulation of ACE2 expression in cells. Treatment with viral spike protein induced a decrease in full-length (i.e. transmembrane) ACE2, an increase in levels of a short intracellular ACE2 polypeptide and an increase in ADAM17 activity in cells, together with an increase in levels of soluble ACE2 and major proinflammatory cytokines in the culture medium. Spike protein-induced changes and levels of spike protein internalization in cells were inhibited by pretreatment with the above-mentioned drugs. The results suggest that these drugs increase ACE2 levels and promote the anti-inflammatory RAS axis in the lung. Furthermore, possible up-regulation of viral entry by the drug-induced increase in expression of transmembrane ACE2 is counteracted by additional mechanisms, particularly by drug-induced inhibition of ADAM17 activity.
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Chueh TI, Zheng CM, Hou YC, Lu KC. Novel Evidence of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3547. [PMID: 33153216 PMCID: PMC7692179 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a huge impact on health and economic issues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes cellular damage by entry mediated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of the host cells and its conjugation with spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Beyond airway infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury is common in SARS-CoV-2-associated infection, and acute kidney injury (AKI) is predictive to multiorgan dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Beyond the cytokine storm and hemodynamic instability, SARS-CoV-2 might directly induce kidney injury and cause histopathologic characteristics, including acute tubular necrosis, podocytopathy and microangiopathy. The expression of apparatus mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), within the renal tubular cells is highly associated with acute kidney injury mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Both entry from the luminal and basolateral sides of the renal tubular cells are the possible routes for COVID-19, and the microthrombi associated with severe sepsis and the dysregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system worsen further renal injury in SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI. In the podocytes of the glomerulus, injured podocyte expressed CD147, which mediated the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and worsen further foot process effacement, which would worsen proteinuria, and the chronic hazard induced by SARS-CoV-2-mediated kidney injury is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the review is to summarize current evidence on SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI and the possible pathogenesis directly by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-I Chueh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- Department of Education, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
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