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Breitwieser GE, Cippitelli A, Wang Y, Pelletier O, Dershem R, Wei J, Toll L, Fakhoury B, Brunori G, Metpally R, Carey DJ, Robishaw J. Rare GPR37L1 Variants Reveal Potential Association between GPR37L1 and Disorders of Anxiety and Migraine. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1226232024. [PMID: 38569927 PMCID: PMC11089846 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1226-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
GPR37L1 is an orphan receptor that couples through heterotrimeric G-proteins to regulate physiological functions. Since its role in humans is not fully defined, we used an unbiased computational approach to assess the clinical significance of rare G-protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 (GPR37L1) genetic variants found among 51,289 whole-exome sequences from the DiscovEHR cohort. Rare GPR37L1 coding variants were binned according to predicted pathogenicity and analyzed by sequence kernel association testing to reveal significant associations with disease diagnostic codes for epilepsy and migraine, among others. Since associations do not prove causality, rare GPR37L1 variants were functionally analyzed in SK-N-MC cells to evaluate potential signaling differences and pathogenicity. Notably, receptor variants exhibited varying abilities to reduce cAMP levels, activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and/or upregulate receptor expression in response to the agonist prosaptide (TX14(A)), as compared with the wild-type receptor. In addition to signaling changes, knock-out (KO) of GPR37L1 or expression of certain rare variants altered cellular cholesterol levels, which were also acutely regulated by administration of the agonist TX14(A) via activation of the MAPK pathway. Finally, to simulate the impact of rare nonsense variants found in the large patient cohort, a KO mouse line lacking Gpr37l1 was generated. Although KO animals did not recapitulate an acute migraine phenotype, the loss of this receptor produced sex-specific changes in anxiety-related disorders often seen in chronic migraineurs. Collectively, these observations define the existence of rare GPR37L1 variants associated with neuropsychiatric conditions in the human population and identify the signaling changes contributing to pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda E Breitwieser
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Andrea Cippitelli
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Yingcai Wang
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Oliver Pelletier
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Ridge Dershem
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Jianning Wei
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Bianca Fakhoury
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Gloria Brunori
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - David J Carey
- Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet Robishaw
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Breitwieser GE, Cippitelli A, Wang Y, Pelletier O, Dershem R, Wei J, Toll L, Fakhoury B, Brunori G, Metpally R, Carey DJ, Robishaw J. Rare GPR37L1 variants reveal potential roles in anxiety and migraine disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547546. [PMID: 37461723 PMCID: PMC10349990 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
GPR37L1 is an orphan receptor that couples through heterotrimeric G-proteins to regulate physiological functions. Since its role in humans is not fully defined, we used an unbiased computational approach to assess the clinical significance of rare GPR37L1 genetic variants found among 51,289 whole exome sequences from the DiscovEHR cohort. Briefly, rare GPR37L1 coding variants were binned according to predicted pathogenicity, and analyzed by Sequence Kernel Association testing to reveal significant associations with disease diagnostic codes for epilepsy and migraine, among others. Since associations do not prove causality, rare GPR37L1 variants were then functionally analyzed in SK-N-MC cells to evaluate potential signaling differences and pathogenicity. Notably, receptor variants exhibited varying abilities to reduce cAMP levels, activate MAPK signaling, and/or upregulate receptor expression in response to the agonist prosaptide (TX14(A)), as compared to the wild-type receptor. In addition to signaling changes, knockout of GPR37L1 or expression of certain rare variants altered cellular cholesterol levels, which were also acutely regulated by administration of the agonist TX14(A) via activation of the MAPK pathway. Finally, to simulate the impact of rare nonsense variants found in the large patient cohort, a knockout (KO) mouse line lacking Gpr37L1 was generated, revealing loss of this receptor produced sex-specific changes implicated in migraine-related disorders. Collectively, these observations define the existence of rare GPR37L1 variants in the human population that are associated with neuropsychiatric conditions and identify the underlying signaling changes that are implicated in the in vivo actions of this receptor in pathological processes leading to anxiety and migraine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a diverse group of membrane receptors that contribute to a wide range of diseases and serve as effective drug targets. However, a number of these receptors have no identified ligands or functions, i.e., orphan receptors. Over the past decade, advances have been made, but there is a need for identifying new strategies to reveal their roles in health and disease. Our results highlight the utility of rare variant analyses of orphan receptors for identifying human disease associations, coupled with functional analyses in relevant cellular and animal systems, to ultimately reveal their roles as novel drug targets for treatment of neurological disorders that lack wide-spread efficacy.
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Li Y, Li B, Chen WD, Wang YD. Role of G-protein coupled receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1130312. [PMID: 37342437 PMCID: PMC10277692 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, with CVDs accounting for nearly 30% of deaths worldwide each year. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most prominent family of receptors on the cell surface, and play an essential regulating cellular physiology and pathology. Some GPCR antagonists, such as β-blockers, are standard therapy for the treatment of CVDs. In addition, nearly one-third of the drugs used to treat CVDs target GPCRs. All the evidence demonstrates the crucial role of GPCRs in CVDs. Over the past decades, studies on the structure and function of GPCRs have identified many targets for the treatment of CVDs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of GPCRs in the function of the cardiovascular system from both vascular and heart perspectives, then analyze the complex ways in which multiple GPCRs exert regulatory functions in vascular and heart diseases. We hope to provide new ideas for the treatment of CVDs and the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Boyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, The People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, School of Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Armando I, Cuevas S, Fan C, Kumar M, Izzi Z, Jose PA, Konkalmatt PR. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 37L1 Modulates Epigenetic Changes in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214456. [PMID: 36430934 PMCID: PMC9698582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal luminal sodium transport is essential for physiological blood pressure control, and abnormalities in this process are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Renal G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical for the regulation of the reabsorption of essential nutrients, ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate. Recently, we showed that GPCR 37L1 (GPR37L1) is expressed on the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules (RPT) and regulates luminal sodium transport and blood pressure by modulating the function of the sodium proton exchanger 3 (NHE3). However, little is known about GPR37L1 intracellular signaling. Here, we show that GPR37L1 is localized to the nuclear membrane, in addition to the plasma membrane in human RPT cells. Furthermore, GPR37L1 signals via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to decrease the expression of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and enhance NHE3 transcription. Overall, we demonstrate the direct role of a nuclear membrane GPCR in the regulation of renal sodium through epigenetic gene regulation.
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Impaired Aversive Memory Formation in GPR37L1KO Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214290. [PMID: 36430766 PMCID: PMC9696904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR37L1 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, which is implicated in neurological disorders, but its normal physiological role is poorly understood. Its close homologue, GPR37, is implicated in Parkinson's disease and affective disorders. In this study, we set out to characterize adult and middle-aged global GPR37L1 knock-out (KO) mice regarding emotional behaviors. Our results showed that GPR37L1KO animals, except adult GPR37L1KO males, exhibited impaired retention of aversive memory formation as assessed by the shorter retention latency in a passive avoidance task. Interestingly, the viral-mediated deletion of GPR37L1 in conditional knockout mice in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice also showed impaired retention in passive avoidance tasks, similar to what was observed in global GPR37L1KO mice, suggesting that hippocampal GPR37L1 is involved in aversive learning processes. We also observed that middle-aged GPR37L1KO male and female mice exhibited a higher body weight than their wild-type counterparts. Adult and middle-aged GPR37L1KO female mice exhibited a reduced level of serum corticosterone and middle-aged GPR37L1KO females showed a reduced level of epinephrine in the dorsal hippocampus in the aftermath of passive avoidance task, with no such effects observed in GPR37L1KO male mice, suggesting that lack of GPR37L1 influences behavior and biochemical readouts in age- and sex-specific manners.
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Mouat MA, Wilkins BP, Ding E, Govindaraju H, Coleman JLJ, Graham RM, Turner N, Smith NJ. Metabolic Profiling of Mice with Deletion of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR37L1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111814. [PMID: 35681509 PMCID: PMC9180194 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurogenic causes of obesity may reveal novel drug targets to counter the obesity crisis and associated sequelae. Here, we investigate whether the deletion of GPR37L1, an astrocyte-specific orphan G protein-coupled receptor, affects whole-body energy homeostasis in mice. We subjected male Gpr37l1−/− mice and littermate wildtype (Gpr37l1+/+, C57BL/6J background) controls to either 12 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) or chow feeding, or to 1 year of chow diet, with body composition quantified by EchoMRI, glucose handling by glucose tolerance test and metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry. Following an HFD, Gpr37l1−/− mice had similar glucose handling, body weight and fat mass compared with wildtype controls. Interestingly, we observed a significantly elevated respiratory exchange ratio in HFD- and chow-fed Gpr37l1−/− mice during daylight hours. After 1 year of chow feeding, we again saw no differences in glucose and insulin tolerance or body weight between genotypes, nor in energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. However, there was significantly lower fat mass accumulation, and higher ambulatory activity in the Gpr37l1−/− mice during night hours. Overall, these results indicate that while GPR37L1 may play a minor role in whole-body metabolism, it is not a viable clinical target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Mouat
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Brendan P. Wilkins
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
| | - Eileen Ding
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Hemna Govindaraju
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
| | - James L. J. Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Nigel Turner
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
- Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (N.J.S.)
| | - Nicola J. Smith
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (N.J.S.)
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Massimi M, Di Pietro C, La Sala G, Matteoni R. Mouse Mutants of Gpr37 and Gpr37l1 Receptor Genes: Disease Modeling Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084288. [PMID: 35457105 PMCID: PMC9025225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate G protein–coupled receptor 37 and G protein–coupled receptor 37-like 1 (GPR37 and GPR37L1) proteins have amino acid sequence homology to endothelin and bombesin-specific receptors. The prosaposin glycoprotein, its derived peptides, and analogues have been reported to interact with and activate both putative receptors. The GPR37 and GPR37L1 genes are highly expressed in human and rodent brains. GPR37 transcripts are most abundant in oligodendrocytes and in the neurons of the substantia nigra and hippocampus, while the GPR37L1 gene is markedly expressed in cerebellar Bergmann glia astrocytes. The human GPR37 protein is a substrate of parkin, and its insoluble form accumulates in brain samples from patients of inherited juvenile Parkinson’s disease. Several Gpr37 and Gpr37l1 mouse mutant strains have been produced and applied to extensive in vivo and ex vivo analyses of respective receptor functions and involvement in brain and other organ pathologies. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the different mouse strains so far published are reported and discussed, and their current and proposed applications to human disease modeling are highlighted.
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Mouat MA, Coleman JLJ, Wu J, Dos Remedios CG, Feneley MP, Graham RM, Smith NJ. Involvement of GPR37L1 in murine blood pressure regulation and human cardiac disease pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H807-H817. [PMID: 34533400 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00198.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mouse lines lacking the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR37L1, have elicited disparate cardiovascular phenotypes. The first Gpr37l1 knockout mice study to be published reported a marked elevation in systolic blood pressure (SBP; ∼60 mmHg), revealing a potential therapeutic opportunity. The phenotype differed from our own independently generated knockout line, where male mice exhibited equivalent baseline blood pressure to wild type. Here, we attempted to reproduce the first study by characterizing the cardiovascular phenotype of both the original knockout and transgenic lines alongside a C57BL/6J control line, using the same method of blood pressure measurement. The present study supports the findings from our independently developed Gpr37l1 knockout line, finding that SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are not different in the original Gpr37l1 knockout male mice (SBP: 130.9 ± 5.3 mmHg; DBP: 90.7 ± 3.0 mmHg) compared with C57BL/6J mice (SBP: 123.1 ± 4.1 mmHg; DBP: 87.0 ± 2.7 mmHg). Instead, we attribute the apparent hypertension of the knockout line originally described to comparison with a seemingly hypotensive transgenic line (SBP 103.7 ± 5.0 mmHg; DBP 71.9 ± 3.7 mmHg). Additionally, we quantified myocardial GPR37L1 transcript in humans, which was suggested to be downregulated in cardiovascular disease. We found that GPR37L1 has very low native transcript levels in human myocardium and that expression is not different in tissue samples from patients with heart failure compared with sex-matched healthy control tissue. These findings indicate that cardiac GPR37L1 expression is unlikely to contribute to the pathophysiology of human heart failure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterizes systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a Gpr37l1 knockout mouse line, which was previously reported to have ∼60 mmHg higher SBP compared with a transgenic line. We observed only a ∼27 mmHg SBP difference between the lines. However, when compared with C57BL/6J mice, knockout mice showed no difference in SBP. We also investigated GPR37L1 mRNA abundance in human hearts and observed no difference between healthy and failing heart samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Mouat
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James L J Coleman
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cristobal G Dos Remedios
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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