The role IL-1 in tumor-mediated angiogenesis

Therapeutic implications of signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment interactions in esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer (EC) is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and altered signaling pathways. Downregulating these pathways in EC is essential for suppressing tumor development, preventing metastasis, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This approach can increase tumor sensitivity to treatments, enhance patient outcomes, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and spread. The TME, comprising cellular and non-cellular elements surrounding the tumor, significantly influences EC's development, course, and treatment responsiveness. Understanding the complex relationships within the TME is crucial for developing successful EC treatments. Immunotherapy is a vital TME treatment for EC. However, the heterogeneity within the TME limits the application of anticancer drugs outside clinical settings. Therefore, identifying reliable microenvironmental biomarkers that can detect therapeutic responses before initiating therapy is crucial. Combining approaches focusing on EC signaling pathways with TME can enhance treatment outcomes. This integrated strategy aims to interfere with essential signaling pathways promoting cancer spread while disrupting factors encouraging tumor development. Unraveling aberrant signaling pathways and TME components can lead to more focused and efficient treatment approaches, identifying specific cellular targets for treatments. Targeting the TME and signaling pathways may reduce metastasis risk by interfering with mechanisms facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. In conclusion, this integrative strategy has significant potential for improving patient outcomes and advancing EC research and therapy. This review discusses the altered signaling pathways and TME in EC, focusing on potential future therapeutics.

Enhanced cellular therapy: revolutionizing adoptive cellular therapy

Enhanced cellular therapy has emerged as a novel concept following the basis of cellular therapy. This treatment modality applied drugs or biotechnology to directly enhance or genetically modify cells to enhance the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). Drugs or biotechnology that enhance the killing ability of immune cells include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) / antibody drugs, small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulatory factors, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), oncolytic virus (OV), etc. Firstly, overcoming the inhibitory tumor microenvironment (TME) can enhance the efficacy of ACT, which can be achieved by blocking the immune checkpoint. Secondly, cytokines or cytokine receptors can be expressed by genetic engineering or added directly to adoptive cells to enhance the migration and infiltration of adoptive cells to tumor cells. Moreover, multi-antigen chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be designed to enhance the specific recognition of tumor cell-related antigens, and OVs can also stimulate antigen release. In addition to inserting suicide genes into adoptive cells, PROTAC technology can be used as a safety switch or degradation agent of immunosuppressive factors to enhance the safety and efficacy of adoptive cells. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism, current situation, and clinical application of enhanced cellular therapy, describing potential improvements to adoptive cellular therapy.

Navigating tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic perspectives and myeloid cell regulation mechanism

Sustained angiogenesis stands as a hallmark of cancer. The intricate vascular tumor microenvironment fuels cancer progression and metastasis, fosters therapy resistance, and facilitates immune evasion. Therapeutic strategies targeting tumor vasculature have emerged as transformative for cancer treatment, encompassing anti-angiogenesis, vessel normalization, and endothelial reprogramming. Growing evidence suggests the dynamic regulation of tumor angiogenesis by infiltrating myeloid cells, such as macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and neutrophils. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is pivotal in paving the way for successful vasculature-targeted cancer treatments. Therapeutic interventions aimed to disrupt myeloid cell-mediated tumor angiogenesis may reshape tumor microenvironment and overcome tumor resistance to radio/chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Exploring the multifaceted effects of Interleukin-1 in lung cancer: From tumor development to immune modulation

Lung cancer, acknowledged as one of the most fatal cancers globally, faces limited treatment options on an international scale. The success of clinical treatment is impeded by challenges such as late diagnosis, restricted treatment alternatives, relapse, and the emergence of drug resistance. This predicament has led to a saturation point in lung cancer treatment, prompting a rapid shift in focus towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a pivotal area in cancer research. Within the TME, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is abundantly present, originating from immune cells, tissue stromal cells, and tumor cells. IL-1's induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemokines establishes an inflammatory milieu influencing tumor occurrence, development, and the interaction between tumors and the host immune system. Notably, IL-1 expression in the TME exhibits characteristics such as staging, tissue specificity, and functional pluripotency. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the impact of IL-1 on lung cancer, encompassing aspects of occurrence, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, and immune surveillance. The ultimate goal is to propose a novel treatment approach, considering the intricate dynamics of IL-1 within the TME.

Targeting inflammation as cancer therapy

Inflammation has accompanied human beings since the emergence of wounds and infections. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to explore the potential role of inflammation in cancer, from tumor development, invasion, and metastasis to the resistance of tumors to treatment. Inflammation-targeted agents not only demonstrate the potential to suppress cancer development, but also to improve the efficacy of other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we describe the highly dynamic and complex inflammatory tumor microenvironment, with discussion on key inflammation mediators in cancer including inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, and their downstream intracellular pathways. In addition, we especially address the role of inflammation in cancer development and highlight the action mechanisms of inflammation-targeted therapies in antitumor response. Finally, we summarize the results from both preclinical and clinical studies up to date to illustrate the translation potential of inflammation-targeted therapies.

Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP): A magic bullet candidate for immunotherapy of human malignancies

IL-1, plays a role in some pathological inflammatory conditions. This pro-inflammatory cytokine also has a crucial role in tumorigenesis and immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP), combined with IL-1 receptor-1, provides a functional complex for binding and signaling. In addition to the direct role of IL-1, some studies demonstrated that IL1-RAP has essential roles in the progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis of solid tumors such as gastrointestinal tumors, lung carcinoma, glioma, breast and cervical cancers. This molecule also interacts with FLT-3 and c-Kit tyrosine kinases and is involved in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid lymphoma. Additionally, IL-1RAP interacts with solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) and thereby increasing the resistance to anoikis and metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. This review summarizes the role of IL-1RAP in different types of cancers and discusses its targeting as a novel therapeutic approach for malignancies.

Risk factors analysis and survival prediction model establishment of patients with lung adenocarcinoma based on different pyroptosis-related gene subtypes

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common cancer with a poor prognosis. Pyroptosis is an important process in the development and progression of LUAD. We analyzed the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients and constructed a nomogram to predict the overall survival of patients based on different pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) subtypes.

METHODS

The genomic data of LUAD were downloaded from the TCGA and GEO databases, and all data were filtered and divided into TCGA and GEO cohorts. The process of data analysis and visualization was performed via R software. The data were classified based on different PRGs subtypes using the K-means clustering method. Then, the differentially expressed genes were identified between two different subtypes, and risk factors analysis, survival analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and immune cells infiltration landscape analysis were conducted. The COX regression analysis was used to construct the prediction model.

RESULTS

Based on the PRGs of LUAD, the patients were divided into two subtypes. We found the survival probability of patients in subtype 1 is higher than that in subtype 2. The results of the logistics analysis showed that gene risk score was closely associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients. The results of GO analysis and KEGG analysis revealed important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the differentially expressed proteins between the two subtypes. Then we constructed a prediction model of patients' prognosis based on 13 genes, including IL-1A, P2RX1, GSTM2, ESYT3, ZNF682, KCNF1, STK32A, HHIPL2, GDF10, NDC80, GSTA1, BCL2L10, and CCR2. This model was strongly related to the overall survival (OS) and also reflects the immune status in patients with LUAD.

CONCLUSION

In our study, we examined LUAD heterogeneity with reference to pyroptosis and found different prognoses between the two subtypes. And a novel prediction model was constructed to predict the OS of LUAD patients based on different PRGs signatures. The model has shown excellent predictive efficiency through validation.

M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality?

Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.

MicroRNAs in Tumor Endothelial Cells: Regulation, Function and Therapeutic Applications

Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are key stromal components of the tumor microenvironment, and are essential for tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that small single-stranded non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) act as powerful endogenous regulators of TEC function and blood vessel formation. This systematic review provides an up-to-date overview of these endothelial miRNAs. Their expression is mainly regulated by hypoxia, pro-angiogenic factors, gap junctions and extracellular vesicles, as well as long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. In preclinical studies, they have been shown to modulate diverse fundamental angiogenesis-related signaling pathways and proteins, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway; the rat sarcoma virus (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway; and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/TGF-β receptor (TGFBR) pathway, as well as krüppel-like factors (KLFs), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and metalloproteinases (MMPs). Accordingly, endothelial miRNAs represent promising targets for future anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. To achieve this, it will be necessary to further unravel the regulatory and functional networks of endothelial miRNAs and to develop safe and efficient TEC-specific miRNA delivery technologies.

Mechanisms of esophageal cancer metastasis and treatment progress

Esophageal cancer is a prevalent tumor of the digestive tract worldwide. The detection rate of early-stage esophageal cancer is very low, and most patients are diagnosed with metastasis. Metastasis of esophageal cancer mainly includes direct diffusion metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, and lymphatic metastasis. This article reviews the metabolic process of esophageal cancer metastasis and the mechanisms by which M2 macrophages, CAF, regulatory T cells, and their released cytokines, including chemokines, interleukins, and growth factors, form an immune barrier to the anti-tumor immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells, impeding their ability to kill tumor cells during tumor immune escape. The effect of Ferroptosis on the metastasis of esophageal cancer is briefly mentioned. Moreover, the paper also summarizes common drugs and research directions in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy for advanced metastatic esophageal cancer. This review aims to serve as a foundation for further investigations into the mechanism and management of esophageal cancer metastasis.

The application and research progress of anti-angiogenesis therapy in tumor immunotherapy

Tumor immunotherapy, as the focus of scientific research and clinical tumor treatment in recent years, has received extensive attention. Due to its remarkable curative effect and fewer side effects than traditional treatments, it has significant clinical benefits for the treatment of various advanced cancers and can improve cancer patient survival in the long term. Currently, most patients cannot benefit from immunotherapy, and some patients may experience tumor recurrence and drug resistance even if they achieve remission overcome. Numerous studies have shown that the abnormal angiogenesis state of tumors can lead to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which affects the efficacy of immunotherapy. Actually, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, the application of anti-angiogenesis drugs to normalize abnormal tumor vessel has been widely confirmed in basic and clinical research. This review not only discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, and effects of abnormal and normalized tumor angiogenesis state on the immune environment, but summarizes the latest progress of immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic therapy. We hope this review provides an applied reference for anti-angiogenesis drugs and synergistic immunotherapy therapy.

Suppressing Inflammation for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Dazdotuftide as a Potential New Multitarget Therapeutic Candidate

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are major causes of blindness globally. The primary treatment option for DME and neovascular AMD (nAMD) is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compounds, but this treatment modality often yields insufficient results, and monthly injections can place a burden on the health system and patients. Although various inflammatory pathways and mediators have been recognized as key players in the development of DR and AMD, there are limited treatment options targeting these pathways. Molecular pathways that are interlinked, or triggers of multiple inflammatory pathways, could be promising targets for drug development. This review focuses on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DME and AMD and presents current anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as a potential multitarget anti-inflammatory compound (dazdotuftide) that could be a candidate treatment option for the management of DME and AMD.

Interleukins (Cytokines) as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Progression, Detection, and Monitoring

Cancer is the primary cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause in developing countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Risk factors for CRC include obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and smoking. CRC has a poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to reduce related deaths. Recently, studies have focused more on molecular testing to guide targeted treatments for CRC patients. The most crucial feature of activated immune cells is the production and release of growth factors and cytokines that modulate the inflammatory conditions in tumor tissues. The cytokine network is valuable for the prognosis and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer as they can aid in the cost-effective and non-invasive detection of cancer. A large number of interleukins (IL) released by the immune system at various stages of CRC can act as "biomarkers". They play diverse functions in colorectal cancer, and include IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33, TNF, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are pro-tumorigenic genes. However, there are an inadequate number of studies in this area considering its correlation with cytokine profiles that are clinically useful in diagnosing cancer. A better understanding of cytokine levels to establish diagnostic pathways entails an understanding of cytokine interactions and the regulation of their various biochemical signaling pathways in healthy individuals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of some interleukins as immunological biomarkers of CRC.

Exploring immune interactions in triple negative breast cancer: IL-1β inhibition and its therapeutic potential

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor prognosis when compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Despite pre-clinical data supporting an immune targeted approach for TNBCs, immunotherapy has failed to demonstrate the impressive responses seen in other solid tumor malignancies. Additional strategies to modify the tumor immune microenvironment and potentiate response to immunotherapy are needed. In this review, we summarise phase III data supporting the use of immunotherapy for TNBC. We discuss the role of IL-1β in tumorigenesis and summarize pre-clinical data supporting IL-1β inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in TNBC. Finally, we present current trials evaluating IL-1β in breast cancer and other solid tumor malignancies and discuss future studies that may provide a strong scientific rationale for the combination of IL-1β and immunotherapy in the neoadjuvant and metastatic setting for people with TNBC.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a promising cytokine against human squamous cell carcinomas

Inflammation, especially chronic inflammation, is closely linked to tumor development. As essential chronic inflammatory cytokines, the interleukin family plays a key role in inflammatory infections and malignancies. The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL1RA), as a naturally occurring receptor antagonist, is the first discovered and can compete with IL-1 in binding to the receptor. Recent studies have revealed the association of the polymorphisms in IL1RA with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and bronchus squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we reviewed the antitumor potential of IL1RA as an IL-1-targeted inhibitor.

Pathogenetic role and clinical significance of interleukin-1β in cancer

In recent years, pro-oncogenic mechanisms of the tumour microenvironment (ТМЕ) have been actively discussed. One of the main cytokines of the TМЕ is interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which exhibits proinflammatory properties. Some studies have shown an association between an increase in IL-1β levels and tumour progression. The purpose of this review is to analyse the pathogenic mechanisms induced by IL-1β in the TМЕ, as well as the diagnostic significance of the presence of IL-1β in patients with cancer and the efficacy of treatment with IL-1β inhibitors. According to the literature, IL-1β can induce an increase in tumour angiogenesis due to its effects on the differentiation of epithelial cells, pro-angiogenic molecule secretion and expression of adhesion molecules, thus increasing tumour growth and metastasis. IL-1β is also involved in the suppression of anti-tumour immune responses. The expression and secretion of IL-1β has been noted in various types of tumours. In some clinical studies, an elevated level of IL-1β was found to be associated with low efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and a poor prognosis. In most experimental and clinical studies, the use of IL-1β inhibitors contributed to a decrease in tumour mass and an increase in the response to anti-tumour drugs.

Endothelial cells-directed angiogenesis in colorectal cancer: Interleukin as the mediator and pharmacological target

Enhanced angiogenesis is a cancer hallmark and critical for colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion and metastasis. Upon exposure to proangiogenic factors, therefore, targeting tumor-associated proangiogenic factors/receptors hold great promise as a therapeutic modality to treat CRC, particularly metastatic CRC. Accumulating evidence from numerous studies suggests that tumor endothelial cells (ECs) are not only the target of proangiogenic factors, but also function as the cellular source of proangiogenic factors. Studies showed that ECs can produce different proangiogenic factors to participate in the regulation of angiogenesis process, in which ECs-derived interleukins (ILs) show a potential stimulatory effect on angiogenesis via either an direct action on their receptors expressed on progenitor of ECs or an indirect way through enhanced production of other proangiogenic factors. Although a great deal of attention is given to the effects of tumor-derived and immune cell-derived ILs, few studies describe the potential effects of vascular ECs-derived ILs on the tumor angiogenesis process. This review provides an updated summary of available information on proangiogenic ILs, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-22, IL-33, IL-34, and IL-37, released by microvascular ECs as potential drivers of the tumor angiogenesis process and discusses their potential as a novel candidate for antiangiogenic target for the treatment of CRC patients.

Cytokines as Potential Therapeutic Targets and their Role in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Cancers

The death rate from cancer is declining as a result of earlier identification and more advanced treatments. Nevertheless, a number of unfavourable adverse effects, including prolonged, long-lasting inflammation and reduced immune function, usually coexist with anti-cancer therapies and lead to a general decline in quality of life. Improvements in standardized comprehensive therapy and early identification of a variety of aggressive tumors remain the main objectives of cancer research. Tumor markers in those with cancer are tumor- associated proteins that are clinically significant. Even while several tumor markers are routinely used, they don't always provide reliable diagnostic information. Serum cytokines are promising markers of tumor stage, prognosis, and responsiveness to therapy. In fact, several cytokines are currently proposed as potential biomarkers in a variety of cancers. It has actually been proposed that the study of circulatory cytokines together with biomarkers that are particular to cancer can enhance and accelerate cancer diagnosis and prediction, particularly via blood samples that require minimal to the absence of invasion. The purpose of this review was to critically examine relevant primary research literature in order to elucidate the role and importance of a few identified serum cytokines as prospective therapeutic targets in oncological diseases.

IL-1β, an important cytokine affecting Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is prevalent around the world and responsible for gastric cancer (GC). The development of GC from gastritis is closely associated with the bacterial virulence and the body's immune response ability. In this process, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role. Under H. pylori infection, IL-1β is highly expressed that result in gastric acid inhibition, GC-related gene methylations and disfunctions, angiogenesis. Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediates IL-1β maturation in cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. But how does IL-1β get released across the cell membrane still unclear. In this review, we focus on the secretion mechanism of IL-1β across the membrane, and to explore the role of IL-1β in the progression of GC.

Image-based crosstalk analysis of cell-cell interactions during sprouting angiogenesis using blood-vessel-on-a-chip

BACKGROUND

Sprouting angiogenesis is an important mechanism for morphogenetic phenomena, including organ development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In regenerative medicine, therapeutic angiogenesis is a clinical solution for recovery from ischemic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been clinically used given their pro-angiogenic effects. MSCs are reported to promote angiogenesis by differentiating into pericytes or other vascular cells or through cell-cell communication using multiple protein-protein interactions. However, how MSCs physically contact and move around ECs to keep the sprouting angiogenesis active remains unknown.

METHODS

We proposed a novel framework of EC-MSC crosstalk analysis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and MSCs obtained from mice subcutaneous adipose tissue on a 3D in vitro model, microvessel-on-a-chip, which allows cell-to-tissue level study. The microvessels were fabricated and cultured for 10 days in a collagen matrix where MSCs were embedded.

RESULTS

Immunofluorescence imaging using a confocal laser microscope showed that MSCs smoothed the surface of the microvessel and elongated the angiogenic sprouts by binding to the microvessel's specific microstructures. Additionally, three-dimensional modeling of HUVEC-MSC intersections revealed that MSCs were selectively located around protrusions or roots of angiogenic sprouts, whose surface curvature was excessively low or high, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of our microvessel-on-a-chip system for 3D co-culture and image-based crosstalk analysis demonstrated that MSCs are selectively localized to concave-convex surfaces on scaffold structures and that they are responsible for the activation and stabilization of capillary vessels.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Prevents IL-1β-Induced uPAR Expression and Invasiveness via the Suppression of NF-κB and AP-1 in Human Bladder Cancer Cells

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a primary green tea polyphenol, has powerful iron scavengers, belongs to the family of flavonoids with antioxidant properties, and can be used to prevent cancer. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptors (uPARs) are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell membrane receptors that have crucial roles in cell invasion and metastasis of several cancers including bladder cancer. The mechanism of action of EGCG on uPAR expression has not been reported clearly yet. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGCG on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced cell invasion and uPAR activity in T24 human bladder cancer cells. Interestingly, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 transcription factors were critically required for IL-1β-induced high uPAR expression, and EGCG suppressed the transcriptional activity of both the ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways with the AP-1 subunit c-Jun. EGCG blocked the IL-1β-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in turn suppressing NF-κB signaling and anti-invasion effects by inhibiting uPAR expression. These results suggest that EGCG may exert at least part of its anticancer effect by controlling uPAR expression through the suppression of ERK1/2, JNK, AP-1, and NF-κB.

Exploring the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration: A review of the interplay between retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and the innate immune system

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the older population. Classical hallmarks of early and intermediate AMD are accumulation of drusen, a waste deposit formed under the retina, and pigmentary abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). When the disease progresses into late AMD, vision is affected due to death of the RPE and the light-sensitive photoreceptors. The RPE is essential to the health of the retina as it forms the outer blood retinal barrier, which establishes ocular immune regulation, and provides support for the photoreceptors. Due to its unique anatomical position, the RPE can communicate with the retinal environment and the systemic immune environment. In AMD, RPE dysfunction and the accumulation of drusen drive the infiltration of retinal and systemic innate immune cells into the outer retina. While recruited endogenous or systemic mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) contribute to the removal of noxious debris, the accumulation of MPs can also result in chronic inflammation and contribute to AMD progression. In addition, direct communication and indirect molecular signaling between MPs and the RPE may promote RPE cell death, choroidal neovascularization and fibrotic scarring that occur in late AMD. In this review, we explore how the RPE and innate immune cells maintain retinal homeostasis, and detail how RPE dysfunction and aberrant immune cell recruitment contribute to AMD pathogenesis. Evidence from AMD patients will be discussed in conjunction with data from preclinical models, to shed light on future therapeutic targets for the treatment of AMD.

Single-Cell Transcriptome of Wet AMD Patient-Derived Endothelial Cells in Angiogenic Sprouting

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a global leading cause of visual impairment in older populations. ‘Wet’ AMD, the most common subtype of this disease, occurs when pathological angiogenesis infiltrates the subretinal space (choroidal neovascularization), causing hemorrhage and retinal damage. Gold standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment is an effective therapy, but the long-term prevention of visual decline has not been as successful. This warrants the need to elucidate potential VEGF-independent pathways. We generated blood out-growth endothelial cells (BOECs) from wet AMD and normal control subjects, then induced angiogenic sprouting of BOECs using a fibrin gel bead assay. To deconvolute endothelial heterogeneity, we performed single-cell transcriptomic analysis on the sprouting BOECs, revealing a spectrum of cell states. Our wet AMD BOECs share common pathways with choroidal neovascularization such as extracellular matrix remodeling that promoted proangiogenic phenotype, and our ‘activated’ BOEC subpopulation demonstrated proinflammatory hallmarks, resembling the tip-like cells in vivo. We uncovered new molecular insights that pathological angiogenesis in wet AMD BOECs could also be driven by interleukin signaling and amino acid metabolism. A web-based visualization of the sprouting BOEC single-cell transcriptome has been created to facilitate further discovery research.

Anti-inflammatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells on hepatocellular carcinoma in the xenograft mice model

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Sorafenib is the standard treatment used in the advanced stages of HCC. Cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based cell therapy has proven effective in immune regulation and tumour growth inhibition.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of MSCs on HCC xenografts.

METHODS

Human HepG2 cell lines were subcutaneously implanted into the flank of 12 nude mice, divided into three groups: the control group, the IV group (intravenous MSCs injection) and the local group (local MSCs injection). Mice were sacrificed 6 weeks after tumour implantation, and tumours were resected entirety. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measured the gene expression of inflammatory markers, including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-10. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and urea levels were measured using spectrophotometry to ensure the safety of MSC therapy.

RESULTS

Gene expressions for all three inflammatory markers were reduced in both MSCs groups compared to the control group. AST, ALT and urea levels remained in normal ranges.

CONCLUSIONS

MSC therapy can reduce inflammation in HCC xenograft mouse models.

Transcriptomic and Functional Evidence for Differential Effects of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell-Secretome on Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Growth

Vascular and lymphatic vessels drive breast cancer (BC) growth and metastasis. We assessed the cell growth (proliferation, migration, and capillary formation), gene-, and protein-expression profiles of Vascular Endothelial Cells (VECs) and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) exposed to a conditioned medium (CM) from estrogen receptor-positive BC cells (MCF-7) in the presence or absence of Estradiol. We demonstrated that MCF-7-CM stimulated growth and capillary formation in VECs but inhibited LEC growth. Consistently, MCF-7-CM induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in VECs and inhibited them in LECs. Gene expression analysis revealed that the LECs were overall (≈10-fold) more sensitive to MCF-7-CM exposure than VECs. Growth/angiogenesis and cell cycle pathways were upregulated in VECs but downregulated in LECs. An angiogenesis proteome array confirmed the upregulation of 23 pro-angiogenesis proteins in VECs. In LECs, the expression of genes related to ATP synthesis and the ATP content were reduced by MCF-7-CM, whereas MTHFD2 gene, involved in folate metabolism and immune evasion, was upregulated. The contrasting effect of MCF-7-CM on the growth of VECs and LECs was reversed by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. The effect of MCF-7-CM on VEC growth was also reversed by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway. In conclusion, BC secretome may facilitate cancer cell survival and tumor growth by simultaneously promoting vascular angiogenesis and inhibiting lymphatic growth. The differential effects of BC secretome on LECs and VECs may be of pathophysiological relevance in BC.

PARG suppresses tumorigenesis and downregulates genes controlling angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and immune cell recruitment

Chemokines are highly expressed in tumor microenvironment and play a critical role in all aspects of tumorigenesis, including the recruitment of tumor-promoting immune cells, activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, angiogenesis, metastasis, and growth. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a multi-target transcription regulator with high levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) being reported in a variety of cancers. Furthermore, poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), an enzyme that degrades pADPr, has been reported to be downregulated in tumor tissues with abnormally high levels of pADPr. In conjunction to this, we have recently reported that the reduction of pADPr, by either pharmacological inhibition of PARP or PARG's overexpression, disrupts renal carcinoma cell malignancy in vitro. Here, we use 3 T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, a universal model for malignant transformation, to follow the effect of PARG upregulation on cells' tumorigenicity in vivo. We found that the overexpression of PARG in mouse allografts produces significantly smaller tumors with a delay in tumor onset. As downregulation of PARG has also been implicated in promoting the activation of pro-inflammatory genes, we also followed the gene expression profile of PARG-overexpressing 3 T3 cells using RNA-seq approach and observed that chemokine transcripts are significantly reduced in those cells. Our data suggest that the upregulation of PARG may be potentially useful for the tumor growth inhibition in cancer treatment and as anti-inflammatory intervention.

Early Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets for Experimental Breast Cancer

Various stem cells were studied in female BALB/c mice at the early terms after administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to search early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. At these terms, damage to the epithelium and endothelium, inflammation, and fibrosis were observed in the mammary gland, but the tumor was not detected. Cancer stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), hematopoietic progenitor cells, angiogenic precursors, and epithelial progenitor cells were found in the blood and mammary gland. Cancer stem cells (CD44⁺CD24^-) are proposed as the early diagnostic marker of breast cancer, and short-living HSC, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and angiogenic precursors (CD45-CD117⁺FLK-1⁺) as predictors of the formation of tumor microenvironment.

New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides

The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.

Malassezia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Accomplice of Evoking Tumorigenesis

Accumulating evidence indicates that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a significantly higher risk of developing different cancers, while the exact mechanism involved is not yet fully understood. Malassezia is a lipid-dependent opportunistic yeast, which colonizes on mammalian skin and internal organs. Also, dysbiosis in fungal communities accompanied by high level of Malassezia are fairly common in inflammatory diseases such as IBD and various cancers. In cancer patients, higher levels of Malassezia are associated with worse prognosis. Once it is ablated in tumor-bearing mice, their prognostic conditions will be improved. Moreover, Malassezia manifests multiple proinflammatory biological properties, such as destruction of epithelial barrier, enrichment of inflammatory factors, and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), all of which have been reported to contribute to tumor initiation and malignant progression. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that high levels of Malassezia together with mycobiome dysbiosis in patients with IBD, would aggravate the microecological imbalance, worsen the inflammatory response, and further promote tumorigenesis and deterioration. Herein, we will discuss the detrimental properties of Malassezia and explore the key role of this fungus in the correlation between IBD and cancer, in order to take early surveillance and intervention to minimize the cancer risk in individuals with IBD.

IL-1β in breast cancer bone metastasis

Bone is the most common site for advanced breast cancer to metastasise. The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a complex and contradictory role in this process. Recent studies have demonstrated that breast cancer patients whose primary tumours express IL-1β are more likely to experience relapse in bone or other organs. Importantly, IL-1β affects different stages of the metastatic process including growth of the primary tumour, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), dissemination of tumour cells into the blood stream, tumour cell homing to the bone microenvironment and, once in bone, this cytokine participates in the interaction between cancer cells and bone cells, promoting metastatic outgrowth at this site. Interestingly, although inhibition of IL-1β signalling has been shown to have potent anti-metastatic effects, inhibition of the activity of this cytokine has contradictory effects on primary tumours, sometimes reducing but often promoting their growth. In this review, we focus on the complex roles of IL-1β on breast cancer bone metastasis: specifically, we discuss the distinct effects of IL-1β derived from tumour cells and/or microenvironment on inhibition/induction of primary breast tumour growth, induction of the metastatic process through the EMT, promotion of tumour cell dissemination into the bone metastatic niche and formation of overt metastases.

Contribution of Epithelial and Gut Microbiome Inflammatory Biomarkers to the Improvement of Colorectal Cancer Patients’ Stratification

In order to ensure that primary endpoints of clinical studies are attained, the patients’ stratification is an important aspect. Selection criteria include age, gender, and also specific biomarkers, such as inflammation scores. These criteria are not sufficient to achieve a straightforward selection, however, in case of multifactorial diseases, with unknown or partially identified mechanisms, occasionally including host factors, and the microbiome. In these cases, the efficacy of interventions is difficult to predict, and as a result, the selection of subjects is often random. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, with variable clinical features, outcomes, and response to therapy; the CRC onset and progress involves multiple sequential steps with accumulation of genetic alterations, namely, mutations, gene amplification, and epigenetic changes. The gut microbes, either eubiotic or dysbiotic, could influence the CRC evolution through a complex and versatile crosstalk with the intestinal and immune cells, permanently changing the tumor microenvironment. There have been significant advances in the development of personalized approaches for CRC screening, treatment, and potential prevention. Advances in molecular techniques bring new criteria for patients’ stratification—mutational analysis at the time of diagnosis to guide treatment, for example. Gut microbiome has emerged as the main trigger of gut mucosal homeostasis. This may impact cancer susceptibility through maintenance of the epithelial/mucus barrier and production of protective metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) via interactions with the hosts’ diet and metabolism. Microbiome dysbiosis leads to the enrichment of cancer-promoting bacterial populations, loss of protective populations or maintaining an inflammatory chronic state, all of which contribute to the development and progression of CRC. Meanwhile, variations in patient responses to anti-cancer immuno- and chemotherapies were also linked to inter-individual differences in intestine microbiomes. The authors aim to highlight the contribution of epithelial and gut microbiome inflammatory biomarkers in the improvement of CRC patients’ stratification towards a personalized approach of early diagnosis and treatment.

Venom of the desert black snake Walterinnesia aegyptia enhances anti-tumor immunity via its beneficial modulatory effects on pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators in cultured colon cancer cells

The role of inflammation in colon cancer is understood as a well-accepted factor that has the tendency to release multiple pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators. Inflammation-induced increased expression of anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators and decreased expression of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators encourage beneficial inflammatory effects in terms of powerful anti-tumor immunity. The present study aims to screen the beneficial inflammatory effects of Walterinnesia aegyptia venom via determining its modulatory tendency on the expression of 40 pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators (cytokines/growth factors/chemokines) in LoVo human colon cancer cell line. LoVo-cells were treated with varying doses of crude venom of W. aegyptia. Cell viability was checked utilizing flow cytometry, and IC50 of venom was determined. Venom-induced inflammatory effects were evaluated on the expression of 40 different inflammatory mediators (12 anti-tumorigenic cytokines, 11 pro-tumorigenic cytokines, 7 pro-tumorigenic growth factors, 9 pro-tumorigenic chemokines and 1 anti-tumorigenic chemokine) in treated LoVo-cells [utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] and compared with controls. Treatment of venom induced significant cytotoxic effects on inflamed LoVo-cells. IC50 treatment of venom caused significant modulations on the expression of 22 inflammatory mediators in treated LoVo-cells. The beneficial modulatory effects of venom were screened via its capability to significantly increase the expression of five powerful anti-tumorigenic mediators (IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-15, IL-1RA and Fractalkine) and decrease the expression of four major pro-tumorigenic mediators (IL-1β, VEGF, MCP-1 and MCP-3). Walterinnesia aegyptia venom-induced beneficial modulations on the expression of nine crucial pro/anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators can be effectively used to enhance powerful anti-tumor immunity against colon cancer.

Suppression of endothelial miR-22 mediates non-small cell lung cancer cell-induced angiogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) are powerful regulators of angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we demonstrated that miR-22 is preferentially and highly expressed in ECs, while its endothelial level is significantly downregulated in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues when compared to matched nontumor lung tissues. This reduction of endothelial miR-22 is possibly induced by NSCLC cell-secreted interleukin-1β and subsequently activated transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Endothelial miR-22 functions as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that inhibits all of the key angiogenic activities of ECs and consequently NSCLC growth through directly targeting sirtuin 1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in ECs, leading to inactivation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC angiogenesis and indicate that endothelial miR-22 represents a potential target for the future antiangiogenic treatment of NSCLC.

Chronic IL-1 Exposed AR+ PCa Cell Lines Show Conserved Loss of IL-1 Sensitivity and Evolve Both Conserved and Unique Differential Gene Expression Profiles

INTRODUCTION

Inflammation drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression. While inflammation is a cancer hallmark, the underlying mechanisms mediating inflammation-induced PCa are still under investigation. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that promotes cancer progression, including PCa metastasis and castration resistance. We previously found that acute IL-1 exposure represses PCa androgen receptor (AR) expression concomitant with the upregulation of pro-survival proteins, causing de novo accumulation of castration-resistant PCa cells. However, acute inflammation is primarily anti-tumorigenic, while chronic inflammation is pro-tumorigenic. Thus, using the LNCaP PCa cell line as model, we found that PCa cells can evolve insensitivity to chronic IL-1 exposure, restoring AR and AR activity and acquiring castration resistance. In this paper we expanded our chronic IL-1 model to include the MDA-PCa-2b PCa cell line to investigate the response to acute versus chronic IL-1 exposure and to compare the gene expression patterns that evolve in the LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b cells chronically exposed to IL-1.

METHODS

We chronically exposed MDA-PCa-2b cells to IL-1α or IL-1β for several months to establish sublines. Once established, we determined subline sensitivity to exogenous IL-1 using cell viability assay, RT-qPCR and western blot. RNA sequencing was performed for parental and subline cells and over representation analysis (ORA) for geneset enrichment of biological process/pathway was performed.

RESULTS

MDA-PCa-2b cells repress AR and AR activity in response to acute IL-1 exposure and evolve insensitivity to chronic IL-1 exposure. While cell biological and molecular response to acute IL-1 signaling is primarily conserved in LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b cells, including upregulation of NF-κB signaling and downregulation of cell proliferation, the LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b cells evolve conserved and unique molecular responses to chronic IL-1 signaling that may promote or support tumor progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our chronic IL-1 subline models can be used to identify underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate IL-1-induced PCa progression.

Interleukin-30 feeds breast cancer stem cells via CXCL10 and IL23 autocrine loops and shapes immune contexture and host outcome

Background

Breast cancer (BC) progression to metastatic disease is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Metastasis is driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs) and signals from their microenvironment. Interleukin (IL) 30 promotes BC progression, and its expression correlates with disease recurrence and mortality. Whether it acts by regulating BCSCs is unknown and could have significant therapeutic implications.

Methods

Human (h) and murine (m) BCSCs were tested for their production of and response to IL30 by using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, proliferation and sphere-formation assays, and PCR array. Immunocompetent mice were used to investigate the role of BCSC-derived IL30 on tumor development and host outcome. TCGA PanCancer and Oncomine databases provided gene expression data from 1084 and 75 hBC samples, respectively, and immunostaining unveiled the BCSC microenvironment.

Results

hBCSCs constitutively expressed IL30 as a membrane-anchored glycoprotein. Blocking IL30 hindered their proliferation and self-renewal efficiency, which were boosted by IL30 overexpression. IL30 regulation of immunity gene expression in human and murine BCSCs shared a significant induction of IL23 and CXCL10. Both immunoregulatory mediators stimulated BCSC proliferation and self-renewal, while their selective blockade dramatically hindered IL30-dependent BCSC proliferation and mammosphere formation. Orthotopic implantation of IL30-overexpressing mBCSCs, in syngeneic mice, gave rise to poorly differentiated and highly proliferating MYC⁺KLF4⁺LAG3⁺ tumors, which expressed CXCL10 and IL23, and were infiltrated by myeloid-derived cells, Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells and NKp46⁺RORγt⁺ type 3 innate lymphoid cells, resulting in increased metastasis and reduced survival. In tumor tissues from patients with BC, expression of IL30 overlapped with that of CXCL10 and IL23, and ranked beyond the 95th percentile in a Triple-Negative enriched BC collection from the Oncomine Platform. CIBERSORTx highlighted a defective dendritic cell, CD4⁺ T and γδ T lymphocyte content and a prominent LAG3 expression in IL30^highversus IL30^low human BC samples from the TCGA PanCancer collection.

Conclusions

Constitutive expression of membrane-bound IL30 regulates BCSC viability by juxtacrine signals and via second-level mediators, mainly CXCL10 and IL23. Their autocrine loops mediate much of the CSC growth factor activity of IL30, while their paracrine effect contributes to IL30 shaping of immune contexture. IL30-related immune subversion, which also emerged from computational analyses, strongly suggests that targeting IL30 can restrain the BCSC compartment and counteract BC progression.

ELTD1 Activation Induces an Endothelial-EMT Transition to a Myofibroblast Phenotype

ELTD1 is expressed in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and has a role in angiogenesis. It has been classified as an adhesion GPCR, but as yet, no ligand has been identified and its function remains unknown. To establish its role, ELTD1 was overexpressed in endothelial cells. Expression and consequently ligand independent activation of ELTD1 results in endothelial-mesenchymal transistion (EndMT) with a loss of cell-cell contact, formation of stress fibres and mature focal adhesions and an increased expression of smooth muscle actin. The effect was pro-angiogenic, increasing Matrigel network formation and endothelial sprouting. RNA-Seq analysis after the cells had undergone EndMT revealed large increases in chemokines and cytokines involved in regulating immune response. Gene set enrichment analysis of the data identified a number of pathways involved in myofibroblast biology suggesting that the endothelial cells had undergone a type II EMT. This type of EMT is involved in wound repair and is closely associated with inflammation implicating ELTD1 in these processes.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) and its role in cell survival, inflammatory signaling, and migration in promoting cancer

Cancer and the immune system share an intimate relationship. Chronic inflammation increases the risk of cancer occurrence and can also drive inflammatory mediators into the tumor microenvironment enhancing tumor growth and survival. The p38 MAPK pathway is activated both acutely and chronically by stress, inflammatory chemokines, chronic inflammatory conditions, and cancer. These properties have led to extensive efforts to find effective drugs targeting p38, which have been unsuccessful. The immediate downstream serine/threonine kinase and substrate of p38 MAPK, mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-activated-protein-kinase-2 (MK2) protects cells against stressors by regulating the DNA damage response, transcription, protein and messenger RNA stability, and motility. The phosphorylation of downstream substrates by MK2 increases inflammatory cytokine production, drives an immune response, and contributes to wound healing. By binding directly to p38 MAPK, MK2 is responsible for the export of p38 MAPK from the nucleus which gives MK2 properties that make it unique among the large number of p38 MAPK substrates. Many of the substrates of both p38 MAPK and MK2 are separated between the cytosol and nucleus and interfering with MK2 and altering this intracellular translocation has implications for the actions of both p38 MAPK and MK2. The inhibition of MK2 has shown promise in combination with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a method for controlling cancer growth and metastasis in a variety of cancers. Whereas the current data are encouraging the field requires the development of selective and well tolerated drugs to target MK2 and a better understanding of its effects for effective clinical use.

Psoralidin exerts anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunostimulatory activities in 4T1 tumor-bearing balb/c mice

BACKGROUND

Psoralidin as a compound of the Psoralea corylifolia seeds exhibited several anti-cancer potentials in various cancers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were treated by intraperitoneal administration of Psoralidin, and Paraffin, as a control group to investigate anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunostimulatory activities in breast cancer. Body weight and tumor volume measurement were performed. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining as well as immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, CD31 and VEGF markers were conducted. In addition, ELISA assay was performed for evaluating the serum level of IFN-γ and IL-4. Moreover, real time assay was performed to evaluate the expression of angiogenesis and immunostimulatory related genes.

RESULTS

There were no significant changes in the body weight of all animal groups. The anti-cancer effects of Psoralidin were significantly observed after 24 days of the last treatment, confirmed by smaller tumor volume and also H&E staining. The expression level of Ki-67, CD31 and VEGF were significantly decreased in tumor tissues of the Psoralidin-treated group in comparison with Paraffin-treated group. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the serum level of IL-4 in tumor-bearing mice after Psoralidin treatment while the serum level of IFN-γ was significantly augmented in all groups. Moreover, the reduction in expression of VEGF-a and IL-1β was observed. Interestingly Psoralidin treatment led to expression increase of FOXp3.

CONCLUSIONS

Psoralidin shows the anti-cancer potential in an animal model of breast cancer; however, further studies are recommended to elucidate its mechanisms of action.

Comparison between the triamcinolone and bevacizumab subconjunctivals and changes in Interleukin-1 mRNA expression in pterygium

Objectives

Pterygium is a fibrovascular external ocular mass that grows from the conjunctiva into the cornea. The effect of subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone and bevacizumab has been inadequately investigated worldwide. This study aims to analyse the expression of IL-1 after the injection of triamcinolone and bevacizumab subconjunctiva.

Methods

All patients are randomized into three groups: the triamcinolone, bevacizumab group, and placebo groups, with 5 patients in each in group. All subjects are injected subconjunctivally one week before surgery, and then surgery is performed with the autograft technique. The main outcome measures include changes in the IL-1 mRNA expression between the triamcinolone, bevacizumab, and placebo groups.

Results

All samples are completed after one month of follow-up. The changes in blood levels of mRNA IL-1 expression are as follows: 4.81 ± 0.52 in the bevacizumab group, 3.40 ± 2.63 in the triamcinolone group, and 1.08 ± 1.48 in the placebo group (p = 0.04). In the comparison between groups, there is a significant effect between the bevacizumab and placebo groups, 3.73 ± 1.12 (p = 0.00), with no significant effect in the triamcinolone group, 1.40 ± 1.12 (p = 0.06).

Conclusion

The subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone before surgery is effective in suppressing inflammation in pterygium.

Thyroid Hormone Enhances Angiogenesis and the Warburg Effect in Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Simple Summary

Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to promote growth, survival, proliferation, and long-term maintenance. Aerobic glycolysis is a prominent trait of many cancers; contextually, glutamine addiction, enhanced glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis sustain the metabolic needs of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Thyroid hormone (TH) is a positive regulator of tumor progression and metastatic conversion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Accordingly, overexpression of the TH activating enzyme, D2, is associated with metastatic SCC. The aim of our study was to assess the ability of TH and its activating enzyme in promoting key tracts of cancer progression such as angiogenesis, response to hypoxia and metabolic adaptation. By performing in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that TH induces VEGF-A in cancer cells and fosters aerobic glycolysis inducing pro-glycolytic mediators, thus implying that TH signal attenuation represents a therapeutic tool to contrast tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression.

Abstract

Cancer angiogenesis is required to support energetic demand and metabolic stress, particularly during conditions of hypoxia. Coupled to neo-vasculogenesis, cancer cells rewire metabolic programs to sustain growth, survival and long-term maintenance. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling regulates growth and differentiation in a variety of cell types and tissues, thus modulating hyper proliferative processes such as cancer. Herein, we report that TH coordinates a global program of metabolic reprogramming and induces angiogenesis through up-regulation of the VEGF-A gene, which results in the enhanced proliferation of tumor endothelial cells. In vivo conditional depletion of the TH activating enzyme in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) reduces the concentration of TH in the tumoral cells and results in impaired VEGF-A production and attenuated angiogenesis. In addition, we found that TH induces the expression of the glycolytic genes and fosters lactate production, which are key traits of the Warburg effect. Taken together, our results reveal a TH–VEGF-A–HIF1α regulatory axis leading to enhanced angiogenesis and glycolytic flux, which may represent a target for SCC therapy.

Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy

A paradigm shift has recently occurred in the field of cancer therapeutics. Traditional anticancer agents, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and small-molecule drugs targeting specific signalling pathways, have been joined by cellular immunotherapies based on T cell engineering. The rapid adoption of novel, patient-specific cellular therapies builds on scientific developments in tumour immunology, genetic engineering and cell manufacturing, best illustrated by the curative potential of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD19-expressing malignancies. However, the clinical benefit observed in many patients may come at a cost. In up to one-third of patients, significant toxicities occur that are directly associated with the induction of powerful immune effector responses. The most frequently observed immune-mediated toxicities are cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. This Review discusses our current understanding of their pathophysiology and clinical features, as well as the development of novel therapeutics for their prevention and/or management.

This Review discusses our current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome associated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, and how this might be used for the prevention or management of these toxicities.

A critical review of the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of growth-related abnormalities affecting broiler chicken breast muscles

In the past decade, the poultry industry has faced the occurrence of growth-related muscular abnormalities that mainly affect, with a high incidence rate, the Pectoralis major of the fast-growing genotypes selected for their production performances (high growth rate and breast yield). These myopathies are termed as White Striping, Wooden Breast, and Spaghetti Meat and exhibit distinctive phenotypes. A spatiotemporal distribution has been demonstrated for these disorders as in the early stage they primarily affect the superficial area in the cranial portion of the muscle and, as the birds grow older, involve the entire tissue. Aside from their distinctive phenotypes, these myopathies share common histological features. Thus, it might be speculated that common causative mechanisms might be responsible for the physiological and structural perturbations in the muscle associated with these conditions and might underpin their occurrence. The present review paper aims to represent a critical survey of the outcomes of all the histologic and ultrastructural observations carried out on White Striping, Wooden Breast, and Spaghetti Meat affected muscles. Our analysis has been performed by combining these outcomes with the findings of the genetic studies, trying to identify possible initial causative mechanisms triggering the onset and the time-series of the events ultimately resulting in the development and progression of the growth-related myopathies currently affecting broilers Pectoralis major muscles. Several evidences support the hypothesis that sarcoplasmic reticulum stress, primarily induced an accumulation of misfolded proteins (but also driven by other factors including altered calcium homeostasis and accumulation of fatty acids), may be responsible for the onset of these growth-related myopathies in broilers. At the same time, the development of hypoxic conditions, as a direct consequence of an inadequate vascularization, triggers a time-series sequence of events (i.e., phlebitis, oxidative stress, etc.) resulting in the activation of response mechanisms (i.e., modifications in the energetic metabolism, inflammation, degeneration, and regeneration) which are all strictly related to the progression of these myopathic disorders.

Experimental modulation of Interleukin 1 shows its key role in chronic kidney disease progression and anemia

Inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is mostly due to activation of the innate immune system, in which Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player. Anemia of CKD may also be due to erythropoietin (EPO) resistance, clinically associated with inflammation. IL-1 receptor antagonist knockout (RaKO) mice show arthritis and excessive inflammation. Inhibition of IL-1 was shown to be beneficial in many inflammatory conditions, but its role in CKD and anemia is unknown. Here, we report that enhanced inflammation in RaKO mice with CKD provoked both higher degrees of renal insufficiency and anemia in comparison to wild-type CKD, in association with a downregulation of renal hypoxia inducible factor-2 (HIF2) as well as decreased bone marrow EPO-receptor (EPOR) and transferrin receptor (TFR). In contrast, administration of P2D7KK, an anti-IL1b monoclonal antibody, to CKD mice results in a lower grade of systemic inflammation, better renal function and blunted anemia. The latter was associated with upregulation of renal HIF-2α, bone marrow EPO-R and TFR. Altogether, this supports the key role of inflammation, and IL-1 particularly, in CKD progression and anemia. Novel treatments to reduce inflammation through this and other pathways, may improve renal function, attenuate the anemic state or increase the response to exogenous EPO.

Canakinumab with and without pembrolizumab in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: CANOPY-N study design

Canakinumab is a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody, with high affinity and specificity for IL-1β. The Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial, evaluating canakinumab for cardiovascular disease, provided the first signal of the potential of IL-1β inhibition on lung cancer incidence reduction. Here, we describe the rationale and design for CANOPY-N, a randomized Phase II trial evaluating IL-1β inhibition with or without immune checkpoint inhibition as neoadjuvant treatment in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Patients with stage IB to IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer eligible for complete resection will receive canakinumab or pembrolizumab as monotherapy, or in combination. The primary end point is major pathological response by central review; secondary end points include overall response rate, major pathological response (local review), surgical feasibility rate and pharmacokinetics. Clinical trial registration: NCT03968419 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

RSF1 requires CEBP/β and hSNF2H to promote IL-1β-mediated angiogenesis: the clinical and therapeutic relevance of RSF1 overexpression and amplification in myxofibrosarcomas

Myxofibrosarcoma is genetically complex and lacks effective nonsurgical treatment strategies; thus, elucidation of novel molecular drivers is urgently needed. Reanalyzing public myxofibrosarcoma datasets, we identified mRNA upregulation and recurrent gain of RSF1 and characterized this chromatin remodeling gene. Myxofibrosarcoma cell lines were employed to elucidate the oncogenic mechanisms of RSF1 by genetic manipulation and two IL-1β-neutralizing antibodies (RD24, P2D7KK), highlighting the regulatory basis and targetability of downstream IL-1β-mediated angiogenesis. Tumor samples were assessed for RSF1, IL-1β, and microvascular density (MVD) by immunohistochemistry and for RSF1 gene status by FISH. In vivo, RSF1-silenced and P2D7KK-treated xenografts were analyzed for tumor-promoting effects and the IL-1β-linked therapeutic relevance of RSF1, respectively. In vitro, RSF1 overexpression promoted invasive and angiogenic phenotypes with a stronger proangiogenic effect. RT-PCR profiling identified IL1B as a top-ranking candidate upregulated by RSF1. RSF1 required hSNF2H and CEBP/β to cotransactivate the IL1B promoter, which increased the IL1B mRNA level, IL-1β secretion and angiogenic capacity. Angiogenesis induced by RSF1-upregulated IL-1β was counteracted by IL1B knockdown and both IL-1β-neutralizing antibodies. Clinically, RSF1 overexpression was highly associated with RSF1 amplification, IL-1β overexpression, increased MVD and higher grades (all P ≤ 0.01) and independently predicted shorter disease-specific survival (P = 0.019, hazard ratio: 4.556). In vivo, both RSF1 knockdown and anti-IL-1β P2D7KK (200 μg twice weekly) enabled significant growth inhibition and devascularization in xenografts. In conclusion, RSF1 overexpression, partly attributable to RSF1 amplification, contributes a novel proangiogenic function by partnering with CEBP/β to cotransactivate IL1B, highlighting its prognostic, pathogenetic, and therapeutic relevance in myxofibrosarcomas.

Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (exudative or wet AMD) is a prevalent, progressive retinal degenerative macular disease that is characterized by neovascularization of the choroid, mainly affecting the elderly population causing gradual vision impairment. Risk factors such as age, race, genetics, iris color, smoking, drinking, BMI, and diet all play a part in nvAMD's progression, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy being the mainstay of treatment. Current therapeutic advancements slow the progression of the disease but do not cure or reverse its course. Newer therapies such as gene therapies, Rho-kinase inhibitors, and levodopa offer potential new targets for treatment.

Effects of in IL-1B/IL-1RN variants on the susceptibility to head and neck cancer in a chinese Han population

Background

The study aimed to evaluate the relationship of IL-1B/IL-1RN polymorphisms to the predisposition of head and neck cancer (HNC) in a Chinese Han population.

Methods

Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-1B/IL-1RN were genotyped based on Agena MassARRAY platform. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the genetic association between these SNPs and HNC risk by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Haplotype analysis were performed using Haploview program and logistic regression model.

Results

The genetic association between rs1143643 in IL-1B and the higher risk of HNC was found (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.46) in the overall. IL-1RN rs17042888 was related to a reduced risk of HNC in the subjects aged > 46 years (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50–0.98) and in females (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52–0.98), while rs1143643 increased the predisposition of HNC among females (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.13–2.74). Furthermore, rs1143643 had an increased susceptibility to thyroid carcinoma (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.10–2.34). Moreover, compared with stage I–II, the frequency of IL-1RN rs452204-AG genotype was lower in patients with stage III–IV.

Conclusions

IL-1B (rs1143643) and IL-1RN (rs17042888 and rs452204) polymorphisms might be related to the individual susceptibility of HNC in the Chinese Han population. These results might help to improve the understanding of IL-1B and IL-1RN genes in the occurrence of HNC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01750-0.

Cytokine-chemokine network driven metastasis in esophageal cancer; promising avenue for targeted therapy

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a disease often marked by aggressive growth and poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapies, resistance to chemoradiation therapy, and distant metastases among patients with advanced disease account for the high mortality rate. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, stromal proteins, and growth factors, which play a significant role in supporting the growth and aggressive behavior of cancer cells. The complex and dynamic interactions of the secreted cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and their receptors mediate chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive TME favoring tumor progression, metastasis, and decreased response to therapy. The molecular changes in the TME are used as biological markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment in patients. This review highlighted the novel insights into the understanding and functional impact of deregulated cytokines and chemokines in imparting aggressive EC, stressing the nature and therapeutic consequences of the cytokine-chemokine network. We also discuss cytokine-chemokine oncogenic potential by contributing to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metastatic niche, and therapeutic resistance development. In addition, it discusses the wide range of changes and intracellular signaling pathways that occur in the TME. Overall, this is a relatively unexplored field that could provide crucial insights into tumor immunology and encourage the effective application of modulatory cytokine-chemokine therapy to EC.

Roles of the Dynamic Tumor Immune Microenvironment in the Individualized Treatment of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently a first-line treatment option for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, recent clinical studies have shown that a large number of patients do not respond to ICIs. Moreover, only a few patients achieve a stable and durable response even with combination therapy based on ICIs. Available studies have concluded that the response to immunotherapy and targeted therapy in patients with ccRCC is affected by the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which can be manipulated by targeted therapy and tumor genomic characteristics. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the dynamic nature of the TIME is important for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy or combination therapy in patients with advanced ccRCC. Here, we explore the possible mechanisms by which the TIME affects the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as the factors that drive dynamic changes in the TIME in ccRCC, including the immunomodulatory effect of targeted therapy and genomic changes. We also describe the progress on novel therapeutic modalities for advanced ccRCC based on the TIME. Overall, this review provides valuable information on the optimization of combination therapy and development of individualized therapy for advanced ccRCC.