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Engle K, Kumar G. Tackling multi-drug resistant fungi by efflux pump inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116400. [PMID: 38945275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi is of grave concern, and its infections are responsible for significant deaths among immunocompromised patients. The treatment of fungal infections primarily relies on a clinical class of antibiotics, including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, polyketides, and a nucleotide analogue. However, the incidence of fungal infections is increasing as the treatment for human and plant fungal infections overlaps with antifungal drugs. The need for new antifungal agents acting on different targets than known targets is undeniable. Also, the pace at which loss of fungal susceptibility to antibiotics cannot be undermined. There are several modes by which fungi can develop resistance to antibiotics, including reduced drug uptake, drug target alteration, and a reduction in the cellular concentration of the drug due to active extrusions and biofilm formation. The efflux pump's overexpression in the fungi primarily reduced the antibiotic's concentration to a sub-lethal concentration, thus responsible for developing resistant fungus strains. Several strategies are used to check antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant fungi, including synthesizing antibiotic analogs and giving antibiotics in combination therapies. Among them, the efflux pump protein inhibitors are considered potential adjuvants to antibiotics and can block the efflux of antibiotics by inhibiting efflux pump protein transporters. Moreover, it can sensitize the antifungal drugs to multi-drug resistant fungi with overexpressed efflux pump proteins. This review discusses the natural lead molecules, repurposable drugs, and formulation strategies to overcome the efflux pump activity in the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Engle
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar 500037, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Ishii M, Yamada T, Ishikawa K, Ichinose K, Monod M, Ohata S. The Ptk2-Pma1 pathway enhances tolerance to terbinafine in Trichophyton rubrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0160923. [PMID: 38567956 PMCID: PMC11064548 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01609-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of dermatophyte resistance to terbinafine, a key drug in the treatment of dermatophytosis, represents a significant obstacle to treatment. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly isolated fungus in dermatophytosis. In T. rubrum, we identified TERG_07844, a gene encoding a previously uncharacterized putative protein kinase, as an ortholog of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyamine transport kinase 2 (Ptk2), and found that T. rubrum Ptk2 (TrPtk2) is involved in terbinafine tolerance. In both T. rubrum and S. cerevisiae, Ptk2 knockout strains were more sensitive to terbinafine compared with the wild types, suggesting that promotion of terbinafine tolerance is a conserved function of fungal Ptk2. Pma1 is activated through phosphorylation by Ptk2 in S. cerevisiae. Overexpression of T. rubrum Pma1 (TrPma1) in T. rubrum Ptk2 knockout strain (ΔTrPtk2) suppressed terbinafine sensitivity, suggesting that the induction of terbinafine tolerance by TrPtk2 is mediated by TrPma1. Furthermore, omeprazole, an inhibitor of plasma membrane proton pump Pma1, increased the terbinafine sensitivity of clinically isolated terbinafine-resistant strains. These findings suggest that, in dermatophytes, the TrPtk2-TrPma1 pathway plays a key role in promoting intrinsic terbinafine tolerance and may serve as a potential target for combinational antifungal therapy against terbinafine-resistant dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ishikawa
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ichinose
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Coca-Ruiz V, Aleu J, Collado IG. Comparing Fungal Sensitivity to Isothiocyanate Products on Different Botrytis spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:756. [PMID: 38592765 PMCID: PMC10974099 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, the main secondary metabolites accumulated in cruciferous flora, have a major impact on fortifying plant immunity against diverse pathogens. Although Botrytis cinerea exhibits varying sensitivity to these compounds, current research has yet to fully understand the intricate mechanisms governing its response to glucosinolates. Different species of the genus Botrytis were exposed to glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates, revealing that B. fabae, B. deweyae, and B. convolute, species with the mfsG transporter gene (Bcin06g00026) not detected with PCR, were more sensitive to isothiocyanates than Botrytis species containing that gene, such as B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea, and B. byssoidea. This finding was further corroborated by the inability of species with the mfsG gene not detected with PCR to infect plants with a high concentration of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates. These results challenge established correlations, revealing varying aggressiveness on different plant substrates. An expression analysis highlighted the gene's induction in the presence of isothiocyanate, and a bioinformatic investigation identified homologous genes in other Botrytis species. Our study underscored the importance of advanced biotechnology to help understand these proteins and thus offer innovative solutions for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Coca-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Czajka KM, Venkataraman K, Brabant-Kirwan D, Santi SA, Verschoor C, Appanna VD, Singh R, Saunders DP, Tharmalingam S. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species. Cells 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37998390 PMCID: PMC10670235 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a highly pervasive infection posing major health risks, especially for immunocompromised populations. Pathogenic Candida species have evolved intrinsic and acquired resistance to a variety of antifungal medications. The primary goal of this literature review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in Candida species. Resistance can be conferred via gain-of-function mutations in target pathway genes or their transcriptional regulators. Therefore, an overview of the known gene mutations is presented for the following antifungals: azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin), polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The following mutation hot spots were identified: (1) ergosterol biosynthesis pathway mutations (ERG11 and UPC2), resulting in azole resistance; (2) overexpression of the efflux pumps, promoting azole resistance (transcription factor genes: tac1 and mrr1; transporter genes: CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, PDR16 and SNQ2); (3) cell wall biosynthesis mutations (FKS1, FKS2 and PDR1), conferring resistance to echinocandins; (4) mutations of nucleic acid synthesis/repair genes (FCY1, FCY2 and FUR1), resulting in 5-FC resistance; and (5) biofilm production, promoting general antifungal resistance. This review also provides a summary of standardized inhibitory breakpoints obtained from international guidelines for prominent Candida species. Notably, N. glabrata, P. kudriavzevii and C. auris demonstrate fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Czajka
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | | | - Stacey A. Santi
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Chris Verschoor
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Vasu D. Appanna
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Ravi Singh
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Deborah P. Saunders
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
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Zeng M, Zhou X, Yang C, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xin C, Qin G, Liu F, Song Z. Comparative analysis of the biological characteristics and mechanisms of azole resistance of clinical Aspergillus fumigatus strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253197. [PMID: 38029222 PMCID: PMC10665732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common causative pathogen of aspergillosis. At present, triazole resistance of A. fumigatus poses an important challenge to human health globally. In this study, the biological characteristics and mechanisms of azole resistance of five A. fumigatus strains (AF1, AF2, AF4, AF5, and AF8) were explored. There were notable differences in the sporulation and biofilm formation abilities of the five test strains as compared to the standard strain AF293. The ability of strain AF1 to avoid phagocytosis by MH-S cells was significantly decreased as compared to strain AF293, while that of strains AF2, AF4, and AF5 were significantly increased. Fungal burden analysis with Galleria mellonella larvae revealed differences in pathogenicity among the five strains. Moreover, the broth microdilution and E-test assays confirmed that strains AF1 and AF2 were resistant to itraconazole and isaconazole, while strains AF4, AF5, and AF8 were resistant to voriconazole and isaconazole. Strains AF1 and AF2 carried the cyp51A mutations TR34/L98H/V242I/S297T/F495I combined with the hmg1 mutation S541G, whereas strains AF4 and AF8 carried the cyp51A mutation TR46/Y121F/V242I/T289A, while strain AF5 had no cyp51A mutation. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed differences in the expression levels of genes associated with ergosterol synthesis and efflux pumps among the five strains. In addition, transcriptomics, RT-qPCR, and the NAD+/NADH ratio demonstrated that the mechanism of voriconazole resistance of strain AF5 was related to overexpression of genes associated with energy production and efflux pumps. These findings will help to further elucidate the triazole resistance mechanism in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Caiyan Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fangyan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Jain T, Mishra P, Kumar S, Panda G, Banerjee D. Molecular dissection studies of TAC1, a transcription activator of Candida drug resistance genes of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:994873. [PMID: 37502396 PMCID: PMC10370356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.994873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The up-regulation of ABC transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p that efflux antifungal azole drugs are a leading cause of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) in the white fungus Candida albicans. C. albicans was reported to infect patients following the recent Covid-19 pandemic after they were given steroids for recovery. Previously, the TAC1 gene was identified as the transcriptional activator of Candida drug resistance genes (CDR1 and CDR2) and has no known human homologs. This makes it a good target for the development of novel antifungals. We, therefore, carried out the molecular dissection study of TAC1 to understand the functional regulation of the ABC transporter genes (CDR1 and CDR2) under its control. The N-terminal DNA Binding Domain (DBD) of Tac1p interacts with the Drug Responsive Element (DRE) present in the upstream promoter region of CDR1 and CDR2 genes of C. albicans. The interaction between DBD and DRE recruits Tac1p to the promoter of CDR genes. The C-terminal Acidic Activation Domain (AAD) of Tac1p interacts with the TATA box Binding Protein (TBP) and thus recruits TBP to the TATA box of CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Taking a cue from a previous study involving a TAC1 deletion strain that suggested that Tac1p acts as a xenobiotic receptor, in this study, we identified that the Middle Homology Region (MHR) of Tac1p acts as a probable xenobiotic binding domain (XBD) which plays an important role in Candida drug resistance. In addition, we studied the role of Tac1p in the regulation of some lipid profiling genes and stress response genes since they also contain the DRE consensus sequence and found that some of them can respond to xenobiotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Jain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Mishra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dibyendu Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Fang W, Wu J, Cheng M, Zhu X, Du M, Chen C, Liao W, Zhi K, Pan W. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: challenges and recent developments. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:42. [PMID: 37337179 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) has shown an upsurge in recent years due to the higher load of immunocompromised patients suffering from various diseases. The role of early and accurate diagnosis in the aggressive containment of the fungal infection at the initial stages becomes crucial thus, preventing the development of a life-threatening situation. With the changing demands of clinical mycology, the field of fungal diagnostics has evolved and come a long way from traditional methods of microscopy and culturing to more advanced non-culture-based tools. With the advent of more powerful approaches such as novel PCR assays, T2 Candida, microfluidic chip technology, next generation sequencing, new generation biosensors, nanotechnology-based tools, artificial intelligence-based models, the face of fungal diagnostics is constantly changing for the better. All these advances have been reviewed here giving the latest update to our readers in the most orderly flow. MAIN TEXT A detailed literature survey was conducted by the team followed by data collection, pertinent data extraction, in-depth analysis, and composing the various sub-sections and the final review. The review is unique in its kind as it discusses the advances in molecular methods; advances in serology-based methods; advances in biosensor technology; and advances in machine learning-based models, all under one roof. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no review covering all of these fields (especially biosensor technology and machine learning using artificial intelligence) with relevance to invasive fungal infections. CONCLUSION The review will undoubtedly assist in updating the scientific community's understanding of the most recent advancements that are on the horizon and that may be implemented as adjuncts to the traditional diagnostic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Junqi Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingrong Cheng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Xinlin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mingwei Du
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Kangkang Zhi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Weihua Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Osset-Trénor P, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M. Fungal Drug Response and Antimicrobial Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050565. [PMID: 37233275 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal resistance is a growing concern as it poses a significant threat to public health. Fungal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The limited number of antifungal agents and the emergence of resistance have led to a critical need to understand the mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance. This review provides an overview of the importance of antifungal resistance, the classes of antifungal agents, and their mode of action. It highlights the molecular mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance, including alterations in drug modification, activation, and availability. In addition, the review discusses the response to drugs via the regulation of multidrug efflux systems and antifungal drug-target interactions. We emphasize the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance to develop effective strategies to combat the emergence of resistance and highlight the need for continued research to identify new targets for antifungal drug development and explore alternative therapeutic options to overcome resistance. Overall, an understanding of antifungal drug resistance and its mechanisms will be indispensable for the field of antifungal drug development and clinical management of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Osset-Trénor
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas IBMCP, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Pascual-Ahuir
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas IBMCP, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Markus Proft
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Sun G, Xie S, Tang L, Zhao C, Zhang M, Huang L. Comparative genomics of five Valsa species gives insights on their pathogenicity evolution. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkac312. [PMID: 36454665 PMCID: PMC9911072 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Valsa is a genus of ascomycetes within the Valsaceae family. This family includes many wood destructive pathogens such as the well known Valsa mali and Valsa pyri which cause canker diseases in fruit trees and threaten the global fruit production. Lack of genomic information of this family is impeding our understandings about their evolution and genetic basis of their pathogenicity divergence. Here, we report genome assemblies of Valsa malicola, Valsa persoonii, and Valsa sordida which represent close relatives of Valsa mali and Valsa pyri with different host preferences. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that segmental rearrangements, inversions, and translocations frequently occurred among Valsa spp. genomes. Gene families that exhibited gene copy expansions tended to be associated with secondary metabolism, transmembrane transport, and pyrophosphatase activities. Orthologous genes in regions lost synteny exhibited significantly higher rate of synonymous substitution (KS) than those in regions retained synteny. Moreover, among these genes, membrane transporter families associated with antidrug (MFS, DHA) activities and nutrient transportation (SP and APCs) activities were significantly over-represented. Lineage specific synonymous substitution (KS) and nonsynonymous substitution (KA) analysis based on the phylogeny constructed from 11 fungal species identified a set of genes with selection signatures in Valsa clade and these genes were significantly enriched in functions associated with fatty acid beta-oxidation, DNA helicase activity, and ATPase activity. Furthermore, unique genes that possessed or retained by each of the five Valsa species are more likely part of the secondary metabolic (SM) gene clusters. SM gene clusters conserved across five Valsa species showed various degrees of diversification in both identity and completeness. All 11 syntenically conserved SM clusters showed differential expression during the infection of apple branch with Valsa mali suggesting involvements of secondary metabolism in the pathogenicity of Valsa species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Shichang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Tsers I, Marenina E, Meshcherov A, Petrova O, Gogoleva O, Tkachenko A, Gogoleva N, Gogolev Y, Potapenko E, Muraeva O, Ponomareva M, Korzun V, Gorshkov V. First genome-scale insights into the virulence of the snow mold causal fungus Microdochium nivale. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36627722 PMCID: PMC9830731 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pink snow mold, caused by a phytopathogenic and psychrotolerant fungus, Microdochium nivale, is a severe disease of winter cereals and grasses that predominantly occurs under snow cover or shortly after its melt. Snow mold has significantly progressed during the past decade, often reaching epiphytotic levels in northern countries and resulting in dramatic yield losses. In addition, M. nivale gradually adapts to a warmer climate, spreading to less snowy territories and causing different types of plant diseases throughout the growing period. Despite its great economic importance, M. nivale is poorly investigated; its genome has not been sequenced and its crucial virulence determinants have not been identified or even predicted. In our study, we applied a hybrid assembly based on Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads to obtain the first genome sequence of M. nivale. 11,973 genes (including 11,789 protein-encoding genes) have been revealed in the genome assembly. To better understand the genetic potential of M. nivale and to obtain a convenient reference for transcriptomic studies on this species, the identified genes were annotated and split into hierarchical three-level functional categories. A file with functionally classified M. nivale genes is presented in our study for general use. M. nivale gene products that best meet the criteria for virulence factors have been identified. The genetic potential to synthesize human-dangerous mycotoxins (fumonisin, ochratoxin B, aflatoxin, and gliotoxin) has been revealed for M. nivale. The transcriptome analysis combined with the assays for extracellular enzymatic activities (conventional virulence factors of many phytopathogens) was carried out to assess the effect of host plant (rye) metabolites on the M. nivale phenotype. In addition to disclosing plant-metabolite-upregulated M. nivale functional gene groups (including those related to host plant protein destruction and amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic detoxication (including phytoalexins benzoxazinoids), cellulose destruction (cellulose monooxygenases), iron transport, etc.), the performed analysis pointed to a crucial role of host plant lipid destruction and fungal lipid metabolism modulation in plant-M. nivale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tsers
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Ekaterina Marenina
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Azat Meshcherov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Petrova
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Alexander Tkachenko
- grid.35915.3b0000 0001 0413 4629Laboratory of Computer Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197101
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Evgenii Potapenko
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Muraeva
- grid.512700.1Bioinformatics Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197342
| | - Mira Ponomareva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Viktor Korzun
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111 ,grid.425691.dKWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
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11
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Cai H, Zhang H, Guo DH, Wang Y, Gu J. Genomic Data Mining Reveals Abundant Uncharacterized Transporters in Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101064. [PMID: 36294626 PMCID: PMC9604845 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever. The increasing Valley Fever cases in the past decades, the expansion of endemic regions, and the rising azole drug-resistant strains have underscored an urgent need for a better understanding of Coccidioides biology and new antifungal strategies. Transporters play essential roles in pathogen survival, growth, infection, and adaptation, and are considered as potential drug targets. However, the composition and roles of transport machinery in Coccidioides remain largely unknown. In this study, genomic data mining revealed an abundant, uncharacterized repertoire of transporters in Coccidioides genomes. The catalog included 1288 and 1235 transporter homologs in C. immitis and C. posadasii, respectively. They were further annotated to class, subclass, family, subfamily and range of substrates based on the Transport Classification (TC) system. They may play diverse roles in nutrient uptake, metabolite secretion, ion homeostasis, drug efflux, or signaling. This study represents an initial effort for a systems-level characterization of the transport machinery in these understudied fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Daniel H. Guo
- Strake Jesuit College Preparatory, Houston, TX 77036, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianying Gu
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.G.)
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12
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Zhang C, Chen J, Pan X, Liu H, Liu Y. Sigma factor RpoS positively affects the spoilage activity of Shewanella baltica and negatively regulates its adhesion effect. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993237. [PMID: 36118207 PMCID: PMC9478337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella baltica is the dominant bacterium that causes spoilage of seafood. RpoS is an alternative sigma factor regulating stress adaptation in many bacteria. However, the detailed regulatory mechanism of RpoS in S. baltica remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the regulatory function of RpoS on spoilage activity and adhesion ability in S. baltica. Results revealed that RpoS had no effect on the growth of S. baltica, but positively regulated the spoilage potential of S. baltica accompanied by a slower decline of total volatile basic nitrogen, lightness, and the sensory score of fish fillets inoculated with rpoS mutant. RpoS negatively regulated the adhesion ability, which was manifested in that the bacterial number of rpoS mutant adhered to stainless steel coupon was higher than that of the S. baltica in the early stage, and the biofilm formed on glass slide by rpoS mutant was thicker and tighter compared with S. baltica. Transcriptomic analysis showed that a total of 397 differentially expressed genes were regulated by RpoS. These genes were mainly enrichment in flagellar assembly, fatty acid metabolism/degradation, and RNA degradation pathways, which were associated with motility, biofilm formation and cold adaptation. This study demonstrated that RpoS is a primary regulator involved in flagellar assembly mediated biofilm formation and cold adaptation-related spoilage activity of S. baltica. Our research will provide significant insights into the control of microbiological spoilage in seafood.
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13
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Cuenca-León K, Pacheco-Quito EM, Granda-Granda Y, Vélez-León E, Zarzuelo-Castañeda A. Phytotherapy: A Solution to Decrease Antifungal Resistance in the Dental Field. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060789. [PMID: 35740914 PMCID: PMC9220786 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathologies produced by fungi in the oral cavity in recent decades have become a health problem, with factors such as an imbalance of the local microbiota being the cause for their propagation. Conventional antifungal treatments, instead of being beneficial, have generated alterations that have led to antifungal resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe phytotherapy resources as a possible solution to oral antifungal resistance. A bibliographic search was carried out on platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google scholar. A total of 248 scientific articles were obtained, of which 108 met the inclusion criteria. Microorganisms of fungal origin currently show resistance to the different antifungals of conventional use, which is undoubtedly altering the oral health of human beings, but there are new therapeutic possibilities such as the active principles of various natural species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cuenca-León
- Academic Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Dentistry, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (Y.G.-G.); (E.V.-L.)
- Research Group: Innovation and Pharmaceutical Development in Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Head of Research and Innovation, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Edisson-Mauricio Pacheco-Quito
- Academic Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Dentistry, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (Y.G.-G.); (E.V.-L.)
- Research Group: Innovation and Pharmaceutical Development in Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Head of Research and Innovation, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
| | - Yanela Granda-Granda
- Academic Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Dentistry, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (Y.G.-G.); (E.V.-L.)
| | - Eleonor Vélez-León
- Academic Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Dentistry, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (Y.G.-G.); (E.V.-L.)
- Research Group: Innovation and Pharmaceutical Development in Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Head of Research and Innovation, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
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14
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Qadri H, Haseeb Shah A, Ahmad Mir M, Fazal Qureshi M, Prasad R. Quinidine Drug Resistance transporter Knockout Candida cells modulate glucose transporter expression and accumulate metabolites leading to enhanced azole drug resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 161:103713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Tejima K, Sasamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Aoyama T, Nagi M, Tanabe K, Miyazaki Y, Nakayama H, Sasakawa C, Kajiwara S, Brown AJP, Teixeira MC, Chibana H. Erg25 Controls Host-Cholesterol Uptake Mediated by Aus1p-Associated Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820675. [PMID: 35399500 PMCID: PMC8988197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of cholesterol from the host is closely linked to the proliferation of pathogenic fungi and protozoa during infection. For some pathogenic fungi, cholesterol uptake is an important strategy for decreasing susceptibility to antifungals that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. In this study, we show that Candida glabrata ERG25, which encodes an enzyme that demethylates 4,4-dimethylzymosterol, is required for cholesterol uptake from host serum. Based on the screening of C. glabrata conditional knockdown mutants for each gene involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, ERG25 knockdown was found to decrease lethality of infected mice. ERG25 knockdown impairs the plasma membrane localization of the sterol importer Aus1p, suggesting that the accumulated 4,4-dimethylzymosterol destabilizes the lipid domain with which Aus1p functionally associates. ERG25 knockdown further influences the structure of the membrane compartment of Can1p (MCC)/eisosomes (ergosterol-rich lipid domains), but not the localization of the membrane proteins Pma1p and Hxt1p, which localize to sterol-poor domains. In the sterol-rich lipid domain, Aus1p-contining domain was mostly independent of MCC/eisosomes, and the nature of these domains was also different: Ausp1-contining domain was a dynamic network-like domain, whereas the MCC/eisosomes was a static dot-like domain. However, deletion of MCC/eisosomes was observed to influence the localization of Aus1p after Aus1p was transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that ERG25 plays a key role in stabilizing sterol-rich lipid domains, constituting a promising candidate target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Tejima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaname Sasamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanabe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Hironobu Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Yu JSL, Correia-Melo C, Zorrilla F, Herrera-Dominguez L, Wu MY, Hartl J, Campbell K, Blasche S, Kreidl M, Egger AS, Messner CB, Demichev V, Freiwald A, Mülleder M, Howell M, Berman J, Patil KR, Alam MT, Ralser M. Microbial communities form rich extracellular metabolomes that foster metabolic interactions and promote drug tolerance. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:542-555. [PMID: 35314781 PMCID: PMC8975748 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities are composed of cells of varying metabolic capacity, and regularly include auxotrophs that lack essential metabolic pathways. Through analysis of auxotrophs for amino acid biosynthesis pathways in microbiome data derived from >12,000 natural microbial communities obtained as part of the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP), and study of auxotrophic–prototrophic interactions in self-establishing metabolically cooperating yeast communities (SeMeCos), we reveal a metabolically imprinted mechanism that links the presence of auxotrophs to an increase in metabolic interactions and gains in antimicrobial drug tolerance. As a consequence of the metabolic adaptations necessary to uptake specific metabolites, auxotrophs obtain altered metabolic flux distributions, export more metabolites and, in this way, enrich community environments in metabolites. Moreover, increased efflux activities reduce intracellular drug concentrations, allowing cells to grow in the presence of drug levels above minimal inhibitory concentrations. For example, we show that the antifungal action of azoles is greatly diminished in yeast cells that uptake metabolites from a metabolically enriched environment. Our results hence provide a mechanism that explains why cells are more robust to drug exposure when they interact metabolically. Using microbiome data analysis and a self-establishing metabolically cooperating yeast community model, the authors show that the presence of auxotrophs in a microbial community increases metabolic interactions between cells and fosters antimicrobial drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S L Yu
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clara Correia-Melo
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francisco Zorrilla
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Herrera-Dominguez
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mary Y Wu
- High-Throughput Screening, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sonja Blasche
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Kreidl
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christoph B Messner
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vadim Demichev
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Howell
- High-Throughput Screening, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Judith Berman
- Shmunis School of Biomedical and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiran R Patil
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany. .,Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Xu X, Hu X, Dong J, Xue Y, Liu T, Jin Q. Proteome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of Lysine Crotonylation in Trichophyton rubrum Conidial and Mycelial Stages. Front Genet 2022; 13:832668. [PMID: 35356433 PMCID: PMC8960058 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.832668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation is a newly discovered post-translational modification (PTM) with key roles in various important regulatory pathways. Despite its functional significance, there is limited knowledge about crotonylation in fungi. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungal pathogen in human infection and is considered a model organism of dermatophytes and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. In this study, we obtained a proteome-wide crotonylation profile of T. rubrum, leading to the identification of 14,019 crotonylated sites on 3144 proteins. The crotonylated proteins were significantly involved in translation and in various metabolic and biosynthetic processes. Some proteins related to fungal pathogenicity were also found to be targets of crotonylation. In addition, extensive crotonylation was found on histones, suggesting a role in epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, about half of the crotonylated proteins were specific to either the conidial or the mycelial stage, and functional enrichment analysis showed some differences between the two stages. The results suggest that the difference in crotonylation between the two stages is not due to differences in protein abundance. Crosstalk of crotonylation with acetylation, propionylation, and succinylation suggests distinct regulatory roles. This study is the first crotonylation analysis in dermatophytes and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. These results represent a solid foundation for further research on PTM regulatory mechanisms in fungi and should facilitate improved antifungal strategies against these medical important species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tao Liu
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu, ; Qi Jin,
| | - Qi Jin
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu, ; Qi Jin,
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18
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Cao X, Xu X, Dong J, Xue Y, Sun L, Zhu Y, Liu T, Jin Q. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of circRNAs in Trichophyton rubrum conidial and mycelial stages. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:21. [PMID: 34983376 PMCID: PMC8725419 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNAs that participate in gene expression regulation in various pathways. The essential roles of circRNAs have been revealed in many species. However, knowledge of circRNAs in fungi is still not comprehensive. Results Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is considered a model organism of human pathogenic filamentous fungi and dermatophytes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide investigation of circRNAs in T. rubrum based on high-throughput sequencing and ultimately identified 4254 circRNAs. Most of these circRNAs were specific to the conidial or mycelial stage, revealing a developmental stage-specific expression pattern. In addition, 940 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between the conidial and mycelial stages. PCR experiments conducted on seven randomly selected differentially expressed (DE-) circRNAs confirmed the circularized structures and relative expression levels of these circRNAs. Based on their genome locations, most circRNAs originated from intergenic regions, unlike those in plants and animals. Furthermore, we constructed circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks that included 661 DE-circRNAs targeting 140 miRNAs and further regulating 2753 mRNAs. The relative expression levels of two randomly selected circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes were investigated by qRT-PCR, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network theory was validated. Functional enrichment analysis of the target genes suggested that they were significantly involved in posttranscriptional processes and protein synthesis as well as some small-molecule metabolism processes. CircRNAs are relatively more conserved in closely related dermatophytes but rarely conserved in distantly related species. Tru_circ07138_001 is a highly conserved circRNA that was conserved in all ten dermatophytes analyzed in our study and three distantly related species. Its host gene TERG_07138 was also highly conserved in two of these distantly related species Gallus gallus and Caenorhabditis elegans. The specific role of this circRNA deserves further exploration. Conclusions Our study is the first to provide a global profile of circRNAs in T. rubrum as well as dermatophytes. These results could serve as valuable resources for research on circRNA regulatory mechanisms in fungi and reveal new insights for further investigation of the physical characteristics of these significant human fungal pathogens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08184-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xingye Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lilian Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yafang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Pais P, Oliveira J, Viana R, Costa IV, Sá-Correia I, Monteiro PT, Teixeira MC. Prediction of Gene and Genomic Regulation in Candida Species, Using the PathoYeastract Database: A Comparative Genomics Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2477:419-437. [PMID: 35524130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2257-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of living organisms to survive changing environmental conditions is dependent on the implementation of gene expression programs underlying adaptation and fitness. Transcriptional networks can be exceptionally complex: a single transcription factor (TF) may regulate hundreds of genes, and multiple TFs may regulate a single gene-depending on the environmental conditions. Moreover, the same TF may act as an activator or repressor in distinct conditions. In turn, the activity of regulators themselves may be dependent on other TFs, as well as posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation. These traits greatly contribute to the intricate networks governing gene expression programs.In this chapter, a step-by-step guide of how to use PathoYeastract, one of several interconnecting databases within the YEASTRACT+ portal, to predict gene and genomic regulation in Candida spp. is provided. PathoYeastract contains a set of analysis tools to study regulatory associations in human pathogenic yeasts, enabling: (1) the prediction and ranking of TFs that contribute to the regulation of individual genes; (2) the prediction of the genes regulated by a given TF; and (3) the prediction and ranking of TFs that regulate a genome-wide transcriptional response. These capabilities are illustrated, respectively, with the analysis of: (1) the TF network controlling the C. glabrata QDR2 gene; (2) the regulon controlled by the C. glabrata TF Rpn4; and (3) the regulatory network controlling the C. glabrata transcriptome-wide changes induced upon exposure to the antifungal drug fluconazole. The newest potentialities of this information system are explored, including cross-species network comparison. The results are discussed considering the performed queries and integrated with the current knowledge on the biological data for each case-study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- INESC-ID, Knowledge Discovery and Bioinformatics Group, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês V Costa
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Monteiro
- INESC-ID, Knowledge Discovery and Bioinformatics Group, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Jofre GI, Singh A, Mavengere H, Sundar G, D'Agostino E, Chowdhary A, Matute DR. An Indian lineage of Histoplasma with strong signatures of differentiation and selection. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103654. [PMID: 34942368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma, a genus of dimorphic fungi, is the etiological agent of histoplasmosis, a pulmonary disease widespread across the globe. Whole genome sequencing has revealed that the genus harbors a previously unrecognized diversity of cryptic species. To date, studies have focused on Histoplasma isolates collected in the Americas with little knowledge of the genomic variation from other localities. In this report, we report the existence of a well-differentiated lineage of Histoplasma occurring in the Indian subcontinent. The group is differentiated enough to satisfy the requirements of a phylogenetic species, as it shows extensive genetic differentiation along the whole genome and has little evidence of gene exchange with other Histoplasma species. Next, we leverage this genetic differentiation to identify genetic changes that are unique to this group and that have putatively evolved through rapid positive selection. We found that none of the previously known virulence factors have evolved rapidly in the Indian lineage but find evidence of strong signatures of selection on other alleles potentially involved in clinically-important phenotypes. Our work serves as an example of the importance of correctly identifying species boundaries to understand the extent of selection in the evolution of pathogenic lineages. IMPORTANCE: Whole genome sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity, including human pathogens. In the case of fungal pathogens, a limiting factor in understanding the extent of their genetic diversity has been the lack of systematic sampling. In this piece, we show the results of a collection in the Indian subcontinent of the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma, the causal agent of a systemic mycosis. We find that Indian samples of Histoplasma form a distinct clade which is highly differentiated from other Histoplasma species. We also show that the genome of this lineage shows unique signals of natural selection. This work exemplifies how the combination of a robust sampling along with population genetics, and phylogenetics can reveal the precise genetic changes that differentiate lineages of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston I Jofre
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Heidi Mavengere
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gandhi Sundar
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Emmanuel D'Agostino
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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21
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Drew D, North RA, Nagarathinam K, Tanabe M. Structures and General Transport Mechanisms by the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). Chem Rev 2021; 121:5289-5335. [PMID: 33886296 PMCID: PMC8154325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest known superfamily of secondary active transporters. MFS transporters are responsible for transporting a broad spectrum of substrates, either down their concentration gradient or uphill using the energy stored in the electrochemical gradients. Over the last 10 years, more than a hundred different MFS transporter structures covering close to 40 members have provided an atomic framework for piecing together the molecular basis of their transport cycles. Here, we summarize the remarkable promiscuity of MFS members in terms of substrate recognition and proton coupling as well as the intricate gating mechanisms undergone in achieving substrate translocation. We outline studies that show how residues far from the substrate binding site can be just as important for fine-tuning substrate recognition and specificity as those residues directly coordinating the substrate, and how a number of MFS transporters have evolved to form unique complexes with chaperone and signaling functions. Through a deeper mechanistic description of glucose (GLUT) transporters and multidrug resistance (MDR) antiporters, we outline novel refinements to the rocker-switch alternating-access model, such as a latch mechanism for proton-coupled monosaccharide transport. We emphasize that a full understanding of transport requires an elucidation of MFS transporter dynamics, energy landscapes, and the determination of how rate transitions are modulated by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drew
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel A. North
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Nagarathinam
- Center
of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikio Tanabe
- Structural
Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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Abstract
Malassezia are emerging fungal pathogens causing opportunistic skin and severe systemic infection. Nosocomial outbreaks are associated with azole resistance and understanding of the underlying mechanisms are limited to knowledge from other fungal species. Herein, we identified distinct antifungal susceptibility patterns in 26 Malassezia furfur isolates derived from healthy and diseased individuals. A Y67F CYP51 mutation was identified in five isolates of M. furfur However, this mutation alone was insufficient to induce reduce azole susceptibility in the wild type strain. RNA-seq and differential gene analysis of healthy and disease derived strains exposed to clotrimazole in vitro identified several key metabolic pathways and transporter proteins which are involved in reduce azole susceptibility. The pleiotropic drug transporter PDR10 was the single most highly upregulated transporter gene in multiple strains of M. furfur after azole treatment and increased expression of PDR10 is associated with reduced azole susceptibility in some systemic disease isolates of M. furfur Deletion of PDR10 in a pathogenic M. furfur strain with reduced susceptibility reduced MIC values to the level of that in susceptible isolates. The current dearth of antifungal technologies, globally emerging multi-azole resistance, and broad agriculture and consumer care use of azoles means improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying intrinsic and acquired azole resistance in Malassezia is crucial for development of antibiotic stewardship and antifungal treatment strategies.
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Role of CgTpo4 in Polyamine and Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance: Determining Virulence in Candida glabrata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031376. [PMID: 33573089 PMCID: PMC7866538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an emerging fungal pathogen whose success depends on its ability to resist antifungal drugs but also to thrive against host defenses. In this study, the predicted multidrug transporter CgTpo4 (encoded by ORF CAGL0L10912g) is described as a new determinant of virulence in C. glabrata, using the infection model Galleria mellonella. The CgTPO4 gene was found to be required for the C. glabrata ability to kill G. mellonella. The transporter encoded by this gene is also necessary for antimicrobial peptide (AMP) resistance, specifically against histatin-5. Interestingly, G. mellonella’s AMP expression was found to be strongly activated in response to C. glabrata infection, suggesting AMPs are a key antifungal defense. CgTpo4 was also found to be a plasma membrane exporter of polyamines, especially spermidine, suggesting that CgTpo4 is able to export polyamines and AMPs, thus conferring resistance to both stress agents. Altogether, this study presents the polyamine exporter CgTpo4 as a determinant of C. glabrata virulence, which acts by protecting the yeast cells from the overexpression of AMPs, deployed as a host defense mechanism.
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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, Škrlec I. Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 33499276 PMCID: PMC7912069 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals' skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida's normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida's virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia-invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Emina Pustijanac
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Bekić
- Family Medicine Practice, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kotris
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
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25
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Bombassaro A, Schneider GX, Costa FF, Leão ACR, Soley BS, Medeiros F, da Silva NM, Lima BJFS, Castro RJA, Bocca AL, Baura VA, Balsanelli E, Pankievicz VCS, Hrysay NMC, Scola RH, Moreno LF, Azevedo CMPS, Souza EM, Gomes RR, de Hoog S, Vicente VA. Genomics and Virulence of Fonsecaea pugnacius, Agent of Disseminated Chromoblastomycosis. Front Genet 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 32849816 PMCID: PMC7417343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among agents of chromoblastomycosis, Fonsecaea pugnacius presents a unique type of infection because of its secondary neurotropic dissemination from a chronic cutaneous case in an immunocompetent patient. Neurotropism occurs with remarkable frequency in the fungal family Herpotrichiellaceae, possibly associated with the ability of some species to metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons. In an attempt to understand this new disease pattern, were conducted genomic analysis of Fonsecaea pugnacius (CBS 139214) performed with de novo assembly, gene prediction, annotation and mitochondrial genome assembly, supplemented with animal infection models performed with Tenebrio molitor in Mus musculus lineages BALB/c and C57BL/6. The genome draft of 34.8 Mb was assembled with a total of 12,217 protein-coding genes. Several proteins, enzymes and metabolic pathways related to extremotolerance and virulence were recognized. The enzyme profiles of black fungi involved in chromoblastomycosis and brain infection were analyzed with the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZY) and peptidases database (MEROPS). The capacity of the fungus to survive inside Tenebrio molitor animal model was confirmed by histopathological analysis and by presence of melanin and hyphae in host tissue. Although F. pugnacius was isolated from brain in a murine model following intraperitoneal infection, cytokine levels were not statistically significant, indicating a profile of an opportunistic agent. A dual ecological ability can be concluded from presence of metabolic pathways for nutrient scavenging and extremotolerance, combined with a capacity to infect human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bombassaro
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela X Schneider
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia F Costa
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aniele C R Leão
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Soley
- Pharmacology Post-graduation Program, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Medeiros
- Graduation in Biology Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nickolas M da Silva
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna J F S Lima
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Anamélia L Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valter A Baura
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Nyvia M C Hrysay
- Service of Neuromuscular and Demyelinating Diseases, Complex Histochemistry-Immunity Laboratory, Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rosana H Scola
- Service of Neuromuscular and Demyelinating Diseases, Complex Histochemistry-Immunity Laboratory, Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Moreno
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vânia A Vicente
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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26
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Wu H, Nakazawa T, Takenaka A, Kodera R, Morimoto R, Sakamoto M, Honda Y. Transcriptional shifts in delignification-defective mutants of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3182-3199. [PMID: 32697375 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White-rot fungi efficiently degrade lignin and, thus, play a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle. However, the mechanisms of lignin degradation are largely unknown. Recently, mutations in four genes, namely wtr1, chd1, pex1, and gat1, were shown to abrogate the wood lignin-degrading ability of Pleurotus ostreatus. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis to identify genes that are differentially expressed in ligninolysis-deficient mutant strains. Putative ligninolytic genes that are highly expressed in parental strains are significantly downregulated in the mutant strains. On the contrary, many putative cellulolytic and xylanolytic genes are upregulated in the chd1-1, Δpex1, and Δgat1 strains. Identifying transcriptional alterations in mutant strains could provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of lignocellulolytic genes in P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Atsuki Takenaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rina Kodera
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Honda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rangel LI, Spanner RE, Ebert MK, Pethybridge SJ, Stukenbrock EH, de Jonge R, Secor GA, Bolton MD. Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1020-1041. [PMID: 32681599 PMCID: PMC7368123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C. beticola and its sugar beet host. We highlight the known virulence arsenal of C. beticola as well as its ability to overcome currently used disease management strategies. Finally, we discuss future prospects for the study and management of C. beticola infections in the context of newly employed molecular tools to uncover additional information regarding the biology of this pathogen. TAXONOMY Cercospora beticola Sacc.; Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaceae, Genus Cercospora. HOST RANGE Well-known pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) and most species of the Beta genus. Reported as pathogenic on other members of the Chenopodiaceae (e.g., lamb's quarters, spinach) as well as members of the Acanthaceae (e.g., bear's breeches), Apiaceae (e.g., Apium), Asteraceae (e.g., chrysanthemum, lettuce, safflower), Brassicaceae (e.g., wild mustard), Malvaceae (e.g., Malva), Plumbaginaceae (e.g., Limonium), and Polygonaceae (e.g., broad-leaved dock) families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Leaves infected with C. beticola exhibit circular lesions that are coloured tan to grey in the centre and are often delimited by tan-brown to reddish-purple rings. As disease progresses, spots can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas, causing severely infected leaves to wither and die. At the centre of these spots are black spore-bearing structures (pseudostromata). Older leaves often show symptoms first and younger leaves become infected as the disease progresses. MANAGEMENT Application of a mixture of fungicides with different modes of action is currently performed although elevated resistance has been documented in most employed fungicide classes. Breeding for high-yielding cultivars with improved host resistance is an ongoing effort and prudent cultural practices, such as crop rotation, weed host management, and cultivation to reduce infested residue levels, are widely used to manage disease. USEFUL WEBSITE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/11237?genome_assembly_id=352037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I. Rangel
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Malaika K. Ebert
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- Plant Pathology & Plant‐Microbe Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell AgriTech at The New York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell UniversityGenevaNYUSA
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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28
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Bhattacharya S, Sae-Tia S, Fries BC. Candidiasis and Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060312. [PMID: 32526921 PMCID: PMC7345657 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of Candida sp., with C. albicans being the most common. These are pathogenic yeast and are usually present in the normal microbiome. High-risk individuals are patients of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), organ transplant, and diabetes. During infection, pathogens can adhere to complement receptors and various extracellular matrix proteins in the oral and vaginal cavity. Oral and vaginal Candidiasis results from the overgrowth of Candida sp. in the hosts, causing penetration of the oral and vaginal tissues. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth, tongue, throat, and itchiness or burning of genitalia. Diagnosis involves visual examination, microscopic analysis, or culturing. These infections are treated with a variety of antifungals that target different biosynthetic pathways of the pathogen. For example, echinochandins target cell wall biosynthesis, while allylamines, azoles, and morpholines target ergosterol biosynthesis, and 5-Flucytosine (5FC) targets nucleic acid biosynthesis. Azoles are commonly used in therapeutics, however, because of its fungistatic nature, Candida sp. evolve azole resistance. Besides azoles, Candida sp. also acquire resistance to polyenes, echinochandins, and 5FC. This review discusses, in detail, the drug resistance mechanisms adapted by Candida sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanon Bhattacharya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sutthichai Sae-Tia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (S.S.-T.); (B.C.F.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, New York, NY 11768, USA
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29
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Monteiro PT, Oliveira J, Pais P, Antunes M, Palma M, Cavalheiro M, Galocha M, Godinho CP, Martins LC, Bourbon N, Mota MN, Ribeiro RA, Viana R, Sá-Correia I, Teixeira MC. YEASTRACT+: a portal for cross-species comparative genomics of transcription regulation in yeasts. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D642-D649. [PMID: 31586406 PMCID: PMC6943032 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The YEASTRACT+ information system (http://YEASTRACT-PLUS.org/) is a wide-scope tool for the analysis and prediction of transcription regulatory associations at the gene and genomic levels in yeasts of biotechnological or human health relevance. YEASTRACT+ is a new portal that integrates the previously existing YEASTRACT (http://www.yeastract.com/) and PathoYeastract (http://pathoyeastract.org/) databases and introduces the NCYeastract (Non-Conventional Yeastract) database (http://ncyeastract.org/), focused on the so-called non-conventional yeasts. The information in the YEASTRACT database, focused on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was updated. PathoYeastract was extended to include two additional pathogenic yeast species: Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Furthermore, the NCYeastract database was created, including five biotechnologically relevant yeast species: Zygosaccharomyces baillii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Yarrowia lipolytica and Komagataella phaffii. The YEASTRACT+ portal gathers 289 706 unique documented regulatory associations between transcription factors (TF) and target genes and 420 DNA binding sites, considering 247 TFs from 10 yeast species. YEASTRACT+ continues to make available tools for the prediction of the TFs involved in the regulation of gene/genomic expression. In this release, these tools were upgraded to enable predictions based on orthologous regulatory associations described for other yeast species, including two new tools for cross-species transcription regulation comparison, based on multi-species promoter and TF regulatory network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T Monteiro
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,INESC-ID, R. Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Antunes
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Palma
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís C Martins
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bourbon
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta N Mota
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Ribeiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Sturm L, Geißel B, Martin R, Wagener J. Differentially Regulated Transcription Factors and ABC Transporters in a Mitochondrial Dynamics Mutant Can Alter Azole Susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1017. [PMID: 32528443 PMCID: PMC7264269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole resistance of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is an emerging problem. To identify novel mechanisms that could mediate azole resistance in A. fumigatus, we analyzed the transcriptome of a mitochondrial fission/fusion mutant that exhibits increased azole tolerance. Approximately 12% of the annotated genes are differentially regulated in this strain. This comprises upregulation of Cyp51A, the azole target structure, upregulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and differential regulation of transcription factors. To study their impact on azole tolerance, conditional mutants were constructed of seven ABC transporters and 17 transcription factors. Under repressed conditions, growth rates and azole susceptibility of the mutants were similar to wild type. Under induced conditions, several transcription factor mutants showed growth phenotypes. In addition, four ABC transporter mutants and seven transcription factor mutants exhibited altered azole susceptibility. However, deletion of individual identified ABC transporters and transcription factors did not affect the increased azole tolerance of the fission/fusion mutant. Our results revealed the ability of multiple ABC transporters and transcription factors to modulate the azole susceptibility of A. fumigatus and support a model where mitochondrial dysfunctions trigger a drug resistance network that mediates azole tolerance of this mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sturm
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernadette Geißel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany.,Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Jena, Germany
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31
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Utami ST, Indriani CI, Bowolaksono A, Yaguchi T, Chen X, Niimi K, Niimi M, Kajiwara S. Identification and functional characterization of Penicillium marneffei major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1373-1383. [PMID: 32163007 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1732185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PENICILLIUM MARNEFFEI is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes penicilliosis, and become the third-most-common opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients in Southeast Asia. Azoles and amphotericin B have been introduced for the treatment, however, it is important to investigate possible mechanisms of azole resistance for future treatment failure. We identified 177 putative MFS transporters and classified into 17 subfamilies. Among those, members of the Drug:H+ antiporter 1 subfamily are known to confer resistance to antifungals. Out of 39 paralogs, three (encoded by PmMDR1, PmMDR2, and PmMDR3) were heterologously overexpressed in S. cerevisiae AD∆ conferred resistance to various drugs and compounds including azoles, albeit to different degrees. PmMDR1-expressing strain showed resistance to the broadest range of drugs, followed by the PmMDR3, and PmMDR2 conferred weak resistance to a limited range of drugs. We conclude that PmMDR1 and PmMDR3, may be able to serve as multidrug efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyowati T Utami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carissa I Indriani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University , Chiba, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
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Santos R, Cavalheiro M, Costa C, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Screening the Drug:H + Antiporter Family for a Role in Biofilm Formation in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32117803 PMCID: PMC7010593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and drug resistance are two key pathogenesis traits exhibited by Candida glabrata as a human pathogen. Interestingly, specific pathways appear to be in the crossroad between the two phenomena, making them promising targets for drug development. In this study, the 10 multidrug resistance transporters of the Drug:H+ Antiporter family of C. glabrata were screened for a role in biofilm formation. Besides previously identified players in this process, namely CgTpo1_2 and CgQdr2, two others are shown to contribute to biofilm formation: CgDtr1 and CgTpo4. The deletion of each of these genes was found to lead to lower biofilm formation, in both SDB and RPMI media, while their expression was found to increase during biofilm development and to be controlled by the transcription factor CgTec1, a predicted key regulator of biofilm formation. Additionally, the deletion of CgDTR1, CgTPO4, or even CgQDR2 was found to increase plasma membrane potential and lead to decreased expression of adhesin encoding genes, particularly CgALS1 and CgEPA1, during biofilm formation. Although the exact role of these drug transporters in biofilm formation remains elusive, our current model suggests that their control over membrane potential by the transport of charged molecules, may affect the perception of nutrient availability, which in turn may delay the triggering of adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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33
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Pham TA, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Xing X, Hsieh YS, Srivastava V, Bulone V, Little A. Analysis of cell wall synthesis and metabolism during early germination of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei conidial cells induced in vitro. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100030. [PMID: 32743146 PMCID: PMC7389524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an obligate biotroph, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) cannot be grown in an axenic culture, and instead must be cultivated on its host species, Hordeum vulgare (barley). In this study an in vitro system utilizing n-hexacosanal, a constituent of the barley cuticle and known inducer of Bgh germination, was used to cultivate Bgh and differentiate conidia up to the appressorial germ tube stage for analysis. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of the appressorial germ tube stage revealed that there was a significant shift towards energy and protein production during the pre-penetrative phase of development, with an up-regulation of enzymes associated with cellular respiration and protein synthesis, modification and transport. Glycosidic linkage analysis of the cell wall polysaccharides demonstrated that during appressorial development an increase in 1,3- and 1,4-linked glucosyl residues and xylosyl residues was detected along with a significant decrease in galactosyl residues. The use of this in vitro cultivation method demonstrates that it is possible to analyse the pre-penetrative processes of Bgh development in the absence of a plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang A.T. Pham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S.Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Petrucelli MF, Matsuda JB, Peroni K, Sanches PR, Silva WA, Beleboni RO, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. The Transcriptional Profile of Trichophyton rubrum Co-Cultured with Human Keratinocytes Shows New Insights about Gene Modulation by Terbinafine. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040274. [PMID: 31795354 PMCID: PMC6963840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of dermatophytoses worldwide. Although a superficial mycosis, its incidence has been increasing especially among diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Terbinafine is commonly used for the treatment of infections caused by dermatophytes. However, cases of resistance of T. rubrum to this allylamine were reported even with the efficacy of this drug. The present study is the first to evaluate the effect of terbinafine using a co-culture model of T. rubrum and human keratinocytes, mimicking a fungus-host interaction, in conjunction with RNA-seq technique. Our data showed the repression of several genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis cascade and the induction of genes encoding major facilitator superfamily (MFS)- and ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABC)-type membrane transporter which may be involved in T. rubrum mechanisms of resistance to this drug. We observed that some genes reported in the scientific literature as candidates of new antifungal targets were also modulated. In addition, we found the modulation of several genes that are hypothetical in T. rubrum but that possess known orthologs in other dermatophytes. Taken together, the results indicate that terbinafine can act on various targets related to the physiology of T. rubrum other than its main target of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Josie Budag Matsuda
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Kamila Peroni
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, SP, Brazil; (K.P.)
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, SP, Brazil; (K.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
- Center for Integrative System Biology-CISBi-NAP/USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- Center for Medical Genomics, University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14015-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Rene Oliveira Beleboni
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Fax: +55-16-36037030
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Soto-Robles LV, Torres-Banda V, Rivera-Orduña FN, Curiel-Quesada E, Hidalgo-Lara ME, Zúñiga G. An Overview of Genes From Cyberlindnera americana, a Symbiont Yeast Isolated From the Gut of the Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Involved in the Detoxification Process Using Genome and Transcriptome Data. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2180. [PMID: 31611850 PMCID: PMC6777644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles from Dendroctonus genus promote ecological succession and nutrient cycling in coniferous forests. However, they can trigger outbreaks leading to important economic losses in the forest industry. Conifers have evolved resistance mechanisms that can be toxic to insects but at the same time, bark beetles are capable of overcoming tree barriers and colonize these habitats. In this sense, symbiont yeasts present in the gut of bark beetles have been suggested to play a role in the detoxification process of tree defensive chemicals. In the present study, genes related to this process were identified and their response to a terpene highly toxic to bark beetles and their symbionts was analyzed in the Cyberlindnera americana yeast. The genome and transcriptome of C. americana (ChDrAdgY46) isolated from the gut of Dendroctonus rhizophagus were presented. Genome analysis identified 5752 protein-coding genes and diverse gene families associated with the detoxification process. The most abundant belonged to the Aldo-Keto Reductase Superfamily, ATP-binding cassette Superfamily, and the Major Facilitator Superfamily transporters. The transcriptome analysis of non-α-pinene stimulated and α-pinene stimulated yeasts showed a significant expression of genes belonging to these families. The activities demonstrated by the genes identified as Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase and ABC transporter under (+)-α-pinene suggest that they are responsible, that C. americana is a dominant symbiont that resists high amounts of monoterpenes inside the gut of bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Viridiana Soto-Robles
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Torres-Banda
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor N Rivera-Orduña
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Curiel-Quesada
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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36
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MFS transporter from Botrytis cinerea provides tolerance to glucosinolate-breakdown products and is required for pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2886. [PMID: 31253809 PMCID: PMC6599007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates accumulate mainly in cruciferous plants and their hydrolysis-derived products play important roles in plant resistance against pathogens. The pathogen Botrytis cinerea has variable sensitivity to glucosinolates, but the mechanisms by which it responds to them are mostly unknown. Exposure of B. cinerea to glucosinolate-breakdown products induces expression of the Major Facilitator Superfamily transporter, mfsG, which functions in fungitoxic compound efflux. Inoculation of B. cinerea on wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants induces mfsG expression to higher levels than on glucosinolate-deficient A. thaliana mutants. A B. cinerea strain lacking functional mfsG transporter is deficient in efflux ability. It accumulates more isothiocyanates (ITCs) and is therefore more sensitive to this compound in vitro; it is also less virulent to glucosinolates-containing plants. Moreover, mfsG mediates ITC efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, thereby conferring tolerance to ITCs in the yeast. These findings suggest that mfsG transporter is a virulence factor that increases tolerance to glucosinolates. Plant glucosinolates are important in defense against fungal pathogens. Here, the authors identify a major facilitator superfamily transporter protein of the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, mfsG, that plays a role in efflux and detoxification of glucosinolate-breakdown products during plant–pathogen interactions.
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Dong Y, Zhang F, Wang B, Gao J, Zhang J, Shao Y. Laboratory Evolution Assays and Whole-Genome Sequencing for the Development and Safety Evaluation of Lactobacillus plantarum With Stable Resistance to Gentamicin. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1235. [PMID: 31231332 PMCID: PMC6558246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to use laboratory evolution assays and whole-genome sequencing to develop and test the safety of a probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, with high-level of resistance to gentamicin. The evolution of L. plantarum was evaluated under the selective pressure from gentamicin and subsequently when the selective pressure was removed. After 30 days of selective pressure from gentamicin, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of L. plantarum to gentamicin increased from 4 to 512 μg/mL and remained stable at this level. After removing the selective pressure, the resistance of L. plantarum to gentamicin decreased to 64 μg/mL after 20 days, and remained stable thereafter. Although the MIC declined it was still higher than the cut-off value recommended by EFSA, indicating that the acquisition of gentamicin-resistance was an irreversible process. Using whole-genome sequencing, gene mutations were identified in the strains that had undergone selection pressure from gentamicin as well as in the strains where the selection pressure was subsequently removed. Specifically, four non-synonymous mutations were detected including one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), one insertion, and two structural variants (SVs), of which the mutations in genes encoding the drug resistance MFS transporter and transcriptional regulator of AraC family were only detected in the strains under selective pressure from gentamicin. The results indicate that these mutations play an important role in increasing the resistant levels of L. plantarum to gentamicin. The mobility analysis of mutant genes confirmed that they were not located on mobile elements of the genome of highly resistant L. plantarum, indicating that horizontal gene transfer was not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Dong
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuxin Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bini Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayuan Gao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuyu Shao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Almeida-Paes R, Brito-Santos F, Oliveira MME, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Araújo GRDS, Frases S, Soares CMDA, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Interaction with Pantoea agglomerans Modulates Growth and Melanization of Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:367-381. [PMID: 31214857 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii stand as the most virulent agents of sporotrichosis, a worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis. The origin of Sporothrix virulence seems to be associated with fungal interactions with organisms living in the same environment. To assess this hypothesis, the growth of these two species in association with Pantoea agglomerans, a bacterium with a habitat similar to Sporothrix spp., was evaluated. Growth, melanization, and gene expression of the fungus were compared in the presence or absence of the bacterium in the same culture medium. Both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii grew in contact with P. agglomerans yielding heavily melanized conidia after 5 days of incubation at 30 °C in Sabouraud agar. This increased melanin production occurred around bacterial colonies, suggesting that fungal melanization is triggered by a diffusible bacterial product, which is also supported by a similar pattern of melanin production during Sporothrix spp. growth in contact with heat-killed P. agglomerans. Growth of P. agglomerans was similar in the presence or absence of the fungus. However, the growth of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii was initially inhibited, but further enhanced when these species were co-cultured with P. agglomerans. Moreover, fungi were able to use killed bacteria as both carbon and nitrogen sources for growth. Representational difference analysis identified overexpressed genes related to membrane transport when S. brasiliensis was co-cultured with the bacteria. The down-regulation of metabolism-related genes appears to be related to nutrient availability during bacterial exploitation. These findings can lead to a better knowledge on Sporothrix ecology and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Souza Araújo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Claus S, Jezierska S, Van Bogaert INA. Protein‐facilitated transport of hydrophobic molecules across the yeast plasma membrane. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1508-1527. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Claus
- Biochemical and Microbial Technology Universiteit Gent Belgium
| | | | - Inge N. A. Van Bogaert
- Lab. of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
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40
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Feng C, Zhang F, Wang B, Gao J, Wang Y, Shao Y. Evaluation of kanamycin and neomycin resistance in Lactobacillus plantarum using experimental evolution and whole-genome sequencing. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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PINTO ANACAROLINAC, ROCHA DEBORAA, MORAES DANIELCDE, JUNQUEIRA MARIAL, FERREIRA-PEREIRA ANTONIO. Candida albicans Clinical Isolates from a Southwest Brazilian Tertiary Hospital Exhibit MFS-mediated Azole Resistance Profile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 91:e20180654. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Prasad KS, Shruthi G, Shivamallu C. Synthesis, characterization, in silico analysis and physicochemical properties of tin(II) and lead(II) coordination complexes prepared using 2-((3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)amino)pyridin-3-ol and 1,10-phenanthroline. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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A Transcriptomics Approach To Unveiling the Mechanisms of In Vitro Evolution towards Fluconazole Resistance of a Candida glabrata Clinical Isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.00995-18. [PMID: 30348666 PMCID: PMC6325195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00995-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an emerging fungal pathogen. Its increased prevalence is associated with its ability to rapidly develop antifungal drug resistance, particularly to azoles. Candida glabrata is an emerging fungal pathogen. Its increased prevalence is associated with its ability to rapidly develop antifungal drug resistance, particularly to azoles. In order to unravel new molecular mechanisms behind azole resistance, a transcriptomics analysis of the evolution of a C. glabrata clinical isolate (isolate 044) from azole susceptibility to posaconazole resistance (21st day), clotrimazole resistance (31st day), and fluconazole and voriconazole resistance (45th day), induced by longstanding incubation with fluconazole, was carried out. All the evolved strains were found to accumulate lower concentrations of azole drugs than the parental strain, while the ergosterol concentration remained mostly constant. However, only the population displaying resistance to all azoles was found to have a gain-of-function mutation in the C. glabrataPDR1 gene, leading to the upregulation of genes encoding multidrug resistance transporters. Intermediate strains, exhibiting posaconazole/clotrimazole resistance and increased fluconazole/voriconazole MIC levels, were found to display alternative ways to resist azole drugs. Particularly, posaconazole/clotrimazole resistance after 31 days was correlated with increased expression of adhesin genes. This finding led us to identify the Epa3 adhesin as a new determinant of azole resistance. Besides being required for biofilm formation, Epa3 expression was found to decrease the intracellular accumulation of azole antifungal drugs. Altogether, this work provides a glimpse of the transcriptomics evolution of a C. glabrata population toward multiazole resistance, highlighting the multifactorial nature of the acquisition of azole resistance and pointing out a new player in azole resistance.
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Lin HC, Yu PL, Chen LH, Tsai HC, Chung KR. A Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Regulated by the Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Yap1 Is Required for Resistance to Fungicides, Xenobiotics, and Oxidants and Full Virulence in Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2229. [PMID: 30279684 PMCID: PMC6153361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata relies on the ability to produce a host-selective toxin and to detoxify reactive oxygen species to successfully colonize the host. An A. alternata major facilitator superfamily transporter designated AaMFS54 was functionally characterized by analysis of loss- and gain-of-function mutations to better understand the factors required for fungal pathogenesis. AaMFS54 was originally identified from a wild-type expression library after being subtracted with that of a mutant impaired for the oxidative stress-responsive transcription regulator Yap1. AaMFS54 contains 14 transmembrane helixes. Fungal mutant lacking AaMFS54 produced fewer conidia and increased sensitivity to many potent oxidants (potassium superoxide and singlet-oxygen generating compounds), xenobiotics (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine), and fungicides (clotrimazole, fludioxonil, vinclozolin, and iprodione). AaMFS54 mutant induced necrotic lesion sizes similar to those induced by wild-type on leaves of susceptible citrus cultivars after point inoculation with spore suspensions. However, the mutant produced smaller colonies and less fluffy hyphae on the affected leaves. Virulence assays on citrus leaves inoculated by spraying with spores revealed that AaMFS54 mutant induced less severe lesions than wild-type, indicating the requirement of AaMFS54 in pathogenesis. All defective phenotypes were restored in a strain re-acquiring a functional copy of AaMFS54. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the expression of AaMFS54 was suppressed by xenobiotics. The current studies indicate that the Yap1-mediated transporter plays a role in resistance to toxic oxidants and fungicides in A. alternata. The relationships of MFS transporters with other regulatory components conferring stress resistance and A. alternata pathogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Che Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chin Tsai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets! Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070332. [PMID: 30004464 PMCID: PMC6071111 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are an increasing problem worldwide, associated with very high mortality rates. The successful prevalence of these human pathogens is due to their ability to thrive in stressful host niche colonization sites, to tolerate host immune system-induced stress, and to resist antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the key role played by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and the major facilitator superfamilies (MFS), in mediating fungal resistance to pathogenesis-related stresses. These clearly include the extrusion of antifungal drugs, with C. albicans CDR1 and MDR1 genes, and corresponding homologs in other fungal pathogens, playing a key role in this phenomenon. More recently, however, clues on the transcriptional regulation and physiological roles of MDR transporters, including the transport of lipids, ions, and small metabolites, have emerged, linking these transporters to important pathogenesis features, such as resistance to host niche environments, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and virulence. The wider view of the activity of MDR transporters provided in this review highlights their relevance beyond drug resistance and the need to develop therapeutic strategies that successfully face the challenges posed by the pleiotropic nature of these transporters.
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46
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Xu X, Liu T, Yang J, Chen L, Liu B, Wang L, Jin Q. The First Whole-Cell Proteome- and Lysine-Acetylome-Based Comparison between Trichophyton rubrum Conidial and Mycelial Stages. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1436-1451. [PMID: 29564889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungal pathogen in the world, which has been studied as an important dermatophyte model organism. Despite the prevalence of T. rubrum, the available antifungal therapies are not sufficiently efficient. In this study, we performed the first comparison between the two major growth stages of T. rubrum: conidial and mycelial stages, based on their whole-cell proteomes and lysine acetylomes. In total, 4343 proteins were identified in both stages, and 1879 proteins were identified as differentially expressed between the two stages. The results showed that secretory proteases were more abundant in conidia, while aerobic metabolism and protein synthesis were significantly activated in the mycelial stage. In addition, 386 acetylated sites on 285 proteins and 5414 acetylated sites on 2335 proteins were identified in conidia and mycelia, respectively. The acetylation modifications were highly involved in metabolism and protein synthesis in both stages but differentially involved in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and in epigenetic regulation between the two stages. Furthermore, inhibition of acetyltransferases or deacetylases significantly inhibited fungal growth and induced apoptosis. These results will enhance our understanding of the biological and physiological characteristics of T. rubrum and facilitate the development of improved therapies targeting these medically important pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Xu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Tao Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Jian Yang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Lihong Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Bo Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Lingling Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100730 , China
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47
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Construction and Use of a Recyclable Marker To Examine the Role of Major Facilitator Superfamily Protein Members in Candida glabrata Drug Resistance Phenotypes. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00099-18. [PMID: 29600281 PMCID: PMC5874441 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00099-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Export of drugs is a problem for chemotherapy of infectious organisms. A class of membrane proteins called the major facilitator superfamily contains a large number of proteins that often elevate drug resistance when overproduced but do not impact this phenotype when the gene is removed. We wondered if this absence of a phenotype for a disruption allele might be due to the redundancy of this group of membrane proteins. We describe the production of an easy-to-use recyclable marker cassette that will allow construction of strains lacking multiple members of the MFS family of transporter proteins. Candida glabrata is the second most common species causing candidiasis. C. glabrata can also readily acquire resistance to azole drugs, complicating its treatment. Here we add to the collection of disruption markers to aid in genetic analysis of this yeast. This new construct is marked with a nourseothricin resistance cassette that produces an estrogen-activated form of Cre recombinase in a methionine-regulated manner. This allows eviction and reuse of this cassette in a facile manner. Using this new disruption marker, we have constructed a series of strains lacking different members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporter proteins. The presence of 15 MFS proteins that may contribute to drug resistance in C. glabrata placed a premium on development of a marker that could easily be reused to construct multiple gene-disrupted strains. Employing this recyclable marker, we found that loss of the MFS transporter-encoding gene FLR1 caused a dramatic increase in diamide resistance (as seen before), and deletion of two other MFS-encoding genes did not influence this phenotype. Interestingly, loss of FLR1 led to an increase in levels of oxidized glutathione, suggesting a possible molecular explanation for this enhanced oxidant sensitivity. We also found that while overproduction of the transcription factor Yap1 could suppress the fluconazole sensitivity caused by loss of the important ATP-binding cassette transporter protein Cdr1, this required the presence of FLR1. IMPORTANCE Export of drugs is a problem for chemotherapy of infectious organisms. A class of membrane proteins called the major facilitator superfamily contains a large number of proteins that often elevate drug resistance when overproduced but do not impact this phenotype when the gene is removed. We wondered if this absence of a phenotype for a disruption allele might be due to the redundancy of this group of membrane proteins. We describe the production of an easy-to-use recyclable marker cassette that will allow construction of strains lacking multiple members of the MFS family of transporter proteins.
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48
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Romão D, Cavalheiro M, Mil-Homens D, Santos R, Pais P, Costa C, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Fialho AM, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. A New Determinant of Candida glabrata Virulence: The Acetate Exporter CgDtr1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:473. [PMID: 29184852 PMCID: PMC5694539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence and virulence of Candida glabrata infections are multifactorial phenomena, whose understanding is crucial to design more suitable therapeutic strategies. In this study, the putative multidrug transporter CgDtr1, encoded by ORF CAGL0M06281g, is identified as a determinant of C. glabrata virulence in the infection model Galleria mellonella. CgDTR1 deletion is shown to decrease the ability to kill G. mellonella larvae by decreasing C. glabrata ability to proliferate in G. mellonella hemolymph, and to tolerate the action of hemocytes. The possible role of CgDtr1 in the resistance to several stress factors that underlie death induced by phagocytosis was assessed. CgDTR1 was found to confer resistance to oxidative and acetic acid stress. Consistently, CgDtr1 was found to be a plasma membrane acetic acid exporter, relieving the stress induced upon C. glabrata cells within hemocytes, and thus enabling increased proliferation and virulence against G. mellonella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Romão
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalila Mil-Homens
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Arsénio M Fialho
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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49
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Liu L, Yan Y, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Li Y, Gao J, Zheng L. A Novel MFS Transporter Gene ChMfs1 Is Important for Hyphal Morphology, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum higginsianum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1953. [PMID: 29067014 PMCID: PMC5641377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a widely distributed fungus attacking many cruciferous species. To investigate pathogenic mechanisms of the pathogen on the host Arabidopsis thaliana, we screened and obtained a virulence-deficient mutant Ch-1-T513 in a T-DNA insertion mutant library of C. higginsianum. The mutant Ch-1-T513 produced yellow colony centers with distorted multi-branching hyphal tips as well as producing few conidia. Heavily swollen hyphae in the mutant could be observed, and intra-hyphal hyphae were found to be formed in the balloon-shaped hyphae. The mutant failed to produce lesions on 12-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings, and invasive hyphae did not differentiate into large primary and thin secondary hyphae after appressorial formation on Arabidopsis leaves, but formed abundant bulbous hyphae in epidermal cells. Southern blot analysis showed Ch-1-T513 had double-site T-DNA integrations. The mutant had insertions upstream of genes for a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter, ChMfs1 and an aldo/keto reductase, ChAkr. Complementation experiments by transforming genomic sequences from a wild-type strain into the insertion mutant demonstrated that ChMfs1 is involved in the Ch-1-T513 phenotype. The complementation strain C-ChMfs1-1 exhibited normal hyphal morphology, conidiation, and pathogenicity identical to the wild-type. The results demonstrate that ChMfs1 is involved in intra-hyphal hyphae production, conidiation, and pathogenicity in C. higginsianum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MFS transporter gene in a phytopathogenic fungus associated with intra-hyphal hyphae formation, playing a key role in infection of its plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaqin Yan
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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50
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Cillingová A, Zeman I, Tóth R, Neboháčová M, Dunčková I, Hölcová M, Jakúbková M, Gérecová G, Pryszcz LP, Tomáška Ľ, Gabaldón T, Gácser A, Nosek J. Eukaryotic transporters for hydroxyderivatives of benzoic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8998. [PMID: 28827635 PMCID: PMC5566891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several yeast species catabolize hydroxyderivatives of benzoic acid. However, the nature of carriers responsible for transport of these compounds across the plasma membrane is currently unknown. In this study, we analyzed a family of genes coding for permeases belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) in the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis. Our results revealed that these transporters are functionally equivalent to bacterial aromatic acid: H+ symporters (AAHS) such as GenK, MhbT and PcaK. We demonstrate that the genes HBT1 and HBT2 encoding putative transporters are highly upregulated in C. parapsilosis cells assimilating hydroxybenzoate substrates and the corresponding proteins reside in the plasma membrane. Phenotypic analyses of knockout mutants and hydroxybenzoate uptake assays provide compelling evidence that the permeases Hbt1 and Hbt2 transport the substrates that are metabolized via the gentisate (3-hydroxybenzoate, gentisate) and 3-oxoadipate pathway (4-hydroxybenzoate, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate), respectively. Our data support the hypothesis that the carriers belong to the AAHS family of MFS transporters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the orthologs of Hbt permeases are widespread in the subphylum Pezizomycotina, but have a sparse distribution among Saccharomycotina lineages. Moreover, these analyses shed additional light on the evolution of biochemical pathways involved in the catabolic degradation of hydroxyaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cillingová
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Zeman
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martina Neboháčová
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Dunčková
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Hölcová
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Jakúbková
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Gérecová
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leszek P Pryszcz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Trojdena Street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals I de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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