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Sumner-Kalkun JC, Highet F, Arnsdorf YM, Back E, Carnegie M, Madden S, Carboni S, Billaud W, Lawrence Z, Kenyon D. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' distribution and diversity in Scotland and the characterisation of novel haplotypes from Craspedolepta spp. (Psyllidae: Aphalaridae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16567. [PMID: 33024134 PMCID: PMC7538894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phloem limited bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is associated with disease in Solanaceous and Apiaceous crops. This bacterium has previously been found in the UK in Trioza anthrisci, but its impact on UK crops is unknown. Psyllid and Lso diversity and distribution among fields across the major carrot growing areas of Scotland were assessed using real-time PCR and DNA barcoding techniques. Four Lso haplotypes were found: C, U, and two novel haplotypes. Lso haplotype C was also found in a small percentage of asymptomatic carrot plants (9.34%, n = 139) from a field in Milnathort where known vectors of this haplotype were not found. This is the first report of Lso in cultivated carrot growing in the UK and raises concern for the carrot and potato growing industry regarding the potential spread of new and existing Lso haplotypes into crops. Trioza anthrisci was found present only in sites in Elgin, Moray with 100% of individuals harbouring Lso haplotype C. Lso haplotype U was found at all sites infecting Trioza urticae and at some sites infecting Urtica dioica with 77.55% and 24.37% average infection, respectively. The two novel haplotypes were found in Craspedolepta nebulosa and Craspedolepta subpunctata and named Cras1 and Cras2. This is the first report of Lso in psyllids from the Aphalaridae. These new haplotypes were most closely related to Lso haplotype H recently found in carrot and parsnip. Lso was also detected in several weed plants surrounding carrot and parsnip fields. These included two Apiaceous species Aegropodium podagraria (hap undetermined) and Anthriscus sylvestris (hap C); one Gallium sp. (Rubiaceae) (hap undetermined); and Chenopodium album (Amaranthaceae) (hap undetermined).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Highet
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Emma Back
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mairi Carnegie
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Silvia Carboni
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, Universita Degli Studi Di Sassari, Viale, Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Zoë Lawrence
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, Midlothian, UK
| | - David Kenyon
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ, Midlothian, UK
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HUO XIAOWEI, WANG YUE, ZHANG DAWEI, GAO TING, LIU MENGMENG. Characteristics and Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Endangered Chinese Herb Glehnia littoralis Based on Illumina Sequencing. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:283-291. [PMID: 33574857 PMCID: PMC7810123 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glehnia littoralis is an endangered medicinal plant growing in the coastal ecological environment and plays an important role in coastal ecosystems. The endophytes in the plant have a significant role in promoting plant growth and enhancing plant stress resistance. However, the endophytic bacterial structure associated with halophyte G. littoralis is still not revealed. In this project, the construction and diversity of endophytic bacterial consortium associated with different tissues of G. littoralis were illustrated with high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA. The results resolved that the diversity and richness of endophytic bacteria were significantly higher in root than in leaf and stem. The operational taxonomic units (OTU) analysis demonstrated that the Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were dominant in all the samples at the phylum level, and Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium were the dominant genera. Our results unraveled that the bacterial communities differed among different tissues of G. littoralis. Endophytic bacterial communities in leaf and stem shared more similarity than that in the root. Furthermore, the difference of bacteria community and structure among different tissues were also detected by principal coordinate analysis. Taken altogether, we can conclude that the bacterial communities of different tissues are unique, which could facilitate understanding the diversity of endophytic bacteria in G. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIAOWEI HUO
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - YUE WANG
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - DAWEI ZHANG
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - TING GAO
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources (Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden), Shanghai, China
| | - MENGMENG LIU
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
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Rangel LI, Spanner RE, Ebert MK, Pethybridge SJ, Stukenbrock EH, de Jonge R, Secor GA, Bolton MD. Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1020-1041. [PMID: 32681599 PMCID: PMC7368123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C. beticola and its sugar beet host. We highlight the known virulence arsenal of C. beticola as well as its ability to overcome currently used disease management strategies. Finally, we discuss future prospects for the study and management of C. beticola infections in the context of newly employed molecular tools to uncover additional information regarding the biology of this pathogen. TAXONOMY Cercospora beticola Sacc.; Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaceae, Genus Cercospora. HOST RANGE Well-known pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) and most species of the Beta genus. Reported as pathogenic on other members of the Chenopodiaceae (e.g., lamb's quarters, spinach) as well as members of the Acanthaceae (e.g., bear's breeches), Apiaceae (e.g., Apium), Asteraceae (e.g., chrysanthemum, lettuce, safflower), Brassicaceae (e.g., wild mustard), Malvaceae (e.g., Malva), Plumbaginaceae (e.g., Limonium), and Polygonaceae (e.g., broad-leaved dock) families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Leaves infected with C. beticola exhibit circular lesions that are coloured tan to grey in the centre and are often delimited by tan-brown to reddish-purple rings. As disease progresses, spots can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas, causing severely infected leaves to wither and die. At the centre of these spots are black spore-bearing structures (pseudostromata). Older leaves often show symptoms first and younger leaves become infected as the disease progresses. MANAGEMENT Application of a mixture of fungicides with different modes of action is currently performed although elevated resistance has been documented in most employed fungicide classes. Breeding for high-yielding cultivars with improved host resistance is an ongoing effort and prudent cultural practices, such as crop rotation, weed host management, and cultivation to reduce infested residue levels, are widely used to manage disease. USEFUL WEBSITE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/11237?genome_assembly_id=352037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I. Rangel
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Malaika K. Ebert
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- Plant Pathology & Plant‐Microbe Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell AgriTech at The New York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell UniversityGenevaNYUSA
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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Bang S, Song JH, Lee D, Lee C, Kim S, Kang KS, Lee JH, Shim SH. Neuroprotective Secondary Metabolite Produced by an Endophytic Fungus, Neosartorya fischeri JS0553, Isolated from Glehnia littoralis. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:1831-1838. [PMID: 30742443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Roots of Glehnia littoralis have been used to heal stroke as a traditional medicine. Even though many studies on this plant have been conducted, the secondary metabolites produced by its endophytes and their bioactivities have not been investigated thus far. Therefore, a new meroditerpenoid named sartorypyrone E (1) and eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from extracts of cultured Neosartorya fischeri JS0553, an endophyte of G. littoralis. The isolated metabolites were identified using spectroscopic methods and chemical reaction, based on a comparison to literature data. Relative and absolute stereochemistries of compound 1 were also elucidated. To identify the protective effects of isolated compounds (1-9) in HT22 cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, we assessed inhibition of cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and calcium ion (Ca2+) influx. Among the isolates, compound 8, identified as fischerin, showed significant neuroprotective activity on glutamate-mediated HT22 cell death through inhibition of ROS, Ca2+ influx, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. The results suggested that the metabolites produced by the endophyte N. fischeri JS0553 might be related to the neuroprotective activity of its host plant, G. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Bang
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center , Duksung Women's University , Seoul 01369 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center , Duksung Women's University , Seoul 01369 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Biological Resources Assessment Division , National Institute of Biological Resources , Incheon 22689 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science , CHA University , Pocheon 13488 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center , Duksung Women's University , Seoul 01369 , Republic of Korea
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5
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Antolinez CA, Fereres A, Moreno A. Risk assessment of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' transmission by the psyllids Bactericera trigonica and B. tremblayi from Apiaceae crops to potato. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45534. [PMID: 28368017 PMCID: PMC5377357 DOI: 10.1038/srep45534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) is bacterium transmitted by psyllids to Solanaceae and Apiaceae plants. So far, Lso is found in Europe affecting Apiaceae. In the Mediterranean region, Bactericera trigonica is the only known vector of Lso, but the leek-onion psyllid Bactericera tremblayi is another widespread psyllid and potential vector of Lso. Commonly, carrot, leek and potato are cultivated in the same zones and it is uncertain if these psyllid species are able to transmit Lso to potato plants. Here, we assessed the transmission of Lso by B. trigonica and B. tremblayi to potato plants. B. trigonica showed preference to ingest from the phloem, settle and oviposit on carrot and celery but not on potato. This was correlated with high Lso transmission rates to both carrot (80%) and celery (70%) but very low to potato (≤3%). B. tremblayi preferred leek over carrot and potato, the latter being the less preferred host. B. tremblayi readily ingested from the phloem of infected carrots but failed to transmit Lso from carrot to carrot. Our study shows that the risk of Lso transmission from Apiaceae to potato by B. trigonica is very low, and that B. tremblayi is not a likely vector of Lso.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Antolinez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo 28006 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Zhang DY, Zhao J, Yang SP, Mo JJ, He DM, Wang J, Gou JY, Zhang X, Jiang W, Wen MX. [Influence of tobacco-Chuanminshen violaceum rotation on microbe community in soil]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:4556-4563. [PMID: 28936837 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20162412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soil microbes are the important indicator of soil quality. For exploring Chuanminshen violaceum planting to microbial effects in tobacco soil, this paper adopted Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing to research the change of bacteria and fungi at the phylum and genus in the soil. The results showed that the Ch. violaceum planting increased the biodiversity of bacteria and fungi. The influence on fungi was greater than that on bacteria. It greatly increased the sequence of fungi, it obtained 32 978 16S rDNA and 32 229 18S rDNA sequence number. There was no change of the top three phylums in bacteria, but the content changed, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria reduced by 1.73% and 1.4% respectively, and Actinobacteria increased by 0.65%. The advantage phylum Ascomycete in tobacco reduced by 27.99% to be second advantage phylum after Ch. violaceum planting, and the second advantage phylum Basidiomycete increased by 23.69% to become the first dominant fungi. At the genus, Ch. violaceum planting changed the order of dominant genus and the abundance was also changed. Some changed largely such as uncultured Acidobacteriaceae Subgroup-1, Gemmatimonas, Subgroup-2,uncultured Nitrosomonadaceae for bacteria, norank Sordariales, norank Agaricomycetes, Phialophora for fungi. Especially the rotation increased antagonistic microbes and physiological microbes and decreased pathogenic microbes. So the Ch. violaceum planting can improve the microbe community in tobacco soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Shui-Ping Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing-Jing Mo
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Da-Min He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jian-Yu Gou
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ming-Xia Wen
- Zunyi Subsidiary of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi 563000, China
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Fernández DA, Roldán A, Azcón R, Caravaca F, Bååth E. Effects of water stress, organic amendment and mycorrhizal inoculation on soil microbial community structure and activity during the establishment of two heavy metal-tolerant native plant species. Microb Ecol 2012; 63:794-803. [PMID: 22076694 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the effect of water stress on plant growth and development of two native plant species (Tetraclinis articulata and Crithmum maritimum) and on microbial community composition and activity in the rhizosphere soil, following the addition of an organic amendment, namely sugar beet residue (SBR), and/or the inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, namely Glomus mosseae, in a non-sterile heavy metal-polluted soil. The AM inoculation did not have any significant effect on plant growth of both species. In T. articulata, SBR increased shoot growth, foliar P, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), fungi-related PLFA, AM fungi-related neutral lipid fatty acid, bacterial gram-positive/gram-negative PLFA ratio and the β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities. SBR and AM inoculation increased phosphatase activity in T. articulata plants grown under drought conditions. In both plants, there was a synergistic effect between AM inoculation and SBR on mycorrhizal colonisation under drought conditions. In C. maritimum, the increase produced by the SBR on total amounts of PLFA, bacterial gram-positive-related PLFA and bacterial gram-negative-related PLFA was considerably higher under drought conditions. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of the amendment with regard to stimulating microbial communities and plant growth was largely limited by drought, particularly for plant species with a low degree of mycorrhizal colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fernández
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Wang Y, Chen X, Du T, Xue L, Jin L. [Disease survey and pathogen identification on Notopterygium incisum in Gansu province]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009; 34:1898-1901. [PMID: 19894529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Six diseases have been found after disease surveys on Notopterygium incisum in Gansu province during 2004 to 2007. They were brown spot (Ascochyta levistici), powdery mildew (Erysiphe heraclei), grey spot (Alternaria sp. ; Alternaria burnsii), leaf spot (Septoria dearnessii), angular leaf spot (Pleospora sp.), leaf streak (Phoma sp.), bacterial angular leaf spot and a virus disease. Bacterial angular leaf spot and powdery mildew are the urgent problems waiting to be solved effectively. All these diseases were reported for the first time in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Tabanca N, Demirci B, Baser KHC, Mincsovics E, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Wedge DE. Characterization of volatile constituents of Scaligeria tripartita and studies on the antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:221-9. [PMID: 17169621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from stems and leaves, fruits and roots of Scaligeria tripartita oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 38 compounds were identified ranging 89-94% of the oil samples. Geijerene was found as a main compound in the oils of the stems and leaves (37%) and fruits (55%), whereas epoxypseudoisoeugenol angelate (37%) was found as a main compound in the root oil. Oils were subsequently evaluated for their antimalarial, antimicrobial against human pathogenic bacteria or fungi and antifungal activities against plant pathogens. Antifungal activity of Scaligeria oils was observed against the strawberry anthracnose-causing fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides using the direct overlay bioautography assay. Chemotaxonomically important pure compounds indicated in the bioautography assay were subsequently evaluated in a 96-well microdilution broth assay. The performance of overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) and TLC for the analysis of Scaligeria essential oils was also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Tabanca
- USDA-ARS-NPURU, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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10
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Rabsch W, Prager R, Koch J, Stark K, Roggentin P, Bockemühl J, Beckmann G, Stark R, Siegl W, Ammon A, Tschäpe H. Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Agona: characterization of a diffuse outbreak caused by aniseed-fennel-caraway infusion. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:837-44. [PMID: 16181503 PMCID: PMC2870314 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2002-2003 increased numbers of notified salmonellosis due to S. enterica serovar Agona were observed in Germany. In order to understand the recent spread of this serovar and to trace the route of infection to its source, a new phage-typing scheme and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to analyse these isolates. By using 14 bacteriophages, 52 phage types were distinguished among the S. Agona strains. PFGE also differentiated 52 different patterns. A combination of both methods generated 94 clonal types among 165 S. Agona strains originating from Germany and other countries including the United States, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, India, Austria and Finland, indicating a great biological diversity within this serovar. However, 36 recent S. Agona isolates from infantile gastroenteritis in Germany, from an untreated batch of aniseed imported from Turkey and from fennel-aniseed-caraway infusion (packed in tea bags) revealed clonal identity indicating their epidemiological relatedness as a new source of infection. It is suggested that strains of S. Agona will continue to be of public health concern, and that phage typing together with PFGE typing should be applied as reliable and rapid tools for epidemiological subtyping and future monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rabsch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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La Guardia M, Venturella G, Venturella F. On the chemical composition and nutritional value of pleurotus taxa growing on umbelliferous plants (apiaceae). J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:5997-6002. [PMID: 16028987 DOI: 10.1021/jf0307696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Unpublished data on the chemical composition and nutritional value of Pleurotus mushrooms, growing on Umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae), are here reported. Cultivated basidiomata of four different Pleurotus taxa were analyzed in order to evaluate the composition in lipids, sugars, nitrogen, water, vitamins, ashes, and energetic values. The results showed that Pleurotus mushrooms are suitable in every type of diet thanks to their low caloric content, gastronomic value, vitamins, and mineral salt contents. The presence of a high content of vitamin B(12) and riboflavin in Pleurotus nebrodensis is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio La Guardia
- Istituto di Fisiologia e Nutrizione Umana, Via Augusto Elia 3, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
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12
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Douhan GW, Petersen C, Bledsoe CS, Rizzo DM. Contrasting root associated fungi of three common oak-woodland plant species based on molecular identification: host specificity or non-specific amplification? Mycorrhiza 2005; 15:365-72. [PMID: 15772816 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-004-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly popular approach used to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in planta is to amplify a portion of AM fungal small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU-rDNA) from whole root DNA extractions using the primer pair AM1-NS31, followed by cloning and sequencing. We used this approach to study the AM fungal community composition of three common oak-woodland plant species: a grass (Cynosurus echinatus), blue oak (Quercus douglasii), and a forb (Torilis arvensis). Significant diversity of AM fungi were found in the roots of C. echinatus, which is consistent with previous studies demonstrating a high degree of AM fungal diversity from the roots of various hosts. In contrast, clones from Q. douglasii and T. arvensis were primarily from non-AM fungi of diverse origins within the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. This work demonstrates that caution must be taken when using this molecular approach to determine in planta AM fungal diversity if non-sequence based methods such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, or temperature gradient gel electrophoresis are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg W Douhan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Solfrizzo M, Girolamo AD, Vitti C, Tylkowska K, Grabarkiewicz-Szczesna J, Szopińska D, Dorna H. Toxigenic profile ofAlternaria alternataandAlternaria radicinaoccurring on umbelliferous plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:302-8. [PMID: 16019799 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500058379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata and Alternaria radicina are fungal species that occur in several food crops and may produce mycotoxins and phytotoxins. The toxigenic profile of A. alternata and A. radicina isolated from carrot and other umbelliferous plants was determined by growing the fungus on rice and carrot discs. Most of the tested isolates of A. alternata produced the mycotoxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altertoxin-I on rice. Only alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were produced on carrot discs. When cultured on rice, none of the isolates of A. alternata from umbelliferous plants produced AAL toxins and fumonisins. AAL toxins, but not fumonisins, were instead produced by A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici isolate NRRL 18822 isolated from tomato. A. radicina produced the phytotoxic compounds radicinin, epi-radicinol and radicinol on carrot discs, whereas it produced radicinin and radicinol on rice. Although A. alternata has been frequently found in organic carrots, none of the above mycotoxins was detected in carrot roots or in carrot commercial products. The reduction of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether during carrot juice processing at laboratory scale was estimated to be >98%. Based on these findings and previous reports, it can be concluded that Alternaria mycotoxins in carrots do not represent a hazard for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solfrizzo
- CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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Makunga NP, Jäger AK, Van Staden J. Micropropagation of Thapsia garganica--a medicinal plant. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:967-973. [PMID: 12835906 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Revised: 03/01/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The micropropagation of T. garganica, a medicinally important plant, was investigated as an option for conservation purposes as wild populations are becoming sparse. A Murashige and Skoog agar medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l(-1) alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid and 1.5 mg l(-1) benzyl-6-adenine significantly improved the production of multiple shoots directly from petiole and leaflet explants compared to other plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations. Medium free of PGRs promoted rooting at a low incidence. Acclimatisation was low--52% plantlet survival--as micropropagated plantlets were highly susceptible to fungal rot once removed from culture. Application of antifungal agents to in vitro-derived plantlets as pre- and post-acclimatisation treatments during transplanting significantly reduced ex vitro mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Makunga
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, 3209 Scottsville, South Africa
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Ding WL, Cheng HZ, Chen J. [Presearch on preventing the medicinal plant diseases with Trichoderma harzianum preparation]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003; 28:24-7. [PMID: 15015261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To control the medicinal plant diseases with the preparation of Trichoderma harzianum. METHOD Antagonistic action of the preparation to the pathogens of the medicinal plants in vitro, and controling effects of the preparation on these diseases in greenhouse and in the field were tested. RESULT The test in vitro showed that Trichoderma harzianum, used as a biocontrol factor, had stronger antagonistic action to Fusarium equiseti, Sclerotinia sp. and Rhizoctonia solani which were the medicinal plant pathogens of Astragalus membranaceus, Glehnia littoralis and Panax quinquefolium respectively. Biological controling effects on sclerotium root rot of Glehnia littoralis were 83.6% and 72.5% respectively in greenhouse and in the field with the preparation of Trichoderma harzianum. And controling effects on root rot of Astragalus membranaceus and seedling damping-off of Panax quinquefolium were 80% and 60% respectively in the field. The dosage of the preparation used in the field was 10 g.m-2. CONCLUSION The preparation of Trichoderma harzianum can be used as a substitute for such chemicals as Carbendazim. Using the preparation to control medicinal plant diseases provides a technical safeguard for the good agricultural practice of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-long Ding
- Institute of Medical Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Union Medical University, Beijing 100094, China.
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16
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Zervakis GI, Venturella G, Papadopoulou K. Genetic polymorphism and taxonomic infrastructure of the Pleurotus eryngii species-complex as determined by RAPD analysis, isozyme profiles and ecomorphological characters. Microbiology (Reading) 2001; 147:3183-94. [PMID: 11700370 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-11-3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Pleurotus eryngii species-complex includes populations of choice edible mushrooms, growing in the greater Mediterranean area in close association with different genera of plants of the family Apiaceae. Their distinct host-specialization served as the principal criterion for the discrimination of several taxa; however, the genetic relationships among the various P. eryngii ecotypes remain ambiguous. In the present study, 46 Pleurotus strains with a wide range of geographical origins were isolated from Eryngium spp., Ferula communis, Cachrys ferulacea, Thapsia garganica and Elaeoselinum asclepium subsp. asclepium, and were subjected to isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD) analysis. The 16 enzyme activities tested were controlled by 28 loci, 11 of which were monomorphic. Host-exclusive zymograms for the Aph (acid phosphatase) and Phe-1 (dopa-phenoloxidase) loci were obtained from Pleurotus strains associated with C. ferulacea. Allele frequencies, genetic diversity and mean diversity were high for isolates from Eryngium spp. and Ferula communis. In RAPD analysis, the use of five primers allowed the production of 45 (out of 48) polymorphic bands, while four molecular markers specific for the identification of Pleurotus strains growing on E. asclepium subsp. asclepium and C. ferulacea were obtained. The Pleurotus strains produced 35 distinct electrophoretic types and 42 RAPD patterns, which independently permitted the separation of the fungal populations into five clusters in accordance with their host-specificity. In addition, the evaluation of the principal ecological and morphological characters provided further evidence for discriminating between P. nebrodensis growing on C. ferulacea and the rest of the host-associated populations. The latter represent taxa at the varietal level: P. eryngii var. eryngii, P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. eryngii var. elaeoselini. The position of taxa of dubious validity, such as P. hadamardii and P. fossulatus, is discussed in relation to the new findings. All Mediterranean Pleurotus populations growing on umbellifers seem to have recently diverged through a sympatric speciation process, that is based on both intrinsic reproductive barriers and extrinsic ecogeographical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Zervakis
- National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Kalamata, Lakonikis 85, 24100 Kalamata, Greece.
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Campbell JV, Mohle-Boetani J, Reporter R, Abbott S, Farrar J, Brandl M, Mandrell R, Werner SB. An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson associated with fresh cilantro. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:984-7. [PMID: 11237818 DOI: 10.1086/319254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Revised: 12/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson in California was identified through laboratory-based surveillance and investigated with case-control, traceback, and laboratory studies. There were 35 "sporadic" cases and a restaurant-associated outbreak of 41 cases with onset between 6 March and 31 March 1999. Three case patients were hospitalized. A case-control study found a significant association between illness and eating cilantro at a restaurant (63% of case patients vs. 34% of control subjects; odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-11.4). Although common distributors of cilantro were identified, inadequate records prohibited the identification of a single farm supplying cilantro. At room temperature, Salmonella Thompson grew more rapidly and to a higher concentration on chopped cilantro, compared with whole-leaf cilantro. Freshly made salsa (pH 3.4) supported growth of Salmonella Thompson. Cilantro should be served promptly after chopping. Accurate records of the distribution of produce should be available, and bacterial contamination of produce should be prevented in retail and wholesale establishments, in packing sheds, and on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Campbell
- Disease Investigations and Surveillance Branch, California Department of Health Services (CDHS), Berkeley, CA, USA
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Fellbrich G, Blume B, Brunner F, Hirt H, Kroj T, Ligterink W, Romanski A, Nürnberger T. Phytophthora parasitica elicitor-induced reactions in cells of Petroselinum crispum. Plant Cell Physiol 2000; 41:692-701. [PMID: 10945338 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/41.6.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cultured parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cells respond to treatment with elicitors derived from different species of the genus Phytophthora with transcript accumulation of defense-associated genes and the production of furanocoumarin phytoalexins. Pep-25, an oligopeptide fragment of a Phytophthora sojae 42-kDa cell wall protein, and a cell wall elicitor preparation derived from Phytophthora parasitica (Pp-elicitor) stimulate accumulation of the same gene transcripts and formation of the same pattern of furanocoumarins. Treatment of cultured cells and protoplasts with proteinase-digested Pp-elicitor identified proteinaceous constituents as active eliciting compounds in parsley. Similar to Pep- 25, Pp-elicitor induced effluxes of K+ and Cl- and influxes of protons and Ca2+. Concomitantly, as monitored in aequorin-transgenic parsley cell lines both elicitors induced an immediate increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration up to sustained levels of 175 nM (Pp-elicitor) or 300 nM (Pep-25), respectively. The signature of the Ca2+ response differed greatly between the two elicitors tested. Extracellular Ca2+ proved essential for activation of an oxidative burst, MAP kinase activity and phytoalexin production by either elicitor. While Pp-elicitor induced a qualitatively similar spectrum of defense responses as did Pep-25, elicitor-specific quantitative differences in response intensity and kinetics suggest activation of a conserved signaling cascade through separate ligand binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fellbrich
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Abstract
Outbreaks of shigellosis associated with chopped parsley used as a garnish for foods occurred in four states in the United States and in two Canadian provinces in 1998. This prompted a study to determine survival and growth characteristics of Shigella sonnei inoculated onto raw parsley. Two inoculum levels (approximately 10(3) and 10(6) CFU/g) were applied to parsley leaves, portions of which were then chopped. Inoculated whole and chopped parsley leaves were held at 4 degrees C or 21 degrees C for up to 14 days. Initial populations of the organism on chopped parsley receiving high or low levels of inoculum increased by approximately 3 log10 CFU/g, within 1 day at 21 degrees C. Populations of S. sonnei on inoculated chopped or whole parsley leaves held at 4 degrees C decreased by 2.5 to 3.0 log10 CFU/g during a 14-day storage period. The pathogen multiplied, without a lag phase, on inoculated (2.72 log10 CFU/g) chopped parsley held at 21 degrees C, exceeding 6 log10 CFU/g within 24 h. Treatment of inoculated whole parsley leaves with vinegar containing 5.2% (vol/vol) acetic acid or 200 ppm free chlorine for 5 min at 21 degrees C reduced the population of S. sonnei by more than 6 log10 CFU/g, whereas treatment with vinegar containing 7.6% acetic acid or 250 ppm free chlorine reduced initial populations of 7.07 and 7.26 log10 CFU/g, respectively, to undetectable levels (<0.6 log10 CFU/g). These studies revealed that S. sonnei can grow rapidly on chopped parsley held at ambient temperature and remain viable for at least 14 days at 4 degrees C. Treatment of contaminated parsley with vinegar or chlorinated water offers a simple method to reduce markedly or eliminate the pathogen in food-service or home settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Wu
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223-1797, USA
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20
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Abstract
Typical phytoplasma yellows symptoms were observed in parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) plants grown around Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Examination of ultrathin sections of leaf midribs by electron microscopy revealed numerous phytoplasma bodies localized in the phloem cells. DNA extracted from the infected leaves was amplified with a 16S rDNA universal primer pair P1/P6 giving the expected PCR product of 1.5 kb. The phytoplasma was confirmed as a member of the aster yellows (AY) group by amplification with the specific primer pair R16(1)/F1/R1 that was designed on the basis of AY phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences. In the nested PCR assays, the expected DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was amplified with this specific primer set. Similar restriction patterns were found for the 1.1 kb PCR products of the phytoplasma isolated from parsnip and an AY phytoplasma control after digestion with restriction endonucleases AluI, HhaI, KpnI and RsaI. This is the first reported observation of aster yellows in parsnip in Canada.
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Cui Y, Mukherjee A, Dumenyo CK, Liu Y, Chatterjee AK. rsmC of the soft-rotting bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora negatively controls extracellular enzyme and harpin(Ecc) production and virulence by modulating levels of regulatory RNA (rsmB) and RNA-binding protein (RsmA). J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6042-52. [PMID: 10498717 PMCID: PMC103632 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.19.6042-6052.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1999] [Accepted: 07/27/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the production of extracellular enzymes (pectate lyase [Pel], polygalacturonase [Peh], cellulase [Cel], and protease [Prt]) and harpin(Ecc) (the elicitor of hypersensitive reaction) in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is regulated by RsmA, an RNA-binding protein, and rsmB, a regulatory RNA (Rsm stands for regulator of secondary metabolites) (Y. Liu et al., Mol. Microbiol. 29:219-234, 1998). We have cloned and characterized a novel regulatory gene, rsmC, that activates RsmA production and represses extracellular enzyme and harpin(Ecc) production, rsmB transcription, and virulence in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. In an rsmC knockout mutant of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora Ecc71 carrying the chromosomal copy of the wild-type rsmA(+) allele, the basal levels of Pel, Peh, Cel, Prt, and harpin(Ecc) as well as the amounts of rsmB, pel-1, peh-1, celV, and hrpN(Ecc) transcripts are high, whereas the levels of rsmA transcripts and RsmA protein are low. Furthermore, the expression of an rsmA-lacZ gene fusion is lower in the RsmC(-) mutant than in the RsmC(+) parent. Conversely, the expression of an rsmB-lacZ operon fusion is higher in the RsmC(-) mutant than in the RsmC(+) parent. These observations establish that RsmC negatively regulates rsmB transcription but positively affects RsmA production. Indeed, comparative studies with an RsmC(-) mutant, an RsmA(-) mutant, and an RsmA(-) RsmC(-) double mutant have revealed that the negative effects on exoprotein production and virulence are due to the cumulative regulatory effects of RsmC on rsmA and rsmB. Exoprotein production by the RsmC(-) mutant is partially dependent on the quorum sensing signal, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Southern blot data and analysis of PCR products disclosed the presence of rsmC sequences in E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. These findings collectively support the idea that rsmA and rsmB expression in these plant pathogenic Erwinia species is controlled by RsmC or a functional homolog of RsmC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cui
- Plant Sciences Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. JAMA 1999; 281:1785-7. [PMID: 10340347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999; 48:285-9. [PMID: 10227795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In August 1998, the Minnesota Department of Health reported to CDC two restaurant-associated outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections. Isolates from both outbreaks had two closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that differed only by a single band. Epidemiologic investigations implicated chopped, uncooked, curly parsley as the common vehicle for these outbreaks. Through inquiries to health departments and public health laboratories, six similar outbreaks were identified during July-August (in California [two], Massachusetts, and Florida in the United States and in Ontario and Alberta in Canada). Isolates from five of these outbreaks had the same PFGE pattern identified in the two outbreaks in Minnesota. This report describes the epidemiologic, traceback, environmental, and laboratory investigations, which implicated parsley imported from a farm in Mexico as the source of these outbreaks.
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Abstract
The transcription rates of numerous plant genes have previously been shown to be strongly affected by pathogen infection or elicitor treatment. Here we estimate the extent and complexity of this response by analyzing the patterns of mRNA induction in fungal elicitor-treated parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) for several representatives from various primary and secondary metabolic pathways, cytosolic as well as plastidic. As a reference, we use the biphasic accumulation curve for the coordinately induced mRNAs encoding the three core enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase. Coincidence with this curve was observed for the mRNA induction kinetics of several, but not all, phenylpropanoid branch pathway-related reactions, whereas seven selected mRNAs from the pentose phosphate, glycolytic and shikimate pathways, including various cytosolic and plastidic isoforms, were induced with great differences in timing. Likewise unique and dissimilar from the reference curve were the induction patterns for various mRNAs encoding enzymes or proteins that are either more distantly or not at all related to phenylpropanoid metabolism. None of over 40 mRNAs tested so far remained unaffected. Using one strongly elicitor-responsive mRNA from carbohydrate metabolism, encoding a cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, for in situ RNA/RNA hybridization in fungus-infected parsley leaf tissue, we observed again the previously reported, close simulation of metabolic changes in true plant/fungus interactions by elicitor treatment of cultured cells. In addition to demonstrating extensive, highly complex functional, temporal and spatial patterns of changes in gene expression in infected plant cells, these results provide valuable information for the identification of pathogen-responsive promoters suitable for gene technology-assisted resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Batz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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