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McClure TS, Phillips J, Kernagis D, Coleman K, Chappe E, Cutter GR, Egan B, Norell T, Stubbs BJ, Bamman MM, Koutnik AP. Ketone monoester attenuates oxygen desaturation during weighted ruck exercise under acute hypoxic exposure but does not impact cognitive performance. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39190570 DOI: 10.1113/ep091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute ingestion of exogenous ketone supplements in the form of a (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (R-BD R-βHB) ketone monoester (KME) can attenuate declines in oxygen availability during hypoxic exposure and might impact cognitive performance at rest and in response to moderate-intensity exercise. In a single-blind randomized crossover design, 16 males performed assessments of cognitive performance before and during hypoxic exposure with moderate exercise [2 × 20 min weighted ruck (∼22 kg) at 3.2 km/h at 10% incline] in a normobaric altitude chamber (4572 m, 11.8% O2). The R-BD R-βHB KME (573 mg/kg) or a calorie- and taste-matched placebo (∼50 g maltodextrin) were co-ingested with 40 g of dextrose before exposure to hypoxia. The R-βHB concentrations were rapidly elevated and sustained (>3 mM; P < 0.001) by KME. The decline in oxygen saturation during hypoxic exposure was attenuated in KME conditions by 2.4%-4.2% (P < 0.05) compared with placebo. Outcomes of cognitive performance tasks, in the form of the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) code substitution task, the Stroop color and word task, and a shooting simulation, did not differ between trials before and during hypoxic exposure. These data suggest that the acute exogenous ketosis induced by KME ingestion can attenuate declining blood oxygen saturation during acute hypoxic exposure both at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise, but this did not translate into differences in cognitive performance before or after exercise in the conditions investigated. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? Can exogenous ketosis act as a countermeasure to declines in blood oxygen saturation and cognitive performance during acute hypoxic exposure while performing a weighted ruck exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute exogenous ketosis via ingestion of a drink containing the (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester prior to acute hypoxic exposure attenuated hypoxia-induced declines in blood oxygen saturation but had no effect on cognitive performance during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S McClure
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Phillips
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Dawn Kernagis
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kody Coleman
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Ed Chappe
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Todd Norell
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | | | - Marcas M Bamman
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew P Koutnik
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Chang Y, Liu X, Hurr C. Effect of 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training for repeated vertical jump performance in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:213-221. [PMID: 37791831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful in sports, it is critical to maintain a high level of muscular power throughout a game. Physiological adaptations induced by hypoxic exercise training would provide benefits for fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training program is more effective in improving power endurance during repeated vertical jumps (VJs) when compared with a normoxic counterpart. METHODS Eighteen young adult males were divided into two training groups: 1) normoxic training group (NT, FiO2: 20.9%, N.=9); and 2) hypoxic training group (HT, FiO2: 13.7%, N.=9). For both NT and HT, participants performed three sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of a 60-min exercise session including strength and power training. A repeated VJ (40 reps/set, 2 sets with 5 min rest given between them) was performed before and after the training (pretraining and post-training). RESULTS The HT group displayed an improvement in repeated VJ performance in a later phase of set 1 following the training (25-30 rep: pretraining 26.49±6.20 vs. post-training 30.55±5.37cm, P=0.0285; 30-35 rep: pretraining 25.08±5.29 vs. post-training 29.56±5.37cm, P=0.0064; 35-40 rep: pretraining 25.05±5.51 vs. post-training 29.28±5.71cm, P=0.0161). In set 2, repeated VJ performance in the later phase was also enhanced in HT following the training (P<0.05 for all). No changes in repeated VJ performance were seen in NT following the training (P>0.05 for all). Also, the HT group showed a trend towards a decrease in Fatigue Index in set 1 (pretraining 23.51±13.27 vs. Post 11.87±12.51%, P=0.1308) and set 2 (pretraining 29.11±13.66 vs. post-training 17.81±17.97%, P=0.1588) following the training. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training can be an effective training modality to improve fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea -
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Márquez G, Colomer D, Benavente C, Morenilla L, Alix-Fages C, Padial P, Feriche B. Altitude-induced effects on neuromuscular, metabolic and perceptual responses before, during and after a high-intensity resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2119-2129. [PMID: 37209140 PMCID: PMC10492878 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested if an acute ascending to 2320 m above sea level (asl) affects corticospinal excitability (CSE) and intracortical inhibition (SICI) measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest, before, during and after a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session. We also explored whether blood lactate concentration (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived muscular pain and total training volume differed when the RT session was performed at hypoxia (H) or normoxia (N). METHODS Twelve resistance-trained men performed eight sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum of a bar biceps curl at N (SpO2 = 98.0 ± 0.9%) and H (at 2320 asl, SpO2 = 94.0 ± 1.9%) in random order. Before each session, a subjective well-being questionnaire, the resting motor threshold (rMT) and a single pulse recruitment curve were measured. Before, during and after the RT session, BLa, RPE, muscle pain, CSE and SICI were measured. RESULTS Before the RT session only the rMT differed between H (- 5.3%) and N (ES = 0.38). RPE, muscle pain and BLa increased through the RT session and were greater at H than N (12%, 54% and 15%, respectively) despite a similar training volume (1618 ± 468 kg vs. 1638 ± 509 kg). CSE was reduced during the RT session (~ 27%) but recovered ten minutes after, regardless of the environmental condition. SICI did not change after any RT session. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that acute exposure to moderate hypoxia slightly increased the excitability of the most excitable structures of the corticospinal tract but did not influence intracortical or corticospinal responses to a single RT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - David Colomer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Morenilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Coşkun B, Aras D, Akalan C, Kocak S, Hamlin MJ. Plyometric Training in Normobaric Hypoxia improves Jump Performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:519-525. [PMID: 34879398 DOI: 10.1055/a-1656-9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Strength training in hypoxia has been shown to enhance hypertrophy and function of skeletal muscle, however, the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia is relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on body composition, sprint and jump parameters. Twenty-three male physical education students (20.4±2.0 years, mean±SD) participated in the study and were divided into a plyometric training in hypoxia (PTH, n=8), plyometric training in normoxia (PTN, n=7) or control group (C, n=8). The PTH group trained in normobaric hypoxia (approximately 3536 m) 3 days/week for 8 weeks, while the PTN trained in normoxia. PTH induced significant improvements from baseline to post-testing in countermovement-jump (37.8±6.7 cm, 43.4±5.0 cm, p<0.05), squat-jump (35.4±6.2 cm, 41.1±5.7 cm, p<0.05), drop-jump height (32.8±6 cm, 38.1±6 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3257.1±109.5 ms, 3145.8±83.6 ms, p<0.05); whereas PTN produced significant improvement only in countermovement-jump (37.3±4.8 cm, 40.5±4.5 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3209.: 3±76.1 ms, 3126.6±100.4 ms, p<0.05). Plyometric training under hypoxic conditions induces greater improvement in some jump measures (drop-jump and squat-jump) compared to similar training in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Coşkun
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Aras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Akalan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Settar Kocak
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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Tong TK, Tao ED, Chow BC, Baker JS, Jiao JJ. Acute performance responses to repeated treadmill sprints in hypoxia with varying inspired oxygen fractions, exercise-to-recovery ratios and recovery modalities. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1933-1942. [PMID: 33730209 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For optimizing the quality of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia, the differences in the acute performance responses to a single session of repeated-sprint exercise with various (i) inspired oxygen fractions; (ii) exercise-to-recovery (E:R) ratios and (iii) recovery modalities were examined. METHODS Ten male participants performed three sets, 5 × 5-s all-out treadmill sprints, E:R ratio of 1:5, passive recovery, in seven trials randomly. In four of the seven trials, hypoxic levels were set corresponding to sea level (SL1:5P), 1500 (1.5K1:5P), 2500 (2.5K1:5P), and 3500 m (3.5K1:5P), respectively. In a further two trials, the hypoxic level of 3.5K1:5P was maintained, while the E:R ratio was reduced to 1:4 (3.5K1:4P) and 1:3 (3.5K1:3P), respectively. In the last trial, the passive recovery mode of 3.5K1:5P was changed to active (3.5K1:5A). RESULTS In comparison to SL1:5P, the averaged peak velocity (P-Vel), mean velocity (M-Vel), and velocity decrement score (Sdec) of the sprints, and the cumulative HR-based training impulse (cTRIMP) in 1.5K1:5P and 2.5K1:5P were well maintained. Minor decrement in the M-Vel was found in 3.5K1:5P. Conversely, lowered E:R ratio in 3.5K1:4P and 3.5K1:3P significantly reduced the P-Vel (≥ -2.3%, Cohen's d ≥ 0.43) and M-Vel (≥ -2.4%, ≥ 0.49), and in 3.5K1:3P altered the Sdec (107%, ≥ 0.96), and cTRIMP (-16%, 1.39), when compared to 3.5K1:5P. Furthermore, mild reductions in M-Vel (-2.6%, 0.5) was observed in 3.5K1:5A using the active recovery mode. Other variables did not change. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that a 3.5K1:5P marginally maintained sea-level training loads, and as a result, could maximally optimize the training stress of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas K Tong
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Emma D Tao
- Physical Education Department, Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning, China
| | - Bik C Chow
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jojo J Jiao
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Limmer M, de Marées M, Platen P. Alterations in acid-base balance and high-intensity exercise performance after short-term and long-term exposure to acute normobaric hypoxic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13732. [PMID: 32792614 PMCID: PMC7426914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation assessed the course of renal compensation of hypoxia-induced respiratory alkalosis by elimination of bicarbonate ions and impairments in anaerobic exercise after different durations of hypoxic exposure. Study A: 16 participants underwent a resting 12-h exposure to normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m). Blood gas analysis was assessed hourly. While blood pH was significantly increased, PO2, PCO2, and SaO2 were decreased within the first hour of hypoxia, and changes remained consistent. A substantial reduction in [HCO3-] levels was observed after 12 h of hypoxic exposure (- 1.35 ± 0.29 mmol/L, p ≤ 0.05). Study B: 24 participants performed in a randomized, cross-over trial portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) tests under normoxia and after either 1 h (n = 12) or 12 h (n = 12) of normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m). No differences occurred for PTSR-related performance parameters, but the reduction in blood lactate levels was greater after 12 h compared with 1 h (- 1.9 ± 2.2 vs 0.0 ± 2.3 mmol/L, p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate uncompensated respiratory alkalosis after 12 h of hypoxia and similar impairment of high-intensity exercise after 1 and 12 h of hypoxic exposure, despite a greater reduction in blood lactate responses after 12 h compared with 1 h of hypoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Limmer
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus de Marées
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Sessional work-rate does not affect the magnitude to which simulated hypoxia can augment acute physiological responses during resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2159-2169. [PMID: 32705392 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia augments physiological and perceptual responses, and if altering work-rate by performing repetitions to failure compared to sub-maximally increases the magnitude of these responses. METHODS Twenty male university students (minimum of 2 year resistance training experience) completed four sessions, two in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 0.13), and two in normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21). For each condition, session one comprised three sets to failure of shoulder press and bench press (high work-rate session), while session two involved the same volume load, distributed over six sets (low work-rate session). Muscle oxygenation (triceps brachii), surface electromyographic activity (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii), heart rate (HR), and arterial blood oxygen saturation were recorded. Blood lactate concentration ([Bla-]) was recorded pre-exercise and 2 min after each exercise. Muscle thickness was measured pre- and post-exercise via ultrasound. RESULTS Muscle oxygenation values during sets and inter-set rest periods were lower in hypoxia vs normoxia (p = 0.001). Hypoxia caused greater [Bla-] during the shoulder press of failure sessions (p = 0.003) and both shoulder press (p = 0.048) and bench press (p = 0.005) of non-failure sessions. Hypoxia increased HR during non-failure sessions (p < 0.001). There was no effect of hypoxia on muscular swelling, surface electromyographic activity, perceived exertion, or number of repetitions performed. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia augmented metabolite accumulation, but had no impact on any other physiological or perceptual response compared to the equivalent exercise in normoxia. Furthermore, the magnitude to which hypoxia increased the measured physiological responses was not influenced by sessional work-rate.
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8
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Tomas-Carus P, Olcina G, Timón R, Brazo-Sayavera J. Effects of whole-body vibration under hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:625-632. [PMID: 31236796 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and function, which are associated with decrease of functional capacity. Combination of WBV training with normobaric hypoxic exposure could augment the beneficial effects due to synergic effects of both treatments. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 36 sessions of the combined WBV training and normobaric hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. METHODS Nineteen elderly people were randomly assigned to a: vibration normoxic exposure group (NWBV; n = 10; 20.9% FiO2) and vibration hypoxic exposure group (HWBV; n = 9). Participants developed 36 sessions of WBV training along 18 weeks, which included 4 bouts of 30 s (12.6 Hz in frequency and 4 mm in amplitude) with 60 s of rest between bouts, inside a hypoxic chamber for the HWBV. The "Timed Up and Go Test" evaluated functional mobility. Percentages of lean mass were obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Neither statistically significant within group variations nor statistically significant differences between both groups were detected to any parameter. DISCUSSION Baseline characteristics of population, training protocol and the level of hypoxia employed could cause different adaptations on muscle mass and function. CONCLUSIONS The combination of WBV training and hypoxic exposure did not cause any effect on either legs lean mass or functional mobility of older adults.
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9
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Effects of an Alkalizing or Acidizing Diet on High-Intensity Exercise Performance under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions in Physically Active Adults: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030688. [PMID: 32143278 PMCID: PMC7146607 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-alkalization caused by dietary supplements such as sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic exercise performance. However, the influence of a base-forming nutrition on anaerobic performance in hypoxia remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects of an alkalizing or acidizing diet on high-intensity performance and associated metabolic parameters in normoxia and hypoxia. In a randomized crossover design, 15 participants (24.5 ± 3.9 years old) performed two trials following four days of either an alkalizing (BASE) or an acidizing (ACID) diet in normoxia. Subsequently, participants performed two trials (BASE; ACID) after 12 h of normobaric hypoxic exposure. Anaerobic exercise performance was assessed using the portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) test. PTSR assessed overall peak force, mean force, and fatigue index. Blood lactate levels, blood gas parameters, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion were assessed post-PTSR. Urinary pH was analyzed daily. There were no differences between BASE and ACID conditions for any of the PTSR-related parameters. However, urinary pH, blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration, and base excess were significantly higher in BASE compared with ACID (p < 0.001). These findings show a diet-induced increase in blood buffer capacity, represented by blood bicarbonate concentration and base excess. However, diet-induced metabolic changes did not improve PTSR-related anaerobic performance.
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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Padial P, Schoenfeld BJ, Feriche B. Mean Propulsive Velocity Is a Viable Method for Adjusting the Resistance-Training Load at Moderate Altitude. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:52. [PMID: 33344975 PMCID: PMC7739744 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the viability of using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) to adjust the load in the countermovement jump (CMJ) at moderate altitude. Twenty-four volunteers were assigned to a 4-week power-oriented resistance training (RT) program in either normoxia (N, 690 m) or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH, 2,320 m). The load was adjusted to maintain execution velocity of CMJ at 1m·s-1 of MPV. Relative peak power output (Prel), and percentage of velocity loss throughout the sets (VL) were determined for each session. The internal load was measured by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The absolute load lifted was higher in IH compared to N (75.6 ± 8.4 vs. 58.5 ± 12.3 kg P < 0.001). However, similar relative increases for both groups were found when comparing the final values (IH: 8.2%, P = 0.007; N: 9.8%, P = 0.03) with no changes in VL between groups (P = 0.36). Post-study Prel improved significantly only in IH (+7% W·kg-1, P = 0.002). Mean RPE was greater in IH vs. N (6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 5.6 ± 2, P < 0.001). The MPV seems to be a viable method for adjusting external load during RT at moderate altitude. However, given that RT at moderate altitude increases RPE, it is prudent to monitor internal load when using the MPV to best determine the actual physiological stress of the session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Division of Sport Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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11
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Martínez-Guardado I, Rubio-Arias JA, Freitas TT, Othalawa S, Andreu L, Timón R, Alcaraz PE. Muscle Architecture and Neuromuscular Changes After High-Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3035-3040. [PMID: 31524779 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ramos-Campo, DJ, Martínez-Guardado, I, Rubio-Arias, JA, Freitas, TT, Othalawa, S, Andreu, L, Timón, R, and Alcaraz, PE. Muscle architecture and neuromuscular changes after high-resistance circuit training in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-This study aimed to analyze the effect of 8 weeks of high-resistance circuit (HRC) training in hypoxia on muscle architecture, strength, and neuromuscular variables. Twenty-eight resistance-trained subjects were assigned to a hypoxia (FiO2 = 15%; HG: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; and mass: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia group (FiO2 = 20.9%; NG: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; and mass: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg). Each training session consisted of 2 blocks of 3 exercises (block 1: bench press, leg extension, and front lat pulldown; block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion, and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed with a 6 repetition maximum load. Subjects exercised twice weekly and, before and after the training program, vastus lateralis muscle thickness and pennation angle, knee extensors electromyographic activity, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and rate of force development (RFD) and H-Reflex (Hmax), M-wave of the soleus muscle were assessed. Both training groups showed similar improvements in muscle thickness (effect size [ES] = HG: 0.23; NG: 0.41), pennation angle (ES = HG: 0.86; NG: 0.15), MVC (ES HG: 0.63; NG: 0.61), Hmax (ES = HG: 0.96; NG: 0.40), RFD at 200 milliseconds (ES = HG: 0.31; NG: 0.61) and peak RFD (ES = HG: 0.21; NG: 0.66). No significant between-group differences were found. In conclusion, similar morphological and neuromuscular adaptations can be achieved after 8 weeks of HRC training under hypoxic or normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Luis Andreu
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Olcina G, Tomas-Carus P, Timón R. Evaluation of 18-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in an Elderly Population. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:157-164. [PMID: 31021265 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of hypoxic training have been suggested for clinical populations, such as elderly who could suffer loss of lower limb muscle strength and higher risk of falling. This study investigated the effects of 18 weeks of whole-body vibration (WBV) training in normobaric hypoxia on the strength parameters of an elderly population. Thirty-one healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to a hypoxic whole-body vibration group (HWBV; n = 10), normoxic whole-body vibration group (NWBV; n = 11), or control group (n = 10). The experimental groups received the same vibration treatment in a hypoxia chamber (HWBV: 16.1% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]; NWBV: 21.0% FiO2). Isokinetic leg muscle strength was evaluated using a Biodex System-3 isokinetic dynamometer. Body composition was obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences between groups in either strength or body composition parameters. The NWBV group showed statistically significant improvements in the maximal strength of knee extensors, with a small effect size (p = 0.004; d = 0.54). No significant differences were found in any variable of the HWBV group. The combination of WBV training and exposure to normobaric cyclic hypoxia carried out in the present study did not have an effect on strength parameters in healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- 2 Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,3 Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- 4 Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Cie^ncia e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,5 Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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Martínez-Guardado I, Ramos-Campo DJ, Olcina GJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Chung LH, Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE, Timón R. Effects of high-intensity resistance circuit-based training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:941-951. [PMID: 30638154 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1564796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic training methods are increasingly being used by researchers in an attempt to improve performance in normoxic ambients. Moreover, previous research suggests that resistance training in hypoxia can cause physiological and muscle adaptations. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of HRC on metabolic parameters. Twenty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to either hypoxia (Fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2] = 15%; HRChyp: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia [FIO2] = 20.9%; HRCnorm: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Training sessions consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension and front pull down; Block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at six repetition maximum. Rest periods lasted for 35-s between exercises, 3-min between sets and 5-min between blocks. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks, and body composition, strength and blood tests were performed before and after the training program. Lean body mass and bone mineral density significantly increased over time in the HRChyp (p < .005; ES = 0.14 and p < .014; ES = 0.19, respectively) but not in the HRCnorm after training. Both groups improved their strength performance over time (p < .001), but without group effect differences. These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise produced trivial effects on lean body mass and bone mineral density compared to normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Linda H Chung
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- a Sport Science Faculty , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
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14
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Scott BR, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:92-103. [PMID: 29045191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Brendan R Scott
- c School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
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