1
|
Galindo-Torres P, Rosas C, Ramos-Rodríguez S, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Chronic thermal stress on Octopus maya embryos down-regulates epigenome-related genes and those involved in the nervous system development and morphogenesis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101332. [PMID: 39366120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Red Octopus maya is strongly influenced by temperature. Recent studies have reported negative reproduction effects on males and females when exposed to temperatures higher than 27 °C. Embryos under thermal stress show morphological and physiological alterations; similar phenotypes have been reported in embryos from stressed females, evidencing transgenerational consequences. Transcriptomic profiles were characterized along embryo development during normal-under thermal stress and epigenetic alterations through DNA methylation and damage quantification. Total RNA in organogenesis, activation, and growth stages in control and thermal stress were sequenced with Illumina RNA-Seq. Similarly, total DNA was used for DNA methylation and damage quantification between temperatures and embryo stages. Differential gene expression analyses showed that embryos express genes associated with oxygen transport, morphogenesis, nervous system, neuroendocrine cell differentiation, spermatogenesis, and male sex differentiation. Conversely, embryos turn off genes involved mainly in nervous system development, morphogenesis, and gene expression regulation when exposed to thermal stress - consistent with O. maya embryo phenotypes showing abnormal arms, eyes, and body development. No significant differences were observed in quantifying DNA methylation between temperatures but they were for DNA damage quantification. Epigenetic alterations are hypothesized to occur since several genes found downregulated belong to the epigenetic machinery but at histone tail level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Galindo-Torres
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigacion (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Puerto DE Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico.
| | - Sadot Ramos-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico.
| | - Clara E Galindo-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim KT, Kim MA, Kim WJ, Jung MM, Kim DH, Sohn YC. Transcriptome analysis of East Asian common octopus, Octopus sinensis, paralarvae. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:955-966. [PMID: 38922499 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes involved in cephalopod development and their association with hatching and survival during early life stages have been extensively studied. However, few studies have investigated the paralarvae transcriptome of the East Asian common octopus (Octopus sinen sis). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the genes related to embryonic development and hatching in O. sinensis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and verify the genes most relevant to different embryonic stages. METHODS RNA samples from hatched and 25 days post-hatching (dph) O. sinensis paralarvae were used to construct cDNA libraries. Clean reads from individual samples were aligned to the reference O. sinensis database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the 0- and 25-dph paralarvae libraries. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to supplement the RNA-seq data for embryogenic developmental stages. RESULTS A total of 12,597 transcripts were annotated and 5,468 DEGs were identified between the 0- and 25-dph O. sinensis paralarvae, including 2,715 upregulated and 2,753 downregulated transcripts in the 25-dph paralarvae. Several key DEGs were related to transmembrane transport, lipid biosynthesis, monooxygenase activity, lipid transport, neuropeptide signaling, transcription regulation, and protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity during the post-hatching development of O. sinensis paralarvae. RT-qPCR analysis further revealed that SLC5A3A, ABCC12, and NPC1 transcripts in 20 and/or 30 days post-fertilization (dpf) embryos were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in 10-dpf embryos. CONCLUSION Transcriptome profiles provide molecular targets to understand the embryonic development, hatching, and survival of O. sinensis paralarvae, and enhance octopus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Tae Kim
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 53017, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, 25457, Republic of Korea
- East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Min Jung
- Subtropical Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Jeju-do, 63068, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwi Kim
- East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
- East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baden T, Briseño J, Coffing G, Cohen-Bodénès S, Courtney A, Dickerson D, Dölen G, Fiorito G, Gestal C, Gustafson T, Heath-Heckman E, Hua Q, Imperadore P, Kimbara R, Król M, Lajbner Z, Lichilín N, Macchi F, McCoy MJ, Nishiguchi MK, Nyholm SV, Otjacques E, Pérez-Ferrer PA, Ponte G, Pungor JR, Rogers TF, Rosenthal JJC, Rouressol L, Rubas N, Sanchez G, Santos CP, Schultz DT, Seuntjens E, Songco-Casey JO, Stewart IE, Styfhals R, Tuanapaya S, Vijayan N, Weissenbacher A, Zifcakova L, Schulz G, Weertman W, Simakov O, Albertin CB. Cephalopod-omics: Emerging Fields and Technologies in Cephalopod Biology. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1226-1239. [PMID: 37370232 PMCID: PMC10755191 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Few animal groups can claim the level of wonder that cephalopods instill in the minds of researchers and the general public. Much of cephalopod biology, however, remains unexplored: the largest invertebrate brain, difficult husbandry conditions, and complex (meta-)genomes, among many other things, have hindered progress in addressing key questions. However, recent technological advancements in sequencing, imaging, and genetic manipulation have opened new avenues for exploring the biology of these extraordinary animals. The cephalopod molecular biology community is thus experiencing a large influx of researchers, emerging from different fields, accelerating the pace of research in this clade. In the first post-pandemic event at the Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC) conference in April 2022, over 40 participants from all over the world met and discussed key challenges and perspectives for current cephalopod molecular biology and evolution. Our particular focus was on the fields of comparative and regulatory genomics, gene manipulation, single-cell transcriptomics, metagenomics, and microbial interactions. This article is a result of this joint effort, summarizing the latest insights from these emerging fields, their bottlenecks, and potential solutions. The article highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the cephalopod-omics community and provides an emphasis on continuous consolidation of efforts and collaboration in this rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - John Briseño
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gabrielle Coffing
- Biology Department: Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
| | - Sophie Cohen-Bodénès
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amy Courtney
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Dominick Dickerson
- Friday Harbor Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98250, USA
| | - Gül Dölen
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Camino Gestal
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Pathobiology, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo 36208, Spain
| | | | - Elizabeth Heath-Heckman
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qiaz Hua
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Pamela Imperadore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ryosuke Kimbara
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Mirela Król
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań 61-712, Poland
| | - Zdeněk Lajbner
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nicolás Lichilín
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Filippo Macchi
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Matthew J McCoy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele K Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Blvd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Spencer V Nyholm
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Eve Otjacques
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Division of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pedro Antonio Pérez-Ferrer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Blvd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Judit R Pungor
- Biology Department: Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
| | - Thea F Rogers
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Joshua J C Rosenthal
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1015, USA
| | - Lisa Rouressol
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Noelle Rubas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Gustavo Sanchez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Catarina Pereira Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Darrin T Schultz
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeremea O Songco-Casey
- Biology Department: Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
| | - Ian Erik Stewart
- Neural Circuits and Behaviour Lab, Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Surangkana Tuanapaya
- Laboratory of genetics and applied breeding of molluscs, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Nidhi Vijayan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Lucia Zifcakova
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | | | - Willem Weertman
- Friday Harbor Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98250, USA
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Caroline B Albertin
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imperadore P, Cagnin S, Allegretti V, Millino C, Raffini F, Fiorito G, Ponte G. Transcriptome-wide selection and validation of a solid set of reference genes for gene expression studies in the cephalopod mollusk Octopus vulgaris. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1091305. [PMID: 37266373 PMCID: PMC10230085 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris is a cephalopod mollusk and an active marine predator that has been at the center of a number of studies focused on the understanding of neural and biological plasticity. Studies on the machinery involved in e.g., learning and memory, regeneration, and neuromodulation are required to shed light on the conserved and/or unique mechanisms that these animals have evolved. Analysis of gene expression is one of the most essential means to expand our understanding of biological machinery, and the selection of an appropriate set of reference genes is the prerequisite for the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Here we selected 77 candidate reference genes (RGs) from a pool of stable and relatively high-expressed transcripts identified from the full-length transcriptome of O. vulgaris, and we evaluated their expression stabilities in different tissues through geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper, Delta-CT method, and RefFinder. Although various algorithms provided different assemblages of the most stable reference genes for the different kinds of tissues tested here, a comprehensive ranking revealed RGs specific to the nervous system (Ov-RNF7 and Ov-RIOK2) and Ov-EIF2A and Ov-CUL1 across all considered tissues. Furthermore, we validated RGs by assessing the expression profiles of nine target genes (Ov-Naa15, Ov-Ltv1, Ov-CG9286, Ov-EIF3M, Ov-NOB1, Ov-CSDE1, Ov-Abi2, Ov-Homer2, and Ov-Snx20) in different areas of the octopus nervous system (gastric ganglion, as control). Our study allowed us to identify the most extensive set of stable reference genes currently available for the nervous system and appendages of adult O. vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Imperadore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Cagnin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CIR-Myo Myology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vittoria Allegretti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Raffini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pérez-Polo S, Imran MAS, Dios S, Pérez J, Barros L, Carrera M, Gestal C. Identifying Natural Bioactive Peptides from the Common Octopus ( Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) Skin Mucus By-Products Using Proteogenomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087145. [PMID: 37108304 PMCID: PMC10138644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The common octopus is a cephalopod species subject to active fisheries, with great potential in the aquaculture and food industry, and which serves as a model species for biomedical and behavioral studies. The analysis of the skin mucus allows us to study their health in a non-invasive way, by using a hardly exploited discard of octopus in the fishing sector. A shotgun proteomics approach combined with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap-Elite instrument was used to create a reference dataset from octopus skin mucus. The final proteome compilation was investigated by integrated in-silico studies, including Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, network studies, and prediction and characterization analysis of potential bioactive peptides. This work presents the first proteomic analysis of the common octopus skin mucus proteome. This library was created by merging 5937 identified spectra of 2038 different peptides. A total of 510 non-redundant proteins were identified. Obtained results show proteins closely related to the defense, which highlight the role of skin mucus as the first barrier of defense and the interaction with the environment. Finally, the potential of the bioactive peptides with antimicrobial properties, and their possible application in biomedicine, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industry was addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pérez-Polo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Md Abdus Shukur Imran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jaime Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lorena Barros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao X, Lyu M, Zhang M, Lin S, Ke C. Structural characteristics of orexin receptor type 2 in Pacific abalone and its diurnal expression pattern after fasting and re-feeding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:873-884. [PMID: 36587646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is a typical nocturnal organism. To examine the circadian expression pattern of orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) and its potential effect on the feeding behavior of abalone, the coding region sequence of OX2R that is 1215 bp in length and encodes 404 amino acids was first cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. A recombinant expression vector was constructed for H. discus hannai based on the OX2R protein, obtaining a recombinant protein with a molecular weight of 46 kDa. Polyclonal antibody was prepared with the purified recombinant protein used as the antigen, and the antibody titer of ≥512 K was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of OX2R determined using western blotting were highest in the intestinal tract (P < 0.05), but they were not significantly different from the levels in the pedal. Immunofluorescence experiments affirmed that OX2R was widely expressed in the columnar cells of the intestinal mucosal epithelium. To further account for the relationship between the onset of feeding behavior and the expression level of OX2R in abalone, the circadian expression characteristics of OX2R were analyzed by dissecting the intestinal tissues after three days of normal feeding and fasting and following the refeeding treatment. The expression levels of OX2R in the refeeding group were significantly higher than those in the normal feeding and fasting groups at any time point (P < 0.05). The cosine curve analysis revealed that the expression levels of OX2R lost rhythmicity after fasting. Based on the quantification of behavioral data for abalone after fasting and refeeding, the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in each group followed a significant cosine rhythm (P < 0.05), which is consistent with abalone's nocturnal ecological habits. However, the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in the fasting group were significantly lower than those in the normal feeding and refeeding groups (P < 0.05). The peak phases of the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in the refeeding group (ZT08:22 and ZT08:44) shifted backward compared to the normal feeding group (ZT07:33 and ZT07:39). The above results first identified the structural characteristics and circadian expression patterns of OX2R in the marine mollusk abalone, which may reveal the molecular mechanism behind the generation of a feeding rhythm in marine nocturnal organisms and serve as a tool helping to maintain the diversity of marine benthic resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sprecher M, Sprecher SG, Spadavecchia C. A pilot investigation of the efficacy and safety of magnesium chloride and ethanol as anesthetics in Loligo vulgaris embryos. Front Physiol 2022; 13:968047. [PMID: 36388114 PMCID: PMC9641376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.968047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of cephalopods in the legislation related to the use of animals for experimental purposes has been based on the precautionary principle that these animals have the capacity to experience pain, suffering, distress, and lasting harm. Recent studies have expanded this view and supported it. Handling cephalopod mollusks in research is challenging and whenever more invasive procedures are required, sedation and/or anesthesia becomes necessary. Therefore, finding adequate, safe, and effective anesthetics appears mandatory. Several substances have been considered in sedating cephalopods, in some instances applying those utilized for fish. However, species-specific variability requires more detailed studies. Despite long-lasting experience being linked to classic studies on squid giant axons, evidence of action on putative anesthetic substances is scarce for Loligo vulgaris and particularly for their embryos. The aim of the current study was to evaluate effects elicited by immersion of squid embryos in anesthetic solutions and examine whether these forms display a similar reaction to anesthetics as adults do. Different concentrations of ethanol (EtOH; 2, 2.5, and 3%) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2; 1, 1.5, and 1.8%) were tested by adopting a set of indicators aimed at exploring the physiological responses of squid embryos. Forty-two embryos of the common squid Loligo vulgaris (stages 27-28) were assigned to three conditions (EtOH, MgCl2, and controls) and video recorded for 15 min (5 min before, 5 min during, and 5 min after immersion in the anesthetic solutions). In each group, the heart rate, respiratory rate, buoyancy, chromatophore activity, and tentacles/arms responses were assessed to evaluate the embryos' vitality and responsiveness to stimulation. Both substances provoked a decrease in heart and respiratory rates and inhibited buoyancy, chromatophores, and tentacles/arms responses; no adverse effects were observed. EtOH had a faster onset of action and faster recovery than MgCl2, being potentially more adequate as an anesthetic for shorter procedures. Even though MgCl2 caused a longer muscle relaxation, the reversibility was not confirmed for the 1.8% concentration; however, lower concentrations triggered similar results as the ones obtained with the highest EtOH concentrations. We have shown that the late developmental stages of Loligo vulgaris embryos could represent a good model to evaluate anesthetics for cephalopods since they can display similar reactions to anesthetics as adults animals do.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Andrews PLR, Ponte G, Rosas C. Methodological considerations in studying digestive system physiology in octopus: limitations, lacunae and lessons learnt. Front Physiol 2022; 13:928013. [PMID: 36160859 PMCID: PMC9501996 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of cephalopod digestive tract physiology is based on relatively “old” literature and a “mosaic of data” from multiple species. To provide a background to the discussion of methodologies for investigating physiology we first review the anatomy of the cephalopod digestive tract with a focus on Octopus vulgaris, highlighting structure-function relationships and species differences with potential functional consequences (e.g., absence of a crop in cuttlefish and squid; presence of a caecal sac in squid). We caution about extrapolation of data on the digestive system physiology from one cephalopod species to another because of the anatomical differences. The contribution of anatomical and histological techniques (e.g., digestive enzyme histochemistry and neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry) to understanding physiological processes is discussed. For each major digestive tract function we briefly review current knowledge, and then discuss techniques and their limitations for the following parameters: 1) Measuring motility in vitro (e.g., spatiotemporal mapping, tension and pressure), in vivo (labelled food, high resolution ultrasound) and aspects of pharmacology; 2) Measuring food ingestion and the time course of digestion with an emphasis on understanding enzyme function in each gut region with respect to time; 3) Assessing transepithelial transport of nutrients; 4) Measuring the energetic cost of food processing, impact of environmental temperature and metabolic rate (flow-through/intermittent respirometry); 4) Investigating neural (brain, gastric ganglion, enteric) and endocrine control processes with an emphasis on application of molecular techniques to identify receptors and their ligands. A number of major knowledge lacunae are identified where available techniques need to be applied to cephalopods, these include: 1) What is the physiological function of the caecal leaflets and intestinal typhlosoles in octopus? 2) What role does the transepithelial transport in the caecum and intestine play in ion, water and nutrient transport? 3) What information is signalled from the digestive tract to the brain regarding the food ingested and the progress of digestion? It is hoped that by combining discussion of the physiology of the cephalopod digestive system with an overview of techniques and identification of key knowledge gaps that this will encourage a more systematic approach to research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. R. Andrews
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paul L. R. Andrews,
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Petrosino G, Ponte G, Volpe M, Zarrella I, Ansaloni F, Langella C, Di Cristina G, Finaurini S, Russo MT, Basu S, Musacchia F, Ristoratore F, Pavlinic D, Benes V, Ferrante MI, Albertin C, Simakov O, Gustincich S, Fiorito G, Sanges R. Identification of LINE retrotransposons and long non-coding RNAs expressed in the octopus brain. BMC Biol 2022; 20:116. [PMID: 35581640 PMCID: PMC9115989 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transposable elements (TEs) widely contribute to the evolution of genomes allowing genomic innovations, generating germinal and somatic heterogeneity, and giving birth to long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These features have been associated to the evolution, functioning, and complexity of the nervous system at such a level that somatic retrotransposition of long interspersed element (LINE) L1 has been proposed to be associated to human cognition. Among invertebrates, octopuses are fascinating animals whose nervous system reaches a high level of complexity achieving sophisticated cognitive abilities. The sequencing of the genome of the Octopus bimaculoides revealed a striking expansion of TEs which were proposed to have contributed to the evolution of its complex nervous system. We recently found a similar expansion also in the genome of Octopus vulgaris. However, a specific search for the existence and the transcription of full-length transpositionally competent TEs has not been performed in this genus. Results Here, we report the identification of LINE elements competent for retrotransposition in Octopus vulgaris and Octopus bimaculoides and show evidence suggesting that they might be transcribed and determine germline and somatic polymorphisms especially in the brain. Transcription and translation measured for one of these elements resulted in specific signals in neurons belonging to areas associated with behavioral plasticity. We also report the transcription of thousands of lncRNAs and the pervasive inclusion of TE fragments in the transcriptomes of both Octopus species, further testifying the crucial activity of TEs in the evolution of the octopus genomes. Conclusions The neural transcriptome of the octopus shows the transcription of thousands of putative lncRNAs and of a full-length LINE element belonging to the RTE class. We speculate that a convergent evolutionary process involving retrotransposons activity in the brain has been important for the evolution of sophisticated cognitive abilities in this genus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01303-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Petrosino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Volpe
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Zarrella
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Ansaloni
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy
| | - Concetta Langella
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Cristina
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Finaurini
- Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monia T Russo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Swaraj Basu
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Strand Life Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Francesco Musacchia
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Scientific Core Facilities & Technologies, GeneCore, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Scientific Core Facilities & Technologies, GeneCore, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria I Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Oleg Simakov
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 9040495, Japan.,Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Wien University, Althanstraße 14 (UZA I), 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy.,Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Remo Sanges
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy. .,Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy. .,Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ventura-López C, López-Galindo L, Rosas C, Sánchez-Castrejón E, Galindo-Torres P, Pascual C, Rodríguez-Fuentes G, Juárez OE, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Sex-specific role of the optic gland in octopus maya: A transcriptomic analysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 320:114000. [PMID: 35217062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The optic glands (OG) of cephalopods are a source of molecules associated with the control of reproductive traits and lifecycle events such as sexual maturation, reproductive behavior, feeding, parental care, and senescence. However, little is known about the role of the optic gland in Octopus maya adults during mating and egg laying. RNA sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, ubiquity and differential expression analysis were performed. First, we analyzed the expression patterns of transcripts commonly associated with OG regulatory functions to describe their possible role once the maturation of the gonad is complete. The transcriptomic profiles of the optic gland of both sexes were compared with emphasis on the signaling pathways involved in the dimorphism of reproductive traits. Results suggest that in the OG of males, the reproductive condition (mated or non-mated) did not affect the general expression profile. In contrast, more differentially expressed genes were observed in females. In mated females, the mRNA metabolic process and the response to norepinephrine were enriched, suggesting a high cellular activity in preparation for the laying of the embryos. Whereas in egg-laying females, energetic and metabolic processes were the most represented, including the oxidation-reduction process. Finally, the gene expression patterns in senescence females suggest a physiological response to starvation as well as upregulation of genes involved retrotransposon activity. In conclusion, more substantial fluctuations in gene expression were observed in the optic glands of the fertilized females compared to the males. Such differences might be associated with the regulation of the egg-laying and the onset of senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ventura-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Laura López-Galindo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas (IIO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Edna Sánchez-Castrejón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Pavel Galindo-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Juárez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Clara E Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bao X, Wang W, Yuan T, Li Y, Chen X, Liu X, Xu X, Sun G, Li B, Yang J, Feng Y, Li Z. Transcriptome profiling based on larvae at different time points after hatching provides a core set of gene resource for understanding the immune response mechanisms of the egg-protecting behavior against Vibrio anguillarum infection in Amphioctopus fangsiao. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:430-441. [PMID: 35472401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mollusks have recently received increasing attention because of their unique immune systems. Mollusks such as Amphioctopus fangsiao are economically important cephalopods, and the effects of their egg-protecting behavior on the larval immune response are unclear. Meanwhile, little research has been done on the resistance response of cephalopod larvae infected with pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio anguillarum. In this study, V. anguillarum was used to infect the primary hatching A. fangsiao larvae under different egg-protecting behaviors for 24 h, and a total of 7156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at four time points after hatching based on transcriptome analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that multiple immune-related GO terms and KEGG signaling pathways were enriched. Protein-protein interaction networks (PPI networks) were used to search functional relationships between immune-related DEGs. Finally, 20 hub genes related to multiple gene functions or involved in multiple signaling pathways were identified, and their accuracy was verified using quantitative RT-PCR. PPI networks were first used to study the effects A. fangsiao larvae after infection with V. anguillarum under different egg-protecting behaviors. The results provide significant genetic resources for exploring invertebrate larval immune processes. The data lays a foundation for further study the immune response mechanisms for invertebrates after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Bao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Tingzhu Yuan
- Marine Economy Promotion Center of Changdao County Marine Ecological Civilization Comprehensive Experimental Zone, Yantai, 265800, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xipan Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; Yantai Haiyu Marine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Yantai, 264004, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aggregata sinensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae), a new coccidian parasite from Amphioctopus fangsiao and Octopus minor (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:373-381. [PMID: 34851447 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new species of parasitic Aggregata, Aggregata sinensis n. sp., is described from the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d'Orbigny, 1839-1841) and Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in China based on morphological data and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. The sexual gamogonic and sporogonic stages of the parasite were observed under light microscope. The sizes of oocysts were 207.35-618.74 μm in length and were 136.31-420.68 μm in width. Oocysts were fully sporulated and were shaped spherically or irregularly. Mature sporocysts within oocysts were spherical or slightly subovoid and were 19.42-22.32 μm in length and 19.12-21.55 μm in width. Sporozoites were typically spiral within sporocysts and were 17.81-24.90 μm long and 2.05-3.42 μm wide. Molecular phylogenetic analysis constructed using the 18S rRNA gene sequences supports the morphological classification that our species is placed within the genus Aggregata. Moreover, the sequence belonged to the genus Aggregata. However, the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Ag. sinensis was significantly different from that of other Aggregata available currently. Ag. sinensis is the first two-host parasitic species of Aggregata reported from definitive host Am. fangsiao and O. minor and is the only species of the genus Aggregata known in Western Pacific waters.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sykes AV, Almansa E, Ponte G, Cooke GM, Andrews PLR. Can Cephalopods Vomit? Hypothesis Based on a Review of Circumstantial Evidence and Preliminary Experimental Observations. Front Physiol 2020; 11:765. [PMID: 32848811 PMCID: PMC7396502 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In representative species of all vertebrate classes, the oral ejection of upper digestive tract contents by vomiting or regurgitation is used to void food contaminated with toxins or containing indigestible material not voidable in the feces. Vomiting or regurgitation has been reported in a number of invertebrate marine species (Exaiptasia diaphana, Cancer productus, and Pleurobranchaea californica), prompting consideration of whether cephalopods have this capability. This "hypothesis and theory" paper reviews four lines of supporting evidence: (1) the mollusk P. californica sharing some digestive tract morphological and innervation similarities with Octopus vulgaris is able to vomit or regurgitate with the mechanisms well characterized, providing an example of motor program switching; (2) a rationale for vomiting or regurgitation in cephalopods based upon the potential requirement to void indigestible material, which may cause damage and ejection of toxin contaminated food; (3) anecdotal reports (including from the literature) of vomiting- or regurgitation-like behavior in several species of cephalopod (Sepia officinalis, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, O. vulgaris, and Enteroctopus dofleini); and (4) anatomical and physiological studies indicating that ejection of gastric/crop contents via the buccal cavity is a theoretical possibility by retroperistalsis in the upper digestive tract (esophagus, crop, and stomach). We have not identified any publications refuting our hypothesis, so a balanced review is not possible. Overall, the evidence presented is circumstantial, so experiments adapting current methodology (e.g., research community survey, in vitro studies of motility, and analysis of indigestible gut contents and feces) are described to obtain additional evidence to either support or refute our hypothesis. We recognize the possibility that further research may not support the hypothesis; therefore, we consider how cephalopods may protect themselves against ingestion of toxic food by external chemodetection prior to ingestion and digestive gland detoxification post-ingestion. Reviewing the evidence for the hypothesis has identified a number of gaps in knowledge of the anatomy (e.g., the presence of sphincters) and physiology (e.g., the fate of indigestible food residues, pH of digestive secretions, sensory innervation, and digestive gland detoxification mechanisms) of the digestive tract as well as a paucity of recent studies on the role of epithelial chemoreceptors in prey identification and food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- António V Sykes
- CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Department of Aquaculture, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Gavan M Cooke
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ritschard EA, Whitelaw B, Albertin CB, Cooke IR, Strugnell JM, Simakov O. Coupled Genomic Evolutionary Histories as Signatures of Organismal Innovations in Cephalopods: Co-evolutionary Signatures Across Levels of Genome Organization May Shed Light on Functional Linkage and Origin of Cephalopod Novelties. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900073. [PMID: 31664724 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
How genomic innovation translates into organismal organization remains largely unanswered. Possessing the largest invertebrate nervous system, in conjunction with many species-specific organs, coleoid cephalopods (octopuses, squids, cuttlefishes) provide exciting model systems to investigate how organismal novelties evolve. However, dissecting these processes requires novel approaches that enable deeper interrogation of genome evolution. Here, the existence of specific sets of genomic co-evolutionary signatures between expanded gene families, genome reorganization, and novel genes is posited. It is reasoned that their co-evolution has contributed to the complex organization of cephalopod nervous systems and the emergence of ecologically unique organs. In the course of reviewing this field, how the first cephalopod genomic studies have begun to shed light on the molecular underpinnings of morphological novelty is illustrated and their impact on directing future research is described. It is argued that the application and evolutionary profiling of evolutionary signatures from these studies will help identify and dissect the organismal principles of cephalopod innovations. By providing specific examples, the implications of this approach both within and beyond cephalopod biology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ritschard
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Brooke Whitelaw
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | | | - Ira R Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|