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Tkachenko A, Havranek O. Erythronecroptosis: an overview of necroptosis or programmed necrosis in red blood cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04948-8. [PMID: 38427167 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis is considered a programmed necrosis that requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and pore-forming mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) to trigger a regulated cell membrane lysis. Membrane rupture in necroptosis has been shown to fuel innate immune response due to release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recently published studies indicate that mature erythrocytes can undergo necroptosis as well. In this review, we provide an outline of multiple cell death modes occurring in erythrocytes, discuss possible immunological aspects of diverse erythrocyte cell deaths, summarize available evidence related to the ability of erythrocytes to undergo necroptosis, outline key involved molecular mechanisms, and discuss the potential implication of erythrocyte necroptosis in the physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we aim to highlight the interplay between necroptosis and eryptosis signaling in erythrocytes, emphasizing specific characteristics of these pathways distinct from their counterparts in nucleated cells. Thus, our review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of necroptosis in erythrocytes. To reflect critical differences between necroptosis of nucleated cells and necroptosis of erythrocytes, we suggest a term erythronecroptosis for necroptosis of enucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Yastrebova ES, Gisich AV, Nekrasov VM, Gilev KV, Strokotov DI, Chernyshev AV, Karpenko AA, Maltsev VP. A light scatter based model relating erythrocyte vesiculation to lifetime in circulation. Cytometry A 2023; 103:712-722. [PMID: 37195007 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Methods for measuring erythrocyte age distribution are not available as a simple analytical tool. Most of them utilize the fluorescence or radioactive isotopes labeling to construct the age distribution and support physicians with aging indices of donor's erythrocytes. The age distribution of erythrocyte may be a useful snapshot of patient state over 120-days period of life. Previously, we introduced the enhanced assay of erythrocytes with measurement of 48 indices in four categories: concentration/content, morphology, aging and function (10.1002/cyto.a.24554). The aging category was formed by the indices based on the evaluation of the derived age of individual cells. The derived age does not exactly mean the real age of erythrocytes and its evaluation utilizes changes of cellular morphology during a lifespan. In this study, we are introducing the improved methodological approach that allows us to retrieve the derived age of individual erythrocytes, to construct the aging distribution, and to reform the aging category consisting of eight indices. The approach is based on the analysis of the erythrocyte vesiculation. The erythrocyte morphology is analyzed by scanning flow cytometry that measures the primary characteristics (diameter, thickness, and waist) of individual cells. The surface area (S) and sphericity index (SI) are calculated from the primary characteristics and the scattering diagram SI versus S is used in the evaluation of the derived age of each erythrocyte in a sample. We developed the algorithm to evaluate the derived age that provides eight indices in the aging category based on a model using light scatter features. The novel erythrocyte indices were measured for simulated cells and blood samples of 50 donors. We determined the first-ever reference intervals for these indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Yastrebova
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alla V Gisich
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav M Nekrasov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V Gilev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry I Strokotov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V Chernyshev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karpenko
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Valeri P Maltsev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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3
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Kontoghiorghes GJ. Iron Load Toxicity in Medicine: From Molecular and Cellular Aspects to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12928. [PMID: 37629109 PMCID: PMC10454416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all organisms and cells. Diseases of iron imbalance affect billions of patients, including those with iron overload and other forms of iron toxicity. Excess iron load is an adverse prognostic factor for all diseases and can cause serious organ damage and fatalities following chronic red blood cell transfusions in patients of many conditions, including hemoglobinopathies, myelodyspasia, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar toxicity of excess body iron load but at a slower rate of disease progression is found in idiopathic haemochromatosis patients. Excess iron deposition in different regions of the brain with suspected toxicity has been identified by MRI T2* and similar methods in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Based on its role as the major biological catalyst of free radical reactions and the Fenton reaction, iron has also been implicated in all diseases associated with free radical pathology and tissue damage. Furthermore, the recent discovery of ferroptosis, which is a cell death program based on free radical generation by iron and cell membrane lipid oxidation, sparked thousands of investigations and the association of iron with cardiac, kidney, liver, and many other diseases, including cancer and infections. The toxicity implications of iron in a labile, non-protein bound form and its complexes with dietary molecules such as vitamin C and drugs such as doxorubicin and other xenobiotic molecules in relation to carcinogenesis and other forms of toxicity are also discussed. In each case and form of iron toxicity, the mechanistic insights, diagnostic criteria, and molecular interactions are essential for the design of new and effective therapeutic interventions and of future targeted therapeutic strategies. In particular, this approach has been successful for the treatment of most iron loading conditions and especially for the transition of thalassemia from a fatal to a chronic disease due to new therapeutic protocols resulting in the complete elimination of iron overload and of iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3, Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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4
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Asaro RJ, Profumo E, Buttari B, Cabrales P. The Double-Edged Sword of Erythrocytes in Health and Disease via Their Adhesiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10382. [PMID: 37373527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Their widespread presence throughout the vasculature, coupled with their reactivity, and thereby to their potential to release reactive oxidative species, or to utilize their anti-oxidative capacities, has promoted much discussion of the role(s) of red blood cells (RBCs) in the progression of health or, alternatively, a wide range of disease states. Moreover, these role(s) have been linked to the development of adhesiveness and, in fact, thereby to the essential pathway to their eventual clearance, e.g., by macrophages in the spleen. These disparate roles coupled with the mechanisms involved are reviewed and given. Following an analysis, novel perspectives are provided; these perspectives can lead to novel assays for identifying the potential for RBC adhesiveness as suggested herein. We describe this paradigm, that involves RBC adhesiveness, hemolysis, and ghost formation, with examples including, inter alia, the progression of atherosclerosis and the suppression of tumor growth along with other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA
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5
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Garcia‐Herreros A, Yeh Y, Peng Z, del Álamo JC. Cyclic Mechanical Stresses Alter Erythrocyte Membrane Composition and Microstructure and Trigger Macrophage Phagocytosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201481. [PMID: 35508805 PMCID: PMC9284186 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are cleared from the circulation when they become damaged or display aging signals targeted by macrophages. This process occurs mainly in the spleen, where blood flows through submicrometric constrictions called inter-endothelial slits (IES), subjecting RBCs to large-amplitude deformations. In this work, RBCs are circulated through microfluidic devices containing microchannels that replicate the IES. The cyclic mechanical stresses experienced by the cells affect their biophysical properties and molecular composition, accelerating cell aging. Specifically, RBCs quickly transition to a more spherical, less deformable phenotype that hinders microchannel passage, causing hemolysis. This transition is associated with the release of membrane vesicles, which self-extinguishes as the spacing between membrane-cytoskeleton linkers becomes tighter. Proteomics analysis of the mechanically aged RBCs reveals significant losses of essential proteins involved in antioxidant protection, gas transport, and cell metabolism. Finally, it is shown that these changes make mechanically aged RBCs more susceptible to macrophage phagocytosis. These results provide a comprehensive model explaining how physical stress induces RBC clearance in the spleen. The data also suggest new biomarkers of early "hemodamage" and inflammation preceding hemolysis in RBCs subjected to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Garcia‐Herreros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yi‐Ting Yeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Institute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago1200 W Harrison StChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Juan C. del Álamo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Institute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Washington850 Republican StSeattleWA98109USA
- Center for Cardiovascular BiologyUniversity of Washington850 Republican StSeattleWA98109USA
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6
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Cao H, Mathur A, Robertson C, Antonopoulos A, Henderson S, Girard LP, Wong JH, Davie A, Wright S, Brewin J, Rees DC, Dell A, Haslam SM, Vickers MA. Measurement of erythrocyte membrane mannoses to assess splenic function. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:155-164. [PMID: 35411940 PMCID: PMC9321840 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) lose plasma membrane in the spleen as they age, but the cells and molecules involved are yet to be identified. Sickle cell disease and infection by Plasmodium falciparum cause oxidative stress that induces aggregates of cross‐linked proteins with N‐linked high‐mannose glycans (HMGs). These glycans can be recognised by mannose‐binding lectins, including the mannose receptor (CD206), expressed on macrophages and specialised phagocytic endothelial cells in the spleen to mediate the extravascular haemolysis characteristic of these diseases. We postulated this system might also mediate removal of molecules and membrane in healthy individuals. Surface expression of HMGs on RBCs from patients who had previously undergone splenectomy was therefore assessed: high levels were indeed observable as large membrane aggregates. Glycomic analysis by mass spectrometry identified a mixture of Man5‐9GlcNAc2 structures. HMG levels correlated well with manual pit counts (r = 0.75–0.85). To assess further whether HMGs might act as a splenic reticuloendothelial function test, we measured levels on RBCs from patients with potential functional hyposplenism, some of whom exhibited high levels that may indicate risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cao
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Abhinav Mathur
- Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Sadie Henderson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Jin Hien Wong
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adam Davie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sonja Wright
- Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Brewin
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - David C Rees
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Vickers
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK.,Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK
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7
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Nguyen DB, Tran HT, Kaestner L, Bernhardt I. The Relation Between Extracellular Vesicles Released From Red Blood Cells, Their Cargo, and the Clearance by Macrophages. Front Physiol 2022; 13:783260. [PMID: 35432007 PMCID: PMC9008836 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.783260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane particles that include exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, apoptotic bodies, and other EV subsets. EVs are involved in intercellular communication and the transport of macromolecules between cells. Here, we propose and test the ability of red blood cell (RBC)-derived EVs (RBC-EVs) as putative drug carriers. EVs were produced by treating RBCs with Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and separating from the cells by differential centrifugation steps. RBC-EVs were characterized by size determination, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EVs were loaded with DNA plasmids coding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) by electroporation. The DNA-loaded EVs (DNA-EVs) were used to transfect THP-1-derived macrophages and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The results showed that RBC-EVs had an almost spherical shape and a polydispersity in their size with an average of 197 ± 44 nm and with a zeta potential of −36 ± 8 mV. RBC-EVs were successfully loaded with DNA but associated with an increase of the polydispersity index (PdI) and showed a positive signal with Picogreen. DNA-EVs were almost completely taken up by macrophages within 24 h, however, resulting in the expression of the GFP in a subpopulation of macrophages. As the way, we designed that RBC-EVs could be potential nucleic acid carriers when the immune system was addressed. This study may contribute to the understanding of the role of EVs in the development of microvesicle-based vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Bach Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Duc Bach Nguyen,
| | - Hanh Triet Tran
- Division of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Dynamics of Fluids, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ingolf Bernhardt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Ingolf Bernhardt,
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8
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Zhu Q, Bi X. Dynamics of erythrocytes in oscillatory shear flows: effects of S/V ratio. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:964-974. [PMID: 35029271 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01430g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By combining a multiscale structural model of erythrocyte with a fluid-cell interaction model based on the boundary-integral method, we numerically investigate the dynamic response of erythrocytes in oscillatory shear flows (OSFs). The goal is to develop a novel experimental method to test the structural robustness of erythrocytes in transient mechanical loads with small time scales, conditions closely imitating the mechanical environment in vivo. Following the discovery of multiple response modes (wheeling, mode 1 tank treading, and mode 2 tank treading) under these conditions (Zhu & Asaro, 2019), we concentrate on deformation and stress inside RBCs driven by OSF, especially shear deformation of the membrane and the skeleton-bilayer dissociation stress, parameters that are related to mechanically induced structural remodeling such as vesiculation. Effects related to changes in surface area-to-volume (S/V) ratio are considered. Our results show that with the variation of the S/V ratio there could be significant change in terms of the occurrence of response modes even if other parameters are kept unchanged. For example, by reducing the S/V ratio of the cell, an asymmetric mode featuring a mixture of the wheeling and mode 2 tank treading responses is discovered. This mode is found to be associated with large skeleton-bilayer dissociation stress so that its potential impact on OSF-driven vesiculation should not be overlooked. By systematically examining the dependencies of skeleton deformation and skeleton-bilayer dissociation stress upon S/V, this study is critical for the development of the OSF technique in applications such as diagnosis since cell conditions are often reflected in its geometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Dept. Struc. Engr., UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Bi
- Dept. Struc. Engr., UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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Bebesi T, Kitka D, Gaál A, Szigyártó IC, Deák R, Beke-Somfai T, Koprivanacz K, Juhász T, Bóta A, Varga Z, Mihály J. Storage conditions determine the characteristics of red blood cell derived extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:977. [PMID: 35046483 PMCID: PMC8770621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released during the storage of red blood cell (RBC) concentrates and might play adverse or beneficial roles throughout the utilization of blood products (transfusion). Knowledge of EV release associated factors and mechanism amends blood product management. In the present work the impact of storage time and medium (blood preserving additive vs isotonic phosphate buffer) on the composition, size, and concentration of EVs was studied using attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) and freeze-fraction combined transmission electron micrography (FF-TEM). The spectroscopic protein-to-lipid ratio based on amide and the C-H stretching band intensity ratio indicated the formation of various vesicle subpopulations depending on storage conditions. After short storage, nanoparticles with high relative protein content were detected. Spectral analysis also suggested differences in lipid and protein composition, too. The fingerprint region (from 1300 to 1000 cm-1) of the IR spectra furnishes additional information about the biomolecular composition of RBC-derived EVs (REVs) such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactose, glucose, and oxidized hemoglobin. The difference between the vesicle subpopulations reveals the complexity of the REV formation mechanism. IR spectroscopy, as a quick, cost-effective, and label-free technique provides valuable novel biochemical insight and might be used complementary to traditional omics approaches on EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Bebesi
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Kitka
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Gaál
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Csilla Szigyártó
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Deák
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kitti Koprivanacz
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judith Mihály
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Chiangjong W, Netsirisawan P, Hongeng S, Chutipongtanate S. Red Blood Cell Extracellular Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:761362. [PMID: 35004730 PMCID: PMC8739511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.761362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) have attracted attention for clinical applications because of their safety and biocompatibility. RBCEVs can escape macrophages through the binding of CD47 to inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein α. Furthermore, genetic materials such as siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, or single-stranded RNA can be encapsulated within RBCEVs and then released into target cells for precise treatment. However, their side effects, half-lives, target cell specificity, and limited large-scale production under good manufacturing practice remain challenging. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis and composition of RBCEVs, discussed the advantages and disadvantages of RBCEVs for drug delivery compared with synthetic nanovesicles and non-red blood cell-derived EVs, and provided perspectives for overcoming current limitations to the use of RBCEVs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pukkavadee Netsirisawan
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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The RBC's road to ghost and removal: splenic clearance. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4422-4425. [PMID: 34570212 PMCID: PMC8579252 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Li H, Liu ZL, Lu L, Buffet P, Karniadakis GE. How the spleen reshapes and retains young and old red blood cells: A computational investigation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009516. [PMID: 34723962 PMCID: PMC8584971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen, the largest secondary lymphoid organ in humans, not only fulfils a broad range of immune functions, but also plays an important role in red blood cell’s (RBC) life cycle. Although much progress has been made to elucidate the critical biological processes involved in the maturation of young RBCs (reticulocytes) as well as removal of senescent RBCs in the spleen, the underlying mechanisms driving these processes are still obscure. Herein, we perform a computational study to simulate the passage of RBCs through interendothelial slits (IES) in the spleen at different stages of their lifespan and investigate the role of the spleen in facilitating the maturation of reticulocytes and in clearing the senescent RBCs. Our simulations reveal that at the beginning of the RBC life cycle, intracellular non-deformable particles in reticulocytes can be biomechanically expelled from the cell upon passage through IES, an insightful explanation of why this peculiar “pitting” process is spleen-specific. Our results also show that immature RBCs shed surface area by releasing vesicles after crossing IES and progressively acquire the biconcave shape of mature RBCs. These findings likely explain why RBCs from splenectomized patients are significantly larger than those from nonsplenectomized subjects. Finally, we show that at the end of their life span, senescent RBCs are not only retained by IES due to reduced deformability but also become susceptible to mechanical lysis under shear stress. This finding supports the recent hypothesis that transformation into a hemolyzed ghost is a prerequisite for phagocytosis of senescent RBCs. Altogether, our computational investigation illustrates critical biological processes in the spleen that cannot be observed in vivo or in vitro and offer insights into the role of the spleen in the RBC physiology. The spleen, the largest secondary lymphoid organ in humans, not only fulfils a broad range of immune functions, but also plays an important role in red blood cell (RBC) life cycle. In this study, we perform a computational study to simulate the passage of RBCs through interendothelial slits (IES) in the spleen at different stages of their lifespan, a critical biological process that cannot be observed in humans. Our simulation results illustrate a specific role of spleen in shaping young RBCs, which points to a probable missing step in current in vitro RBC culture protocols that fail to generate a majority of typical biconcave RBCs. Our results also reveal that intra-splenic mechanical constraints likely contribute to the final clearance and elimination of aged RBCs. Altogether, we demonstrate that our computational model can provide mechanistic rationales for experimental studies, offer insights into the role of the spleen in the RBC physiology and help the optimization of in vitro RBC culture techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Zixiang Leonardo Liu
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Université de Paris, Inserm, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dao M, MacDonald I, Asaro RJ. Erythrocyte flow through the interendothelial slits of the splenic venous sinus. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2227-2245. [PMID: 34535857 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The flow patterns of red blood cells through the spleen are intimately linked to clearance of senescent RBCs, with clearance principally occurring within the open flow through the red pulp and slits of the venous sinus system that exists in humans, rats, and dogs. Passage through interendothelial slits (IESs) of the sinus has been shown by MacDonald et al. (Microvasc Res 33:118-134, 1987) to be mediated by the caliber, i.e., slit opening width, of these slits. IES caliber within a given slit of a given sinus section has been shown to operate in an asynchronous manner. Here, we describe a model and simulation results that demonstrate how the supporting forces exerted on the sinus by the reticular meshwork of the red pulp, combined with asymmetrical contractility of stress fibers within the endothelial cells comprising the sinus, describe this vital and intriguing behavior. These results shed light on the function of the sinus slits in species such as humans, rats, and dogs that possess sinusoidal sinuses. Instead of assuming a passive mechanical filtering mechanism of the IESs, our proposed model provides a mechanically consistent explanation for the dynamically modulated IES opening/filtering mechanism observed in vivo. The overall perspective provided is also consistent with the view that IES passage serves as a self-protective mechanism in RBC vesiculation and inclusion removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ian MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - R J Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Asaro RJ, Cabrales P. Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060971. [PMID: 34072241 PMCID: PMC8228733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-6888; Fax: +1-858-534-6373
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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15
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q, MacDonald IC. Tethering, evagination, and vesiculation via cell-cell interactions in microvascular flow. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:31-53. [PMID: 32656697 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vesiculation is a ubiquitous process undergone by most cell types and serves a variety of vital cell functions; vesiculation from erythrocytes, in particular, is a well-known example and constitutes a self-protection mechanism against premature clearance, inter alia. Herein, we explore a paradigm that red blood cell derived vesicles may form within the microvascular, in intense shear flow, where cells become adhered to either other cells or the extracellular matrix, by forming tethers or an evagination. Adherence may be enhanced, or caused, by diseased states or chemical anomalies as are discussed herein. The mechanisms for such processes are detailed via numerical simulations that are patterned directly from video-recorded cell microflow within the splenic venous sinus (MacDonald et al. 1987), as included, e.g., as Supplementary Material. The mechanisms uncovered highlight the necessity of accounting for remodeling of the erythrocyte's membrane skeleton and, specifically, for the time scales associated with that process that is an integral part of cell deformation. In this way, the analysis provides pointed, and vital, insights into the notion of what the, often used phrase, cell deformability actually entails in a more holistic manner. The analysis also details what data are required to make further quantitative descriptions possible and suggests experimental pathways for acquiring such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian C MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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16
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Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kontoghiorghe CN. Iron and Chelation in Biochemistry and Medicine: New Approaches to Controlling Iron Metabolism and Treating Related Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1456. [PMID: 32545424 PMCID: PMC7349684 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all living organisms. Many iron-containing proteins and metabolic pathways play a key role in almost all cellular and physiological functions. The diversity of the activity and function of iron and its associated pathologies is based on bond formation with adjacent ligands and the overall structure of the iron complex in proteins or with other biomolecules. The control of the metabolic pathways of iron absorption, utilization, recycling and excretion by iron-containing proteins ensures normal biologic and physiological activity. Abnormalities in iron-containing proteins, iron metabolic pathways and also other associated processes can lead to an array of diseases. These include iron deficiency, which affects more than a quarter of the world's population; hemoglobinopathies, which are the most common of the genetic disorders and idiopathic hemochromatosis. Iron is the most common catalyst of free radical production and oxidative stress which are implicated in tissue damage in most pathologic conditions, cancer initiation and progression, neurodegeneration and many other diseases. The interaction of iron and iron-containing proteins with dietary and xenobiotic molecules, including drugs, may affect iron metabolic and disease processes. Deferiprone, deferoxamine, deferasirox and other chelating drugs can offer therapeutic solutions for most diseases associated with iron metabolism including iron overload and deficiency, neurodegeneration and cancer, the detoxification of xenobiotic metals and most diseases associated with free radical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus;
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Minetti G, Bernecker C, Dorn I, Achilli C, Bernuzzi S, Perotti C, Ciana A. Membrane Rearrangements in the Maturation of Circulating Human Reticulocytes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:215. [PMID: 32256383 PMCID: PMC7092714 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) begin their circulatory life as reticulocytes (Retics) after their egress from the bone marrow where, as R1 Retics, they undergo significant rearrangements in their membrane and intracellular components, via autophagic, proteolytic, and vesicle-based mechanisms. Circulating, R2 Retics must complete this maturational process, which involves additional loss of significant amounts of membrane and selected membrane proteins. Little is known about the mechanism(s) at the basis of this terminal differentiation in the circulation, which culminates with the production of a stable biconcave discocyte. The membrane of R1 Retics undergoes a selective remodeling through the release of exosomes that are enriched in transferrin receptor and membrane raft proteins and lipids, but are devoid of Band 3, glycophorin A, and membrane skeletal proteins. We wondered whether a similar selective remodeling occurred also in the maturation of R2 Retics. Peripheral blood R2 Retics, isolated by an immunomagnetic method, were compared with mature circulating RBCs from the same donor and their membrane protein and lipid content was analyzed. Results show that both Band 3 and spectrin decrease from R2 Retics to RBCs on a "per cell" basis. Looking at membrane proteins that are considered as markers of membrane rafts, flotillin-2 appears to decrease in a disproportionate manner with respect to Band 3. Stomatin also decreases but in a more proportionate manner with respect to Band 3, hinting at a heterogeneous nature of membrane rafts. High resolution lipidomics analysis, on the contrary, revealed that those lipids that are typically representative of the membrane raft phase, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, are enriched in mature RBCs with respct to Retics, relative to total cell lipids, strongly arguing in favor of the selective retention of at least certain subclasses of membrane rafts in RBCs as they mature from Retics. Our hypothesis that rafts serve as additional anchoring sites for the lipid bilayer to the underlying membrane-skeleton is corroborated by the present results. It is becoming ever more clear that a proper lipid composition of the reticulocyte is necessary for the production of a normal mature RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Minetti
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Bernecker
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Dorn
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cesare Achilli
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bernuzzi
- Servizio Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesare Perotti
- Servizio Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annarita Ciana
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q. Vital erythrocyte phenomena: what can theory, modeling, and simulation offer? Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1361-1388. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Jani VP, Lucas A, Jani VP, Munoz C, Williams AT, Ortiz D, Yalcin O, Cabrales P. Numerical Model for the Determination of Erythrocyte Mechanical Properties and Wall Shear Stress in vivo From Intravital Microscopy. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1562. [PMID: 32038273 PMCID: PMC6989587 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and deformability of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are important determinants of blood rheology and microvascular hemodynamics. The objective of this study is to quantify the mechanical properties and wall shear stress experienced by the RBC membrane during capillary plug flow in vivo utilizing high speed video recording from intravital microscopy, biomechanical modeling, and computational methods. Capillaries were imaged in the rat cremaster muscle pre- and post-RBC transfusion of stored RBCs for 2-weeks. RBC membrane contours were extracted utilizing image processing and parametrized. RBC parameterizations were used to determine updated deformation gradient and Lagrangian Green strain tensors for each point along the parametrization and for each frame during plug flow. The updated Lagrangian Green strain and Displacement Gradient tensors were numerically fit to the Navier-Lame equations along the parameterized boundary to determined Lame's constants. Mechanical properties and wall shear stress were determined before and transfusion, were grouped in three populations of erythrocytes: native cells (NC) or circulating cells before transfusion, and two distinct population of cells after transfusion with stored cells (SC1 and SC2). The distinction, between the heterogeneous populations of cells present after the transfusion, SC1 and SC2, was obtained through principle component analysis (PCA) of the mechanical properties along the membrane. Cells with the first two principle components within 3 standard deviations of the mean, were labeled as SC1, and those with the first two principle components greater than 3 standard deviations from the mean were labeled as SC2. The calculated shear modulus average was 1.1±0.2, 0.90±0.15, and 12 ± 8 MPa for NC, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The calculated young's modulus average was 3.3±0.6, 2.6±0.4, and 32±20 MPa for NC, SC1, and SC2, respectively. o our knowledge, the methods presented here are the first estimation of the erythrocyte mechanical properties and shear stress in vivo during capillary plug flow. In summary, the methods introduced in this study may provide a new avenue of investigation of erythrocyte mechanics in the context of hematologic conditions that adversely affect erythrocyte mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Jani
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Lucas
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vinay P Jani
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Carlos Munoz
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander T Williams
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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