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Doering TM, Elsworthy N, Callaghan DE, Jones B, Teramoto M, Scanlan AT. A comparison of activity demands between trial matches and in-season matches across multiple teams and seasons in semi-professional, male rugby league players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1239-1247. [PMID: 37867734 PMCID: PMC10588578 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.125586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trial matches are frequently used for team preparation in rugby league competitions, making it essential to understand the demands experienced to assess their specificity to actual competition. Consequently, this study aimed to compare the activity demands between pre-season trial matches and early in-season rugby league matches. Following a repeated-measures observational design, 39 semi-professional, male rugby league players from two clubs were monitored using microsensors during two trial matches and the first two in-season matches across two consecutive seasons. Total distance, average speed, peak speed, absolute and relative high-speed running (HSR; > 18 km · h-1) and low-speed running (LSR; < 18 km · h-1) distance, as well as absolute and relative impacts, accelerations (total and high-intensity > 3 m · s-2), and decelerations (total and high-intensity < -3 m · s-2) were measured. Linear mixed models and Cohen's d effect sizes were used to compare variables between match types. Playing duration was greater for in-season matches (p < 0.001, d = 0.64). Likewise, higher (p < 0.001, d = 0.45-0.70) activity volumes were evident during in-season matches indicated via total distance, HSR distance, LSR distance, total accelerations, high-intensity accelerations, total decelerations, and high-intensity decelerations. Regarding activity intensities, a higher average speed (p = 0.008, d = 0.31) and relative LSR distance (p = 0.005, d = 0.31) only were encountered during in-season matches. Despite players completing less volume, the average activity intensities and impact demands were mostly similar between trial and early in-season matches. These findings indicate trial matches might impose suitable activity stimuli to assist players in preparing for early in-season activity intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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2
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Fahey JT, Aldred K, Greig M, Rhodes D. Peak Running Speeds in Professional Male Football: Influence of Division and Playing Position. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:636-640. [PMID: 36820705 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fahey, JT, Aldred, K, Greig, M, and Rhodes, D. Peak running speeds in professional male football: Influence of division and playing position. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 636-640, 2023-Well-established physical demands of competitive professional football facilitate prescription and monitoring of training. However, many factors influence these physical demands with implications for efficacious practice. Match-play data were analyzed over 2 seasons using global positioning systems technology, differentiating English Championship (33 matches) and League One (27 matches) demands. Playing position categorized wide and central defenders and midfielders and forwards. Peak running speeds defined the outcome measure, assessing the influence of the competition level and playing position across 1, 5, and 10-minute rolling average durations using a linear mixed model. Significant effects were detected for the competition level (F1,324.5 = 5.44, p = 0.02) and playing position (F4,328.3 = 89.90, p < 0.001). League One matches demonstrated greater peak running speeds than Championship matches (mean difference = 2.72 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 0.4, 5.0]). No difference was observed between central and wide midfielders (mean difference = 0.62 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: -3.1, 4.3]). Wide midfielders presented faster peak running speeds than forwards (mean difference = 18 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals:14.1, 22.1], p < 0.05), central defenders (mean difference = 25 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 21.7, 29.8], p < 0.05), and wide defenders (mean difference = 12 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 8.2, 16.5], p < 0.05). Interaction effects were found for division*position (F4,328.3 = 2.57, p = 0.038) demonstrating greater running speeds in League One, except for central defenders. Wide midfielders presented greater peak 1-minute running speeds, whereas 5 and 10-minute peak running speeds were greatest in central midfielders. The sensitivity of peak running speeds to competition level and playing position has implications for training prescription, monitoring particularly when transitioning between competition levels, determining and monitoring positional training intensities, and objective targets for progressive overload during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Fahey
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Aldred
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Sport Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom ; and
| | - David Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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3
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Weaving D, Young D, Riboli A, Jones B, Coratella G. The Maximal Intensity Period: Rationalising its Use in Team Sports Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:128. [PMID: 36224479 PMCID: PMC9556679 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the highest intensity of competition (the maximal intensity period [MIP]) for varying durations in team sports has been used to identify training targets to inform the preparation of players. However, its usefulness has recently been questioned since it may still underestimate the training intensity required to produce specific physiological adaptations. Within this conceptual review, we aimed to: (i) describe the methods used to determine the MIP; (ii) compare the data obtained using MIP or whole-match analysis, considering the influence of different contextual factors; (iii) rationalise the use of the MIP in team sports practice and (iv) provide limitations and future directions in the area. Different methods are used to determine the MIP, with MIP values far greater than those derived from averaging across the whole match, although they could be affected by contextual factors that should be considered in practice. Additionally, while the MIP might be utilised during sport-specific drills, it is inappropriate to inform the intensity of interval-based, repeated sprint and linear speed training modes. Lastly, MIP does not consider any variable of internal load, a major limitation when informing training practice. In conclusion, practitioners should be aware of the potential use or misuse of the MIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Weaving
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Damien Young
- Technology University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest. Thurles Campus, Thurles, Tipperary, E41 PC92 Ireland
| | - Andrea Riboli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
| | - Ben Jones
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK ,grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia ,grid.419471.eDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
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Johnston RD, Thornton HR, Wade JA, Devlin P, Duthie GM. The Distribution of Match Activities Relative to the Maximal Mean Intensities in Professional Rugby League and Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1360-1366. [PMID: 32412969 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Johnston, RD, Thornton, HR, Wade, JA, Devlin, P, and Duthie, GM. The distribution of match activities relative to the maximal mean intensities in professional rugby league and Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1360-1366, 2022-This study determined the distribution of distance, impulse, and accelerometer load accumulated at intensities relative to the maximal mean 1-minute peak intensity within professional rugby league and Australian football. Within 26 rugby league (n = 24 athletes) and 18 Australian football (n = 38 athletes) games, athletes wore global navigation satellite system devices (n = 608 match files). One-minute maximal mean values were calculated for each athlete per game for speed (m·minP-1P), accelerometer load (AU·minP-1P), and acceleration (m·sP-2P). Volumes for each parameter were calculated by multiplying by time, specifying total distance, accelerometer load, and impulse. The distribution of intensity of which these variables were performed relative to the maximal mean was calculated, with percentages ranging from 0-110%, separated into 10% thresholds. Linear mixed models determined whether the distribution of activities within each threshold varied, and positional differences. Effects were described using standardized effect sizes (ESs), and magnitude-based decisions. Across both sports, the distribution of activity (%) largely reduced the closer to the maximal mean 1-minute peak and was highest at ∼60% of the maximal mean peak. When compared with Australian football, a higher percentage of total distance was accumulated at higher intensities (70-80% and 100-110%) for rugby league (ES range = 0.82-0.87), with similar, yet larger differences for accelerometer load >80% (0.78-1.07) and impulse >60% (1.00-2.26). These findings provide information of the volume of activities performed relative to the mean maximal 1-minute peak period, which may assist in the prescription of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- Football Department, Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Wade
- Football Department, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Devlin
- Football Department, Brisbane Broncos, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Redman KJ, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. Seasonal Changes in Strength and Power in Elite Rugby League: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:721-731. [PMID: 35321143 PMCID: PMC8488825 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a rugby league player to express high levels of strength and power is crucial for success in competition. Although researchers have shown relationships between physical attributes and performance, there is a lack of information related to changes in strength and power across various phases of the season. The purpose of this review was to identify the magnitude of change in muscular strength and power during different phases of an elite rugby league season. Percentage change and effect size were calculated to evaluate the magnitude of changes in strength and power. Meta-analyses were conducted to provide pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Twelve studies were included; six reported changes following pre-season training, two during the competition phase and four examined changes over multiple seasons. Pooled estimates indicated large increases in upper and lower body strength 0.81 [0.43-1.19] and 1.35 [0.79-1.91], respectively, following pre-season training. Studies incorporating predominantly heavier loads (p 80% 1 RM) in training reported greater increases in maximal strength than studies completing lighter loads. Four studies used a wave-like programming strategy to obtain large improvements in strength and power 0.91 [0.36-1.45] and 0.90 [0.22-1.57], over multiple seasons. The results of this review highlight the limited current evidence and provides a preliminary reference point for strength and conditioning coaches aiming to develop and maintain strength and power across various stages, and over multiple seasons. Importantly, the results also indicate that higher loads result in greater increases in strength than lower loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma M Beckman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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7
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The inter-device reliability of global navigation satellite systems during team sport movement across multiple days. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:340-344. [PMID: 34893434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Determine the inter-device and inter-manufacturer reliability; and (2) investigate the variation in reliability over time for common global navigation satellite systems. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS A total of twenty 10-Hz devices manufactured by StatSports (n = 10, Apex Pro; StatSports, Newry, Ireland) and Catapult Sports (n = 10, Vector S7; Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) were towed on a sprint sled during 8 × 40-minute team sport movement protocol over a 4-week period. The coefficient of variations for distance, velocity and acceleration/deceleration metrics were calculated to show dispersion of the data relative to the mean or median for each manufacturer and interpreted as good, ≤5%; moderate, <10%; and poor, coefficient of variation ≥10%. The coefficient of variation range described the variation in reliability and was interpreted as small, ≤5%; moderate, <10% and large, ≥10%. Inter-manufacturer agreement was represented as a Cohen d (±95% confidence interval) standardised effect size. RESULTS Inter-device reliability for distance, peak velocity and average acceleration was good (coefficient of variation = 0.1 to 3.9%) for both manufacturers, with small variation across sessions. For most threshold-based acceleration and deceleration counts, StatSports devices showed good to moderate reliability, with moderate variation across sessions; Catapult showed good to poor reliability, with large variation across sessions. Inter-manufacturer agreement demonstrated moderate to very large effect sizes reported for most metrics. CONCLUSIONS Reliability was suitable and consistent for measures of distance, velocity, and average acceleration. StatSports devices generally possessed suitable reliability and consistency for threshold-based accelerations and decelerations, though Catapult devices did not. Most metrics should not be compared between manufacturers.
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8
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Duthie GM, Robertson S, Thornton HR. A GNSS-based method to define athlete manoeuvrability in field-based team sports. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260363. [PMID: 34797902 PMCID: PMC8604331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presented a method of quantifying the manoeuvrability of two field-based team sport athletes and investigated its relationship with running velocity during competition. Across a season, 10 Hz Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) devices were worn during matches by 62 athletes (Australian Football League [AFL]; n = 36, 17 matches, National Rugby League [NRL]; n = 26, 21 matches). To quantify manoeuvrability, tortuosity was calculated from the X and Y coordinates from match GNSS files (converted from latitude and longitude). Tortuosity was calculated as 100 x natural logarithm of the chord distance (distance travelled between X and Y coordinates), divided by the straight-line distance. The maximal tortuosity was then quantified for each 0.5 m∙s-1 speed increment, ranging from 0 to the highest value for each game file. A quadratic model was fitted for each match file, controlling for the curvilinear relationship between tortuosity and velocity. A comparison of the quadratic coefficients between sports, and within sport between positions was investigated using linear mixed models. Resulting standard deviations (SDs) and mean differences were then assessed to establish standardized effect sizes (ES) and 90% confidence intervals (CI). A curvilinear relationship exists between maximal tortuosity and running speed, reflecting that as speed increases, athletes' ability to deviate from a linear path is compromised (i.e., run in a more linear path). Compared to AFL, NRL had a greater negative quadratic coefficient (a) (ES = 0.70; 0.47 to 0.93) for the 5 second analysis, meaning that as speed increased, NRL athletes' manoeuvrability reduced at a faster rate than when compared to AFL. There were no positional differences within each sport. GNSS derived information can be used to provide a measure of manoeuvrability tortuosity during NRL and AFL matches. The curvilinear relationship between tortuosity and speed demonstrated that as speed increased, manoeuvrability was compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Malcolm Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi Rose Thornton
- Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, Queensland, Australia
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Delves RIM, Aughey RJ, Ball K, Duthie GM. The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34191142 PMCID: PMC8245618 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research. METHODS A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies. RESULTS A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively. CONCLUSIONS Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Thornton HR, Armstrong CR, Rigby A, Minahan CL, Johnston RD, Duthie GM. Preparing for an Australian Football League Women's League Season. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:608939. [PMID: 33426520 PMCID: PMC7785869 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.608939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims were to investigate the externally measured weekly loads, and the distribution intensity relative to the 1-min maximal mean (MM) intensity of matches. Athletes (n = 28) wore 10 Hz GNSS devices during training and matches. For the descriptive analysis, a range of movement variables were collected, including total distance, high-speed distance, very high-speed distance, acceleration, and acceleration load. Using raw GNSS files, 1-min moving averages were calculated for speed (m·min-1) and acceleration (m·s-2), and were multiplied by time, specifying total distance (m), and by body mass to quantify impulse (kN·s-1). The distribution of distance and impulse accumulated at varied intensities relative to MMs was calculated, with percentages ranging from zero to 110%. Drills were categorized as either; warm-ups, skill drills, games (i.e., small-sided games), conditioning and matches. Linear mixed models determined if the distribution of intensity within each threshold (>50%) varied between drill types and matches, and if the distribution within drill types varied across the season. Effects were described using standardized effect sizes (ES) and 90% confidence limits (CL). Compared to matches, a higher proportion of distance was accumulated at 50% of the MM within warm-ups and conditioning (ES range 0.86-1.14). During matches a higher proportion of distance was accumulated at 60% of MM when compared to warms ups, skill drills and conditioning (0.73-1.87). Similarly, greater proportion of distance was accumulated between 70 and 100% MM in matches compared to skill drills and warm-ups (1.05-3.93). For impulse, matches had a higher proportion between 60 and 80% of the MM compared to conditioning drills (0.91-3.23). There were no other substantial differences in the proportion of impulse between matches and drill types. When comparing phases, during competition there was a higher proportion of distance accumulated at 50% MM than general preparation (1.08). A higher proportion of distance was covered at higher intensities within matches compared to drills. The proportion of impulse was higher between 60 and 80% MM within matches compared to conditioning. Practitioners can therefore ensure athletes are not only exposed to the intensities common within competition, but also the volume accumulated is comparable, which may have positive performance outcomes, but is also extremely important in the return to play process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Rigby
- Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant Malcolm Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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11
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Whitehead S, Till K, Jones B, Beggs C, Dalton-Barron N, Weaving D. The use of technical-tactical and physical performance indicators to classify between levels of match-play in elite rugby league. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020; 5:121-127. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1814492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Clive Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
- Catapult, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
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12
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236643. [PMID: 32841239 PMCID: PMC7447012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoadTM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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