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Zhu H, Ludington WB, Spradling AC. Cellular and molecular organization of the Drosophila foregut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318760121. [PMID: 38442150 PMCID: PMC10945768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318760121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better understand how it triages consumed items for digestion or immune response and manages resources. Cell types were assigned and validated using GFP-tagged and Gal4 reporter lines. Foregut-associated neuroendocrine cells play a major integrative role by coordinating gut activity with nutrition, the microbiome, and circadian cycles; some express clock genes. Multiple epithelial cell types comprise the proventriculus, the central foregut organ that secretes the peritrophic matrix (PM) lining the gut. Analyzing cell types synthesizing individual PM layers revealed abundant mucin production close to enterocytes, similar to the mammalian intestinal mucosa. The esophagus and salivary gland express secreted proteins likely to line the esophageal surface, some of which may generate a foregut commensal niche housing specific gut microbiome species. Overall, our results imply that the foregut coordinates dietary sensing, hormonal regulation, and immunity in a manner that has been conserved during animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Zhu
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - William B. Ludington
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Allan C. Spradling
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD21218
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2
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P. Ion transport peptide regulates energy intake, expenditure, and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac150. [PMID: 36190340 PMCID: PMC9713441 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, energy homeostasis is regulated by the antagonistic action of hormones insulin and glucagon. However, in contrast to the highly conserved insulin, glucagon is absent in most invertebrates. Although there are several endocrine regulators of energy expenditure and catabolism (such as the adipokinetic hormone), no single invertebrate hormone with all of the functions of glucagon has been described so far. Here, we used genetic gain- and loss-of-function experiments to show that the Drosophila gene Ion transport peptide (ITP) codes for a novel catabolic regulator that increases energy expenditure, lowers fat and glycogen reserves, and increases glucose and trehalose. Intriguingly, Ion transport peptide has additional functions reminiscent of glucagon, such as inhibition of feeding and transit of the meal throughout the digestive tract. Furthermore, Ion transport peptide interacts with the well-known signaling via the Adipokinetic hormone; Ion transport peptide promotes the pathway by stimulating Adipokinetic hormone secretion and transcription of the receptor AkhR. The genetic manipulations of Ion transport peptide on standard and Adipokinetic hormone-deficient backgrounds showed that the Adipokinetic hormone peptide mediates the hyperglycemic and hypertrehalosemic effects of Ion transport peptide, while the other metabolic functions of Ion transport peptide seem to be Adipokinetic hormone independent. In addition, Ion transport peptide is necessary for critical processes such as development, starvation-induced foraging, reproduction, and average lifespan. Altogether, our work describes a novel master regulator of fly physiology with functions closely resembling mammalian glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Sex-specific regulation of development, growth and metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:117-127. [PMID: 35469676 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult females and males of most species differ in many aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior, in response to sex-specific selective pressures that maximize fitness. While we have an increasingly good understanding of the genetic mechanisms that initiate these differences, the sex-specific developmental trajectories that generate them are much less well understood. Here we review recent advances in the sex-specific regulation of development focusing on two models where this development is increasingly well understood: Sexual dimorphism of body size in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and sexual dimorphism of horns in the horned beetle Onthophagus taurus. Because growth and development are also supported by metabolism, the regulation of sex-specific metabolism during and after development is an important aspect of the generation of female and male phenotypes. Hitherto, the study of sex-specific development has largely been independent of the study of sex-specific metabolism. Nevertheless, as we discuss in this review, recent research has begun to reveal considerable overlap in the cellular and physiological mechanisms that regulate sex-specific development and metabolism.
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4
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Niwa YS, Niwa R. Endocrinology: Non-insulin-producing cells secrete insulin under nutrient shortage. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R380-R382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Ghosh S, Leng W, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Barrera-Velázquez M, Léopold P, Eaton S. A local insulin reservoir in Drosophila alpha cell homologs ensures developmental progression under nutrient shortage. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1788-1797.e5. [PMID: 35316653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) controls many aspects of development and physiology. In Drosophila, a conserved family of insulin-like peptides called Dilps is produced by brain neurosecretory cells, and it regulates organismal growth and developmental timing. To accomplish these systemic functions, the Dilps are secreted into the general circulation, and they signal to peripheral tissues in an endocrine fashion. Here, we describe the local uptake and storage of Dilps in the corpora cardiaca (CC), an endocrine organ composed of alpha cell homologs known to produce the glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH). We show that Dilp uptake by the CC relies on the expression of an IGF-binding protein called ImpL2. Following their uptake, immunogold staining demonstrates that Dilps are co-packaged with AKH in dense-core vesicles for secretion. In response to nutrient shortage, this specific Dilp reservoir is released and activates IIS in a paracrine manner in the prothoracic gland. This stimulates the production of the steroid hormone ecdysone and initiates entry into pupal development. We therefore uncover a sparing mechanism whereby insulin stores in CC serve to locally activate IIS and the production of ecdysone in the PG, accelerating developmental progression in adverse food conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Ghosh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Weihua Leng
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Barrera-Velázquez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Undergraduate Program on Genomic Sciences, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Hutfilz C. Endocrine Regulation of Lifespan in Insect Diapause. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825057. [PMID: 35242054 PMCID: PMC8886022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a physiological adaptation to conditions that are unfavorable for growth or reproduction. During diapause, animals become long-lived, stress-resistant, developmentally static, and non-reproductive, in the case of diapausing adults. Diapause has been observed at all developmental stages in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In adults, diapause traits weaken into adaptations such as hibernation, estivation, dormancy, or torpor, which represent evolutionarily diverse versions of the traditional diapause traits. These traits are regulated through modifications of the endocrine program guiding development. In insects, this typically includes changes in molting hormones, as well as metabolic signals that limit growth while skewing the organism's energetic demands toward conservation. While much work has been done to characterize these modifications, the interactions between hormones and their downstream consequences are incompletely understood. The current state of diapause endocrinology is reviewed here to highlight the relevance of diapause beyond its use as a model to study seasonality and development. Specifically, insect diapause is an emerging model to study mechanisms that determine lifespan. The induction of diapause represents a dramatic change in the normal progression of age. Hormones such as juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and prothoracicotropic hormone are well-known to modulate this plasticity. The induction of diapause-and by extension, the cessation of normal aging-is coordinated by interactions between these pathways. However, research directly connecting diapause endocrinology to the biology of aging is lacking. This review explores connections between diapause and aging through the perspective of endocrine signaling. The current state of research in both fields suggests appreciable overlap that will greatly contribute to our understanding of diapause and lifespan determination.
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Parra-Peralbo E, Talamillo A, Barrio R. Origin and Development of the Adipose Tissue, a Key Organ in Physiology and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786129. [PMID: 34993199 PMCID: PMC8724577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ, well known for its function in energy storage and mobilization according to nutrient availability and body needs, in charge of keeping the energetic balance of the organism. During the last decades, adipose tissue has emerged as the largest endocrine organ in the human body, being able to secrete hormones as well as inflammatory molecules and having an important impact in multiple processes such as adipogenesis, metabolism and chronic inflammation. However, the cellular progenitors, development, homeostasis and metabolism of the different types of adipose tissue are not fully known. During the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated to be an excellent model to tackle some of the open questions in the field of metabolism and development of endocrine/metabolic organs. Discoveries ranged from new hormones regulating obesity to subcellular mechanisms that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Here, we review the available evidences on the development, types and functions of adipose tissue in Drosophila and identify some gaps for future research. This may help to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of this fascinating key tissue, contributing to establish this organ as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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8
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Hughson BN. PKG acts in the adult corpora cardiaca to regulate nutrient stress-responsivity through adipokinetic hormone. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104339. [PMID: 34856210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a glucagon-like peptide that acts antagonistically with insulin-like peptides to maintain metabolic homeostasis. AKH is biosynthesized in and secreted from the corpora cardiaca (CC). This report describes a CC-specific role for dg2 - which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) - as a regulator of AKH during adulthood. Transcriptional silencing of dg2 during adulthood decreased starvation resistance, increased sucrose responsiveness, and decreased whole body lipid content. PKG protein was localized to CC cell membranes, and starvation caused a significant decrease in CC intracellular AKH content. Strikingly, reduced CC-dg2 expression caused a significant decrease in intracellular AKH content in adults fed ad libitum. This work demonstrated that dysregulation of CC-specific dg2 expression during adult life impaired metabolic homeostasis, and that dg2 acted in the CC to regulate systemic AKH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon N Hughson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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9
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Hughson BN. The Glucagon-Like Adipokinetic Hormone in Drosophila melanogaster - Biosynthesis and Secretion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710652. [PMID: 35002748 PMCID: PMC8733639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires the precise regulation of circulating sugar titers. In mammals, homeostatic control of circulating sugar titers requires the coordinated secretion and systemic activities of glucagon and insulin. Metabolic homeostasis is similarly regulated in Drosophila melanogaster through the glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and the Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs). In flies and mammals, glucagon and AKH are biosynthesized in and secreted from specialized endocrine cells. KATP channels borne on these cells respond to fluctuations in circulating glucose titers and thereby regulate glucagon secretion. The influence of glucagon in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is now recognized, and a crucial mechanism that regulates glucagon secretion was reported nearly a decade ago. Ongoing efforts to develop D. melanogaster models for metabolic syndrome must build upon this seminal work. These efforts make a critical review of AKH physiology timely. This review focuses on AKH biosynthesis and the regulation of glucose-responsive AKH secretion through changes in CC cell electrical activity. Future directions for AKH research in flies are discussed, including the development of models for hyperglucagonemia and epigenetic inheritance of acquired metabolic traits. Many avenues of AKH physiology remain to be explored and thus present great potential for improving the utility of D. melanogaster in metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon N. Hughson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Wat LW, Chowdhury ZS, Millington JW, Biswas P, Rideout EJ. Sex determination gene transformer regulates the male-female difference in Drosophila fat storage via the adipokinetic hormone pathway. eLife 2021; 10:e72350. [PMID: 34672260 PMCID: PMC8594944 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in whole-body fat storage exist in many species. For example, Drosophila females store more fat than males. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference in fat storage remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a key role for sex determination gene transformer (tra) in regulating the male-female difference in fat storage. Normally, a functional Tra protein is present only in females, where it promotes female sexual development. We show that loss of Tra in females reduced whole-body fat storage, whereas gain of Tra in males augmented fat storage. Tra's role in promoting fat storage was largely due to its function in neurons, specifically the Adipokinetic hormone (Akh)-producing cells (APCs). Our analysis of Akh pathway regulation revealed a male bias in APC activity and Akh pathway function, where this sex-biased regulation influenced the sex difference in fat storage by limiting triglyceride accumulation in males. Importantly, Tra loss in females increased Akh pathway activity, and genetically manipulating the Akh pathway rescued Tra-dependent effects on fat storage. This identifies sex-specific regulation of Akh as one mechanism underlying the male-female difference in whole-body triglyceride levels, and provides important insight into the conserved mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in whole-body fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna W Wat
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Zahid S Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Jason W Millington
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Puja Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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11
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Endocrine signals fine-tune daily activity patterns in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4076-4087.e5. [PMID: 34329588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals need to balance competitive behaviors to maintain internal homeostasis. The underlying mechanisms are complex but typically involve neuroendocrine signaling. Using Drosophila, we systematically manipulated signaling between energy-mobilizing endocrine cells producing adipokinetic hormone (AKH), octopaminergic neurons, and the energy-storing fat body to assess whether this neuroendocrine axis involved in starvation-induced hyperactivity also balances activity levels under ad libitum access to food. Our results suggest that AKH signals via two divergent pathways that are mutually competitive in terms of activity and rest. AKH increases activity via the octopaminergic system during the day, while it prevents high activity levels during the night by signaling to the fat body. This regulation involves feedback signaling from octopaminergic neurons to AKH-producing cells (APCs). APCs are known to integrate a multitude of metabolic and endocrine signals. Our results add a new facet to the versatile regulatory functions of APCs by showing that their output contributes to shape the daily activity pattern under ad libitum access to food.
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12
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Bodine SC, Brooks HL, Bunnett NW, Coller HA, Frey MR, Joe B, Kleyman TR, Lindsey ML, Marette A, Morty RE, Ramírez JM, Thomsen MB, Yosten GLC. An American Physiological Society cross-journal Call for Papers on "Inter-Organ Communication in Homeostasis and Disease". Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L42-L49. [PMID: 34010064 PMCID: PMC8321848 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00209.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Bodine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R Frey
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Laval University, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Translational Pulmonology and the Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan-Marino Ramírez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Integrative Brain Research at the Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Toprak U, Musselman LP. From cellular biochemistry to systems physiology: New insights into insect lipid metabolism. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 133:103585. [PMID: 33915290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Ankara University, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey.
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