Irisin is an Effector Molecule in Exercise Rehabilitation Following Myocardial Infarction (Review)

Targeting AMPK with Irisin: Implications for metabolic disorders, cardiovascular health, and inflammatory conditions - A systematic review

Irisin-based interventions have gained attention for their potential to modulate the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in various diseases. Physiologically, irisin is a myokine released during physical exercise that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and is a metabolic and cardiometabolic enhancer. On the other hand, AMPK is crucial for maintaining energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, individuals presenting low blood levels of irisin and AMPK dysregulation are more predisposed to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular health inflammatory conditions since regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis are crucial for preventing or treating these disorders. In light of those mentioned above and considering that no review has addressed the intricate relationships between irisin and AMPK regulation in the realm of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular health, and inflammatory conditions, we comprehensively reviewed studies involving irisin's effects on AMPK signaling in different models and interventions. Our systematic analysis involved in vitro studies, animal models, and their relevant clinical implications of irisin targeting AMPK due to the absence of relevant clinical trials. The outcomes and limitations of the included studies were extensively highlighted. Objectively, irisin improved metabolic disorders by enhancing β-cell function and insulin secretion in diabetes, mitigating myocardial injury in cardiovascular conditions, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in various injury models by targeting AMPK. However, the lack of clinical trials limits the generalizability of these findings to human subjects. Future research should focus on translating these findings into clinical applications and exploring the broader implications of irisin-based interventions in human health.

The role and underlying mechanisms of irisin in exercise-mediated cardiovascular protection

Irisin, a product of the post-translational processing of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is a novel myokine which is upregulated during exercise. This hormone not only promotes the transformation of white adipose tissue into a brown-fat-like phenotype but also enhances energy expenditure and mitigates fat accumulation. Its role is crucial in the management of certain metabolic disorders such as diabetes and heart disease. Of note, the type of exercise performed significantly affects blood irisin levels, indicating the critical role of physical activity in regulating this hormone. This article aims to summarize the current scientific understanding of the role of irisin and the mechanisms through which it mediates cardiovascular protection through exercise. Moreover, this article aims to establish irisin as a potential target for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.

A Systematic Review on Advances in Management of Oxidative Stress-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and hypertension. This systematic review aims to integrate most relevant studies on oxidative stress management in cardiovascular diseases. We searched relevant literatures in the PubMed database using specific keywords. We put emphasis on those manuscripts that were published more recently and in higher impact journals. We reviewed a total of 200 articles. We examined current oxidative stress managements in cardiovascular diseases, including supplements like resveratrol, vitamins C and E, omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and coenzyme-10, which have shown antioxidative properties and potential cardiovascular benefits. In addition, we reviewed the pharmacological treatments including newly discovered antioxidants and nanoparticles that show potential effects in targeting the specific oxidative stress pathways. Lastly, we examined biomarkers, such as soluble transferrin receptor, transthyretin, and cystatin C in evaluating antioxidant status and identifying cardiovascular risk. By addressing oxidative stress management and mechanisms, this paper emphasizes the importance of maintaining the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review paper is registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY), registration # INPLASY202470064.

Post-Myocardial Infarction Rehabilitation: The Absence in the Rehabilitation Process of the Diaphragm Muscle

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There can be many reasons that cause MI, such as a sedentary lifestyle, a disordered diet, harmful habits such as smoking and alcoholism, concomitant congenital or acquired systemic pathologies. Patients who survive the acute event suffer a functional alteration of multiple body systems. The various cardiology associations recommend starting a rehabilitation process, pursuing the main objective of improving the patient's health status. A negative consequence that can be linked to MI is the dysfunction of the main breathing muscle, the diaphragm. The diaphragm is essential not only for respiratory mechanisms but also for adequate production of cardiac pressures. Post-MI patients present a reduction in the performance of the diaphragm muscle, and this condition can become a risk factor for further relapses or for the onset of heart failure. The article reviews the rehabilitation path for post-MI patients, to highlight the absence given to the diaphragm in the recovery of the patient's health status. The text reviews the post-MI diaphragmatic adaptation to highlight the importance of including targeted training for the diaphragm muscle in the rehabilitation process.

The emerging roles of irisin in vascular calcification

Vascular calcification is a common accompanying pathological change in many chronic diseases, which is caused by calcium deposition in the blood vessel wall and leads to abnormal blood vessel function. With the progress of medical technology, the diagnosis rate of vascular calcification has explosively increased. However, due to its mechanism's complexity, no effective drug can relieve or even reverse vascular calcification. Irisin is a myogenic cytokine regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, and other physiological processes. Previous studies have shown that irisin could serve as a predictor for vascular calcification, and protect against hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other risk factors for vascular calcification. In terms of mechanism, it improves vascular endothelial dysfunction and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. All the above evidence suggests that irisin plays a predictive and protective role in vascular calcification. In this review, we summarize the association of irisin to the related risk factors for vascular calcification and mainly explore the role of irisin in vascular calcification.

The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in Cardiovascular Disease

Disorders of cardiomyocyte metabolism play a crucial role in many cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In myocardial infarction, cardiomyocyte metabolism is regulated by mitochondrial changes and biogenesis, which allows energy homeostasis. There are many proteins in cells that regulate and control metabolic processes. One of them is irisin (Ir), which is released from the transmembrane protein FNDC5. Initial studies indicated that Ir is a myokine secreted mainly by skeletal muscles. Further studies showed that Ir was also present in various tissues. However, its highest levels were observed in cardiomyocytes. Ir is responsible for many processes, including the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). In addition, Ir affects mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the levels of FNDC5/Ir in the blood and myocardium may be important in cardiovascular disease. This review discusses the current knowledge about the role of FNDC5/Ir in cardiovascular disease.

Resistance Training Reduces Blood Pressure: Putative Molecular Mechanisms

Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by higher blood pressure levels. The main treatment for controlling high blood pressure consists of drug therapy, but the scientific literature has been pointing to the efficiency of aerobic and resistance exercises acting in a therapeutic and/or preventive way to reduce and control the blood pressure levels. Resistance training is characterized by sets and repetitions on a given muscle segment that uses overload, such as machine weights, bars, and dumbbells. As it successfully affects a number of variables associated to practitioners' functional and physiological features as well as emotional and social variables, resistance training has been a crucial part of physical exercise programs. Several reports highlight the various adaptive responses it provides, with a focus on the improvement in strength, balance, and muscular endurance that enables a more active and healthy lifestyle. Resistance training programs that are acute, sub-chronic, or chronic can help people with varying ages, conditions, and pathologies reduce their arterial hypertension. However, molecular mechanisms associated with resistance training to reduce blood pressure still need to be better understood. Thus, we aimed to understand the main effects of resistance training on blood pressure as well as the associated molecular mechanisms.

Dynamic of irisin secretion change after moderate-intensity chronic physical exercise on obese female

OBJECTIVES

Exercise is one of the beneficial mediators for the regulation and prevention of obesity through the role of irisin, so it potentially enhances metabolism health. This study aims to investigate the dynamic of irisin secrecy change after chronic exercise in obese females.

METHODS

Thirty-one female adolescents aged 20-22 years enrolled in the study and were given interventions aerobic, resistance, and a combination of aerobic and resistance training. The exercises were performed at moderate-intensity, for 35-40 min per session, and three times a week for four weeks. The measurement of irisin level, IGF-1 level, and bio-anthropometry was carried out before and after the four weeks of exercise. The bio-anthropometry measurement was carried out using seca mBCA 514, while the measurement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and irisin was completed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test with 5 % significance.

RESULTS

Our results indicated higher dynamic of irisin and IGF-1 increases in the group with a combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises than the other two groups with a different exercise. Further, we also observed different dynamics of irisin and IGF-1 level increase (p<0.05). Besides, the irisin was also correlated with the IGF-1 and bio-anthropometric parameters (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises is considered as the alternative for enhancing the dynamic of irisin and IGF-1 increase. Thus, it can be used to prevent and regulate obesity.