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Montiel J, Dubrovsky JG. Amino acids biosynthesis in root hair development: a mini-review. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1873-1883. [PMID: 38984866 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic factors are essential for developmental biology of an organism. In plants, roots fulfill important functions, in part due to the development of specific epidermal cells, called hair cells that form root hairs (RHs) responsible for water and mineral uptake. RH development consists in (a) patterning processes involved in formation of hair and non-hair cells developed from trichoblasts and atrichoblasts; (b) RH initiation; and (c) apical (tip) growth of the RH. Here we review how these processes depend on pools of different amino acids and what is known about RH phenotypes of mutants disrupted in amino acid biosynthesis. This analysis shows that some amino acids, particularly aromatic ones, are required for RH apical (tip) growth, and that not much is known about the role of amino acids at earlier stages of RH formation. We also address the role of amino acids in rhizosphere, inhibitory and stimulating effects of amino acids on RH growth, amino acids as N source in plant nutrition, and amino acid transporters and their expression in the RHs. Amino acids form conjugates with auxin, a hormone essential for RH growth, and respective genes are overviewed. Finally, we outline missing links and envision some perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
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2
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Lopez LE, Chuah YS, Encina F, Carignani Sardoy M, Berdion Gabarain V, Mutwil M, Estevez JM. New molecular components that regulate the transcriptional hub in root hairs: coupling environmental signals with endogenous hormones to coordinate growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4171-4179. [PMID: 37875460 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs have become an important model system for studying plant growth, and in particular how plants modulate their growth in response to cell-intrinsic and environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth of Arabidopsis root hairs in the interface between responses to environmental cues (e.g. nutrients such as nitrates and phosphate, and microorganisms) and hormonal stimuli (e.g. auxin). Growth of root hairs is under the control of several transcription factors that are also under strong regulation at different levels. We highlight recent new discoveries along these transcriptional pathways that might have the potential to increase our capacity to enhance nutrient uptake by the roots in the context of abiotic stresses. We use the text-mining capacities of the PlantConnectome database to generate an up-to-date view of root hairs growth within these complex biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel E Lopez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Yu Song Chuah
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Felipe Encina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mariana Carignani Sardoy
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Victoria Berdion Gabarain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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3
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Li XM, Zhai HH, An XH, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang P, Chen H, Tian Y. PpSAUR5 promotes plant growth by regulating lignin and hormone pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1291693. [PMID: 38984157 PMCID: PMC11231374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1291693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Peach (Prunus persica) has a high nutritional and economic value. However, its overgrowth can lead to yield loss. Regulating the growth of peach trees is challenging. The small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) gene family is the largest family of auxin-responsive genes, which play important roles in plant growth and development. However, members of this gene family are rarely reported in peach. Methods In this study, we measured leaf area, chlorophyll and lignin content to detect the role of PpSAUR5 on growth through transgenic Arabidopsis. Results PpSAUR5 responds to auxin and gibberellin, promoting and inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellin and auxin, respectively. The heterologous transformation of PpSAUR5 in Arabidopsis led to enhanced growth of leaves and siliques, lightening of leaf color, decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in lignin content, abnormalities in the floral organs, and distortion of the inflorescence axis. Transcriptome data analysis of PpSAUR5 overexpression and wild-type lines revealed 854 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes, such as cellular processes, metabolic processes, response to stimuli, and catalytic activity. These genes were mainly enriched in pathways, such as phenylalanine biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, and MAPK signaling. Discussion In summary, these results suggested that PpSAUR5 might regulate tree vigor by modulating the synthesis of auxin and gibberellin. Future studies can use PpSAUR5 as a candidate gene to elucidate the potential regulatory mechanisms underlying peach tree vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Miao Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Han-Han Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiu-Hong An
- National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Moutainous Areas, Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Haijiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Moutainous Areas, Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Jing Y, Zhao F, Lai K, Sun F, Sun C, Zou X, Xu M, Fu A, Sharifi R, Chen J, Zheng X, Luan S. Plant elicitor Peptides regulate root hair development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1336129. [PMID: 38425796 PMCID: PMC10902123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant Elicitor Peptides (Peps) induce plant immune responses and inhibit root growth through their receptors PEPR1 and PEPR2, two receptor-like kinases. In our study, we found a previously unknown function of Peps that enhance root hair growth in a PEPRs-independent manner. When we characterized the expression patterns of PROPEP genes, we found several gene promoters of PROPEP gene family were particularly active in root hairs. Furthermore, we observed that PROPEP2 is vital for root hair development, as disruption of PROPEP2 gene led to a significant reduction in root hair density and length. We also discovered that PROPEP2 regulates root hair formation via the modulation of CPC and GL2 expression, thereby influencing the cell-fate determination of root hairs. Additionally, calcium signaling appeared to be involved in PROPEP2/Pep2-induced root hair growth. These findings shed light on the function of Peps in root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jing
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Lai
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenjie Sun
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingyue Zou
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zheng
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Groffen T, Oden S, Claeijs N, Willems T, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K, Bervoets L, Eens M, Prinsen E. Accumulation and effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in Arabidopsis thaliana in a temperature-dependent manner: an in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68732-68742. [PMID: 37131002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of long-chained per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with their short-chained homologues may have an impact on the accumulation in plants. The extent to which PFAS are absorbed by plants may differ among species and may depend on environmental factors, including temperature. The effect of an increased temperature on root uptake and translocation of PFAS in plants has been poorly studied. In addition, very few studies have examined toxicity of environmentally realistic PFAS concentrations to plants. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation and tissue-distribution of fifteen PFAS in Arabidopsis thaliana L. grown in vitro at two different temperatures. Additionally, we examined the combined effects of temperature and PFAS accumulation on plant growth. Short-chained PFAS mainly accumulated in the leaves. The perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) concentrations in roots and leaves, and the relative contribution of PFCAs to the ΣPFAS concentrations increased with carbon chain length regardless of temperature, with the exception of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). An increased uptake of PFAS in leaves and roots at higher temperatures was observed for PFAS containing either eight or nine carbon atoms and could hence potentially result in higher risks for human intake. Leaf:root ratios of PFCAs followed a U-shaped pattern with carbon chain length, which is attributed to both hydrophobicity and anion exchange. Overall, no combined effects of realistic PFAS concentrations and temperature on the growth of A. thaliana were observed. PFAS exposure positively affected early root growth rates and root hair lengths, indicating a potential effect on factors involved in root hair morphogenesis. However, this effect on root growth rate became negligible later on in the exposure, and solely a temperature effect was observed after 6 days. Temperature also affected the leaf surface area. The underlying mechanisms on how PFAS stimulates root hair growth require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sevgi Oden
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Willems
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Liu W, Chen T, Liu Y, Le QT, Wang R, Lee H, Xiong L. The Plastidial DIG5 Protein Affects Lateral Root Development by Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810642. [PMID: 36142550 PMCID: PMC9501241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the mechanisms underlying root adaptation to drought stress, we isolated and characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, dig5 (drought inhibition of lateral root growth 5), which exhibited increased sensitivity to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) for the inhibition of lateral root growth. The dig5 mutant also had fewer lateral roots under normal conditions and the aerial parts were yellowish with a lower level of chlorophylls. The mutant seedlings also displayed phenotypes indicative of impaired auxin transport, such as abnormal root curling, leaf venation defects, absence of apical hook formation, and reduced hypocotyl elongation in darkness. Auxin transport assays with [3H]-labeled indole acetic acid (IAA) confirmed that dig5 roots were impaired in polar auxin transport. Map-based cloning and complementation assays indicated that the DIG5 locus encodes a chloroplast-localized tRNA adenosine deaminase arginine (TADA) that is involved in chloroplast protein translation. The levels of flavonoids, which are naturally occurring auxin transport inhibitors in plants, were significantly higher in dig5 roots than in the wild type roots. Further investigation showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were upregulated in dig5. Introduction of the flavonoid biosynthetic mutation transparent testa 4 (tt4) into dig5 restored the lateral root growth of dig5. Our study uncovers an important role of DIG5/TADA in retrogradely controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and lateral root development. We suggest that the DIG5-related signaling pathways, triggered likely by drought-induced chlorophyll breakdown and leaf senescence, may potentially help the plants to adapt to drought stress through optimizing the root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quang Tri Le
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Liming Xiong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agribiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Shibata M, Favero DS, Takebayashi R, Takebayashi A, Kawamura A, Rymen B, Hosokawa Y, Sugimoto K. Trihelix transcription factors GTL1 and DF1 prevent aberrant root hair formation in an excess nutrient condition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1426-1441. [PMID: 35713645 PMCID: PMC9544051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root hair growth is tuned in response to the environment surrounding plants. While most previous studies focused on the enhancement of root hair growth during nutrient starvation, few studies investigated the root hair response in the presence of excess nutrients. We report that the post-embryonic growth of wild-type Arabidopsis plants is strongly suppressed with increasing nutrient availability, particularly in the case of root hair growth. We further used gene expression profiling to analyze how excess nutrient availability affects root hair growth, and found that RHD6 subfamily genes, which are positive regulators of root hair growth, are downregulated in this condition. However, defects in GTL1 and DF1, which are negative regulators of root hair growth, cause frail and swollen root hairs to form when excess nutrients are supplied. Additionally, we observed that the RHD6 subfamily genes are mis-expressed in gtl1-1 df1-1. Furthermore, overexpression of RSL4, an RHD6 subfamily gene, induces swollen root hairs in the face of a nutrient overload, while mutation of RSL4 in gtl1-1 df1-1 restore root hair swelling phenotype. In conclusion, our data suggest that GTL1 and DF1 prevent unnecessary root hair formation by repressing RSL4 under excess nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S. Favero
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Ryu Takebayashi
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | | | - Ayako Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Bart Rymen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama230‐0045Japan
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI)KU LeuvenKasteelpark Arenberg 31LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama230‐0045Japan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyo119‐0033Japan
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8
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Jia Y, Chen C, Gong F, Jin W, Zhang H, Qu S, Ma N, Jiang Y, Gao J, Sun X. An Aux/IAA Family Member, RhIAA14, Involved in Ethylene-Inhibited Petal Expansion in Rose ( Rosa hybrida). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1041. [PMID: 35741802 PMCID: PMC9222917 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower size, a primary agronomic trait in breeding of ornamental plants, is largely determined by petal expansion. Generally, ethylene acts as an inhibitor of petal expansion, but its effect is restricted by unknown developmental cues. In this study, we found that the critical node of ethylene-inhibited petal expansion is between stages 1 and 2 of rose flower opening. To uncover the underlying regulatory mechanism, we carried out a comparative RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in auxin-signaling pathways were enriched. Therefore, we identified an auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) family gene, RhIAA14, whose expression was development-specifically repressed by ethylene. The silencing of RhIAA14 reduced cell expansion, resulting in diminished petal expansion and flower size. In addition, the expressions of cell-expansion-related genes, including RhXTH6, RhCesA2, RhPIP2;1, and RhEXPA8, were significantly downregulated following RhIAA14 silencing. Our results reveal an Aux/IAA that serves as a key player in orchestrating petal expansion and ultimately contributes to flower size, which provides new insights into ethylene-modulated flower opening and the function of the Aux/IAA transcription regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Feifei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Weichan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Suping Qu
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (C.C.); (F.G.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
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9
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Jin Z, Li T, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ning C, Xu J, Hicks G, Raikhel N, Xiang Y, Li R. Small molecule RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth by acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP signaling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1636-1650. [PMID: 35388535 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell projections in the root epidermis. The presence of root hairs greatly expands the root surface, which facilitates soil anchorage and the absorption of water and nutrients. Root hairs are also the ideal system to study the mechanism of polar growth. Previous research has identified many important factors that control different stages of root hair development. Using a chemical genetics screen, in this study we report the identification of a steroid molecule, RHP1, which promotes root hair growth at nanomolar concentrations without obvious change of other developmental processes. We further demonstrate that RHP1 specifically affects tip growth with no significant influence on cell fate or planar polarity. We also show that RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth via acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP GTPase-guided local signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that RHP1 exhibits a wide range of effects on different plant species in both monocots and dicots. This study of RHP1 will not only help to dissect the mechanism of root hair tip growth, but also provide a new tool to modify root hair growth in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcai Jin
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuelong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Huang
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Chengqing Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Natasha Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Álvarez-Rodríguez S, López-González D, Reigosa MJ, Araniti F, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Ultrastructural and hormonal changes related to harmaline-induced treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. root meristem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:78-89. [PMID: 35325658 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harmaline is an indole alkaloid with demonstrated phytotoxicity and recognized pharmacological applications. However, no information is available concerning its mode of action on plant metabolism. Therefore, the present work evaluated bioherbicide mode of action of harmaline on plant metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Harmaline induced a strong inhibitory activity on root growth of treated seedlings, reaching IC50 and IC80 values of 14 and 29 μM, respectively. Treated roots were shorter and thicker than control and were characterized by a shorter root meristem size and an increase of root hairs production. Harmaline induced ultrastructural changes such as increment of cell wall thickness, higher density and condensation of mitochondria and vacuolization, appearance of cell wall deposits, increment of Golgi secretory activity and higher percentage of aberrant nuclei. The ethylene inhibitor AgNO3 reversed high root hair appearance and increment of root thickness, and pTCSn::GFP transgenic line showed fluorescence cytokinin signal in stele zone after harmaline treatment that was absent in control, whereas the auxin signal in the transgenic line DR5 was significantly reduced by the treatment. All these results suggest that the mode of action of harmaline could be involving auxin, ethylene and cytokinin synergic/antagonistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - David López-González
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel J Reigosa
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Statale di Milano, Via Celoria nº2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
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11
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Zhang Q, Deng A, Xiang M, Lan Q, Li X, Yuan S, Gou X, Hao S, Du J, Xiao C. The Root Hair Development of Pectin Polygalacturonase PGX2 Activation Tagging Line in Response to Phosphate Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862171. [PMID: 35586221 PMCID: PMC9108675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Cell wall architecture influences root hair development, but how cell wall remodeling might enable enhanced root hair formation in response to phosphate (P) deficiency remains relatively unclear. Here, we found that POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION 2 (PGX2) functions in conditional root hair development. Under low P conditions, a PGX2 activation tagged line (PGX2AT ) displays bubble-like root hairs and abnormal callose deposition and superoxide accumulation in roots. We found that the polar localization and trafficking of PIN2 are altered in PGX2AT roots in response to P deficiency. We also found that actin filaments were less compact but more stable in PGX2AT root hair cells and that actin filament skewness in PGX2AT root hairs was recovered by treatment with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. These results demonstrate that activation tagging of PGX2 affects cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and actin microfilament orientation, which may cooperatively regulate root hair development in response to P starvation.
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12
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Short Peptides Induce Development of Root Hair Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070852. [PMID: 35406832 PMCID: PMC9002736 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs absorb soil nutrients and water, and anchor the plant in the soil. Treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) roots with glycine (Gly) amino acid, and glycilglycine (GlyGly) and glycilaspartic acid (GlyAsp) dipeptides (10−7 M concentration) significantly increased the development of root hairs. In the root, peptide accumulation was tissue-specific, with predominant localization to the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and absorption zone. Peptides penetrated the epidermal and cortical cell and showed greater localization to the nucleus than to the cytoplasm. Compared with the control, tobacco plants grown in the presence of Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp exhibited the activation of WER, CPC, bHLH54, and bHLH66 genes and suppression of GTL1 and GL2 genes during root hair lengthening. Although Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp have a similar structure, the mechanism of regulation of root hair growth in each case were different, and these differences are most likely due to the fact that neutral Gly and GlyGly and negatively charged GlyAsp bind to different motives of functionally important proteins. Short peptides site-specifically interact with DNA, and histones. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of exogenous peptides on cellular processes remain unclear. Since these compounds acted at low concentrations, gene expression regulation by short peptides is most likely of epigenetic nature.
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13
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Pacheco JM, Ranocha P, Kasulin L, Fusari CM, Servi L, Aptekmann AA, Gabarain VB, Peralta JM, Borassi C, Marzol E, Rodríguez-Garcia DR, del Carmen Rondón Guerrero Y, Sardoy MC, Ferrero L, Botto JF, Meneses C, Ariel F, Nadra AD, Petrillo E, Dunand C, Estevez JM. Apoplastic class III peroxidases PRX62 and PRX69 promote Arabidopsis root hair growth at low temperature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1310. [PMID: 35288564 PMCID: PMC8921275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRoot Hairs (RHs) growth is influenced by endogenous and by external environmental signals that coordinately regulate its final cell size. We have recently determined that RH growth was unexpectedly boosted when Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are cultivated at low temperatures. It was proposed that RH growth plasticity in response to low temperature was linked to a reduced nutrient availability in the media. Here, we explore the molecular basis of this RH growth response by using a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) approach using Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions. We identify the poorly characterized PEROXIDASE 62 (PRX62) and a related protein PRX69 as key proteins under moderate low temperature stress. Strikingly, a cell wall protein extensin (EXT) reporter reveals the effect of peroxidase activity on EXT cell wall association at 10 °C in the RH apical zone. Collectively, our results indicate that PRX62, and to a lesser extent PRX69, are key apoplastic PRXs that modulate ROS-homeostasis and cell wall EXT-insolubilization linked to RH elongation at low temperature.
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Control of Fungal Diseases and Fruit Yield Improvement of Strawberry Using Bacillus velezensis CE 100. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020365. [PMID: 35208819 PMCID: PMC8880615 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing health and environmental risks associated with the use of fungicides in agriculture, alternatives—such as using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to suppress phytopathogens—that simultaneously improve plant yield, are important. This study evaluated the biocontrol efficiency of Bacillus velezensis CE100 against Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, the respective causal agents for charcoal rot and fusarium wilt diseases in strawberry, and its potential to enhance strawberry growth and fruit production. B. velezensis CE 100 produced fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanases; and inhibited the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae by 64.7% and 55.2%, respectively. The mycelia of both phytopathogenic fungi showed severe swelling and rupturing of the hyphae compared to the smooth, normal growth in the control group. Moreover, B. velezensis CE100 produced up to 2.8 units/mL of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) during incubation and enhanced root biomass in strawberries. Consequently, B. velezensis CE 100 not only increased the fruit yield of strawberries by controlling the fungal diseases but also through enhancing plant growth. The findings of this study indicate that B. velezensis CE100 could be a safe, ecofriendly biocontrol alternative to chemical fungicides in strawberry production.
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15
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Fuglsang AT, Palmgren M. Proton and calcium pumping P-type ATPases and their regulation of plant responses to the environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1856-1875. [PMID: 35235671 PMCID: PMC8644242 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane H+-ATPases and Ca2+-ATPases maintain low cytoplasmic concentrations of H+ and Ca2+, respectively, and are essential for plant growth and development. These low concentrations allow plasma membrane H+-ATPases to function as electrogenic voltage stats, and Ca2+-ATPases as "off" mechanisms in Ca2+-based signal transduction. Although these pumps are autoregulated by cytoplasmic concentrations of H+ and Ca2+, respectively, they are also subject to exquisite regulation in response to biotic and abiotic events in the environment. A common paradigm for both types of pumps is the presence of terminal regulatory (R) domains that function as autoinhibitors that can be neutralized by multiple means, including phosphorylation. A picture is emerging in which some of the phosphosites in these R domains appear to be highly, nearly constantly phosphorylated, whereas others seem to be subject to dynamic phosphorylation. Thus, some sites might function as major switches, whereas others might simply reduce activity. Here, we provide an overview of the relevant transport systems and discuss recent advances that address their relation to external stimuli and physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja T Fuglsang
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Author for communication:
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16
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Fu Y, Zhu L. HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 mediates the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid to indole-3-acetic acid to promote root hair elongation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2057-2070. [PMID: 34480752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a predominant form of active auxin in plants. In addition to de novo biosynthesis and release from its conjugate forms, IAA can be converted from its precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The IBA-derived IAA may help drive root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but how the IBA-to-IAA conversion is regulated and affects IAA function requires further investigation. In this study, HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 (HB24), a transcription factor in the zinc finger-homeodomain family (ZF-HD family) of proteins, was identified. With loss of HB24 function, defective growth occurred in root hairs. INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE 1 (IBR1), which encodes an enzyme involved in the IBA-to-IAA conversion, was identified as a direct target of HB24 for the control of root hair elongation. The exogenous IAA or auxin analogue 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) both rescued the root hair growth phenotype of hb24 mutants, but IBA did not, suggesting a role for HB24 in the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Therefore, HB24 participates in root hair elongation by upregulating the expression of IBR1 and subsequently promoting the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Moreover, IAA also elevated the expression of HB24, suggesting a feedback loop is involved in IBA-to-IAA conversion-mediated root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Xue C, Li W, Shen R, Lan P. PERK13 modulates phosphate deficiency-induced root hair elongation in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111060. [PMID: 34620427 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate starvation (-Pi)-induced root hair is crucial for enhancing plants' Pi absorption. Proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinase 13 (PERK13) is transcriptionally induced by -Pi and co-expressed with genes associated with root hair growth. However, how PERK13 participates in -Pi-induced root hair growth remains unclear. Here, we found that PERK13 was transcriptionally responsive to Pi, nitrogen, and iron deficiencies. Loss of PERK13 function (perk13) enhanced root hair growth under Pi/nitrogen limitation. Similar phenotype was also observed in transgenic lines overexpressing PERK13 (PERK13ox). Under -Pi, both perk13 and PERK13ox showed prolonged root hair elongation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Deletion analysis showed, in PERK13ox, the extracellular domain was indispensable for PERK13 in -Pi-induced root hair growth. Different transcription profiles were observed under -Pi between perk13 and PERK13ox with the jasmonate zim-domain genes being repressed in perk13 and genes involved in cell wall remodeling being increased in PERK13ox. Taken together, we demonstrated that PERK13 participates in -Pi-induced root hair growth probably via regulating root hair elongation and the generation of ROS. Our study also suggested PERK13 probably being a vital hub coupling the environmental cues and root hair growth, and might play dual roles in -Pi-induced root hair growth via different processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Ray P, Guo Y, Chi MH, Krom N, Boschiero C, Watson B, Huhman D, Zhao P, Singan VR, Lindquist EA, Yan J, Adam C, Craven KD. Serendipita Fungi Modulate the Switchgrass Root Transcriptome to Circumvent Host Defenses and Establish a Symbiotic Relationship. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1128-1142. [PMID: 34260261 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0084-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fungal family Serendipitaceae encompasses root-associated lineages with endophytic, ericoid, orchid, and ectomycorrhizal lifestyles. Switchgrass is an important bioenergy crop for cellulosic ethanol production owing to high biomass production on marginal soils otherwise unfit for food crop cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the host plant responses to Serendipita spp. colonization by characterizing the switchgrass root transcriptome during different stages of symbiosis in vitro. For this, we included a native switchgrass strain, Serendipita bescii, and a related strain, S. vermifera, isolated from Australian orchids. Serendipita colonization progresses from thin hyphae that grow between root cells to, finally, the production of large, bulbous hyphae that fill root cells during the later stages of colonization. We report that switchgrass seems to perceive both fungi prior to physical contact, leading to the activation of chemical and structural defense responses and putative host disease resistance genes. Subsequently, the host defense system appears to be quenched and carbohydrate metabolism adjusted, potentially to accommodate the fungal symbiont. In addition, prior to contact, switchgrass exhibited significant increases in root hair density and root surface area. Furthermore, genes involved in phytohormone metabolism such as gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were activated during different stages of colonization. Both fungal strains induced plant gene expression in a similar manner, indicating a conserved plant response to members of this fungal order. Understanding plant responsiveness to Serendipita spp. will inform our efforts to integrate them into forages and row crops for optimal plant-microbe functioning, thus facilitating low-input, sustainable agricultural practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Ray
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yingqing Guo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Bonnie Watson
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - David Huhman
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Patrick Zhao
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erika A Lindquist
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Juying Yan
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Catherine Adam
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
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Choub V, Ajuna HB, Won SJ, Moon JH, Choi SI, Maung CEH, Kim CW, Ahn YS. Antifungal Activity of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 against Anthracnose Disease ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and Growth Promotion of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910438. [PMID: 34638782 PMCID: PMC8508943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a deleterious disease that severely affects the production of walnut (Juglans regia L.). The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal and growth promotion activities of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 as an alternative to chemical use in walnut production. The crude enzyme from B. velezensis CE 100 exhibited chitinase, protease, and β-l,3-glucanase activity and degraded the cell wall of C. gloeosporioides, causing the inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth by 99.3% and 33.6% at 100 µL/mL, respectively. The field application of B. velezensis CE 100 culture broth resulted in a 1.3-fold and 6.9-fold decrease in anthracnose disease severity compared to the conventional and control groups, respectively. Moreover, B. velezensis CE 100 produced indole-3-acetic acid (up to 1.4 µg/mL) and exhibited the potential for ammonium production and phosphate solubilization to enhance the availability of essential nutrients. Thus, field inoculation of B. velezensis CE 100 improved walnut root development, increased nutrient uptake, enhanced chlorophyll content, and consequently improved total biomass by 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold compared to the conventional and control groups, respectively. These results demonstrate that B. velezensis CE 100 is an effective biocontrol agent against anthracnose disease and a potential plant growth-promoting bacteria in walnut tree production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vantha Choub
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Henry B. Ajuna
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Sang-Jae Won
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Moon
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Su-In Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Chaw Ei Htwe Maung
- Division of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Division of Special-purpose Trees, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea;
| | - Young Sang Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2081; Fax: +82-62-530-2089
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20
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Han G, Li Y, Qiao Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Guo J, Chen M, Wang B. Advances in the Regulation of Epidermal Cell Development by C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754512. [PMID: 34630497 PMCID: PMC8497795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal cells, such as trichomes, root hairs, salt glands, and stomata, play pivotal roles in the growth, development, and environmental adaptation of terrestrial plants. Cell fate determination, differentiation, and the formation of epidermal structures represent basic developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Increasing evidence indicates that C2H2 zinc finger proteins play important roles in regulating the development of epidermal structures in plants and plant adaptation to unfavorable environments. Here, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in controlling epidermal cell formation in plants, with an emphasis on trichomes, root hairs, and salt glands and their roles in plant adaptation to environmental stress. In addition, we discuss the possible roles of homologous C2H2 zinc finger proteins in trichome development in non-halophytes and salt gland development in halophytes based on bioinformatic analysis. This review provides a foundation for further study of epidermal cell development and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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21
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Liu L, Jiang LG, Luo JH, Xia AA, Chen LQ, He Y. Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture of root hair length in maize. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:664. [PMID: 34521344 PMCID: PMC8442424 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stress. Although many genes involved in root hair development have been identified, genetic basis of natural variation in root hair growth has never been explored. Results Here, we utilized a maize association panel including 281 inbred lines with tropical, subtropical, and temperate origins to decipher the phenotypic diversity and genetic basis of root hair length. We demonstrated significant associations of root hair length with many metabolic pathways and other agronomic traits. Combining root hair phenotypes with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed several candidate genes implicated in cellular signaling, polar growth, disease resistance and various metabolic pathways. Conclusions These results illustrate the genetic basis of root hair length in maize, offering a list of candidate genes predictably contributing to root hair growth, which are invaluable resource for the future functional investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu-Guang Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hong Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ai-Ai Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Genome of the world's smallest flowering plant, Wolffia australiana, helps explain its specialized physiology and unique morphology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:900. [PMID: 34294872 PMCID: PMC8298427 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermeal, Wolffia australiana, is the smallest known flowering monocot and is rich in protein. Despite its great potential as a biotech crop, basic research on Wolffia is in its infancy. Here, we generated the reference genome of a species of watermeal, W. australiana, and identified the genome-wide features that may contribute to its atypical anatomy and physiology, including the absence of roots, adaxial stomata development, and anaerobic life as a turion. In addition, we found evidence of extensive genome rearrangements that may underpin the specialized aquatic lifestyle of watermeal. Analysis of the gene inventory of this intriguing species helps explain the distinct characteristics of W. australiana and its unique evolutionary trajectory. Halim Park and Jin Hwa Park et al. report the nuclear genome sequence of the duckweed Wolffia australiana, the smallest known flowering plant. The genome assembly represents an improvement over a recently published genome and highlights genome rearrangements that may be linked to its specialized aquatic adaptations.
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Liu Y, Yu LL, Peng Y, Geng XX, Xu F. Alternative Oxidase Inhibition Impairs Tobacco Root Development and Root Hair Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664792. [PMID: 34249036 PMCID: PMC8264555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain in plant cells and is critical for the balance of mitochondrial hemostasis. In this study, the effect of inhibition of AOX with different concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on the tobacco root development was investigated. We show here that AOX inhibition significantly impaired the development of the main root and root hair formation of tobacco. The length of the main root of SHAM-treated tobacco was significantly shorter than that of the control, and no root hairs were formed after treatment with a concentration of 1 mM SHAM or more. The transcriptome analysis showed that AOX inhibition by 1 mM SHAM involved in the regulation of gene expression related to root architecture. A total of 5,855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by comparing SHAM-treated roots with control. Of these, the gene expression related to auxin biosynthesis and perception were significantly downregulated by 1 mM SHAM. Similarly, genes related to cell wall loosening, cell cycle, and root meristem growth factor 1 (RGF1) also showed downregulation on SHAM treatment. Moreover, combined with the results of physiological measurements, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated that AOX inhibition resulted in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in roots, which further induced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis. It is worth noting that when indoleacetic acid (20 nM) and dimethylthiourea (10 mM) were added to the medium containing SHAM, the defects of tobacco root development were alleviated, but to a limited extent. Together, these findings indicated that AOX-mediated respiratory pathway plays a crucial role in the tobacco root development, including root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xin-Xin Geng
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
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Sharma M, Singh D, Saksena HB, Sharma M, Tiwari A, Awasthi P, Botta HK, Shukla BN, Laxmi A. Understanding the Intricate Web of Phytohormone Signalling in Modulating Root System Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115508. [PMID: 34073675 PMCID: PMC8197090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) is an important developmental and agronomic trait that is regulated by various physical factors such as nutrients, water, microbes, gravity, and soil compaction as well as hormone-mediated pathways. Phytohormones act as internal mediators between soil and RSA to influence various events of root development, starting from organogenesis to the formation of higher order lateral roots (LRs) through diverse mechanisms. Apart from interaction with the external cues, root development also relies on the complex web of interaction among phytohormones to exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects to improve crop performance. However, there are considerable gaps in understanding the interaction of these hormonal networks during various aspects of root development. In this review, we elucidate the role of different hormones to modulate a common phenotypic output, such as RSA in Arabidopsis and crop plants, and discuss future perspectives to channel vast information on root development to modulate RSA components.
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Root hairs: the villi of plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1133-1146. [PMID: 34013353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from 'dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.
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Wu X, Du A, Zhang S, Wang W, Liang J, Peng F, Xiao Y. Regulation of growth in peach roots by exogenous hydrogen sulfide based on RNA-Seq. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:179-192. [PMID: 33383385 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to regulate many physiological processes of plants. In this study, we observed that 0.2 mM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, can regulate the root architecture of peach seedlings, increasing the number of lateral roots by 40.63%. To investigate the specific mechanisms by which H2S regulates root growth in peach, we used RNA sequencing and heterologous expression technology. Our results showed that exogenous H2S led to a 44.50% increase in the concentration of endogenous auxin. Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that 963 and 1113 genes responded to H2S on days one and five of treatment, respectively. Among the DEGs, 26 genes were involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction. Using weighted correlation network analysis, we found that the auxin-related genes in the H2S-specific gene module were disproportionately involved in polar transport, which may play an important role in H2S-induced root growth. In addition, we observed that the expression of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 16 (PpLBD16) was significantly up-regulated by exogenous application of H2S in peach. Overexpression of PpLBD16 in an Arabidopsis system yielded a 66.83% increase in the number of lateral roots. Under exposure to exogenous H2S, there was also increased expression of genes related to cell proliferation, indicating that H2S regulates the growth of peach roots. Our work represents the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the effects of exogenous application of H2S on the roots of peach, and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying H2S-induced root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Anqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China.
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China.
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. The TOR-Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33451169 PMCID: PMC7828656 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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García-González J, Lacek J, Retzer K. Dissecting Hierarchies between Light, Sugar and Auxin Action Underpinning Root and Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:111. [PMID: 33430437 PMCID: PMC7826589 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant roots are very plastic and can adjust their tissue organization and cell appearance during abiotic stress responses. Previous studies showed that direct root illumination and sugar supplementation mask root growth phenotypes and traits. Sugar and light signaling where further connected to changes in auxin biosynthesis and distribution along the root. Auxin signaling underpins almost all processes involved in the establishment of root traits, including total root length, gravitropic growth, root hair initiation and elongation. Root hair plasticity allows maximized nutrient uptake and therefore plant productivity, and root hair priming and elongation require proper auxin availability. In the presence of sucrose in the growth medium, root hair emergence is partially rescued, but the full potential of root hair elongation is lost. With our work we describe a combinatory study showing to which extent light and sucrose are antagonistically influencing root length, but additively affecting root hair emergence and elongation. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the loss of PIN-FORMED2, an auxin efflux carrier mediating shootward auxin transporter, on the establishment of root traits in combination with all growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
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29
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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Kumar V, Vogelsang L, Schmidt RR, Sharma SS, Seidel T, Dietz KJ. Remodeling of Root Growth Under Combined Arsenic and Hypoxia Stress Is Linked to Nutrient Deprivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569687. [PMID: 33193499 PMCID: PMC7644957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture responds to environmental stress. Stress-induced metabolic and nutritional changes affect the endogenous root development program. Transcriptional and translational changes realize the switch between stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation, lateral root or root hair formation and root functionality for stress acclimation. The current work explores the effects of stress combination of arsenic toxicity (As) and hypoxia (Hpx) on root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. As revealed previously, combined As and Hpx treatment leads to severe nutritional disorder evident from deregulation of root transcriptome and plant mineral contents. Both As and Hpx were identified to pose stress-specific constraints on root development that lead to unique root growth phenotype under their combination. Besides inhibition of root apical meristem (RAM) activity under all stresses, As induced lateral root growth while root hair density and lengths were strongly increased by Hpx and HpxAs-treatments. A dual stimulation of phosphate (Pi)-starvation response was observed for HpxAs-treated plant roots; however, the response under HpxAs aligned more with Hpx than As. Transcriptional evidence along with biochemical data suggests involvement of PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1; PHR1-dependent systemic signaling. Pi metabolism-related transcripts in close association with cellular iron homeostasis modulate root development under HpxAs. Early redox potential changes in meristematic cells, differential ROS accumulation in root hair zone cell layers and strong deregulation of NADPH oxidases, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases and peroxidases signify a role of redox and ROS signaling in root architecture remodeling under HpxAs. Differential aquaporin expression suggests transmembrane ROS transport to regulate root hair induction and growth. Reorganization of energy metabolism through NO-dependent alternate oxidase, lactate fermentation, and phosphofructokinase seems crucial under HpxAs. TOR and SnRK-signaling network components were potentially involved in control of sustainable utilization of available energy reserves for root hair growth under combined stress as well as recovery on reaeration. Findings are discussed in context of combined stress-induced signaling in regulation of root development in contrast to As and Hpx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Lara Vogelsang
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Romy R. Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Shanti S. Sharma
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Thorsten Seidel
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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31
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Siao W, Coskun D, Baluška F, Kronzucker HJ, Xu W. Root-Apex Proton Fluxes at the Centre of Soil-Stress Acclimation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:794-804. [PMID: 32673580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proton (H+) fluxes in plant roots play critical roles in maintaining root growth and facilitating plant responses to multiple soil stresses, including fluctuations in nutrient supply, salt infiltration, and water stress. Soil mining for nutrients and water, rates of nutrient uptake, and the modulation of cell expansion all depend on the regulation of root H+ fluxes, particularly at the root apex, mediated primarily by the activity of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases. Here, we summarize recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms of H+ fluxes at the root apex under three abiotic stress conditions - phosphate deficiency, salinity stress, and water deficiency - and present an integrated physiomolecular view of the functions of H+ fluxes in maintaining root growth in the acclimation to soil stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Siao
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Abstract
The promotive effect of auxin on shoot cell expansion provided the bioassay used to isolate this central plant hormone nearly a century ago. While the mechanisms underlying auxin perception and signaling to regulate transcription have largely been elucidated, how auxin controls cell expansion is only now attaining molecular-level definition. The good news is that the decades-old acid growth theory invoking plasma membrane H+-ATPase activation is still useful. The better news is that a mechanistic framework has emerged, wherein Small Auxin Up RNA (SAUR) proteins regulate protein phosphatases to control H+-ATPase activity. In this review, we focus on rapid auxin effects, their relationship to H+-ATPase activation and other transporters, and dependence on TIR1/AFB signaling. We also discuss how some observations, such as near-instantaneous effects on ion transport and root growth, do not fit into a single, comprehensive explanation of how auxin controls cell expansion, and where more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Du
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
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Vissenberg K, Claeijs N, Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S. Hormonal regulation of root hair growth and responses to the environment in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2412-2427. [PMID: 31993645 PMCID: PMC7178432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The main functions of plant roots are water and nutrient uptake, soil anchorage, and interaction with soil-living biota. Root hairs, single cell tubular extensions of root epidermal cells, facilitate or enhance these functions by drastically enlarging the absorptive surface. Root hair development is constantly adapted to changes in the root's surroundings, allowing for optimization of root functionality in heterogeneous soil environments. The underlying molecular pathway is the result of a complex interplay between position-dependent signalling and feedback loops. Phytohormone signalling interconnects this root hair signalling cascade with biotic and abiotic changes in the rhizosphere, enabling dynamic hormone-driven changes in root hair growth, density, length, and morphology. This review critically discusses the influence of the major plant hormones on root hair development, and how changes in rhizosphere properties impact on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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A phosphorylation-based switch controls TAA1-mediated auxin biosynthesis in plants. Nat Commun 2020; 11:679. [PMID: 32015349 PMCID: PMC6997161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin determines the developmental fate of plant tissues, and local auxin concentration is precisely controlled. The role of auxin transport in modulating local auxin concentration has been widely studied but the regulation of local auxin biosynthesis is less well understood. Here, we show that TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA1), a key enzyme in the auxin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana is phosphorylated at Threonine 101 (T101). T101 phosphorylation status can act as an on/off switch to control TAA1-dependent auxin biosynthesis and is required for proper regulation of root meristem size and root hair development. This phosphosite is evolutionarily conserved suggesting post-translational regulation of auxin biosynthesis may be a general phenomenon. In addition, we show that auxin itself, in part via TRANS-MEMBRANE KINASE 4 (TMK4), can induce T101 phosphorylation of TAA1 suggesting a self-regulatory loop whereby local auxin signalling can suppress biosynthesis. We conclude that phosphorylation-dependent control of TAA1 enzymatic activity may contribute to regulation of auxin concentration in response to endogenous and/or external cues. Precise regulation of auxin concentration via transport and metabolism determines the developmental fate of plant tissues. Here the authors show that local auxin biosynthesis is regulated by TMK4-dependent phosphorylation of the TAA1 enzyme and that this is required for proper root development.
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Han G, Wei X, Dong X, Wang C, Sui N, Guo J, Yuan F, Gong Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Chen Z, Zhao D, Wang B. Arabidopsis ZINC FINGER PROTEIN1 Acts Downstream of GL2 to Repress Root Hair Initiation and Elongation by Directly Suppressing bHLH Genes. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:206-225. [PMID: 31732703 PMCID: PMC6961634 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cys2His2-like fold group (C2H2)-type zinc finger proteins promote root hair growth and development by regulating their target genes. However, little is known about their potential negative roles in root hair initiation and elongation. Here, we show that the C2H2-type zinc finger protein named ZINC FINGER PROTEIN1 (AtZP1), which contains an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, negatively regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hair initiation and elongation. Our results demonstrate that AtZP1 is highly expressed in root hairs and that AtZP1 inhibits transcriptional activity during root hair development. Plants overexpressing AtZP1 lacked root hairs, while loss-of-function mutants had longer and more numerous root hairs than the wild type. Transcriptome analysis indicated that AtZP1 downregulates genes encoding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors associated with root hair cell differentiation and elongation. Mutation or deletion of the EAR motif substantially reduced the inhibitory activity of AtZP1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, AtZP1:glucocorticoid receptor (GR) induction experiments, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that AtZP1 directly targets the promoters of bHLH transcription factor genes, including the key root hair initiation gene ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE6 (RHD6) and root hair elongation genes ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 2 (RSL2) and RSL4, and suppresses root hair development. Our findings suggest that AtZP1 functions downstream of GL2 and negatively regulates root hair initiation and elongation, by suppressing RHD6, RSL4, and RSL2 transcription via the GL2/ZP1/RSL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocen Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxiu Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China
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Sustr M, Soukup A, Tylova E. Potassium in Root Growth and Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E435. [PMID: 31652570 PMCID: PMC6843428 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is an essential macronutrient that has been partly overshadowed in root science by nitrogen and phosphorus. The current boom in potassium-related studies coincides with an emerging awareness of its importance in plant growth, metabolic functions, stress tolerance, and efficient agriculture. In this review, we summarized recent progress in understanding the role of K+ in root growth, development of root system architecture, cellular functions, and specific plant responses to K+ shortage. K+ transport is crucial for its physiological role. A wide range of K+ transport proteins has developed during evolution and acquired specific functions in plants. There is evidence linking K+ transport with cell expansion, membrane trafficking, auxin homeostasis, cell signaling, and phloem transport. This places K+ among important general regulatory factors of root growth. K+ is a rather mobile element in soil, so the absence of systemic and localized root growth response has been accepted. However, recent research confirms both systemic and localized growth response in Arabidopsis thaliana and highlights K+ uptake as a crucial mechanism for plant stress response. K+-related regulatory mechanisms, K+ transporters, K+ acquisition efficiency, and phenotyping for selection of K+ efficient plants/cultivars are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sustr
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Edita Tylova
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Sun H, Guo X, Xu F, Wu D, Zhang X, Lou M, Luo F, Xu G, Zhang Y. Overexpression of OsPIN2 Regulates Root Growth and Formation in Response to Phosphate Deficiency in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205144. [PMID: 31627334 PMCID: PMC6829224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of root architecture to phosphate (P) deficiency is critical in plant growth and development. Auxin is a key regulator of plant root growth in response to P deficiency, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, phenotypic and genetic analyses were undertaken to explore the role of OsPIN2, an auxin efflux transporter, in regulating the growth and development of rice roots under normal nutrition condition (control) and low-phosphate condition (LP). Higher expression of OsPIN2 was observed in rice plants under LP compared to the control. Meanwhile, the auxin levels of roots were increased under LP relative to control condition in wild-type (WT) plants. Compared to WT plants, two overexpression (OE) lines had higher auxin levels in the roots under control and LP. LP led to increased seminal roots (SRs) length and the root hairs (RHs) density, but decreased lateral roots (LRs) density in WT plants. However, overexpression of OsPIN2 caused a loss of sensitivity in the root response to P deficiency. The OE lines had a shorter SR length, lower LR density, and greater RH density than WT plants under control. However, the LR and RH densities in the OE lines were similar to those in WT plants under LP. Compared to WT plants, overexpression of OsPIN2 had a shorter root length through decreased root cell elongation under control and LP. Surprisingly, overexpression of OsPIN2 might increase auxin distribution in epidermis of root, resulting in greater RH formation but less LR development in OE plants than in WT plants in the control condition but levels similar of these under LP. These results suggest that higher OsPIN2 expression regulates rice root growth and development maybe by changing auxin distribution in roots under LP condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Fugui Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Daxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Manman Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Shibata M, Sugimoto K. A gene regulatory network for root hair development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:301-309. [PMID: 30903397 PMCID: PMC7082380 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs play important roles for the acquisition of nutrients, microbe interaction and plant anchorage. In addition, root hairs provide an excellent model system to study cell patterning, differentiation and growth. Arabidopsis root hairs have been thoroughly studied to understand how plants regulate cell fate and growth in response to environmental signals. Accumulating evidence suggests that a multi-layered gene regulatory network is the molecular secret to enable the flexible and adequate response to multiple signals. In this review, we describe the key transcriptional regulators controlling cell fate and/or cell growth of root hairs. We also discuss how plants integrate phytohormonal and environmental signals, such as auxin, ethylene and phosphate availability, and modulate the level of these transcriptional regulators to tune root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaro Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan
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Novak S, Kalbakji N, Upthegrove K, Neher W, Jones J, de León J. Evidence for Brassinosteroid-Mediated PAT During Germination of Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1215. [PMID: 30174682 PMCID: PMC6107755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport (PAT) is facilitated by polar localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which direct auxin flow and regulate developmental events. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and auxin work synergistically to promote growth, and in root geotropisms this cross-talk involves BR-directed polarization of PIN through the mobilization of F-actin. However, the role of BR in PAT during shoot growth, hair formation, and embryogenesis has not been well studied. Orchid seed are mature at a point in development that is analogous to the globular-stage of embryogenesis in typical angiosperms. Thus, this system provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of BR on PAT during embryogenesis-like events, including meristem/first leaf formation and protocorm/stem development, which is followed by protocorm hair formation. In this work, the degree to which BRs rescued embryo-like protocorms from the impact of PAT-disrupting agents, such as PAT inhibitors or high auxin levels, was determined based on growth responses. This study first established that auxin and BRs work together synergistically to promote seedling elongation in Spathoglottis. Repressed seedling growth caused by the PAT-disrupting agents was alleviated with eBL, suggesting that BRs enhance PAT in embryogenesis-like stages of young protocorms. However, similar responses were not evident in seed embryos. Results from this study also suggested that BRs may enhance orchid protocorm elongation by regulating auxin transport through an F-actin-mediated mechanism. With regard to protocorm hairs, increased eBL levels inhibited formation, whereas reduced BR biosynthesis altered hair patterning, and prevented outgrowth of auxin-stimulated hairs. Moreover, PAT inhibitors and repression of BR biosynthesis caused hair bud formation without hair outgrowth, suggesting a role for BR in PAT during protocorm hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Novak
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
| | - Nataly Kalbakji
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
- Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Kylie Upthegrove
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
| | - Wesley Neher
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jay Jones
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
| | - Jazmin de León
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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40
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Liu M, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang Y, Jin C. Auxin Acts Downstream of Ethylene and Nitric Oxide to Regulate Magnesium Deficiency-Induced Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1452-1465. [PMID: 29669031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association of auxin with ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) in regulating the magnesium (Mg) deficiency-induced root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana. With Mg deficiency, both ethylene and NO promoted the elevation of root auxin levels in roots by inducing the expression of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1), PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and PIN2 transporters. In turn, auxin stimulated ethylene and NO production by activating the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase (ACO), ACC synthase (ACS), nitrate reductase (NR) and NO synthase-like (NOS-L). These processes constituted an NO/ethylene-auxin feedback loop. Interestingly, however, the roles of ethylene and NO in regulating Mg deficiency-induced root hair development required the action of auxin, but not vice versa. In summary, these results suggest that Mg deficiency induces a positive interaction between the accumulation of auxin and ethylene/NO in roots, with auxin acting downstream of ethylene and NO signals to regulate Mg deficiency-induced root hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Hu H, Zhang R, Dong S, Li Y, Fan C, Wang Y, Xia T, Chen P, Wang L, Feng S, Persson S, Peng L. AtCSLD3 and GhCSLD3 mediate root growth and cell elongation downstream of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1065-1080. [PMID: 29253184 PMCID: PMC6018909 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CSLD3, a gene of the cellulose synthase-like D family, affects root hair elongation, but its interactions with ethylene signaling and phosphate-starvation are poorly understood. Here, we aim to understand the role of CSLD3 in the context of the ethylene signaling and phosphate starvation pathways in Arabidopsis plant growth. Therefore, we performed a comparative analysis of the csld3-1 mutant, CSLD3-overexpressing lines, and ethylene-response mutants, such as the constitutive ethylene-response mutant i-ctr1. We found that CSLD3 overexpression enhanced root and hypocotyl growth by increasing cell elongation, and that the root growth was highly sensitive to ethylene treatment (1 µM ACC), in particular under phosphate starvation. However, the CSLD3-mediated hypocotyl elongation occurred independently of the ethylene signaling pathway. Notably, the typical induction of root hair and root elongation by ethylene and phosphate-starvation was completely abolished in the csld3-1 mutant. Furthermore, i-ctr1 csld3-1 double-mutants were hairless like the csld3-1 parent, confirming that CSLD3 acts downstream of the ethylene signaling pathway during root growth. Moreover, the CSLD3 levels positively correlated with cellulose levels, indicating a role of CSLD3 in cellulose synthesis, which may explain the observed growth effects. Our results establish how CSLD3 works in the context of the ethylene signaling and phosphate-starvation pathways during root hair growth, cell elongation, and cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuchao Dong
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Correspondence:
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Schoenaers S, Balcerowicz D, Breen G, Hill K, Zdanio M, Mouille G, Holman TJ, Oh J, Wilson MH, Nikonorova N, Vu LD, De Smet I, Swarup R, De Vos WH, Pintelon I, Adriaensen D, Grierson C, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K. The Auxin-Regulated CrRLK1L Kinase ERULUS Controls Cell Wall Composition during Root Hair Tip Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:722-732.e6. [PMID: 29478854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs facilitate a plant's ability to acquire soil anchorage and nutrients. Root hair growth is regulated by the plant hormone auxin and dependent on localized synthesis, secretion, and modification of the root hair tip cell wall. However, the exact cell wall regulators in root hairs controlled by auxin have yet to be determined. In this study, we describe the characterization of ERULUS (ERU), an auxin-induced Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase, whose expression is directly regulated by ARF7 and ARF19 transcription factors. ERU belongs to the Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) subfamily of putative cell wall sensor proteins. Imaging of a fluorescent fusion protein revealed that ERU is localized to the apical root hair plasma membrane. ERU regulates cell wall composition in root hairs and modulates pectin dynamics through negative control of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity. Mutant eru (-/-) root hairs accumulate de-esterified homogalacturonan and exhibit aberrant pectin Ca2+-binding site oscillations and increased PME activity. Up to 80% of the eru root hair phenotype is rescued by pharmacological supplementation with a PME-inhibiting catechin extract. ERU transcription is altered in specific cell wall-related root hair mutants, suggesting that it is a target for feedback regulation. Loss of ERU alters the phosphorylation status of FERONIA and H+-ATPases 1/2, regulators of apoplastic pH. Furthermore, H+-ATPases 1/2 and ERU are differentially phosphorylated in response to auxin. We conclude that ERULUS is a key auxin-controlled regulator of cell wall composition and pectin dynamics during root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gordon Breen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Kristine Hill
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malgorzata Zdanio
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Route de St Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jaesung Oh
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Cell Systems Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Claire Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Shibata M, Breuer C, Kawamura A, Clark NM, Rymen B, Braidwood L, Morohashi K, Busch W, Benfey PN, Sozzani R, Sugimoto K. GTL1 and DF1 regulate root hair growth through transcriptional repression of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev159707. [PMID: 29439132 PMCID: PMC5818008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants determine the final size of growing cells is an important, yet unresolved, issue. Root hairs provide an excellent model system with which to study this as their final cell size is remarkably constant under constant environmental conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that a basic helix-loop helix transcription factor ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) promotes root hair growth, but how hair growth is terminated is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that a trihelix transcription factor GT-2-LIKE1 (GTL1) and its homolog DF1 repress root hair growth in Arabidopsis. Our transcriptional data, combined with genome-wide chromatin-binding data, show that GTL1 and DF1 directly bind the RSL4 promoter and regulate its expression to repress root hair growth. Our data further show that GTL1 and RSL4 regulate each other, as well as a set of common downstream genes, many of which have previously been implicated in root hair growth. This study therefore uncovers a core regulatory module that fine-tunes the extent of root hair growth by the orchestrated actions of opposing transcription factors. Summary:Arabidopsis gtl1 df1 double mutants and tissue-specific overexpression of GTL1 and DF1 demonstrate that both GTL1 and DF1 negatively regulate root hair growth by directly repressing RSL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaro Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Christian Breuer
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27708, USA.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bart Rymen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Luke Braidwood
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27708, USA.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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44
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Liu CY, Zhang F, Zhang DJ, Srivastava AK, Wu QS, Zou YN. Mycorrhiza stimulates root-hair growth and IAA synthesis and transport in trifoliate orange under drought stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1978. [PMID: 29386587 PMCID: PMC5792640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-hair growth and development regulated by soil microbes is associated with auxin. In this background, we hypothesized that mycorrhizal fungal inoculation induces greater root-hair growth through stimulated auxin synthesis and transport under water stress conditions. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) was inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) for 9 weeks. Compared with non-AM seedlings, AM seedlings displayed significantly higher density, length, and diameter of root hairs and root indoleacetic acid (IAA) level, whereas lower total root IAA efflux, regardless of soil moisture status. Root PtYUC3 and PtYUC8 involved in IAA biosynthesis were up-regulated by mycorrhization under WW and DS, whereas AM-modulated expression in PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC4, and PtYUC6 depended on status of soil moisture. Mycorrhizal inoculation down-regulated the transcript level of root auxin efflux carriers like PtPIN1 and PtPIN3, whereas significantly up-regulated the expression of root auxin-species influx carriers like PtABCB19 and PtLAX2 under DS. These results indicated that AMF-stimulated greater root-hair growth of trifoliate orange under DS that is independent on AMF species is related with mycorrhiza-modulated auxin synthesis and transport, which benefits the host plant to enhance drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - De-Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - A K Srivastava
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China. .,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China. .,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.
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45
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Mangano S, Denita-Juarez SP, Marzol E, Borassi C, Estevez JM. High Auxin and High Phosphate Impact on RSL2 Expression and ROS-Homeostasis Linked to Root Hair Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1164. [PMID: 30154812 PMCID: PMC6102359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root hair size determines the surface area/volume ratio of the whole roots exposed to the nutrient and water pools, thereby likely impacting nutrient and water uptake rates. The speed at which they grow is determined both by cell-intrinsic factors like hormones (e.g., auxin) and external environmental signals like nutrient availability in the soil (e.g., phosphate). Overall root hair growth is controlled by the transcription factors RSL4 and RSL2. While high levels of auxin promote root hair growth, high levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the media are able to strongly repress RSL4 and RSL2 expression linked to a decreased polar growth. In this work, we inquired the mechanism used by root hairs to integrate conflicting growth signals like the repressive signal of high Pi levels and a concomitant high auxin exposure that promotes growth and questioned whether these complex signals might activate known molecular players in root hair polar growth. Under these conditions, RSL2 expression (but not RSL4) is activated linked to ROS production and root hair growth. On the other hand, by blocking ROS production derived from the NADPH Oxidase C (or RBOHC for RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG C) and ROS production from Secreted type-III Peroxidases (PERs), it was possible to repress the auxin growth-promoting effect. This study identifies a new layer of complexity between auxin, Pi nutrient availability and RSL2/RSL4 transcription factors all acting on ROS homeostasis and growth at the root hair level.
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46
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Lu H, Lema A S, Planas-Marquès M, Alonso-Díaz A, Valls M, Coll NS. Type III Secretion-Dependent and -Independent Phenotypes Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:175-184. [PMID: 28840786 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0109-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The causal agent of bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, is a soilborne pathogen that invades plants through their roots, traversing many tissue layers until it reaches the xylem, where it multiplies and causes plant collapse. The effects of R. solanacearum infection are devastating, and no effective approach to fight the disease is so far available. The early steps of infection, essential for colonization, as well as the early plant defense responses remain mostly unknown. Here, we have set up a simple, in vitro Arabidopsis thaliana-R. solanacearum pathosystem that has allowed us to identify three clear root phenotypes specifically associated to the early stages of infection: root-growth inhibition, root-hair formation, and root-tip cell death. Using this method, we have been able to differentiate, on Arabidopsis plants, the phenotypes caused by mutants in the key bacterial virulence regulators hrpB and hrpG, which remained indistinguishable using the classical soil-drench inoculation pathogenicity assays. In addition, we have revealed the previously unknown involvement of auxins in the root rearrangements caused by R. solanacearum infection. Our system provides an easy-to-use, high-throughput tool to study R. solanacearum aggressiveness. Furthermore, the observed phenotypes may allow the identification of bacterial virulence determinants and could even be used to screen for novel forms of early plant resistance to bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Lu
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Saul Lema A
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Alejandro Alonso-Díaz
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Marc Valls
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
- 2 Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
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47
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Olatunji D, Geelen D, Verstraeten I. Control of Endogenous Auxin Levels in Plant Root Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2587. [PMID: 29194427 PMCID: PMC5751190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the different biosynthesis-related pathways that contribute to the regulation of endogenous auxin in plants. We demonstrate that all known genes involved in auxin biosynthesis also have a role in root formation, from the initiation of a root meristem during embryogenesis to the generation of a functional root system with a primary root, secondary lateral root branches and adventitious roots. Furthermore, the versatile adaptation of root development in response to environmental challenges is mediated by both local and distant control of auxin biosynthesis. In conclusion, auxin homeostasis mediated by spatial and temporal regulation of auxin biosynthesis plays a central role in determining root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Olatunji
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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48
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Mravec J, Kračun SK, Zemlyanskaya E, Rydahl MG, Guo X, Pičmanová M, Sørensen KK, Růžička K, Willats WGT. Click chemistry-based tracking reveals putative cell wall-located auxin binding sites in expanding cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15988. [PMID: 29167548 PMCID: PMC5700113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key plant regulatory molecule, which acts upon a plethora of cellular processes, including those related to cell differentiation and elongation. Despite the stunning progress in all disciplines of auxin research, the mechanisms of auxin-mediated rapid promotion of cell expansion and underlying rearrangement of cell wall components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the limitations of current methodologies for probing auxin. Here we describe a click chemistry-based approach, using an azido derivative of indole-3-propionic acid. This compound is as an active auxin analogue, which can be tagged in situ. Using this new tool, we demonstrate the existence of putative auxin binding sites in the cell walls of expanding/elongating cells. These binding sites are of protein nature but are distinct from those provided by the extensively studied AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1). Using immunohistochemistry, we have shown the apoplastic presence of endogenous auxin epitopes recognised by an anti-IAA antibody. Our results are intriguingly in line with previous observations suggesting some transcription-independent (non-genomic) activity of auxin in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | | | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kamil Růžička
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague, Czechia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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49
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Cui S, Suzaki T, Tominaga-Wada R, Yoshida S. Regulation and functional diversification of root hairs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 83:115-122. [PMID: 28993253 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs result from the polar outgrowth of root epidermis cells in vascular plants. Root hair development processes are regulated by intrinsic genetic programs, which are flexibly modulated by environmental conditions, such as nutrient availability. Basic programs for root hair development were present in early land plants. Subsequently, some plants developed the ability to utilize root hairs for specific functions, in particular, for interactions with other organisms, such as legume-rhizobia and host plants-parasites interactions. In this review, we summarize the molecular regulation of root hair development and the modulation of root hairs under limited nutrient supply and during interactions with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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50
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Mao B, Wang Y, Zhao TH, Tian RR, Wang W, Ye JS. Combined Effects of Elevated O 3 Concentrations and Enhanced UV-B Radiation of the Biometric and Biochemical Properties of Soybean Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1568. [PMID: 28955360 PMCID: PMC5600998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and elevated tropospheric ozone alone may inhibit the growth of agricultural crops. However, research regarding their combined effects on growth and biochemical properties of roots is still scarce. Using open top chambers, we monitored the response of growth, secondary metabolites, endogenous hormones and enzyme activities of soybean roots to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination at stages of branching, flowering and podding. Our results indicated that the root biomass decreased by 23.6, 25.2, and 27.7%, and root oxidative capacity declined by11.2, 39.9, and 55.7% exposed to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Concentrations of quercetin and ABA were significantly increased, while concentrations of total polyphenol and P-coumaric acid responded insignificantly to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B during the whole period of soybean growth. Elevated O3, enhanced UV-B and O3 + UV-B showed significant negative effects on superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity at flowering stage, on activities of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) at podding stage, on ascorbate peroxidase activity during the whole period of soybean growth. Moreover, compared to hormones and enzyme activity, secondary metabolisms showed stronger correlation with root growth exposed to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination. Our study concluded that combined effects of O3 and UV-B radiation significantly exacerbated the decline of soybean root growth, and for annual legumes, the inhibited root growth exposed to O3 and/or UV-B radiation was mostly associated with secondary metabolisms (especially flavonoids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Mao
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tian
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Jia-Shu Ye
- National Field Observation and Research Station of Shenyang Agro-EcosystemsShenyang, China
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