1
|
Wang T, Sun Y, Chen Y, Ma D, Zhan R, Yang J, Yang P. Functional characterization of geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase in Wurfbainia villosa and Wurfbainia longiligularis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108741. [PMID: 38772167 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wurfbainia villosa and Wurfbainia longiligularis are the two primary plant sources of Fructus Amomi, a traditional Chinese medicine. Both plants are rich in volatile terpenoids, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are the primary medicinal components of Fructus Amomi. The trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthase (TIDS) gene family plays a key part in determining terpenoid diversity and accumulation. However, the TIDS gene family have not been identified in W. villosa and W. longiligularis. This study identified thirteen TIDS genes in W. villosa and eleven TIDS genes in W. longiligularis, which may have expanded through segmental replication events. Based on phylogenetic analysis and expression levels, eight candidate WvTIDSs and five WlTIDSs were selected for cloning. Functional characterization in vitro demonstrated that four homologous geranyl diphosphate synthases (GPPSs) (WvGPPS1, WvGPPS2, WlGPPS1, WlGPPS2) and two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPSs) (WvGGPPS and WlGGPPS) were responsible for catalyzing the biosynthesis of geranyl diphosphate (GPP), whereas two farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPPSs) (WvFPPS and WlFPPS) catalysed the biosynthesis of the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). A comparison of six proteins with identified GPPS functions showed that WvGGPPS and WlGGPPS exhibited the highest activity levels. These findings indicate that homologous GPPS and GGPPS together promote the biosynthesis of GPP in W. villosa and W. longiligularis, thus providing sufficient precursors for the synthesis of monoterpenes and providing key genetic elements for Fructus Amomi variety improvement and molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yewen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Tan X, Guo G, Wang P, Zhang H, Lv S, Xu H, Hou D. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Key Enzyme Gene CoGPPS Involved in Iridoid Glycoside Synthesis in Cornus officinalis. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:125-131. [PMID: 38350140 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cornus iridoid glycosides (CIGs), including loganin and morroniside, are the main active components of Cornus officinalis. As one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of CIGs, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) catalyzes the formation of geranyl pyrophosphate, which is the direct precursor of CIGs. In this study, the C. officinalis geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CoGPPS) sequence was cloned from C. officinalis and analyzed. The cDNA sequence of the CoGPPS gene was 915 bp (GenBank No. OR725699). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CoGPPS was closely related to the GPPS sequence of Actinidia chinensis and Camellia sinensis, but relatively distantly related to Paeonia lactiflora and Tripterygium wilfordii. Results from the quantitative real-time PCR showed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of CoGPPS; that is, CoGPPS was specifically expressed in the fruits. Subcellular localization assay proved that CoGPPS was specifically found in chloroplasts. Loganin and morroniside contents in the tissues were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, and both compounds were found to be at higher levels in the fruits than in leaves. Thus, this study laid the foundation for further studies on the synthetic pathway of CIGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinjie Tan
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Guangyang Guo
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongxiao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Shufang Lv
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Huawei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Dianyun Hou
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song X, Liu C, Dhiloo KH, Yi CQ, Zhang TT, Zhang YJ. Functional characterization of a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in the leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22088. [PMID: 38349673 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) as the short-chain prenyltransferases for catalyzing the formation of the acyclic precursor (E)-GGPP has been extensively investigated in mammals, plants, and microbes, but its functional plasticity is poorly understood in insect species. Here, a single GGPPS in leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica, MhieGGPPS, was functionally investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MhieGGPPS was clustered in one clade with homologs and had six conserved motifs. Molecular docking results indicated that binding sites of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), (E)-geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), and (E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) were in the chain-length determination region of MhieGGPPS, respectively. In vitro, recombiant MhieGGPPS could catalyze the formation of (E)-geranylgeraniol against different combinations of substrates including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)/DMAPP, IPP/(E)-GPP, and IPP/(E)-FPP, suggesting that MhieGGPPS could not only use (E)-FPP but also (E)-GPP and DMAPP as the allylic cosubstrates. In kinetic analysis, the (E)-FPP was most tightly bound to MhieGGPPS than that of others. It was proposed that MhieGGPPS as a multifunctional enzyme is differentiated from the other GGPPSs in the animals and plants, which only accepted (E)-FPP as the allylic cosubstrate. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the functional plasticity of GGPPS in M. hieroglyphica and the novel biosynthesis mechanism in the isoprenoid pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Khalid H Dhiloo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Chao-Qun Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ducker C, French S, Pathak M, Taylor H, Sainter A, Askem W, Dreveny I, Santana AEG, Pickett JA, Oldham NJ. Characterisation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 161:104001. [PMID: 37619821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a debilitating and often fatal neglected tropical disease. Males from sub-populations of the Leishmania-harbouring sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, produce the diterpene sex and aggregation pheromone, sobralene, for which geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the likely isoprenoid precursor. We have identified a GGPP synthase (lzGGPPS) from L. longipalpis, which was recombinantly expressed in bacteria and purified for functional and kinetic analysis. In vitro enzymatic assays using LC-MS showed that lzGGPPS is an active enzyme, capable of converting substrates dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), (E)-geranyl diphosphate (GPP), (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with co-substrate isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) into (E,E,E)-GGPP, while (Z,E)-FPP was also accepted with low efficacy. Comparison of metal cofactors for lzGGPPS highlighted Mg2+ as most efficient, giving increased GGPP output when compared against other divalent metal ions tested. In line with previously characterised GGPPS enzymes, GGPP acted as an inhibitor of lzGGPPS activity. The molecular weight in solution of lzGGPPS was determined to be ∼221 kDa by analytical SEC, suggesting a hexameric assembly, as seen in the human enzyme, and representing the first assessment of GGPPS quaternary structure in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ducker
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stanley French
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monika Pathak
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Adam Sainter
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Askem
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Pl, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Neil J Oldham
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song S, Jin R, Chen Y, He S, Li K, Tang Q, Wang Q, Wang L, Kong M, Dudareva N, Smith BJ, Zhou F, Lu S. The functional evolution of architecturally different plant geranyl diphosphate synthases from geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2293-2315. [PMID: 36929908 PMCID: PMC10226565 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the largest class of plant primary and secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological and ecological functions. They are synthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which in plastids are condensed by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPSs) to produce GGPP (C20) for diterpene biosynthesis and by geranyl diphosphate synthases (GPPSs) to form GPP (C10) for monoterpene production. Depending on the plant species, unlike homomeric GGPPSs, GPPSs exist as homo- and heteromers, the latter of which contain catalytically inactive GGPPS-homologous small subunits (SSUs) that can interact with GGPPSs. By combining phylogenetic analysis with functional characterization of GGPPS homologs from a wide range of photosynthetic organisms, we investigated how different GPPS architectures have evolved within the GGPPS protein family. Our results reveal that GGPPS gene family expansion and functional divergence began early in nonvascular plants, and that independent parallel evolutionary processes gave rise to homomeric and heteromeric GPPSs. By site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we also discovered that Leu-Val/Val-Ala pairs of amino acid residues were pivotal in the functional divergence of homomeric GPPSs and GGPPSs. Overall, our study elucidated an evolutionary path for the formation of GPPSs with different architectures from GGPPSs and uncovered the molecular mechanisms involved in this differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruitao Jin
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Yufan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sitong He
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengjuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhang F, Wang C, Wang G. Heteromerization of short-chain trans-prenyltransferase controls precursor allocation within a plastidial terpenoid network. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1170-1182. [PMID: 36647626 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are the largest and most diverse class of plant specialized metabolites. Sesterterpenes (C25), which are derived from the plastid methylerythritol phosphate pathway, were recently characterized in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four genes encoding geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase (GFPPS) (AtGFPPS1 to 4) are responsible for the production of GFPP, which is the common precursor for sesterterpene biosynthesis. However, the interplay between sesterterpenes and other known terpenes remain elusive. Here, we first provide genetic evidence to demonstrate that GFPPSs are responsible for sesterterpene production in Arabidopsis. Blockage of the sesterterpene pathway at the GFPPS step increased the production of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)-derived terpenes. Interestingly, co-expression of sesterTPSs in GFPPS-OE (overexpression) plants rescued the phenotypic changes of GFPPS-OE plants by restoring the endogenous GGPP. We further demonstrated that, in addition to precursor (DMAPP/IPP) competition by GFPPS and GGPP synthase (GGPPS) in plastids, GFPPS directly decreased the activity of GGPPS through protein-protein interaction, ultimately leading to GGPP deficiency in planta. Our study provides a new regulatory mechanism of the plastidial terpenoid network in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi S, Chang Y, Yu J, Chen H, Wang Q, Bi Y. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Genes-Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene ( AlGGPPS) and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase Gene ( AlIDI)-from Aurantiochytrium limacinum Significantly Enhance De Novo β-Carotene Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040249. [PMID: 37103388 PMCID: PMC10141969 DOI: 10.3390/md21040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor regulation has been an effective strategy to improve carotenoid production and the availability of novel precursor synthases facilitates engineering improvements. In this work, the putative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding gene (AlGGPPS) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase encoding gene (AlIDI) from Aurantiochytrium limacinum MYA-1381 were isolated. We applied the excavated AlGGPPS and AlIDI to the de novo β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for functional identification and engineering application. Results showed that the two novel genes both functioned in the synthesis of β-carotene. Furthermore, AlGGPPS and AlIDI performed better than the original or endogenous one, with 39.7% and 80.9% increases in β-carotene production, respectively. Due to the coordinated expression of the 2 functional genes, β-carotene content of the modified carotenoid-producing E. coli accumulated a 2.99-fold yield of the initial EBIY strain in 12 h, reaching 10.99 mg/L in flask culture. This study helped to broaden current understanding of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Aurantiochytrium and provided novel functional elements for carotenoid engineering improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong C, Zhang M, Song S, Wei F, Qin L, Fan P, Shi Y, Wang X, Wang R. A Small Subunit of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Functions as an Active Regulator of Carotenoid Synthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020992. [PMID: 36674507 PMCID: PMC9863795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most imperative antioxidants in higher plants, carotenoids serve as accessory pigments to harvest light for photosynthesis and photoprotectors for plants to adapt to high light stress. Here, we report a small subunit (SSU) of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) in Nicotiana tabacum, NtSSU II, which takes part in the regulation carotenoid biosynthesis by forming multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and downstream phytoene synthase (NtPSY1). NtSSU II transcript is widely distributed in various tissues and stimulated by low light and high light treatments. The confocal image revealed that NtSSU II was localized in the chloroplast. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) indicated that NtSSU II and NtGGPPS1 formed heterodimers, which were able to interact with phytoene synthase (NtPSY1) to channel GGPP into the carotenoid production. CRISPR/Cas9-induced ntssu II mutant exhibited decreased leaf area and biomass, along with a decline in carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation. Moreover, the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were also downregulated in transgenic plants of ntssu II mutant. Taken together, the newly identified NtSSU II could form multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and NtPSY1 to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in N. tabacum, in addition to the co-expression of genes in carotenoids biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Puqing Fan
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongchun Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Satta A, Esquirol L, Ebert BE, Newman J, Peat TS, Plan M, Schenk G, Vickers CE. Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial short-chain prenyltransferases and discovery of a novel GGPP phosphatase. FEBS J 2022; 289:6672-6693. [PMID: 35704353 PMCID: PMC9796789 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with strong potential to be used for industrial terpenoid production. However, the key enzymes forming the principal terpenoid building blocks, called short-chain prenyltransferases (SPTs), are insufficiently characterized. Here, we examined SPTs in the model cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Each species has a single putative SPT (SeCrtE and SyCrtE, respectively). Sequence analysis identified these as type-II geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases (GGPPSs) with high homology to GGPPSs found in the plastids of green plants and other photosynthetic organisms. In vitro analysis demonstrated that SyCrtE is multifunctional, producing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP; C20 ) primarily but also significant amounts of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, C15 ) and geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10 ); whereas SeCrtE appears to produce only GGPP. The crystal structures were solved to 2.02 and 1.37 Å, respectively, and the superposition of the structures against the GGPPS of Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7002 yield a root mean square deviation of 0.8 Å (SeCrtE) and 1.1 Å (SyCrtE). We also discovered that SeCrtE is co-encoded in an operon with a functional GGPP phosphatase, suggesting metabolic pairing of these two activities and a putative function in tocopherol biosynthesis. This work sheds light on the activity of SPTs and terpenoid synthesis in cyanobacteria. Understanding native prenyl phosphate metabolism is an important step in developing approaches to engineering the production of different chain-length terpenoids in cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Satta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanAustralia
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Biomedical ProgramParkvilleAustralia,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonAustralia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical ProgramParkvilleAustralia,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonAustralia
| | - Manuel Plan
- Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,Sustainable Minerals InstituteThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformBrisbaneAustralia,Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanAustralia,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Welsch R, Li L. Golden Rice—Lessons learned for inspiring future metabolic engineering strategies and synthetic biology solutions. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
12
|
Yang X, Jiang X, Yan W, Huang Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ye W, Wu Y, Govers F, Liang Y. The Mevalonate Pathway Is Important for Growth, Spore Production, and the Virulence of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772994. [PMID: 36338274 PMCID: PMC9635365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway in eukaryotic organisms produces isoprenoids, sterols, ubiquinone, and dolichols. These molecules are vital for diverse cellular functions, ranging from signaling to membrane integrity, and from post-translational modification to energy homeostasis. However, information on the MVA pathway in Phytophthora species is limited. In this study, we identified the MVA pathway genes and reconstructed the complete pathway in Phytophthora sojae in silico. We characterized the function of the MVA pathway of P. sojae by treatment with enzyme inhibitor lovastatin, deletion of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (PsBTS1), and transcriptome profiling analysis. The MVA pathway is ubiquitously conserved in Phytophthora species. Under lovastatin treatment, mycelial growth, spore production, and virulence of P. sojae were inhibited but the zoospore encystment rate increased. Heterozygous mutants of PsBTS1 showed slow growth, abnormal colony characteristics, and mycelial morphology. Mutants showed decreased numbers of sporangia and oospores as well as reduced virulence. RNA sequencing analysis identified the essential genes in sporangia formation were influenced by the enzyme inhibitor lovastatin. Our findings elucidate the role of the MVA pathway in P. sojae and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development, reproduction, and virulence of P. sojae and possibly other oomycetes. Our results also provide potential chemical targets for management of plant Phytophthora diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqi Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qifeng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Z, Xie C, Zhan T, Li L, Liu S, Huang Y, An W, Zheng X, Huang S. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of the Trans-Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthases Gene Family in Cinnamomum camphora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708697. [PMID: 34589098 PMCID: PMC8475955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases (TIDSs) genes are known to be important determinants for terpene diversity and the accumulation of terpenoids. The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora, which is rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other aromatic compounds, has a wide range of pharmacological activities and has therefore attracted considerable interest. However, the TIDS gene family, and its relationship to the camphor tree (C. camphora L. Presl.), has not yet been characterized. In this study, we identified 10 TIDS genes in the genome of the C. camphora borneol chemotype that were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Synteny analysis revealed that the TIDS gene family in this species likely expanded through segmental duplication events. Furthermore, cis-element analyses demonstrated that C. camphora TIDS (CcTIDS) genes can respond to multiple abiotic stresses. Finally, functional characterization of eight putative short-chain TIDS proteins revealed that CcTIDS3 and CcTIDS9 exhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) activity, while CcTIDS1 and CcTIDS2 encode geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPS). Although, CcTIDS8 and CcTIDS10 were found to be catalytically inactive alone, they were able to bind to each other to form a heterodimeric functional geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) in vitro, and this interaction was confirmed using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the CcTIDS3, CcTIDS8, CcTIDS9, and CcTIDS10 genes were found to be more active in C. camphora roots as compared to stems and leaves, which were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These novel results provide a foundation for further exploration of the role of the TIDS gene family in camphor trees, and also provide a potential mechanism by which the production of camphor tree essential oil could be increased for pharmacological purposes through metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Institute of Medicine and Health, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Plant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases: every (gene) family has a story. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:289-298. [PMID: 36303884 PMCID: PMC9590577 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant isoprenoids (also known as terpenes or terpenoids) are a wide family of primary and secondary metabolites with multiple functions. In particular, most photosynthesis-related isoprenoids (including carotenoids and chlorophylls) as well as diterpenes and polyterpenes derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes in several cell compartments. Plant genomes typically harbor multiple copies of differentially expressed genes encoding GGPPS-like proteins. While sequence comparisons allow to identify potential GGPPS candidates, experimental evidence is required to ascertain their enzymatic activity and biological function. Actually, functional analyses of the full set of potential GGPPS paralogs are only available for a handful of plant species. Here we review our current knowledge on the GGPPS families of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop species rice (Oryza sativa), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The results indicate that a major determinant of the biological role of particular GGPPS paralogs is the expression profile of the corresponding genes even though specific interactions with other proteins (including GGPP-consuming enzymes) might also contribute to subfunctionalization. In some species, however, a single GGPPS isoforms appears to be responsible for the production of most if not all GGPP required for cell functions. Deciphering the mechanisms regulating GGPPS activity in particular cell compartments, tissues, organs and plant species will be very useful for future metabolic engineering approaches aimed to manipulate the accumulation of particular GGPP-derived products of interest without negatively impacting the levels of other isoprenoids required to sustain essential cell functions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pu X, Dong X, Li Q, Chen Z, Liu L. An update on the function and regulation of methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways and their evolutionary dynamics. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1211-1226. [PMID: 33538411 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are among the largest and most chemically diverse classes of organic compounds in nature and are involved in the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, growth, development, and plant responses to stress. The basic building block units for isoprenoid synthesis-isopentenyl diphosphate and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate-are generated by the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we summarize recent advances on the roles of the MEP and MVA pathways in plant growth, development and stress responses, and attempt to define the underlying gene networks that orchestrate the MEP and MVA pathways in response to developmental or environmental cues. Through phylogenomic analysis, we also provide a new perspective on the evolution of the plant isoprenoid pathway. We conclude that the presence of the MVA pathway in plants may be associated with the transition from aquatic to subaerial and terrestrial environments, as lineages for its core components are absent in green algae. The emergence of the MVA pathway has acted as a key evolutionary event in plants that facilitated land colonization and subsequent embryo development, as well as adaptation to new and varied environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiumei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Zexi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo K, Liu Y, Li SH. The untapped potential of plant sesterterpenoids: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2293-2314. [PMID: 34114591 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1969 up to 2021Sesterterpenoids, biosynthetically derived from the precursor, namely geranylfarnesyl diphosphate (GFDP) are amongst the rarest of all isoprenoids with approximately 1300 compounds known. Most sesterterpenoids originate from marine organisms (especially sponges), while only about 15% of these compounds are isolated from several families of plants such as Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Nartheciaceae. Many plant sesterterpenoids possess highly oxygenated and complex cyclic skeletons and exhibit remarkable biological activities involving cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifeedant properties. Thus, due to their intrinsic chemical complexity and intriguing biological profiles, plant sesterterpenoids have attracted continuing interest from both chemists and biologists. However, the biosynthesis and distribution of sesterterpenoids in the plant kingdom still remain elusive, although substantial progress has been achieved in recent years. This review provides an overall coverage of sesterterpenoids originating from plant sources, followed by a classification of their chemical skeletons, which summarizes the distribution, chemistry, biological activities, biosynthesis and evolution of plant sesterterpenoids, aiming at strengthening the research efforts toward the untapped great potential of these unique natural product resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu W, Jin X, Yang M, Xue S, Luo L, Cao X, Zhang C, Qiao S, Zhang C, Li J, Wu J, Lv L, Zhao F, Wang N, Tan S, Lyu-Bu AG, Wang C, Wang X. Primary and secondary metabolites produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots by an endophytic fungal elicitor from Mucor fragilis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:404-412. [PMID: 33571807 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most commonly used medicinal materials in China. In recent years, the quality of S. miltiorrhiza has attracted much attention. Biotic and abiotic elicitors are widely used in cultivation to improve the quality of medicinal plants. We isolated an endophytic fungus, Mucor fragilis, from S. miltiorrhiza. We compared the effects of endophytic fungal elicitors with those of yeast extract together with silver ion, widely used together as effective elicitors, on S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Seventeen primary metabolites (amino acids and fatty acids) and five secondary metabolites (diterpenoids and phenolic acids) were analyzed after elicitor treatment. The mycelium extract promoted the accumulation of salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Additionally, qPCR revealed that elicitors affect the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites by regulating the expression of key genes (SmAACT, SmGGPPS, and SmPAL). This is the first detection of both the primary and secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots, and the results of this work should help guide the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza. In addition, the findings confirm that Mucor fragilis functions as an effective endophytic fungal elicitor with excellent application prospect for cultivation of medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Xu
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Song Xue
- School of bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linglong Luo
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xupeng Cao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Caijuan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Sanyang Qiao
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junling Li
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqiao Lv
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuting Tan
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - A Ga Lyu-Bu
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar SR, Rai A, Bomzan DP, Kumar K, Hemmerlin A, Dwivedi V, Godbole RC, Barvkar V, Shanker K, Shilpashree HB, Bhattacharya A, Smitha AR, Hegde N, Nagegowda DA. A plastid-localized bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase plays a necessary role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:248-265. [PMID: 32064705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, C20 ) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as precursor for vital metabolic branches including specialized metabolites. Here, we report the characterization of a GGPPS (CrGGPPS2) from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and demonstrate its role in monoterpene (C10 )-indole alkaloids (MIA) biosynthesis. The expression of CrGGPPS2 was not induced in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and was similar to the gene encoding type-I protein geranylgeranyltransferase_β subunit (CrPGGT-I_β), which modulates MIA formation in C. roseus cell cultures. Recombinant CrGGPPS2 exhibited a bona fide GGPPS activity by catalyzing the formation of GGPP as the sole product. Co-localization of fluorescent protein fusions clearly showed CrGGPPS2 was targeted to plastids. Downregulation of CrGGPPS2 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) significantly decreased the expression of transcription factors and pathway genes related to MIA biosynthesis, resulting in reduced MIA. Chemical complementation of CrGGPPS2-vigs leaves with geranylgeraniol (GGol, alcoholic form of GGPP) restored the negative effects of CrGGPPS2 silencing on MIA biosynthesis. In contrast to VIGS, transient and stable overexpression of CrGGPPS2 enhanced the MIA biosynthesis. Interestingly, VIGS and transgenic-overexpression of CrGGPPS2 had no effect on the main GGPP-derived metabolites, cholorophylls and carotenoids in C. roseus leaves. Moreover, silencing of CrPGGT-I_β, similar to CrGGPPS2-vigs, negatively affected the genes related to MIA biosynthesis resulting in reduced MIA. Overall, this study demonstrated that plastidial CrGGPPS2 plays an indirect but necessary role in MIA biosynthesis. We propose that CrGGPPS2 might be involved in providing GGPP for modifying proteins of the signaling pathway involved in MIA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Rucha C Godbole
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - H B Shilpashree
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ankita Bhattacharya
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Attibele Ramamurthy Smitha
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Namratha Hegde
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou F, Pichersky E. The complete functional characterisation of the terpene synthase family in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1341-1360. [PMID: 31943222 PMCID: PMC7422722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the updated reference tomato genome found 34 full-length TPS genes and 18 TPS pseudogenes. Biochemical analysis has now identified the catalytic activities of all enzymes encoded by the 34 TPS genes: one isoprene synthase, 10 exclusively or predominantly monoterpene synthases, 17 sesquiterpene synthases and six diterpene synthases. Among the monoterpene and sesquiterpene and diterpene synthases, some use trans-prenyl diphosphates, some use cis-prenyl diphosphates and some use both. The isoprene synthase is cytosolic; six monoterpene synthases are plastidic, and four are cytosolic; the sesquiterpene synthases are almost all cytosolic, with the exception of one found in the mitochondria; and three diterpene synthases are found in the plastids, one in the cytosol and two in the mitochondria. New trans-prenyltransferases (TPTs) were characterised; together with previously characterised TPTs and cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), tomato plants can make all cis and trans C10 , C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphates. Every type of plant tissue examined expresses some TPS genes and some TPTs and CPTs. Phylogenetic comparison of the TPS genes from tomato and Arabidopsis shows expansions in each clade of the TPS gene family in each lineage (and inferred losses), accompanied by changes in subcellular localisations and substrate specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deng YY, Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Ge ZH, Yang LE, Lu S. Cloning and functional characterization of the bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from the red algal seaweed Bangia fuscopurpurea. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
21
|
Discovery of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Paralogs from Haematococcus pluvialis Based on Iso-Seq Analysis and Their Function on Astaxanthin Biosynthesis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120696. [PMID: 31842293 PMCID: PMC6950171 DOI: 10.3390/md17120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is widely distributed in the world and well known as the richest natural source of astaxanthin that is a strong antioxidant with excellent commercial value. The pathway of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis has been documented as an enzymatic reaction. Several enzymes have been reported, but their isoforms or homologs have not been investigated genome-wide. To better understand the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in H. pluvialis, eight candidates of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (HpGGPPS) predicted from Iso-seq data were isolated in this study. The length of coding region of these candidates varied from 960 bp to 1272 bp, composing of 7–9 exons. The putative amino acids of all candidates composed the signature domain of GGPPS gene. However, the motifs in the domain region are varied, indicating different bio-functions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight candidates can be clustered into three groups. Only two candidates in Group1 encode the synthase participating in the astaxanthin formation. The yield of astaxanthin from these two candidates, 7.1 mg/g (DW) and 6.5 mg/g (DW) respectively, is significant higher than that from CrtE (2.4 mg/g DW), a GGPPS gene from Pantoea ananatis. This study provides a potential productive pathway for astaxanthin synthesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ding BY, Niu J, Shang F, Yang L, Chang TY, Wang JJ. Characterization of the Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Association With Carotenoid Biosynthesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1398. [PMID: 31780956 PMCID: PMC6861191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids play many crucial roles in organisms. Recently, the de novo synthesis of carotenoids has been reported in pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) through horizontally transferred genes. However, their upstream pathway in the pea aphid is poorly understood. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is the functional enzyme in the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) which is a precursor for the biosynthesis of many biological metabolites, including carotenoid synthesis. In this study, we performed a series of experiments to characterize GGPPS gene and its association with carotenoid biosynthesis. (1) determining the transcript abundance and carotenoid content in two geographical strain with red and green morphs, and (2) examining the abundance of carotenoid related genes and carotenoid levels after silencing of GGPPS in both red and green morphs. We observed that GGPPS was more highly expressed in the green morph than in the red morph of two strains of the pea aphid. The total level of carotenoids was also higher in green morphs than in red morphs in both strains. In addition to the total carotenoid difference, the carotenoids found in the two morphs also differed. There were α-carotene, β-carotene, and γ-carotene in the green morphs, but three additional carotenoids, including cis-torulene∗, trans-torulene∗, and 3,4-didehydrolycopene∗, were present in the red morphs. Silencing the GGPPS by RNAi in both the red and green morphs decreased the expression of some carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes, including carotenoid synthase/cyclase genes and carotenoid desaturase genes in green morphs. Carotenoid levels were decreased in both green and red morphs. However, the specific carotenoids present were not changed after silencing GGPPS. These results demonstrated that GGPPS may act as the upstream enzyme to influence the synthesis of the total amount of carotenoids. The present study provided important molecular evidence for the conserved roles of GGPPS associated with carotenoids biosynthesis and will enhance further investigation on the mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in pea aphid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng-Yu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang J, Payne CD, Pouvreau B, Schaefer H, Fisher MF, Taylor NL, Berkowitz O, Whelan J, Rosengren KJ, Mylne JS. An Ancient Peptide Family Buried within Vicilin Precursors. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:979-993. [PMID: 30973714 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New proteins can evolve by duplication and divergence or de novo, from previously noncoding DNA. A recently observed mechanism is for peptides to evolve within a "host" protein and emerge by proteolytic processing. The first examples of such interstitial peptides were ones hosted by precursors for seed storage albumin. Interstitial peptides have also been observed in precursors for seed vicilins, but current evidence for vicilin-buried peptides (VBPs) is limited to seeds of the broadleaf plants pumpkin and macadamia. Here, an extensive sequence analysis of vicilin precursors suggested that peptides buried within the N-terminal region of preprovicilins are widespread and truly ancient. Gene sequences indicative of interstitial peptides were found in species from Amborellales to eudicots and include important grass and legume crop species. We show the first protein evidence for a monocot VBP in date palm seeds as well as protein evidence from other crops including the common tomato, sesame and pumpkin relatives, cucumber, and the sponge loofah ( Luffa aegyptiaca). Their excision was consistent with asparaginyl endopeptidase-mediated maturation, and sequences were confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest that the family is large and ancient and that based on the NMR solution structures for loofah Luffin P1 and tomato VBP-8, VBPs adopt a helical hairpin fold stapled by two internal disulfide bonds. The first VBPs characterized were a protease inhibitor, antimicrobials, and a ribosome inactivator. The age and evolutionary retention of this peptide family suggest its members play important roles in plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colton D. Payne
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Hanno Schaefer
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Plant Biodiversity Research, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Camagna M, Grundmann A, Bär C, Koschmieder J, Beyer P, Welsch R. Enzyme Fusion Removes Competition for Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate in Carotenogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1013-1027. [PMID: 30309967 PMCID: PMC6393812 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), a prenyl diphosphate synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPS), represents a metabolic hub for the synthesis of key isoprenoids, such as chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, gibberellins, and carotenoids. Protein-protein interactions and the amphipathic nature of GGPP suggest metabolite channeling and/or competition for GGPP among enzymes that function in independent branches of the isoprenoid pathway. To investigate substrate conversion efficiency between the plastid-localized GGPS isoform GGPS11 and phytoene synthase (PSY), the first enzyme of the carotenoid pathway, we used recombinant enzymes and determined their in vitro properties. Efficient phytoene biosynthesis via PSY strictly depended on simultaneous GGPP supply via GGPS11. In contrast, PSY could not access freely diffusible GGPP or time-displaced GGPP supply via GGPS11, presumably due to liposomal sequestration. To optimize phytoene biosynthesis, we applied a synthetic biology approach and constructed a chimeric GGPS11-PSY metabolon (PYGG). PYGG converted GGPP to phytoene almost quantitatively in vitro and did not show the GGPP leakage typical of the individual enzymes. PYGG expression in Arabidopsis resulted in orange-colored cotyledons, which are not observed if PSY or GGPS11 are overexpressed individually. This suggests insufficient GGPP substrate availability for chlorophyll biosynthesis achieved through GGPP flux redirection to carotenogenesis. Similarly, carotenoid levels in PYGG-expressing callus exceeded that in PSY- or GGPS11-overexpression lines. The PYGG chimeric protein may assist in provitamin A biofortification of edible plant parts. Moreover, other GGPS fusions may be used to redirect metabolic flux into the synthesis of other isoprenoids of nutritional and industrial interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Camagna
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Bär
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Q, Huang XQ, Cao TJ, Zhuang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Heteromeric Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Contributes to Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Ripening Fruits of Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11691-11700. [PMID: 30339374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) fruits are a rich source of carotenoids. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis and is produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS), which belongs to the prenyl transferase (PTS) family. In this study, we identified from the pepper genome a total of eight PTS homologues. Our subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and expression level analyses proved that among these homologues Capana04g000412 is the only functional GGPPS (CaGGPPS1) for carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper fruits. We demonstrated that CaGGPPS1 interacts with a catalytically inactive small subunit homologue protein CaSSUII, and such an interaction promotes CaGGPPS1 enzymatic activity. We also revealed a protein-protein interaction between CaSSUII and a putative phytoene synthase and the repression of carotenoid accumulation by silencing CaSSUII in pepper fruits. Taken together, our results suggest an essential contribution of the CaGGPPS1/CaSSUII interaction to carotenoid biosynthesis in ripening pepper fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, Subramanian B, Gothandam KM, Singh P, Ramamoorthy S. Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
27
|
Leng X, Wang P, Wang C, Zhu X, Li X, Li H, Mu Q, Li A, Liu Z, Fang J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of genes involved in carotenoid metabolic in three stages of grapevine fruit development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4216. [PMID: 28652583 PMCID: PMC5484692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids not only play indispensable roles in plant growth and development but also enhance nutritional value and health benefits for humans. In this study, total carotenoids progressively decreased during fruit ripening. Fifty-four genes involving in mevalonate (MVA), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), carotenoid biosynthesis and catabolism pathway were identified. The expression levels of most of the carotenoid metabolism related genes kept changing during fruit ripening generating a metabolic flux toward carotenoid synthesis. Down regulation of VvDXS, VvDXR, VvGGPPS and VvPSY and a dramatic increase in the transcription levels of VvCCD might be responsible for the reduction of carotenoids content. The visible correlation between carotenoid content and gene expression profiles suggested that transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes is a key mechanism of carotenoid accumulation. In addition, the decline of carotenoids was also accompanied with the reduction of chlorophyll content. The reduction of chlorophyll content might be due to the obstruction in chlorophyll synthesis and acceleration of chlorophyll degradation. These results will be helpful for better understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis in grapevine fruit and contribute to the development of conventional and transgenic grapevine cultivars for further enrichment of carotenoid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Leng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daxuedong Road 174, Nanning, 530007, P.R. China
| | - Qian Mu
- Shandong Aacademy of Grape, Gongyenan Road 103, Jinan, 250110, P.R. China
| | - Ao Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Powell JJ, Carere J, Fitzgerald TL, Stiller J, Covarelli L, Xu Q, Gubler F, Colgrave ML, Gardiner DM, Manners JM, Henry RJ, Kazan K. The Fusarium crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum triggers a suite of transcriptional and metabolic changes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:853-867. [PMID: 27941094 PMCID: PMC5604588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Fusarium crown rot caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum is a disease of wheat and barley, bearing significant economic cost. Efforts to develop effective resistance to this disease have been hampered by the quantitative nature of resistance and a lack of understanding of the factors associated with resistance and susceptibility. Here, we aimed to dissect transcriptional responses triggered in wheat by F. pseudograminearum infection. Methods We used an RNA-seq approach to analyse host responses during a compatible interaction and identified >2700 wheat genes differentially regulated after inoculation with F. pseudograminearum . The production of a few key metabolites and plant hormones in the host during the interaction was also analysed. Key Results Analysis of gene ontology enrichment showed that a disproportionate number of genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism, signalling and transport were differentially expressed in infected seedlings. A number of genes encoding pathogen-responsive uridine-diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) potentially involved in detoxification of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were differentially expressed. Using a F. pseudograminearum DON-non-producing mutant, DON was shown to play an important role in virulence during Fusarium crown rot. An over-representation of genes involved in the phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine biosynthesis pathways was observed. This was confirmed through metabolite analyses that demonstrated tryptamine and serotonin levels are induced after F. pseudograminearum inoculation. Conclusions Overall, the observed host response in bread wheat to F. pseudograminearum during early infection exhibited enrichment of processes related to pathogen perception, defence signalling, transport and metabolism and deployment of chemical and enzymatic defences. Additional functional analyses of candidate genes should reveal their roles in disease resistance or susceptibility. Better understanding of host responses contributing to resistance and/or susceptibility will aid the development of future disease improvement strategies against this important plant pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Powell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Carere
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy L. Fitzgerald
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Qian Xu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Frank Gubler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Manners
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Barja MV, Manzano D, Llorente B, Schipper B, Beekwilder J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1393-1402. [PMID: 27707890 PMCID: PMC5100792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A wide diversity of isoprenoids is produced in different plant compartments. Most groups of isoprenoids synthesized in plastids, and some produced elsewhere in the plant cell derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five genes appear to encode GGPPS isoforms localized in plastids (two), the endoplasmic reticulum (two), and mitochondria (one). However, the loss of function of the plastid-targeted GGPPS11 isoform (referred to as G11) is sufficient to cause lethality. Here, we show that the absence of a strong transcription initiation site in the G11 gene results in the production of transcripts of different lengths. The longer transcripts encode an isoform with a functional plastid import sequence that produces GGPP for the major groups of photosynthesis-related plastidial isoprenoids. However, shorter transcripts are also produced that lack the first translation initiation codon and rely on a second in-frame ATG codon to produce an enzymatically active isoform lacking this N-terminal domain. This short enzyme localizes in the cytosol and is essential for embryo development. Our results confirm that the production of differentially targeted enzyme isoforms from the same gene is a central mechanism to control the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in different plant cell compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - M Victoria Barja
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - David Manzano
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Bert Schipper
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei G, Tian P, Zhang F, Qin H, Miao H, Chen Q, Hu Z, Cao L, Wang M, Gu X, Huang S, Chen M, Wang G. Integrative Analyses of Nontargeted Volatile Profiling and Transcriptome Data Provide Molecular Insight into VOC Diversity in Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:603-18. [PMID: 27457123 PMCID: PMC5074635 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds, which are generated in a tissue-specific manner, play important ecological roles in the interactions between plants and their environments, including the well-known functions of attracting pollinators and protecting plants from herbivores/fungi attacks. However, to date, there have not been reports of holistic volatile profiling of the various tissues of a single plant species, even for the model plant species. In this study, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed 85 volatile chemicals, including 36 volatile terpenes, in 23 different tissues of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most volatile chemicals were found to occur in a highly tissue-specific manner. The consensus transcriptomes for each of the 23 cucumber tissues were generated with RNA sequencing data and used in volatile organic compound-gene correlation analysis to screen for candidate genes likely to be involved in cucumber volatile biosynthetic pathways. In vitro biochemical characterization of the candidate enzymes demonstrated that TERPENE SYNTHASE11 (TPS11)/TPS14, TPS01, and TPS15 were responsible for volatile terpenoid production in the roots, flowers, and fruit tissues of cucumber plants, respectively. A functional heteromeric geranyl(geranyl) pyrophosphate synthase, composed of an inactive small subunit (type I) and an active large subunit, was demonstrated to play a key role in monoterpene production in cucumber. In addition to establishing a standard workflow for the elucidation of plant volatile biosynthetic pathways, the knowledge generated from this study lays a solid foundation for future investigations of both the physiological functions of cucumber volatiles and aspects of cucumber flavor improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Han Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Meijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Xingfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Sanwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jia Q, Chen F. Catalytic Functions of the Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Superfamily in Plants: A Growing Repertoire. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:189-191. [PMID: 26751961 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Jia
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang C, Chen Q, Fan D, Li J, Wang G, Zhang P. Structural Analyses of Short-Chain Prenyltransferases Identify an Evolutionarily Conserved GFPPS Clade in Brassicaceae Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:195-204. [PMID: 26537048 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest and most diverse class of plant-specialized metabolites, which function in diverse physiological processes during plant development. In the biosynthesis of plant terpenoids, short-chain prenyltransferases (SC-PTs), together with terpene synthases (TPSs), play critical roles in determining terpenoid diversity. SC-PTs biosynthesize prenyl pyrophosphates with different chain lengths, and these compounds are the direct precursors of terpenoids. Arabidopsis thaliana possesses a subgroup of SC-PTs whose functions are not clearly known. In this study, we focus on 10 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase-like [GGPPSL] proteins, which are commonly thought to produce GGPP [C20]. We found that a subset of members of the Arabidopsis GGPPSL gene family have undergone neo-functionalization: GGPPSL6, 7, 9, and 10 mainly have geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate synthase activity (C25; renamed AtGFPPS1, 2, 3, and 4), and GGPPSL8 produces even longer chain prenyl pyrophosphate (≥ C30; renamed polyprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 2, AtPPPS2). By solving the crystal structures of AtGFPPS2, AtPPPS2, and AtGGPPS11, we reveal the product chain-length determination mechanism of SC-PTs and interpret it as a "three floors" model. Using this model, we identified a novel GFPPS clade distributed in Brassicaceae plants and found that the GFPPS gene typically occurs in tandem with a gene encoding a TPS, forming a GFPPS-TPS gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongjie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nagel R, Bernholz C, Vranová E, Košuth J, Bergau N, Ludwig S, Wessjohann L, Gershenzon J, Tissier A, Schmidt A. Arabidopsis thaliana isoprenyl diphosphate synthases produce the C25 intermediate geranylfarnesyl diphosphate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:847-59. [PMID: 26505977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze some of the most basic steps in terpene biosynthesis by producing the prenyl diphosphate precursors of each of the various terpenoid classes. Most plants investigated have distinct enzymes that produce the short-chain all-trans (E) prenyl diphosphates geranyl diphosphate (GDP, C10 ), farnesyl diphosphate (FDP, C15 ) or geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP, C20 ). In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, 15 trans-product-forming IDSs are present. Ten of these have recently been shown to produce GGDP by genetic complementation of a carotenoid pathway engineered into Escherichia coli. When verifying the product pattern of IDSs producing GGDP by a new LC-MS/MS procedure, we found that five of these IDSs produce geranylfarnesyl diphosphate (GFDP, C25 ) instead of GGDP as their major product in enzyme assays performed in vitro. Over-expression of one of the GFDP synthases in A. thaliana confirmed the production of GFDP in vivo. Enzyme assays with A. thaliana protein extracts from roots but not other organs showed formation of GFDP. Furthermore, GFDP itself was detected in root extracts. Subcellular localization studies in leaves indicated that four of the GFDP synthases were targeted to the plastoglobules of the chloroplast and one was targeted to the mitochondria. Sequence comparison and mutational studies showed that the size of the R group of the 5th amino acid residue N-terminal to the first aspartate-rich motif is responsible for C25 versus C20 product formation, with smaller R groups (Ala and Ser) resulting in GGDP (C20 ) as a product and a larger R group (Met) resulting in GFDP (C25 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Bernholz
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Vranová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steve Ludwig
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Warren RL, Keeling CI, Yuen MMS, Raymond A, Taylor GA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Paulino D, Chiu R, Jackman SD, Robertson G, Yang C, Boyle B, Hoffmann M, Weigel D, Nelson DR, Ritland C, Isabel N, Jaquish B, Yanchuk A, Bousquet J, Jones SJM, MacKay J, Birol I, Bohlmann J. Improved white spruce (Picea glauca) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:189-212. [PMID: 26017574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
White spruce (Picea glauca), a gymnosperm tree, has been established as one of the models for conifer genomics. We describe the draft genome assemblies of two white spruce genotypes, PG29 and WS77111, innovative tools for the assembly of very large genomes, and the conifer genomics resources developed in this process. The two white spruce genotypes originate from distant geographic regions of western (PG29) and eastern (WS77111) North America, and represent elite trees in two Canadian tree-breeding programs. We present an update (V3 and V4) for a previously reported PG29 V2 draft genome assembly and introduce a second white spruce genome assembly for genotype WS77111. Assemblies of the PG29 and WS77111 genomes confirm the reconstructed white spruce genome size in the 20 Gbp range, and show broad synteny. Using the PG29 V3 assembly and additional white spruce genomics and transcriptomics resources, we performed MAKER-P annotation and meticulous expert annotation of very large gene families of conifer defense metabolism, the terpene synthases and cytochrome P450s. We also comprehensively annotated the white spruce mevalonate, methylerythritol phosphate and phenylpropanoid pathways. These analyses highlighted the large extent of gene and pseudogene duplications in a conifer genome, in particular for genes of secondary (i.e. specialized) metabolism, and the potential for gain and loss of function for defense and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Christopher I Keeling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire Man Saint Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony Raymond
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Greg A Taylor
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Vandervalk
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hamid Mohamadi
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Daniel Paulino
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Readman Chiu
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Shaun D Jackman
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Chen Yang
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Margarete Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Carol Ritland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Barry Jaquish
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John MacKay
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Inanc Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:63-106. [PMID: 25583224 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids (isoprenoids) represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds produced by plants. Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and development but use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in the abiotic and biotic environment. Traditionally, plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have been exploited in the development of biofuel products. Genomic resources and emerging tools in synthetic biology facilitate the metabolic engineering of high-value terpenoid products in plants and microbes. Moreover, the ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection. Together, these efforts require a continuous growth in knowledge of the complex metabolic and molecular regulatory networks in terpenoid biosynthesis. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|