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Shree A, Pal S, Verma PK. Structural diversification of fungal cell wall in response to the stress signaling and remodeling during fungal pathogenesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:733-747. [PMID: 38846457 PMCID: PMC11150350 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the most diverse organisms found in our surroundings. The heterotrophic lifestyle of fungi and the ever-changing external environmental factors pose numerous challenges for their survival. Despite all adversities, fungi continuously develop new survival strategies to secure nutrition and space from their host. During host-pathogen interaction, filamentous phytopathogens in particular, effectively infect their hosts by maintaining polarised growth at the tips of hyphae. The fungal cell wall, being the prime component of host contact, plays a crucial role in fortifying the intracellular environment against the harsh external environment. Structurally, the fungal cell wall is a highly dynamic yet rigid component, responsible for maintaining cellular morphology. Filamentous pathogens actively maintain their dynamic cell wall to compensate rapid growth on the host. Additionally, they secrete effectors to dampen the sophisticated mechanisms of plant defense and initiate various downstream signaling cascades to repair the damage inflicted by the host. Thus, the fungal cell wall serves as a key modulator of fungal pathogenicity. The fungal cell wall with their associated signaling mechanisms emerge as intriguing targets for host immunity. This review comprehensively examines and summarizes the multifaceted findings of various research groups regarding the dynamics of the cell wall in filamentous fungal pathogens during host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Surabhi Pal
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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2
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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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3
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Zhang S, Wang X, He J, Zhang S, Zhao T, Fu S, Zhou C. A Sec-dependent effector, CLIBASIA_04425, contributes to virulence in ' Candidatus Liberibater asiaticus'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1224736. [PMID: 37554557 PMCID: PMC10405523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1224736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, mainly caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas). It encodes a large number of Sec-dependent effectors that contribute to HLB progression. In this study, an elicitor triggering ROS burst and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, CLIBASIA_04425 (CLas4425), was identified. Of particular interest, its cell death-inducing activity is associated with its subcellular localization and the cytoplasmic receptor Botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1). Compared with CLas infected psyllids, CLas4425 showed higher expression level in planta. The transient expression of CLas4425 in N. benthamiana and its overexpression in Citrus sinensis enhanced plant susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ΔhopQ1-1 and CLas, respectively. Furthermore, the salicylic acid (SA) level along with the expression of genes NPR1/EDS1/NDR1/PRs in SA signal transduction was repressed in CLas4425 transgenic citrus plants. Taken together, CLas4425 is a virulence factor that promotes CLas proliferation, likely by interfering with SA-mediated plant immunity. The results obtained facilitate our understanding of CLas pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushe Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Engineering Technology Center Academy of Specialty Crops, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
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4
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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Corredor-Moreno P, Badgami R, Jones S, Saunders DGO. Temporally coordinated expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in wheat promotes Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:853. [PMID: 35996019 PMCID: PMC9395331 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting host processes that allow pathogens to thrive can be invaluable in resistance breeding. Here, we generated a deep-sequencing transcriptome time course for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection on wheat and compared datasets from three wheat varieties with different levels of susceptibility to two tested pathogen isolates. We sought genes specifically altered in a susceptible host as candidates that might support colonisation. Host responses differed between Pst-varietal pairs most prominently early during infection. Notably, however, nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localised proteins (NGCPs) exhibited temporal coordination of expression profiles that differed at later time points in relation to Pst susceptibility. Disrupting one such NGCP, encoding the chloroplast-localised RNA binding protein TaCSP41a, led to lower Pst susceptibility. These analyses thus highlight NGCPs as prime targets for Pst manipulation during infection and point to TaCSP41a disruption as a potential source of Pst resistance for breeding programmes. A transcriptome time course of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection reveals nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins are manipulated during infection and highlights TaCSP41a disruption as a target for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Jones
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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6
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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7
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Hart EH, Christofides SR, Davies TE, Rees Stevens P, Creevey CJ, Müller CT, Rogers HJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Forage grass growth under future climate change scenarios affects fermentation and ruminant efficiency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4454. [PMID: 35292703 PMCID: PMC8924208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing human population access to ruminant products is an important factor in global food supply. While ruminants contribute to climate change, climate change could also affect ruminant production. Here we investigated how the plant response to climate change affects forage quality and subsequent rumen fermentation. Models of near future climate change (2050) predict increases in temperature, CO2, precipitation and altered weather systems which will produce stress responses in field crops. We hypothesised that pre-exposure to altered climate conditions causes compositional changes and also primes plant cells such that their post-ingestion metabolic response to the rumen is altered. This “stress memory” effect was investigated by screening ten forage grass varieties in five differing climate scenarios, including current climate (2020), future climate (2050), or future climate plus flooding, drought or heat shock. While varietal differences in fermentation were detected in terms of gas production, there was little effect of elevated temperature or CO2 compared with controls (2020). All varieties consistently showed decreased digestibility linked to decreased methane production as a result of drought or an acute flood treatment. These results indicate that efforts to breed future forage varieties should target tolerance of acute stress rather than long term climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Hart
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Sarah R Christofides
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Teri E Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Pauline Rees Stevens
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | | | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK.
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8
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Kannan G, Saraswathi MS, Thangavelu R, Kumar PS, Bathrinath M, Uma S, Backiyarani S, Chandrasekar A, Ganapathi TR. Development of fusarium wilt resistant mutants of Musa spp. cv.Rasthali (AAB, Silk subgroup) and comparative proteomic analysis along with its wild type. PLANTA 2022; 255:80. [PMID: 35249170 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Induced mutagenesis using embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) explants with toxin based screening is an effective tool to create non-chimeral Fusarium wilt resistant mutants in banana. Global proteomics unravel the molecular mechanism behind resistance. Race 1 of Fusarium wilt is a serious threat to Musa spp. cv.Rasthali (AAB, Silk subgroup) which is a choice variety traditionally grown in most of the south East Asian countries. Resistant gene introgression into susceptible varieties through conventional breeding has several limitations and the predominant ones being sterility and long generation time. Under such circumstances, induced mutagenesis combined with toxin based in vitro screening remains as the viable alternative for the development of fusarium wilt resistant Rasthali. Therefore, induced mutagenesis was attempted by using ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) in embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) of Rasthali followed by in vitro screening for fusarium wilt resistance using new generation toxins and pot screening through challenge inoculation with Foc race 1. This ultimately resulted in the identification of 15 resistant lines. Global proteomic analysis in one of the resistant mutant lines namely NRCBRM15 and its wild type revealed 37 proteins, of which 20 showed differential expression. Out of 20 proteins, nineteen were significantly abundant in NRCBRM15 and only one was abundant in wild Rasthali. A total of nine genes based on protein expression were further validated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Annotation results revealed that some of the genes namely Enolase, ATP synthase-alpha subunit, Actin 2, Actin 3,-glucanase, UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, Respiratory burst oxidase homolog, V type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A and DUF292 domain containing protein are involved in diverse functions such as carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, electron carrier, response to wounding, binding proteins, cytoskeleton organization, extracellular region, structural molecule and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Kannan
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Marimuthu Somasundaram Saraswathi
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India.
| | - Raman Thangavelu
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Parasuraman Subesh Kumar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Murugesan Bathrinath
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Subbaraya Uma
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Suthanthiram Backiyarani
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Arumugam Chandrasekar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Thumballi R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Nadarajah K, Abdul Rahman NSN. Plant-Microbe Interaction: Aboveground to Belowground, from the Good to the Bad. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910388. [PMID: 34638728 PMCID: PMC8508622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil health and fertility issues are constantly addressed in the agricultural industry. Through the continuous and prolonged use of chemical heavy agricultural systems, most agricultural lands have been impacted, resulting in plateaued or reduced productivity. As such, to invigorate the agricultural industry, we would have to resort to alternative practices that will restore soil health and fertility. Therefore, in recent decades, studies have been directed towards taking a Magellan voyage of the soil rhizosphere region, to identify the diversity, density, and microbial population structure of the soil, and predict possible ways to restore soil health. Microbes that inhabit this region possess niche functions, such as the stimulation or promotion of plant growth, disease suppression, management of toxicity, and the cycling and utilization of nutrients. Therefore, studies should be conducted to identify microbes or groups of organisms that have assigned niche functions. Based on the above, this article reviews the aboveground and below-ground microbiomes, their roles in plant immunity, physiological functions, and challenges and tools available in studying these organisms. The information collected over the years may contribute toward future applications, and in designing sustainable agriculture.
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 PMCID: PMC8185089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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11
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.21.423810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Sambyal K, Singh RV. Production of salicylic acid; a potent pharmaceutically active agent and its future prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:394-405. [PMID: 33618601 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid is one of the potent pharmaceutical organic acids that have various applications in the medical field. It acts as a plant hormone and helps in plant's growth & defence against pathogens. Beyond its numerous functions in plants, SA has great pharmaceutical importance since it acts as an intermediate for the synthesis of various drugs and dyes e.g. aspirin. At the industrial scale, chemical methods are used for the synthesis of SA but presently, several other sources are available that have the capability to alternate the chemical process which will be a step forward toward green synthesis. Aim of this paper is to provide comprehensive knowledge of SA production and its biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab
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13
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Coelho AC, Pires R, Schütz G, Santa C, Manadas B, Pinto P. Disclosing proteins in the leaves of cork oak plants associated with the immune response to Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculation in the roots: A long-term proteomics approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245148. [PMID: 33481834 PMCID: PMC7822296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological interaction between oak trees and Phytophthora cinnamomi has implications in the cork oak decline observed over the last decades in the Iberian Peninsula. During host colonization, the phytopathogen secretes effector molecules like elicitins to increase disease effectiveness. The objective of this study was to unravel the proteome changes associated with the cork oak immune response triggered by P. cinnamomi inoculation in a long-term assay, through SWATH-MS quantitative proteomics performed in the oak leaves. Using the Arabidopis proteome database as a reference, 424 proteins were confidently quantified in cork oak leaves, of which 80 proteins showed a p-value below 0.05 or a fold-change greater than 2 or less than 0.5 in their levels between inoculated and control samples being considered as altered. The inoculation of cork oak roots with P. cinnamomi increased the levels of proteins associated with protein-DNA complex assembly, lipid oxidation, response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and pyridine-containing compound metabolic process in the leaves. In opposition, several proteins associated with cellular metabolic compound salvage and monosaccharide catabolic process had significantly decreased abundances. The most significant abundance variations were observed for the Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase small subunit (RBCS1A), Heat Shock protein 90–1 (Hsp90-1), Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) and Histone superfamily protein H3.3 (A8MRLO/At4G40030) revealing a pertinent role for these proteins in the host-pathogen interaction mechanism. This work represents the first SWATH-MS analysis performed in cork oak plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi and highlights host proteins that have a relevant action in the homeostatic states that emerge from the interaction between the oomycete and the host in the long term and in a distal organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Coelho
- Center for Electronic, Optoelectronic and Telecommunications (CEOT), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Educação e Comunicação (ESEC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosa Pires
- Center for Electronic, Optoelectronic and Telecommunications (CEOT), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Schütz
- Center for Electronic, Optoelectronic and Telecommunications (CEOT), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santa
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pinto
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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14
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Ji H, Liu D, Zhang Z, Sun J, Han B, Li Z. A bacterial F-box effector suppresses SAR immunity through mediating the proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2 in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1054-1072. [PMID: 32881160 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens usually cause diseases by secreting and translocating numerous virulence effectors into host cells and suppressing various host immunity pathways. It has been demonstrated that the extensive ubiquitin systems of host cells are frequently interfered with or hijacked by numerous pathogenic bacteria, through various strategies. Some type-III secretion system (T3SS) effectors of plant pathogens have been demonstrated to impersonate the F-box protein (FBP) component of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin system for their own benefit. Although numerous putative eukaryotic-like F-box effectors have been screened for different bacterial pathogens by bioinformatics analyses, the targets of most F-box effectors in host immune systems remain unknown. Here, we show that XopI, a putative F-box effector of African Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) strain BAI3, strongly inhibits the host's OsNPR1-dependent resistance to Xoo. The xopI knockout mutant displays lower virulence in Oryza sativa (rice) than BAI3. Mechanistically, we identify a thioredoxin protein, OsTrxh2, as an XopI-interacting protein in rice. Although OsTrxh2 positively regulates rice immunity by catalyzing the dissociation of OsNPR1 into monomers in rice, the XopI effector serves as an F-box adapter to form an OSK1-XopI-OsTrxh2 interaction complex, and further disrupts OsNPR1-mediated resistance through proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2. Our results indicate that XopI targets OsTrxh2 and further represses OsNPR1-dependent signaling, thereby subverting systemic acquired resistance (SAR) immunity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Delong Liu
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Zhaoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiawen Sun
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, 253015, China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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15
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He Q, Liu Y, Liang P, Liao X, Li X, Li X, Shi D, Liu W, Lin C, Zheng F, Miao W. A novel chorismate mutase from Erysiphe quercicola performs dual functions of synthesizing amino acids and inhibiting plant salicylic acid synthesis. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126599. [PMID: 33010586 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effectors to establish a successful interaction with their host. It is well understood that plant pathogens recruit classically secreted chorismate mutase (Cmu) as an effector to disrupt plant salicylic acid (SA) synthesis. However, the identity and function of the Cmu effector from powdery mildew fungi remain unknown. Here, we identified a novel secreted Cmu effector, EqCmu, from rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell) powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe quercicola). Unlike the classically secreted Cmu, EqCmu lack signal peptide, and exhibited characteristics of non-classically secreted proteins. EqCmu could fully complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScAro7 mutant that was deficient in the synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine. In addition, transient expression of EqCmu could promote infection by Phytophthora capsici and reduce the levels of SA and the mRNA of PR1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana in response to P. capsici infection, while confocal observations showed that EqCmu was localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus of transfected N. benthamiana leaf cells. These non-homologous systems assays provide evidences that EqCmu may serve as a "moonlighting" protein, which is not only a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine within fungal cells, but also has the function of regulating plant SA synthesis within plant cells. This is the first study to identify and functionally validate a candidate effector from E. quercicola. Overall, the non-classical secretion pathway is a novel mechanism for powdery mildew fungal effectors secretion and might play an important role in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Peng Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaomiao Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dou Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fucong Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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16
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Cheng AP, Chen SY, Lai MH, Wu DH, Lin SS, Chen CY, Chung CL. Transcriptome Analysis of Early Defenses in Rice against Fusarium fujikuroi. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32910281 PMCID: PMC7483690 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bakanae is a seedborne disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Rice seedlings emerging from infected seeds can show diverse symptoms such as elongated and slender stem and leaves, pale coloring, a large leaf angle, stunted growth and even death. Little is known about rice defense mechanisms at early stages of disease development. RESULTS This study focused on investigating early defenses against F. fujikuroi in a susceptible cultivar, Zerawchanica karatals (ZK), and a resistant cultivar, Tainung 67 (TNG67). Quantitative PCR revealed that F. fujikuroi colonizes the root and stem but not leaf tissues. Illumina sequencing was conducted to analyze the stem transcriptomes of F. fujikuroi-inoculated and mock-inoculated ZK and TNG67 plants collected at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). More differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in ZK (n = 169) than TNG67 (n = 118), and gene ontology terms related to transcription factor activity and phosphorylation were specifically enriched in ZK DEGs. Among the complex phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, only DEGs involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway were identified. Fourteen DEGs encoding pattern-recognition receptors, transcription factors, and JA signaling pathway components were validated by performing quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of individual plants. Significant repression of jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes (OsJAZ9, OsJAZ10, and OsJAZ13) at 3 dpi and 7 dpi in both cultivars, indicated the activation of JA signaling during early interactions between rice and F. fujikuroi. Differential expression was not detected for salicylic acid marker genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 and non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1. Moreover, while MeJA did not affect the viability of F. fujikuroi, MeJA treatment of rice seeds (prior to or after inoculation) alleviated and delayed bakanae disease development in susceptible ZK. CONCLUSIONS Different from previous transcriptome studies, which analyzed the leaves of infected plants, this study provides insights into defense-related gene expression patterns in F. fujikuroi-colonized rice stem tissues. Twelve out of the 14 selected DEGs were for the first time shown to be associated with disease resistance, and JA-mediated resistance was identified as a crucial component of rice defense against F. fujikuroi. Detailed mechanisms underlying the JA-mediated bakanae resistance and the novel defense-related DEGs are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Po Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Lai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist, Taichung City, 41362 Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hong Wu
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist, Taichung City, 41362 Taiwan
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung City, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
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17
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Eisermann I, Motyka V, Kümmel S, Dobrev PI, Hübner K, Deising HB, Wirsel SGR. CgIPT1 is required for synthesis of cis-zeatin cytokinins and contributes to stress tolerance and virulence in Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 143:103436. [PMID: 32693088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola is able to synthesise cytokinins (CKs). However, it remained unsettled whether fungal CK production is essential for virulence in this hemibiotrophic fungus. Here, we identified a candidate gene, CgIPT1, that is homologous to MOD5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and genes from other fungi and plants, which encode tRNA-isopentenyltransferases (IPTs). We show that the wild type strain mainly synthesises cis-zeatin-type (cisZ) CKs whereas ΔCgipt1 mutants are severely impeded to do so. The spectrum of CKs produced confirms bioinformatical analyses predicting that CgIpt1 is a tRNA-IPT. The virulence of the ΔCgipt1 mutants is moderately reduced. Furthermore, the mutants exhibit increased sensitivities to osmotic stress imposed by sugar alcohols and salts, as well as cell wall stress imposed by Congo red. Amendment of media with CKs did not reverse this phenotype suggesting that fungal-derived CKs do not explain the role of CgIpt1 in mediating abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, the mutants still cause green islands on senescing maize leaves indicating that the cisZ-type CKs produced by the fungus do not cause this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eisermann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stefanie Kümmel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Konstantin Hübner
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G R Wirsel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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18
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Tanaka S, Gollin I, Rössel N, Kahmann R. The functionally conserved effector Sta1 is a fungal cell wall protein required for virulence in Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:185-199. [PMID: 32112567 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes the smut disease of maize. The interaction with its host and induction of characteristic tumors are governed largely by secreted effectors whose function is mostly unknown. To identify effectors with a prominent role in virulence, we used RNA sequencing and found that the gene sta1 is upregulated during early stages of infection. We characterized Sta1 by comparative genomics, reverse genetics, protein localization, stress assays, and microscopy. sta1 mutants show a dramatic reduction of virulence and show altered colonization of tissue neighboring the vascular bundles. Functional orthologues of Sta1 are found in related smut pathogens infecting monocot and dicot plants. Sta1 is secreted by budding cells but is attached to the cell wall of filamentous hyphae. Upon constitutive expression of Sta1, fungal filaments become susceptible to Congo red, β-glucanase, and chitinase, suggesting that Sta1 alters the structure of the fungal cell wall. Constitutive or delayed expression of sta1 during plant colonization negatively impacts on virulence. Our results suggest that Sta1 is a novel kind of effector, which needs to modify the hyphal cell wall to allow hyphae to be accommodated in tissue next to the vascular bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Gollin
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Rössel
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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19
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Lefevere H, Bauters L, Gheysen G. Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:338. [PMID: 32362901 PMCID: PMC7182001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that is best known for mediating host responses upon pathogen infection. Its role in plant defense activation is well established, but its biosynthesis in plants is not fully understood. SA is considered to be derived from two possible pathways; the ICS and PAL pathway, both starting from chorismate. The importance of both pathways for biosynthesis differs between plant species, rendering it hard to make generalizations about SA production that cover the entire plant kingdom. Yet, understanding SA biosynthesis is important to gain insight into how plant pathogen responses function and how pathogens can interfere with them. In this review, we have taken a closer look at how SA is synthesized and the importance of both biosynthesis pathways in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Hane JK, Paxman J, Jones DAB, Oliver RP, de Wit P. "CATAStrophy," a Genome-Informed Trophic Classification of Filamentous Plant Pathogens - How Many Different Types of Filamentous Plant Pathogens Are There? Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3088. [PMID: 32038539 PMCID: PMC6986263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional classification of fungal and oomycete phytopathogens into three classes – biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, or necrotrophs – is unsustainable. This study highlights multiple phytopathogen species for which these labels have been inappropriately applied. We propose a novel and reproducible classification based solely on genome-derived analysis of carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) gene content called CAZyme-Assisted Training And Sorting of -trophy (CATAStrophy). CATAStrophy defines four major divisions for species associated with living plants. These are monomertrophs (Mo) (corresponding to biotrophs), polymertrophs (P) (corresponding to necrotrophs), mesotrophs (Me) (corresponding to hemibiotrophs), and vasculartrophs (including species commonly described as wilts, rots, or anthracnoses). The Mo class encompasses symbiont, haustorial, and non-haustorial species. Me are divided into the subclasses intracellular and extracellular Me, and the P into broad and narrow host sub-classes. This gives a total of seven discrete plant-pathogenic classes. The classification provides insight into the properties of these species and offers a facile route to develop control measures for newly recognized diseases. Software for CATAStrophy is available online at https://github.com/ccdmb/catastrophy. We present the CATAStrophy method for the prediction of trophic phenotypes based on CAZyme gene content, as a complementary method to the traditional tripartite “biotroph–hemibiotroph–necrotroph” classifications that may encourage renewed investigation and revision within the fungal biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hane
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Curtin Institute for Computation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Paxman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Darcy A B Jones
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard P Oliver
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pierre de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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21
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Manoharan B, Qi SS, Dhandapani V, Chen Q, Rutherford S, Wan JS, Jegadeesan S, Yang HY, Li Q, Li J, Dai ZC, Du DL. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Enhanced Defense Responses in an Invasive Weed Compared to Its Native Congener During Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4916. [PMID: 31623404 PMCID: PMC6801458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive plants are a huge burden on the environment, and modify local ecosystems by affecting the indigenous biodiversity. Invasive plants are generally less affected by pathogens, although the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for their enhanced resistance are unknown. We investigated expression profiles of three defense hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene) and their associated genes in the invasive weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and its native congener, A. sessilis, after inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani. Pathogenicity tests showed significantly slower disease progression in A. philoxeroides compared to A. sessilis. Expression analyses revealed jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) expressions were differentially regulated between A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis, with the former having prominent antagonistic cross-talk between salicylic acid (SA) and JA, and the latter showing weak or no cross-talk during disease development. We also found that JA levels decreased and SA levels increased during disease development in A. philoxeroides. Variations in hormonal gene expression between the invasive and native species (including interspecific differences in the strength of antagonistic cross-talk) were identified during R. solani pathogenesis. Thus, plant hormones and their cross-talk signaling may improve the resistance of invasive A. philoxeroides to pathogens, which has implications for other invasive species during the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharani Manoharan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Qi
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Vignesh Dhandapani
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Qi Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Susan Rutherford
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Justin Sh Wan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Sridharan Jegadeesan
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel.
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Qin Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhi-Cong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China..
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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22
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Zhou K, Hu L, Li Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Liu B, Li P, Gong X, Ma F. MdUGT88F1-Mediated Phloridzin Biosynthesis Regulates Apple Development and Valsa Canker Resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2290-2305. [PMID: 31227620 PMCID: PMC6670087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In apple (Malus domestica), the polyphenol profile is dominated by phloridzin, but its physiological role remains largely elusive. Here, we used MdUGT88F1 (a key UDP-glucose:phloretin 2'-O-glucosyltransferase gene) transgenic apple lines and Malus spp. germplasm to gain more insight into the physiological role of phloridzin in apple. Decreasing phloridzin biosynthesis in apple lines by RNA silencing of MdUGT88F1 led to a series of severe phenotypic changes that included severe stunting, reduced internode length, spindly leaf shape, increased stem numbers, and weak adventitious roots. These changes were associated directly with reduced lignin levels and disorders in cell wall polysaccharides. Moreover, compact organization of tissues and thickened bark enhanced resistance to Valsa canker (caused by the fungus Valsa mali), which was associated with lignin- and cell wall polysaccharide-mediated increases of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. Phloridzin was also assumed to be utilized directly as a sugar alternative and a toxin accelerator by V. mali in apple. Therefore, after infection with V. mali, a higher level of phloridzin slightly compromised resistance to Valsa canker in MdUGT88F1-overexpressing apple lines. Taken together, our results shed light on the importance of MdUGT88F1-mediated biosynthesis of phloridzin in the interplay between plant development and pathogen resistance in apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yangtiansu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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23
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He C, Duan K, Zhang L, Zhang L, Song L, Yang J, Zou X, Wang Y, Gao Q. Fast Quenching the Burst of Host Salicylic Acid Is Common in Early Strawberry/Colletotrichum fructicola Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:531-541. [PMID: 30130146 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-18-0043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum fructicola (a species of C. gloeosporioides complex) causes devastating anthracnose in strawberry. Like other species of the genus Colletotrichum, it uses a composite strategy including both the biotrophic and necrotrophic processes for pathogenesis. Host-derived hormones are central regulators of immunity, among which salicylic acid (SA) is the core defense one against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. However, the manner and timing of pathogen manipulation of SA are largely elusive in strawberry. To achieve better understanding of the early challenges that SA-mediated defense experiences during strawberry/C. fructicola interaction, dynamic changes of SA levels were followed through the high-performance liquid chromatography method. A very early burst of free SA at 1 h postinoculation (hpi) followed by a fast quenching during the next 12 h was noticed, although rhythm variations were present in two hosts. Transcriptional characterization of genes related to SA pathway in two varieties on C. fructicola inoculation revealed that these genes were differentially expressed, although they were all induced at different time points. At the same time, three types of genes encoding homologous effectors interfering with SA accumulation were found to be first inhibited but sequentially activated during the first 24 hpi. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis suggests that CfShy1 is a weapon of C. fructicola for strawberry invasion. Based on these results, we propose that the infection strategy that C. fructicola utilizes on strawberry is specialized, which is implemented through the optimized expression of a specific set of effector genes. Transcriptional characterization of host genes supports that de novo SA biosynthesis and the free SA release from methyl salicylate might contribute equally to the intricate control of SA homeostasis in strawberry. C. fructicola manipulation of SA-dependent resistance in strawberry might be closely related to multihormonal interplay among SA, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong He
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Ke Duan
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Liqing Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 3 College of Horticultural Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lili Song
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Jing Yang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- 3 College of Horticultural Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
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24
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Wen Z, Raffaello T, Zeng Z, Pavicic M, Asiegbu FO. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for monitoring effects of Heterobasidion parviporum small secreted protein induced cell death and in planta defense gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:37-49. [PMID: 30763724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The H. parviporum genome encodes numerous necrotrophic small secreted proteins (SSP) which might be important for promoting and sustaining the disease development. However, their transcriptional dynamics and plant defense response during infection are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a necrotrophic SSP named HpSSP35.8 and its coding gene was highly expressed in the pre-symptomatic phase of the host (Norway spruce) infection. We explored the impact of HpSSP35.8 on non-host Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system under visible spectrum RGB imaging and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The results showed that HpSSP35.8 triggered a form of SSP-associated programmed cell death, accompanied by a decrease in the plant photosynthetic activity. Defense-related genes including WRKY12, ethylene response factor (ERF1α) and a chitinase gene PR4 were up-regulated in both HpSSP35.8-N. benthamiana interaction and H. parviporum-Norway spruce pathosystem. This study also highlighted the potential to use the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging approach to monitor both the indirect effects of SSP and also for the selection of other potential effector-like protein candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirko Pavicic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Olanrewaju OS, Ayangbenro AS, Glick BR, Babalola OO. Plant health: feedback effect of root exudates-rhizobiome interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1155-1166. [PMID: 30570692 PMCID: PMC6394481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The well-being of the microbial community that densely populates the rhizosphere is aided by a plant's root exudates. Maintaining a plant's health is a key factor in its continued existence. As minute as rhizospheric microbes are, their importance in plant growth cannot be overemphasized. They depend on plants for nutrients and other necessary requirements. The relationship between the rhizosphere-microbiome (rhizobiome) and plant hosts can be beneficial, non-effectual, or pathogenic depending on the microbes and the plant involved. This relationship, to a large extent, determines the fate of the host plant's survival. Modern molecular techniques have been used to unravel rhizobiome species' composition, but the interplay between the rhizobiome root exudates and other factors in the maintenance of a healthy plant have not as yet been thoroughly investigated. Many functional proteins are activated in plants upon contact with external factors. These proteins may elicit growth promoting or growth suppressing responses from the plants. To optimize the growth and productivity of host plants, rhizobiome microbial diversity and modulatory techniques need to be clearly understood for improved plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi Samuel Olanrewaju
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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26
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Carella P, Evangelisti E, Schornack S. Sticking to it: phytopathogen effector molecules may converge on evolutionarily conserved host targets in green plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:175-180. [PMID: 30071474 PMCID: PMC6119762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
•Phytopathogen effectors converge on similar sets of host proteins in angiosperms. •Effectors may target host proteins and processes present across the green plant lineage. •Bryophyte model plants are promising systems to investigate effector–target relationships. Plant-associated microbes secrete effector proteins that subvert host cellular machinery to facilitate the colonization of plant tissues and cells. Accumulating data suggests that independently evolved effectors from bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogens may converge on a similar set of host proteins in certain angiosperm models, however, whether this concept is relevant throughout the green plant lineage is unknown. Here, we explore the idea that pathogen effector molecules target host proteins present across evolutionarily distant land plant lineages to promote disease. We discuss that host proteins targeted by phytopathogens or integrated into angiosperm immune receptors are likely found across green plant genomes, from early diverging non-vascular lineages (bryophytes) to flowering plants (angiosperms). This would suggest that independently evolved pathogens might manipulate their hosts by targeting `vulnerability’ hubs that are present across land plants. Future work focusing on accessible early divergent land plant model systems may therefore provide an insightful evolutionary backdrop for effector–target research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Carella
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Sun Y, Detchemendy TW, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Mukhtar MS. NPR1 in JazzSet with Pathogen Effectors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:469-472. [PMID: 29753632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) is a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a broad-spectrum disease resistance mechanism in plants. NPR1 controls approximately 90% of SA-dependent transcriptome in Arabidopsis. Here, we discuss how pathogen effectors manipulate NPR1 functions in different cellular compartments to establish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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28
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Chagas FO, Pessotti RDC, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Pupo MT. Chemical signaling involved in plant-microbe interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1652-1704. [PMID: 29218336 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants. Because the establishment of any plant-microbe association involves chemical communication, understanding crosstalk processes is fundamental to defining the type of relationship. Although several metabolites from plants and microbes have been fully characterized, their roles in the chemical interplay between these partners are not well understood in most cases, and they require further investigation. In this review, we describe different plant-microbe associations from colonization to microbial establishment processes in plants along with future prospects, including agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Oliveira Chagas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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29
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A Bacterial Type III Effector Targets the Master Regulator of Salicylic Acid Signaling, NPR1, to Subvert Plant Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:777-788.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Carella P, Liscombe DK, Cameron RK. Age-Related Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves the MADS-Domain Transcription Factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and Direct Action of Salicylic Acid on Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:919-929. [PMID: 28812948 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a developmentally regulated disease-resistance response known as age-related resistance (ARR), a process that requires intercellular accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), which is thought to act as an antimicrobial agent. ARR is characterized by enhanced resistance to some pathogens at the late adult-vegetative and reproductive stages. While the transition to flowering does not cause the onset of ARR, both processes involve the MADS-domain transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). In this study, ARR-defective svp mutants were found to accumulate reduced levels of intercellular SA compared with wild type in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Double mutant and overexpression analyses suggest that SVP and SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1) act antagonistically, such that SVP is required for ARR to alleviate the negative effects of SOC1 on SA accumulation. In vitro, SA exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity at concentrations similar to those measured in the intercellular space during ARR. In vivo, P. syringae pv. tomato formed biofilm-like aggregates in young susceptible plants, while this was drastically reduced in mature ARR-competent plants, which accumulate intercellular SA. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for the floral regulators SVP and SOC1 in disease resistance and provide evidence that SA acts directly on pathogens as an antimicrobial agent. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Wilson
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | | | - Philip Carella
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | - David K Liscombe
- 2 Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Avenue N., Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada
| | - Robin K Cameron
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
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31
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Yu Y, Hube B, Kämper J, Meyer V, Krappmann S. When green and red mycology meet: Impressions from an interdisciplinary forum on virulence mechanisms of phyto- and human-pathogenic fungi. Virulence 2017; 8:1435-1444. [PMID: 28723316 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a constant threat to plants and humans, but detailed knowledge about pathogenesis, immunity, or virulence is rather scarce. Due to the fact that a certain overlap in the armoury of infection exists between plant- and human-pathogenic fungi, an interdisciplinary forum was held in October 2016 at the Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene in Erlangen under the organisational umbrella from two special interest groups of German microbial societies. Scientific exchange and intense discussion of this timely topic was fostered by bringing together renowned experts in their respective fields to present their thoughts and recent findings in the course of a plenary lecture and six themed sessions, accompanied by oral and poster contributions of young researchers. By targeting the topic of fungal virulence mechanisms from various angles and in the context of plant and human hosts, some common grounds and exciting perspectives could be deduced during this vibrant scientific event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yu
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- b Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms , Hans Knöll Institute , Jena , Thuringia , Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- c Department of Genetics , Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- d Institute of Biotechnology , Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
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32
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Lu H, McClung CR, Zhang C. Tick Tock: Circadian Regulation of Plant Innate Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:287-311. [PMID: 28590878 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many living organisms on Earth have evolved the ability to integrate environmental and internal signals to determine time and thereafter adjust appropriately their metabolism, physiology, and behavior. The circadian clock is the endogenous timekeeper critical for multiple biological processes in many organisms. A growing body of evidence supports the importance of the circadian clock for plant health. Plants activate timed defense with various strategies to anticipate daily attacks of pathogens and pests and to modulate responses to specific invaders in a time-of-day-dependent manner (gating). Pathogen infection is also known to reciprocally modulate clock activity. Such a cross talk likely reflects the adaptive nature of plants to coordinate limited resources for growth, development, and defense. This review summarizes recent progress in circadian regulation of plant innate immunity with a focus on the molecular events linking the circadian clock and defense. More and better knowledge of clock-defense cross talk could help to improve disease resistance and productivity in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21052;
| | - C Robertson McClung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21052;
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Liu L, Wang Y, Cui F, Fang A, Wang S, Wang J, Wei C, Li S, Sun W. The type III effector AvrXccB in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:768-782. [PMID: 27241588 PMCID: PMC6638230 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. The type III effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. However, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type III effector AvrXccB in Xcc. Here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of AvrXccB and the possible underlying mechanisms. AvrXccB was demonstrated to be secreted in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. AvrXccB tagged with green fluorescent protein is localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis, and the putative N-myristoylation motif is essential for its localization. Chemical-induced expression of AvrXccB suppresses flg22-triggered callose deposition and the oxidative burst, and promotes the in planta growth of Xcc and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The putative catalytic triad and plasma membrane localization of AvrXccB are required for its immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that AvrXccB interacts with the Arabidopsis S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2. Interestingly, SAM-MT1 is not only self-associated, but also associated with SAM-MT2 in vivo. SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2 expression is significantly induced upon stimulation of microbe-associated molecular patterns and bacterial infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that AvrXccB targets a putative methyltransferase complex and suppresses plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Abstract
The interactions between fungi and plants encompass a spectrum of ecologies ranging from saprotrophy (growth on dead plant material) through pathogenesis (growth of the fungus accompanied by disease on the plant) to symbiosis (growth of the fungus with growth enhancement of the plant). We consider pathogenesis in this article and the key roles played by a range of pathogen-encoded molecules that have collectively become known as effectors.
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Zwart L, Berger DK, Moleleki LN, van der Merwe NA, Myburg AA, Naidoo S. Evidence for salicylic acid signalling and histological changes in the defence response of Eucalyptus grandis to Chrysoporthe austroafricana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45402. [PMID: 28349984 PMCID: PMC5368643 DOI: 10.1038/srep45402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are cultivated for forestry and are of economic importance. The fungal stem canker pathogen Chrysoporthe austroafricana causes disease of varying severity on E. grandis. The Eucalyptus grandis-Chrysoporthe austroafricana interaction has been established as a model system for studying Eucalyptus antifungal defence. Previous studies revealed that the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) affects the levels of resistance in highly susceptible (ZG14) and moderately resistant (TAG5) clones. The aims of this study were to examine histochemical changes in response to wounding and inoculation as well as host responses at the protein level. The anatomy and histochemical changes induced by wounding and inoculation were similar between the clones, suggesting that anatomical differences do not underlie their different levels of resistance. Tyloses and gum-like substances were present after inoculation and wounding, but cell death occurred only after inoculation. Hyphae of C. austroafricana were observed inside dead and living cells, suggesting that the possibility of a hemibiotrophic interaction requires further investigation. Proteomics analysis revealed the possible involvement of proteins associated with cell death, SA signalling and systemic resistance. In combination with previous information, this study forms a basis for future functional characterisation of candidate genes involved in resistance of E. grandis to C. austroafricana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave Kenneth Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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36
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Prince DC, Rallapalli G, Xu D, Schoonbeek HJ, Çevik V, Asai S, Kemen E, Cruz-Mireles N, Kemen A, Belhaj K, Schornack S, Kamoun S, Holub EB, Halkier BA, Jones JDG. Albugo-imposed changes to tryptophan-derived antimicrobial metabolite biosynthesis may contribute to suppression of non-host resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biol 2017; 15:20. [PMID: 28320402 PMCID: PMC5358052 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plants are exposed to diverse pathogens and pests, yet most plants are resistant to most plant pathogens. Non-host resistance describes the ability of all members of a plant species to successfully prevent colonization by any given member of a pathogen species. White blister rust caused by Albugo species can overcome non-host resistance and enable secondary infection and reproduction of usually non-virulent pathogens, including the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans on Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular basis of host defense suppression in this complex plant–microbe interaction is unclear. Here, we investigate specific defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis that are suppressed by Albugo infection. Results Gene expression profiling revealed that two species of Albugo upregulate genes associated with tryptophan-derived antimicrobial metabolites in Arabidopsis. Albugo laibachii-infected tissue has altered levels of these metabolites, with lower indol-3-yl methylglucosinolate and higher camalexin accumulation than uninfected tissue. We investigated the contribution of these Albugo-imposed phenotypes to suppression of non-host resistance to P. infestans. Absence of tryptophan-derived antimicrobial compounds enables P. infestans colonization of Arabidopsis, although to a lesser extent than Albugo-infected tissue. A. laibachii also suppresses a subset of genes regulated by salicylic acid; however, salicylic acid plays only a minor role in non-host resistance to P. infestans. Conclusions Albugo sp. alter tryptophan-derived metabolites and suppress elements of the responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. Albugo sp. imposed alterations in tryptophan-derived metabolites may play a role in Arabidopsis non-host resistance to P. infestans. Understanding the basis of non-host resistance to pathogens such as P. infestans could assist in development of strategies to elevate food security. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0360-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Prince
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ghanasyam Rallapalli
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Deyang Xu
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volkan Çevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Shuta Asai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Plant Immunity Research Group, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eric Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ariane Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B Holub
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, UK
| | - Barbara A Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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37
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De Wit PJGM. Apoplastic fungal effectors in historic perspective; a personal view. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:805-813. [PMID: 27523582 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J G M De Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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38
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Neves-Costa A, Moita LF. Modulation of inflammation and disease tolerance by DNA damage response pathways. FEBS J 2016; 284:680-698. [PMID: 27686576 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The accurate replication and repair of DNA is central to organismal survival. This process is challenged by the many factors that can change genetic information such as replication errors and direct damage to the DNA molecule by chemical and physical agents. DNA damage can also result from microorganism invasion as an integral step of their life cycle or as collateral damage from host defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here we review the complex crosstalk of DNA damage response and immune response pathways that might be evolutionarily connected and argue that DNA damage response pathways can be explored therapeutically to induce disease tolerance through the activation of tissue damage control processes. Such approach may constitute the missing pillar in the treatment of critical illnesses caused by multiple organ failure, such as sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis F Moita
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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39
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Rabe F, Seitner D, Bauer L, Navarrete F, Czedik-Eysenberg A, Rabanal FA, Djamei A. Phytohormone sensing in the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis - the dual role of the transcription factor Rss1. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:290-305. [PMID: 27387604 PMCID: PMC5082525 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule regulating local and systemic plant defense responses, mainly against biotrophs. Many microbial organisms, including pathogens, share the ability to degrade SA. However, the mechanism by which they perceive SA is unknown. Here we show that Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, employs a so far uncharacterized SA sensing mechanism. We identified and characterized the novel SA sensing regulator, Rss1, a binuclear zinc cluster protein with dual functions as putative SA receptor and transcriptional activator regulating genes important for SA and tryptophan degradation. Rss1 represents a major component in the identified SA sensing pathway during the fungus' saprophytic stage. However, Rss1 does not have a detectable impact on virulence. The data presented in this work indicate that alternative or redundant sensing cascades exist that regulate the expression of SA-responsive genes in U. maydis during its pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rabe
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Denise Seitner
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Fernando Navarrete
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Angelika Czedik-Eysenberg
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Fernando A Rabanal
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
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40
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Yin Z, Zhu B, Feng H, Huang L. Horizontal gene transfer drives adaptive colonization of apple trees by the fungal pathogen Valsa mali. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33129. [PMID: 27634406 PMCID: PMC5025739 DOI: 10.1038/srep33129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) often has strong benefits for fungi. In a study of samples from apple canker in Shaanxi Province, China, diverse microbes, along with the necrotrophic pathogen Valsa mali, were found to colonize the apple bark, thus providing ample opportunity for HGT to occur. In the present study, we identified 32 HGT events in V. mali by combining phyletic distribution-based methods with phylogenetic analyses. Most of these HGTs were from bacteria, whereas several others were from eukaryotes. Three HGTs putatively functioned in competition with actinomycetes, some of which showed a significant inhibitory effect on V. mali. Three HGTs that were probably involved in nitrogen uptake were also identified. Ten HGTs were thought to be involved in pathogenicity because they were related to known virulence factors, including cell wall-degrading enzymes and candidate effector proteins. HGT14, together with HGT32, was shown to contribute to bleomycin resistance of V. mali.These results suggest that HGT drives the adaptive evolution of V. mali. The HGTs identified here provide new clues for unveiling the adaptation mechanisms and virulence determinants of V. mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baitao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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41
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Lowe-Power TM, Jacobs JM, Ailloud F, Fochs B, Prior P, Allen C. Degradation of the Plant Defense Signal Salicylic Acid Protects Ralstonia solanacearum from Toxicity and Enhances Virulence on Tobacco. mBio 2016; 7:e00656-16. [PMID: 27329752 PMCID: PMC4916378 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00656-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum SA can also inhibit microbial growth. Most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous R. solanacearum species complex can degrade SA via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 expresses this SA degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory SA levels induced expression of the SA degradation pathway, toxin efflux pumps, and some general stress responses. Interestingly, SA treatment repressed expression of virulence factors, including the type III secretion system, suggesting that this pathogen may suppress virulence functions when stressed. A GMI1000 mutant lacking SA degradation activity was much more susceptible to SA toxicity but retained the wild-type colonization ability and virulence on tomato. This may be because SA is less important than gentisic acid in tomato defense signaling. However, another host, tobacco, responds strongly to SA. To test the hypothesis that SA degradation contributes to virulence on tobacco, we measured the effect of adding this pathway to the tobacco-pathogenic R. solanacearum strain K60, which lacks SA degradation genes. Ectopic addition of the GMI1000 SA degradation locus, including adjacent genes encoding two porins and a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, significantly increased the virulence of strain K60 on tobacco. Together, these results suggest that R. solanacearum degrades plant SA to protect itself from inhibitory levels of this compound and also to enhance its virulence on plant hosts like tobacco that use SA as a defense signal molecule. IMPORTANCE Plant pathogens such as the bacterial wilt agent Ralstonia solanacearum threaten food and economic security by causing significant losses for small- and large-scale growers of tomato, tobacco, banana, potato, and ornamentals. Like most plants, these crop hosts use salicylic acid (SA) both indirectly as a signal to activate defenses and directly as an antimicrobial chemical. We found that SA inhibits growth of R. solanacearum and induces a general stress response that includes repression of multiple bacterial wilt virulence factors. The ability to degrade SA reduces the pathogen's sensitivity to SA toxicity and increases its virulence on tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Lowe-Power
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Florent Ailloud
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Agence Nationale Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentaire Nationale, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Brianna Fochs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philippe Prior
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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42
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Shigenaga AM, Argueso CT. No hormone to rule them all: Interactions of plant hormones during the responses of plants to pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:174-189. [PMID: 27312082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormones are essential regulators of plant growth and immunity. In the last few decades, a vast amount of information has been obtained detailing the role of different plant hormones in immunity, and how they work together to ultimately shape the outcomes of plant pathogen interactions. Here we provide an overview on the roles of the main classes of plant hormones in the regulation of plant immunity, highlighting their metabolic and signaling pathways and how plants and pathogens utilize these pathways to activate or suppress defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Shigenaga
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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43
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Serrano I, Audran C, Rivas S. Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3845-54. [PMID: 26994477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The major role played by chloroplasts during light harvesting, energy production, redox homeostasis, and retrograde signalling processes has been extensively characterized. Beyond the obvious link between chloroplast functions in primary metabolism and as providers of photosynthesis-derived carbon sources and energy, a growing body of evidence supports a central role for chloroplasts as integrators of environmental signals and, more particularly, as key defence organelles. Here, we review the importance of these organelles as primary sites for the biosynthesis and transmission of pro-defence signals during plant immune responses. In addition, we highlight interorganellar communication as a crucial process for amplification of the immune response. Finally, molecular strategies used by microbes to manipulate, directly or indirectly, the production/function of defence-related signalling molecules and subvert chloroplast-based defences are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corinne Audran
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Susana Rivas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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44
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Fister AS, Mejia LC, Zhang Y, Herre EA, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. Theobroma cacao L. pathogenesis-related gene tandem array members show diverse expression dynamics in response to pathogen colonization. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:363. [PMID: 27189060 PMCID: PMC4869279 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis-related (PR) group of proteins are operationally defined as polypeptides that increase in concentration in plant tissues upon contact with a pathogen. To date, 17 classes of highly divergent proteins have been described that act through multiple mechanisms of pathogen resistance. Characterizing these families in cacao, an economically important tree crop, and comparing the families to those in other species, is an important step in understanding cacao’s immune response. Results Using publically available resources, all members of the 17 recognized pathogenesis-related gene families in the genome of Theobroma cacao were identified and annotated resulting in a set of ~350 members in both published cacao genomes. Approximately 50 % of these genes are organized in tandem arrays scattered throughout the genome. This feature was observed in five additional plant taxa (three dicots and two monocots), suggesting that tandem duplication has played an important role in the evolution of the PR genes in higher plants. Expression profiling captured the dynamics and complexity of PR genes expression at basal levels and after induction by two cacao pathogens (the oomycete, Phytophthora palmivora, and the fungus, Colletotrichum theobromicola), identifying specific genes within families that are more responsive to pathogen challenge. Subsequent qRT-PCR validated the induction of several PR-1, PR-3, PR-4, and PR-10 family members, with greater than 1000 fold induction detected for specific genes. Conclusions We describe candidate genes that are likely to be involved in cacao’s defense against Phytophthora and Colletotrichum infection and could be potentially useful for marker-assisted selection for breeding of disease resistant cacao varieties. The data presented here, along with existing cacao—omics resources, will enable targeted functional genetic screening of defense genes likely to play critical functions in cacao’s defense against its pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2693-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Fister
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Luis C Mejia
- Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Unit 9100, Box 0948, Balboa, Ancon, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Unit 9100, Box 0948, Balboa, Ancon, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - Siela N Maximova
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.,The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA. .,The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
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45
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Asai S, Shirasu K. Plant cells under siege: plant immune system versus pathogen effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:1-8. [PMID: 26343014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-secreted effector proteins enable pathogens to manipulate plant immunity for successful infection. To penetrate host apoplastic space, pathogens reopen the stomata. Once the invasion into the apoplast occurs, pathogens deceive the host detection system by deploying apoplastic effectors. Pathogens also deliver an arsenal of cytosolic effectors into the host cells, which undermine host immunity such as salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity. Here we summarize recent findings that highlight the functions of the effectors from fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens in the key steps of infection at the stomata, in the apoplast, and inside the cell. We also discuss cell type-specific responses in the host during infection and the necessity of further investigation of plant-pathogen interactions at spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Asai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan.
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan.
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Choi DS, Kim NH, Hwang BK. The pepper phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase CaPEPCK1 is involved in plant immunity against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:99-111. [PMID: 26233534 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a member of the lyase family, is involved in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis in organisms. Although the major function of PEPCK in gluconeogenesis is well established, it is unclear whether this enzyme is involved in plant immunity. Here, we isolated and identified the pepper (Capsicum annuum) PEPCK (CaPEPCK1) gene from pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv). CaPEPCK1 was strongly expressed in pepper leaves during the incompatible interaction with avirulent Xcv and in response to environmental stresses, especially salicylic acid (SA) treatment. PEPCK activity was low in healthy leaves but dramatically increased in avirulent Xcv-infected leaves. Knock-down expression of CaPEPCK1 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in high levels of susceptibility to both virulent and avirulent Xcv infection. CaPEPCK1 silencing in pepper compromised induction of the basal defense-marker genes CaPR1 (pathogenesis-related 1 protein), CaPR10 (pathogenesis-related 10 protein) and CaDEF1 (defensin) during Xcv infection. SA accumulation was also significantly suppressed in the CaPEPCK1-silenced pepper leaves infected with Xcv. CaPEPCK1 in an Arabidopsis overexpression (OX) line inhibited the proliferation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). CaPEPCK1-OX plants developed more rapidly, with enlarged leaves, compared to wild-type plants. The T-DNA insertion Arabidopsis orthologous mutants pck1-3 and pck1-4 were more susceptible to the bacterial Pst and oomycete Hpa pathogens than the wild type. Taken together, these results suggest that CaPEPCK positively contributes to plant innate immunity against hemibiotrophic bacterial and obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.
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