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Vesamäki JS, Laine MB, Nissinen R, Taipale SJ. Plastic and terrestrial organic matter degradation by the humic lake microbiome continues throughout the seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13302. [PMID: 38852938 PMCID: PMC11162827 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Boreal freshwaters go through four seasons, however, studies about the decomposition of terrestrial and plastic compounds often focus only on summer. We compared microbial decomposition of 13C-polyethylene, 13C-polystyrene, and 13C-plant litter (Typha latifolia) by determining the biochemical fate of the substrate carbon and identified the microbial decomposer taxa in humic lake waters in four seasons. For the first time, the annual decomposition rate including separated seasonal variation was calculated for microplastics and plant litter in the freshwater system. Polyethylene decomposition was not detected, whereas polystyrene and plant litter were degraded in all seasons. In winter, decomposition rates of polystyrene and plant litter were fivefold and fourfold slower than in summer, respectively. Carbon from each substrate was mainly respired in all seasons. Plant litter was utilized efficiently by various microbial groups, whereas polystyrene decomposition was limited to Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The decomposition was not restricted only to the growth season, highlighting that the decomposition of both labile organic matter and extremely recalcitrant microplastics continues throughout the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi S. Vesamäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Miikka B. Laine
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Riitta Nissinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Sami J. Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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2
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Zhang J, Kainz MJ, Wang X, Tan X, Zhang Q. Eutrophication and loss of riparian shading influence food quality and trophic relation in stream food webs. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120926. [PMID: 38043353 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication induced by excessive inputs of nutrient is one of the main stressors in aquatic ecosystems. Deforestation in riparian zones alter riparian shading, which together with eutrophication is expected to exert a complex control over stream food webs. We manipulated two levels of riparian shading (open canopy vs. shading canopy) and nutrient supply (ambient vs. nutrient addition) in three headwater streams to investigate the individual and combined effects of eutrophication and loss of riparian shading on carbon sources and nutritional quality of biofilms, and the subsequent trophic effects on macroinvertebrate grazers. Nutrient enrichment increased the autochthonous carbon (i.e., algae especially diatoms) indicated by fatty acid (FA) biomarkers within biofilms and grazers. The nutritional quality indicated by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of biofilms was increased with nutrient enrichment and more so with the combined effect of an increase in riparian shading, consequently leading to an increase in the nutritional quality, density, and biomass of grazers. In particular, the trophic linkages between biofilms and grazers were mainly influenced by EPA concentration in the biofilms, and strengthened with the combined effects of riparian shading and additional nutrients. Our study emphasizes the nutritional significance of EPA for consumers at higher trophic levels and proposes its potential as an indicator for monitoring the health of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, The Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Inter-University Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Lunz am See A-3293, Austria; Department of BioMedical Research, Danube University Krems, Krems A-3500, Austria
| | - Xingzhong Wang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, The Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, The Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Calderini ML, Kahilainen KK, Estlander S, Peltomaa E, Piro AJ, Rigaud C, Ruuhijärvi J, Salmi P, Vesterinen J, Vuorio K, Taipale SJ. Eutrophication effect on production and transfer of omega-3 fatty acids in boreal lake food webs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166674. [PMID: 37647960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication, i.e. increasing level of nutrients and primary production, is a central environmental change of lakes globally with wide effects on food webs. However, how eutrophication affects the synthesis of physiologically essential biomolecules (omega-3 fatty acids) and their transfer to higher trophic levels at the whole food web level is not well understood. We assessed food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish) biomass, community structure and fatty acid content (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), together with fatty acid specific primary production in 12 Finnish boreal lakes covering the total nutrient gradient from oligotrophic to highly eutrophic lakes (4-140 μg TP l-1; 413-1814 μg TN l-1). Production was measured as the incorporation of 13C-NaHCO3 into phytoplankton fatty acids and differentiated into volumetric production (production per litre of water) and productivity (production per phytoplankton biomass). Increases in nutrients led to higher biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish communities while also affecting community composition. Eutrophication negatively influenced the contribution of phytoplankton biomass preferentially grazed by zooplankton (<35 μm). Total volumetric production saturated at high phytoplankton biomass while EPA volumetric production presented a logarithmic relationship with nutrient increase. Meanwhile, total and EPA productivity had unimodal responses to this change in nutrients. DHA volumetric production and productivity presented large variation with increases in total phosphorus, but a unimodal model best described DHA changes with eutrophication. Results showed that eutrophication impaired the transfer of EPA and DHA into zooplankton and fish, showing a clear negative impact in some species (e.g. perch) while having no effect in other species (e.g. roach, ruffe). Results show non-linear trends in fatty acid production and productivity peaking at nutrient concentrations 22-35 μg l-1 TP followed by a gradual decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Calderini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Satu Estlander
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Cyril Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Pauliina Salmi
- Spectral Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi Vesterinen
- The Association for Water and Environment of Western Uusimaa, Lohja, Finland
| | - Kristiina Vuorio
- Finnish Environment Institute Syke, Nature Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Taipale SJ, Vesamäki J, Kautonen P, Kukkonen JVK, Biasi C, Nissinen R, Tiirola M. Biodegradation of microplastic in freshwaters: A long-lasting process affected by the lake microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2669-2680. [PMID: 36054230 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plastics have been produced for over a century, but definitive evidence of complete plastic biodegradation in different habitats, particularly freshwater ecosystems, is still missing. Using 13 C-labelled polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) and stable isotope analysis of produced gas and microbial membrane lipids, we determined the biodegradation rate and fate of carbon in PE-MP in different freshwater types. The biodegradation rate in the humic-lake waters was much higher (0.45% ± 0.21% per year) than in the clear-lake waters (0.07% ± 0.06% per year) or the artificial freshwater medium (0.02% ± 0.02% per year). Complete biodegradation of PE-MP was calculated to last 100-200 years in humic-lake waters, 300-4000 years in clear-lake waters, and 2000-20,000 years in the artificial freshwater medium. The concentration of 18:1ω7, characteristic phospholipid fatty acid in Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, was a predictor of faster biodegradation of PE. Uncultured Acetobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae among Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, respectively, were major bacteria related to the biodegradation of PE-MP. Overall, it appears that microorganisms in humic lakes with naturally occurring refractory polymers are more adept at decomposing PE than those in other waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi Vesamäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petra Kautonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Riitta Nissinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zeng C, Xing R, Huang B, Cheng X, Shi W, Liu S. Phytoplankton in headwater streams: spatiotemporal patterns and underlying mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1276289. [PMID: 37941677 PMCID: PMC10628446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are key members of river ecosystems wherein they influence and regulate the health of the local environment. Headwater streams are subject to minimal human activity and serve as the sources of rivers, generally exhibiting minimal pollution and strong hydrodynamic forces. To date, the characteristics of phytoplankton communities in headwater streams have remained poorly understood. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by comparing phytoplankton communities in headwater streams with those in plain rivers. The results demonstrated that within similar watershed sizes, lower levels of spatiotemporal variability were observed with respect to phytoplankton community as compared to plain rivers. Lower nutrient levels and strong hydrodynamics contribute to phytoplankton growth limitation in these streams, thereby reducing the levels of spatiotemporal variation. However, these conditions additionally contribute to greater phytoplankton diversity and consequent succession towards Cyanophyta. Overall, these results provide new insights into the dynamics of headwater stream ecosystems and support efforts for their ecological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Zeng
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Xing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Bensheng Huang
- Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangju Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Yoshioka RM, Brown S, Treneman NC, Schram JB, Galloway AWE. A Rhizocephalan Parasite Induces Pervasive Effects on Its Shrimp Host. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:201-216. [PMID: 38457679 DOI: 10.1086/729497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
AbstractRhizocephalan barnacles are parasites of crustaceans that are known for dramatic effects on hosts, including parasitic castration, feminization, molt inhibition, and the facilitation of epibiosis. Most research on rhizocephalans has focused on carcinized hosts, with relatively little research directed to shrimp hosts that may experience distinct consequences of infection. Here, we describe a high-prevalence rhizocephalan-shrimp system in which multiple host changes are associated with infection: the dock shrimp Pandalus danae infected by the rhizocephalan Sylon hippolytes. In field-collected P. danae, infection by Sylon was associated with development of female sex characters at a smaller size and greater probability of epibiosis. Standardized video observations showed that infected P. danae performed grooming activities at higher rates than uninfected shrimp, suggesting that inhibited molting rather than direct behavioral modification is a likely mechanism for higher epibiosis rates. There was no difference in the composition of grooming behavior types or in general activity between infected and uninfected shrimp. Fatty acid compositions differed with infection, but total lipid concentrations did not, suggesting that parasite-driven shifts in host resource allocation were compensated or redirected from unmeasured tissues. Our results show that Sylon alters its host's role by provisioning an epibiotic substrate and also that it influences host physiology, resulting in feminization and fatty acid shifts. This study lays the groundwork for expanding rhizocephalan-shrimp research and encourages recognition of oft-ignored roles of parasitism in ecological communities.
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Filippova IP, Makhutova ON, Guseynova VE, Gladyshev MI. Fatty Acid Profiles of Some Siberian Bryophytes and Prospects of Their Use in Chemotaxonomy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050840. [PMID: 37238711 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of fatty acids (FAs) in gametophyte samples of 20 Siberian bryophyte species from four orders of mosses and four orders of liverworts collected in relatively cold months (April and/or October) was examined. FA profiles were obtained using gas chromatography. Thirty-seven FAs were found, from 12:0 to 26:0; they included mono-, polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and rare FAs, such as 22:5n-3 and two acetylenic FAs, 6a,9,12-18:3 and 6a,9,12,15-18:4 (dicranin). Acetylenic FAs were found in all examined species of the Bryales and Dicranales orders, dicranin being the predominant FA. The role of particular PUFAs in mosses and liverworts is discussed. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) was performed to determine whether FAs can be used in the chemotaxonomy of bryophytes. Based on the MDA results, FA composition is related to the taxonomic status of species. Thus, several individual FAs were identified as chemotaxonomic markers at the level of bryophyte orders. These were 18:3n-3; 18:4n-3; 6a,9,12-18:3; 6a,9,12,15-18:4; 20:4n-3 and EPA in mosses and 16:3n-3; 16:2n-6; 18:2n-6; 18:3n-3 and EPA in liverworts. These findings indicate that further research into bryophyte FA profiles can shed light on phylogenetic relationships within this group of plants and the evolution of their metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina P Filippova
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny av., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Olesia N Makhutova
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny av., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Valeriya E Guseynova
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny av., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Michail I Gladyshev
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny av., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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Peltomaa E, Asikainen H, Blomster J, Pakkanen H, Rigaud C, Salmi P, Taipale S. Phytoplankton group identification with chemotaxonomic biomarkers: In combination they do better. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113624. [PMID: 36871900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxonomic biomarkers are needed to monitor and evaluate the nutritional quality of phytoplankton communities. The biomolecules produced by different phytoplankton species do not always follow genetic phylogeny. Therefore, we analyzed fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids from 57 freshwater phytoplankton strains to evaluate the usability of these biomolecules as chemotaxonomic biomarkers. We found 29 fatty acids, 34 sterols, and 26 carotenoids in our samples. The strains were grouped into cryptomonads, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, golden algae, green algae, and raphidophytes, and the phytoplankton group explained 61%, 54%, and 89% of the variability of fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids, respectively. Fatty acid and carotenoid profiles distinguished most phytoplankton groups, but not flawlessly. For example, fatty acids could not distinguish golden algae and cryptomonads, whereas carotenoids did not separate diatoms and golden algae. The sterol composition was heterogeneous but seemed to be useful for distinguishing different genera within a phytoplankton group. The chemotaxonomy biomarkers yielded optimal genetic phylogeny when the fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids were used together in multivariate statistical analysis. Our results suggest that the accuracy of phytoplankton composition modeling could be enhanced by combining these three biomolecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Asikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Blomster
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Pakkanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - C Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - P Salmi
- Spectral Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Mattilanniemi 2, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - S Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Samarakoon KW, Kuruppu AI, Ko JY, Lee JH, Jeon YJ. Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 24-Methylcholesta-5(6), 22-Diene-3β-ol from the Cultured Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Attenuate Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040231. [PMID: 37103370 PMCID: PMC10144052 DOI: 10.3390/md21040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, 24-methylcholesta-5(6), 22-diene-3β-ol (MCDO), a major phytosterol was isolated from the cultured marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were determined. MCDO demonstrated very potent dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells with minimal cytotoxic effects. MCDO also demonstrated a strong and significant suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, but no substantial inhibitory effects were observed on the production of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at the tested concentrations against LPS treatment on RAW macrophages. Western blot assay confirmed the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, MCDO was assessed for in vivo anti-inflammatory effects using the zebrafish model. MCDO acted as a potent inhibitor for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO levels with a protective effect against the oxidative stress induced by LPS in inflammatory zebrafish embryos. Collectively, MCDO isolated from the cultured marine diatom P. tricornutum exhibited profound anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this major sterol might be a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpa W Samarakoon
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research and Education (KDU-CARE), General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Anchala I Kuruppu
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research and Education (KDU-CARE), General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Ju-Young Ko
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
- Lee Gill Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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10
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Couto D, Conde TA, Melo T, Neves B, Costa M, Silva J, Domingues R, Domingues P. The chemodiversity of polar lipidomes of microalgae from different taxa. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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11
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Jyväsjärvi J, Rajakallio M, Brüsecke J, Huttunen K, Huusko A, Muotka T, Taipale SJ. Dark matters: Contrasting responses of stream biofilm to browning and loss of riparian shading. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5159-5171. [PMID: 35624548 PMCID: PMC9545655 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of terrestrial-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater ecosystems have increased consistently, causing freshwater browning. The mechanisms behind browning are complex, but in forestry-intensive regions browning is accelerated by land drainage. Forestry actions in streamside riparian forests alter canopy shading, which together with browning is expected to exert a complex and largely unpredictable control over key ecosystem functions. We conducted a stream mesocosm experiment with three levels of browning (ambient vs. moderate vs. high, with 2.7 and 5.5-fold increase, respectively, in absorbance) crossed with two levels of riparian shading (70% light reduction vs. open canopy) to explore the individual and combined effects of browning and loss of shading on the quantity (algal biomass) and nutritional quality (polyunsaturated fatty acid and sterol content) of the periphytic biofilm. We also conducted a field survey of differently colored (4.7 to 26.2 mg DOC L-1 ) streams to provide a 'reality check' for our experimental findings. Browning reduced greatly the algal biomass, suppressed the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and sterols, but increased the availability of terrestrial-derived long-chain saturated fatty acids (LSAFA). In contrast, loss of shading increased primary productivity, which resulted in elevated sterol and EPA contents of the biofilm. The field survey largely repeated the same pattern: biofilm nutritional quality decreased significantly with increasing DOC, as indicated particularly by a decrease of the ω-3:ω-6 ratio and increase in LSAFA content. Algal biomass, in contrast, was mainly controlled by dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration, while DOC concentration was of minor importance. The ongoing browning process is inducing a dramatic reduction in the nutritional quality of the stream biofilm. Such degradation of the major high-quality food source available for stream consumers may reduce the trophic transfer efficiency in stream ecosystems, potentially extending across the stream-forest ecotone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Brüsecke
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Ari Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)PaltamoFinland
| | - Timo Muotka
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Sami J. Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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12
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Deore P, Barlow CK, Schittenhelm RB, Beardall J, Noronha S. Profiling of grazed cultures of the chlorophyte alga Dunaliella tertiolecta using an untargeted LC-MS approach. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:568-581. [PMID: 35506918 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals are reported to mediate chemical cross-talk among pelagic microbes, including microalgal prey and predators. Water-soluble mediator compounds play a crucial role in extracellular communication which is vital for prey recognition, attraction, capture, and predator deterrence. A range of exo-metabolites including oxylipins and vitamins are released by prey in response to grazing stress. The temporal dynamics of such exo-metabolites largely remains unknown, especially in large-scale cultivation of microalgae such as closed or open ponds. In open ponds, infestation of predators is almost inevitable but highly undesirable due to the imminent threat of culture collapse. The early production of exo-metabolites emitted by microalgal prey in response to predator attack could be leveraged as diagnostic markers of possible culture collapse. This study uses an untargeted approach for temporal profiling of Dunaliella tertiolecta-specific exo-metabolites under grazing pressure from Oxyrrhis marina. We report 24 putatively identified metabolites, belonging to various classes such as short peptides, lipids, indole-derivatives, and free amino acids, as potential markers of grazing-mediated stress. In addition, this study outlines a clear methodology for screening of exo-metabolites in marine algal samples, the analysis of which is frequently hindered by high salt concentrations. In future, a chemistry-based targeted detection of these metabolites could enable a quick and on-site screening of predators in microalgal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali Deore
- IITB-MONASH Research Academy, Mumbai, 400076, India
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher K Barlow
- Monash Proteomic and Metabolomic Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomic and Metabolomic Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Santosh Noronha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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13
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Taipale SJ, Pulkkinen K, Keva O, Kainz MJ, Nykänen H. Lowered nutritional quality of prey decrease the growth and biomolecule content of rainbow trout fry. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110767. [PMID: 35618185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diet quality is crucial for the development of offspring. Here, we examined how the nutritional quality of prey affects somatic growth and the lipid, carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid content of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry using a three-trophic-level experimental setup. Diets differed especially in their content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are physiologically essential polyunsaturated fatty acids for a fish fry. Trout were fed with an artificial diet (fish feed, DHA-rich), marine zooplankton diet (krill/Mysis, DHA-rich), or freshwater zooplankton diet (Daphnia, Cladocera, DHA-deficient). The Daphnia were grown either on a poor, intermediate, or high-quality algal/microbial diet simulating potential changes in the nutritional prey quality (EPA-content). Trout fed with the fish feed or marine zooplankton entirely replaced their muscle tissue composition with compounds of dietary origin. In contrast, fish tissue renewal was only partial in fish fed any Daphnia diet. Furthermore, fish grew five times faster on marine zooplankton than on any of the Daphnia diets. This was mainly explained by the higher dietary contents of arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, and DHA, but also by the higher content of some amino acids in the marine zooplankton than in the Daphnia diets. Moreover, fatty acid-specific carbon isotopes revealed that trout fry could not biosynthesize ARA, EPA, or DHA efficiently from their precursors. Our results suggest that changes in the zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities' structure in freshwater habitats from DHA-rich to DHA-poor species may reduce the somatic growth of fish fry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. https://twitter.com/Pulkkinen_K
| | - Ossi Keva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Department of Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, A-3500 Krems, Austria. https://twitter.com/kainz_lab
| | - Hannu Nykänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Biogeochemistry Research Group, University of Eastern Finland, Finland. https://twitter.com/NykanenHannu
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14
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Lezcano MÁ, Sánchez-García L, Quesada A, Carrizo D, Fernández-Martínez MÁ, Cavalcante-Silva E, Parro V. Comprehensive Metabolic and Taxonomic Reconstruction of an Ancient Microbial Mat From the McMurdo Ice Shelf (Antarctica) by Integrating Genetic, Metaproteomic and Lipid Biomarker Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799360. [PMID: 35928160 PMCID: PMC9345047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleobiological reconstructions based on molecular fossils may be limited by degradation processes causing differential preservation of biomolecules, the distinct taxonomic specificity of each biomolecule type, and analytical biases. Here, we combined the analysis of DNA, proteins and lipid biomarkers using 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding, metaproteomics and lipid analysis to reconstruct the taxonomic composition and metabolisms of a desiccated microbial mat from the McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) (Antarctica) dated ~1,000 years BP. The different lability, taxonomic resolution and analytical bias of each biomolecule type led to a distinct microbial community profile. DNA analysis showed selective preservation of DNA remnants from the most resistant taxa (e.g., spore-formers). In contrast, the proteins profile revealed microorganisms missed by DNA sequencing, such as Cyanobacteria, and showed a microbial composition similar to fresh microbial mats in the MIS. Lipid hydrocarbons also confirmed Cyanobacteria and suggested the presence of mosses or vascular plant remnants from a period in Antarctica when the climate was warmer (e.g., Mid-Miocene or Eocene). The combined analysis of the three biomolecule types also revealed diverse metabolisms that operated in the microbial mat before desiccation: oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, sulfur reduction and oxidation, and methanogenesis. Therefore, the joint analysis of DNA, proteins and lipids resulted in a powerful approach that improved taxonomic and metabolic reconstructions overcoming information gaps derived from using individual biomolecules types.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Lezcano
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Carretera de Ajalvir, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Ángeles Lezcano,
| | | | - Antonio Quesada
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Carretera de Ajalvir, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología, C. Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Carrizo
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Carretera de Ajalvir, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Víctor Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Carretera de Ajalvir, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Taipale SJ, Ventelä A, Litmanen J, Anttila L. Poor nutritional quality of primary producers and zooplankton driven by eutrophication is mitigated at upper trophic levels. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8687. [PMID: 35342549 PMCID: PMC8928886 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication and rising water temperature in freshwaters may increase the total production of a lake while simultaneously reducing the nutritional quality of food web components. We evaluated how cyanobacteria blooms, driven by agricultural eutrophication (in eutrophic Lake Köyliöjärvi) or global warming (in mesotrophic Lake Pyhäjärvi), influence the biomass and structure of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish communities. In terms of the nutritional value of food web components, we evaluated changes in the ω‐3 and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of phytoplankton and consumers at different trophic levels. Meanwhile, the lakes did not differ in their biomasses of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish communities, lake trophic status greatly influenced the community structures. The eutrophic lake, with agricultural eutrophication, had cyanobacteria bloom throughout the summer months whereas cyanobacteria were abundant only occasionally in the mesotrophic lake, mainly in early summer. Phytoplankton community differences at genus level resulted in higher arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of seston in the mesotrophic than in the eutrophic lake. This was also reflected in the EPA and DHA content of herbivorous zooplankton (Daphnia and Bosmina) despite more efficient trophic retention of these biomolecules in a eutrophic lake than in the mesotrophic lake zooplankton. Planktivorous juvenile fish (perch and roach) in a eutrophic lake overcame the lower availability of DHA in their prey by more efficient trophic retention and biosynthesis from the precursors. However, the most efficient trophic retention of DHA was found with benthivorous perch which prey contained only a low amount of DHA. Long‐term cyanobacterial blooming decreased the nutritional quality of piscivorous perch; however, the difference was much less than previously anticipated. Our result shows that long‐term cyanobacteria blooming impacts the structure of plankton and fish communities and lowers the nutritional quality of seston and zooplankton, which, however, is mitigated at upper trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Johan Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | - Jaakko Litmanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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16
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Fu L, Zheng Y, Wang A, Zhang P, Ding S, Wu W, Zhou Q, Chen F, Zhao S. Identification of medicinal herbs in Asteraceae and Polygonaceae using an electrochemical fingerprint recorded using screen-printed electrode. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Calderini ML, Stevčić Č, Taipale S, Pulkkinen K. Filtration of Nordic recirculating aquaculture system wastewater: Effects on microalgal growth, nutrient removal, and nutritional value. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Ribeiro S, Limoges A, Massé G, Johansen KL, Colgan W, Weckström K, Jackson R, Georgiadis E, Mikkelsen N, Kuijpers A, Olsen J, Olsen SM, Nissen M, Andersen TJ, Strunk A, Wetterich S, Syväranta J, Henderson ACG, Mackay H, Taipale S, Jeppesen E, Larsen NK, Crosta X, Giraudeau J, Wengrat S, Nuttall M, Grønnow B, Mosbech A, Davidson TA. Vulnerability of the North Water ecosystem to climate change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4475. [PMID: 34294719 PMCID: PMC8298575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous livelihoods are tightly linked and exposed to climate change, yet assessing their sensitivity requires a long-term perspective. Here, we assess the vulnerability of the North Water polynya, a unique seaice ecosystem that sustains the world’s northernmost Inuit communities and several keystone Arctic species. We reconstruct mid-to-late Holocene changes in sea ice, marine primary production, and little auk colony dynamics through multi-proxy analysis of marine and lake sediment cores. Our results suggest a productive ecosystem by 4400–4200 cal yrs b2k coincident with the arrival of the first humans in Greenland. Climate forcing during the late Holocene, leading to periods of polynya instability and marine productivity decline, is strikingly coeval with the human abandonment of Greenland from c. 2200–1200 cal yrs b2k. Our long-term perspective highlights the future decline of the North Water ecosystem, due to climate warming and changing sea-ice conditions, as an important climate change risk. The North Water polynya is a unique but vulnerable ecosystem, home to Indigenous people and Arctic keystone species. New palaeoecological records from Greenland suggest human abandonment c. 2200–1200 cal yrs BP occurred during climate-forced polynya instability, foreshadowing future ecosystem declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Audrey Limoges
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Guillaume Massé
- Université Laval, CNRS, UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Station Marine de Concarneau, CNRS, UMR7159 LOCEAN, Concarneau, France
| | - Kasper L Johansen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - William Colgan
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaarina Weckström
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme (ECRU), and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca Jackson
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleanor Georgiadis
- Université Laval, CNRS, UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Pessac, France
| | - Naja Mikkelsen
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antoon Kuijpers
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Olsen
- Aarhus AMS Centre (AARAMS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Nissen
- Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn J Andersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Københav, Denmark
| | - Astrid Strunk
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Wetterich
- Department of Permafrost Research, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jari Syväranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Jovensuu, Finland
| | - Andrew C G Henderson
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Mackay
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Sami Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Lake Group & Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Silkeborg, Denmark.,Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Sino Danish Centre for education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolaj K Larsen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xavier Crosta
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Pessac, France
| | | | - Simone Wengrat
- Department of Biology, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mark Nuttall
- Pinngortitaleriffik/Greenland Institute for Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland.,University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Lake Group & Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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19
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Darnet S, Blary A, Chevalier Q, Schaller H. Phytosterol Profiles, Genomes and Enzymes - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665206. [PMID: 34093623 PMCID: PMC8172173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable diversity of sterol biosynthetic capacities described in living organisms is enriched at a fast pace by a growing number of sequenced genomes. Whereas analytical chemistry has produced a wealth of sterol profiles of species in diverse taxonomic groups including seed and non-seed plants, algae, phytoplanktonic species and other unicellular eukaryotes, functional assays and validation of candidate genes unveils new enzymes and new pathways besides canonical biosynthetic schemes. An overview of the current landscape of sterol pathways in the tree of life is tentatively assembled in a series of sterolotypes that encompass major groups and provides also peculiar features of sterol profiles in bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology Team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Selective Fatty Acid Retention and Turnover in the Freshwater Amphipod Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030478. [PMID: 33806910 PMCID: PMC8004994 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammarid amphipods are a crucial link connecting primary producers with secondary consumers, but little is known about their nutritional ecology. Here we asked how starvation and subsequent feeding on different nutritional quality algae influences fatty acid retention, compound-specific isotopic carbon fractionation, and biosynthesis of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the relict gammarid amphipod Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa. The fatty acid profiles of P. quadrispinosa closely matched with those of the dietary green algae after only seven days of refeeding, whereas fatty acid patterns of P. quadrispinosa were less consistent with those of the diatom diet. This was mainly due to P. quadrispinosa suffering energy limitation in the diatom treatment which initiated the metabolization of 16:1ω7 and partly 18:1ω9 for energy, but retained high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) similar to those found in wild-caught organisms. Moreover, α-linolenic acid (ALA) from green algae was mainly stored and not allocated to membranes at high levels nor biosynthesized to EPA. The arachidonic acid (ARA) content in membrane was much lower than EPA and P. quadrispinosa was able to biosynthesize long-chain ω-6 PUFA from linoleic acid (LA). Our experiment revealed that diet quality has a great impact on fatty acid biosynthesis, retention and turnover in this consumer.
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21
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Abidizadegan M, Peltomaa E, Blomster J. The Potential of Cryptophyte Algae in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:618836. [PMID: 33603668 PMCID: PMC7884888 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.618836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae produce a variety of bioactive components that provide benefits to human and animal health. Cryptophytes are one of the major groups of microalgae, with more than 20 genera comprised of 200 species. Recently, cryptophytes have attracted scientific attention because of their characteristics and biotechnological potential. For example, they are rich in a number of chemical compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins and polysaccharides, which are mainly used for food, medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This paper provides a review of studies that assess protective algal compounds and introduce cryptophytes as a remarkable source of bioactive components that may be usable in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abidizadegan
- Environmental Laboratory, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaanika Blomster
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Hiltunen M, Vehniäinen ER, Kukkonen JVK. Interacting effects of simulated eutrophication, temperature increase, and microplastic exposure on Daphnia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110304. [PMID: 33038362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of multiple stressors are difficult to separate in field studies, and their interactions may be hard to predict if studied in isolation. We studied the effects of decreasing food quality (increase in cyanobacteria from 5 to 95% simulating eutrophication), temperature increase (by 3 °C), and microplastic exposure (1% of the diet) on survival, size, reproduction, and fatty acid composition of the model freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna. We found that food quality was the major driver of Daphnia responses. When the amount of cyanobacteria increased from 5 to 95% of the diet, there was a drastic decrease in Daphnia survival (from 81 ± 15% to 24 ± 21%), juvenile size (from 1.8 ± 0.2 mm to 1.0 ± 0.1 mm), adult size (from 2.7 ± 0.1 mm to 1.1 ± 0.1 mm), and reproduction (from 13 ± 5 neonates per surviving adult to 0), but the decrease was not always linear. This was most likely due to lower availability of lipids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and sterols from the diet. Microplastic exposure did not affect Daphnia survival, size, or reproduction. Food quality had an interactive effect with temperature on fatty acid content of Daphnia. Total fatty acid content of Daphnia was almost 2-fold higher at 20 °C than at 23 °C when fed 50% cyanobacteria. This may have implications for higher trophic level consumers, such as fish, that depend on zooplankton for energy and essential lipids. Our findings suggest that as proportions of cyanobacteria increase, in tandem with water temperatures due to climate change, fish may encounter fewer and smaller Daphnia with lower lipid and EPA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Hiltunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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24
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Fernandes T, Cordeiro N. Hemiselmis andersenii and Chlorella stigmatophora As New Sources of High-value Compounds: A Lipidomic Approach. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1493-1504. [PMID: 32683702 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To unlock the potential of Chlorella stigmatophora (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) and Hemiselmis andersenii (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) as natural reactors for biotechnological exploitation, their lipophilic extracts were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) before and after alkaline hydrolysis. The GC-MS analysis enabled the identification of 62 metabolites-namely fatty acids (27), aliphatic alcohols (17), monoglycerides (7), sterols (4), and other compounds (7). After alkaline hydrolysis, monounsaturated fatty acids increased by as much as 87%, suggesting that the esterified compounds were mainly neutral lipids. Hemiselmis andersenii yielded the highest Σω3/Σω6 ratio (7.26), indicating that it is a good source of ω3 fatty acids, in comparison to C. stigmatophora (Σω3/Σω6 = 1.24). Both microalgae presented significant amounts of aliphatic alcohols (6.81-10.95 mg · g dw-1 ), which are recognized by their cholesterol-lowering properties. The multivariate analysis allowed visualization of the chemical divergence among H. andersenii lipophilic extracts before and after alkaline hydrolysis, as well as species-specific differences. Chlorella stigmatophora showed to be a valuable source of essential fatty acids for nutraceuticals, whereas H. andersenii, due to its high chemical diversity, seems to be suitable for different fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomásia Fernandes
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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25
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Di Carvalho JA, Wickham SA. Does spatiotemporal nutrient variation allow more species to coexist? Oecologia 2020; 194:695-707. [PMID: 33099656 PMCID: PMC7683490 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Temporal heterogeneity in nutrient availability is known to increase phytoplankton diversity by allowing more species to coexist under different resource niches. Spatial heterogeneity has also been positively correlated with species diversity. Here we investigated how temporal and spatial differences in nutrient addition together impact biodiversity in metacommunities varying in the degree of connectivity among the patches. We used a microcosm experimental design to test two spatiotemporal ways of supplying nutrients: synchronously (nutrients were added regionally-to all four patches at the same time) and asynchronously (nutrients were added locally-to a different patch each time), combined with two different degrees of connectivity among the patches (low or high connectivity). We used three species of algae and one species of cyanobacteria as the primary producers; and five ciliate and two rotifer species as the grazers. We expected higher diversity in metacommunities receiving an asynchronous nutrient supply, assuming stronger development of heterogeneous patches with this condition rather than with synchronous nutrient supply. This result was expected, however, to be dependent on the degree of connectivity among patches. We found significant effects of nutrient addition in both groups of organisms. Phytoplankton diversity increased until the fourth week (transiently) and zooplankton richness was persistently higher under asynchronous nutrient addition. Our results were consistent with our hypothesis that asynchronicity in nutrient supply would create a more favorable condition for species to co-occur. However, this effect was, in part, transient and was not influenced by the degree of connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Antonucci Di Carvalho
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Stephen A Wickham
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Thomas MD, Schram JB, Clark-Henry ZF, Yednock BK, Shanks AL, Galloway AWE. Juvenile Dungeness crabs ( Metacarcinus magister) selectively integrate and modify the fatty acids of their experimental diets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200038. [PMID: 32536312 PMCID: PMC7333968 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister) are ecologically and economically important in the coastal Northeast Pacific, yet relatively little is currently known about their feeding behaviour in the wild or their natural diet. Trophic biomarkers, such as fatty acids (FA), can be used to reveal trophic interactions. We used two feeding experiments to assess differences in FA composition of juvenile crabs fed different known foods to evaluate how they modify and integrate dietary FA into their own tissues and determine whether crab FA reflect diet changes over a six-week period. These experimental results were then compared with the FA signatures of wild caught juvenile crab with undetermined diets. We found that juvenile Dungeness crabs fed different foods assimilated dietary FA into their tissues and were distinct in their FA signatures when analysed with multivariate statistics. Experimentally fed juvenile crabs contained greater proportions of the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA, >C20) than their foods. Crabs fed foods lacking in LCPUFA, particularly DHA (22:6ω3, docosahexaenoic acid), did not survive or grew slower than crabs fed other foods. This suggests that LCPUFA are physiologically important for this species and indicates biosynthesis of these FA does not occur or is not sufficient to meet their needs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Julie B. Schram
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Zade F. Clark-Henry
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University College of Forestry, 140 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bree K. Yednock
- South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, PO Box 5417, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Alan L. Shanks
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Aaron W. E. Galloway
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
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Twining CW, Taipale SJ, Ruess L, Bec A, Martin-Creuzburg D, Kainz MJ. Stable isotopes of fatty acids: current and future perspectives for advancing trophic ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190641. [PMID: 32536315 PMCID: PMC7333957 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand consumer dietary requirements and resource use across ecosystems, researchers have employed a variety of methods, including bulk stable isotope and fatty acid composition analyses. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of fatty acids combines both of these tools into an even more powerful method with the capacity to broaden our understanding of food web ecology and nutritional dynamics. Here, we provide an overview of the potential that CSIA studies hold and their constraints. We first review the use of fatty acid CSIA in ecology at the natural abundance level as well as enriched physiological tracers, and highlight the unique insights that CSIA of fatty acids can provide. Next, we evaluate methodological best practices when generating and interpreting CSIA data. We then introduce three cutting-edge methods: hydrogen CSIA of fatty acids, and fatty acid isotopomer and isotopologue analyses, which are not yet widely used in ecological studies, but hold the potential to address some of the limitations of current techniques. Finally, we address future priorities in the field of CSIA including: generating more data across a wider range of taxa; lowering costs and increasing laboratory availability; working across disciplinary and methodological boundaries; and combining approaches to answer macroevolutionary questions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W. Twining
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Sami J. Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Bec
- University Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Wittenborn AK, Schmale O, Thiel V. Zooplankton impact on lipid biomarkers in water column vs. surface sediments of the stratified Eastern Gotland Basin (Central Baltic Sea). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234110. [PMID: 32530916 PMCID: PMC7292411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediments from stratified marine environments often show an enhanced preservation of organic matter (OM) which is attributed to the limitation, or absence, of oxygen in the bottom waters and surface sediments. Yet there is still a limited knowledge about the changes that the associated biomarker signals undergo in the different parts of a stratified environment, and as to which extent the situation in the productive upper parts of the water column is eventually reflected in the sedimentary record. To better understand these processes we studied particulate matter samples from the stratified, partly anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin (EGB, Central Baltic Sea) during a strong cyanobacterial bloom in August 2016. Endmember samples representing the main biomass producers within the phytoplankton (cyanobacteria) and mesozooplankton (copepods) were obtained from different levels of the water column. Major extractable lipids (fatty acids, n-alcohols, sterols, and selected hydrocarbons) were analysed from the same materials and compared to samples cored from the underlying surface sediments (0-12 cm). Given the annually recurring phenomenon of cyanobacterial blooms we anticipated to find a considerable lipid footprint of the major primary producers in the sedimentary record of the EGB. Unexpectedly, however, lipids in the surface sediments largely derived from the storage lipids (mainly wax esters) of the copepod Pseudocalanus spp. which thrived in deeper, more saline and oxygen-depleted waters. Carbon number and unsaturation patterns suggest that the component n-alcohols of these wax esters are transformed into the corresponding n-fatty acids prior to further degradation in the sediment. In the EGB deposits, most of the plankton-derived lipids studied appear to be degraded on a time scale of decades. In terms of relative abundances, long-chain n-alkyl lipids and C29 sterols from terrestrial plant sources instead become predominant in the deeper sediment layers. Likewise, higher stanol/sterol ratios of C27-sterols vs. C29-sterols indicate a more intense biodegradation of planktonic OM as compared to terrestrial OM. Our observations indicate that primary produced particulate OM is heavily modified by mesozooplankton grazing. This overprint adds on the influence of heterotrophic microorganisms and, in the sediment, preferential preservation of terrestrial biomarkers. Taken together, these factors result in a major decoupling of the biomarker signals between the productive upper mixed layer and the oxygen-depleted bottom waters and sediments of the EGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Wittenborn
- Geoscience Center, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver Schmale
- Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Geoscience Center, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040559. [PMID: 32268552 PMCID: PMC7226532 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.
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Marcellin-Gros R, Piganeau G, Stien D. Metabolomic Insights into Marine Phytoplankton Diversity. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E78. [PMID: 31991720 PMCID: PMC7074452 DOI: 10.3390/md18020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The democratization of sequencing technologies fostered a leap in our knowledge of the diversity of marine phytoplanktonic microalgae, revealing many previously unknown species and lineages. The evolutionary history of the diversification of microalgae can be inferred from the analysis of their genome sequences. However, the link between the DNA sequence and the associated phenotype is notoriously difficult to assess, all the more so for marine phytoplanktonic microalgae for which the lab culture and, thus, biological experimentation is very tedious. Here, we explore the potential of a high-throughput untargeted metabolomic approach to explore the phenotypic-genotypic gap in 12 marine microalgae encompassing 1.2 billion years of evolution. We identified species- and lineage-specific metabolites. We also provide evidence of a very good correlation between the molecular divergence, inferred from the DNA sequences, and the metabolomic divergence, inferred from the complete metabolomic profiles. These results provide novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton and support the hypothesis of a metabolomic clock, suggesting that DNA and metabolomic profiles co-evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Marcellin-Gros
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France;
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gwenaël Piganeau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France;
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31
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Peltomaa ET, Taipale S. Osmotrophic glucose and leucine assimilation and its impact on EPA and DHA content in algae. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8363. [PMID: 31915592 PMCID: PMC6944096 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of dissolved organic compounds, that is, osmotrophy, has been shown to be an efficient nutritional strategy for algae. However, this mode of nutrition may affect the biochemical composition, for example, the fatty acid (FA) contents, of algal cells. This study focused on the osmotrophic assimilation of glucose and leucine by selected seven algal strains belonging to chlorophytes, chrysophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates and euglenoids. Our laboratory experiments with stable isotope labeling showed that osmotrophy occurred in four of the selected seven strains. However, only three of these produced long chain omega-3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3). High glucose content (5 mg L-1) affected negatively on the total FAs of Mallomonas kalinae and the total omega-3 FAs of Cryptomonas sp. Further, glucose assimilation explained 35% (negative effect) and leucine assimilation 48% (positive effect) of the variation of EPA, DHA and the FAs related to their synthesis in Cryptomonas sp. Moderate glucose concentration (2 mg L-1) was found to enhance the growth of Cryptomonas ozolinii, whereas low leucine (20 µg L-1) enhanced the growth of M. kalinae. However, no systematic effect of osmotrophy on growth rates was detected. Our study shows that osmotrophic assimilation of algae is species and compound specific, and that the effects of the assimilated compounds on algal metabolism also varies depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina T. Peltomaa
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland
| | - Sami Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Taipale SJ, Peltomaa E, Kukkonen JVK, Kainz MJ, Kautonen P, Tiirola M. Tracing the fate of microplastic carbon in the aquatic food web by compound-specific isotope analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19894. [PMID: 31882692 PMCID: PMC6934716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing abundance of microplastics (MP) in marine and freshwaters is currently one of the greatest environmental concerns. Since plastics are fairly resistant to chemical decomposition, breakdown and reutilization of MP carbon complexes requires microbial activity. Currently, only a few microbial isolates have been shown to degrade MPs, and direct measurements of the fate of the MP carbon are still lacking. We used compound-specific isotope analysis to track the fate of fully labelled 13C-polyethylene (PE) MP carbon across the aquatic microbial-animal interface. Isotopic values of respired CO2 and membrane lipids showed that MP carbon was partly mineralized and partly used for cell growth. Microbial mineralization and assimilation of PE-MP carbon was most active when inoculated microbes were obtained from highly humic waters, which contain recalcitrant substrate sources. Mixotrophic algae (Cryptomonas sp.) and herbivorous zooplankton (Daphnia magna) used microbial mediated PE-MP carbon in their cell membrane fatty acids. Moreover, heteronanoflagellates and mixotrophic algae sequestered MP carbon for synthesizing essential ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, this study demonstrates that aquatic micro-organisms can produce, biochemically upgrade, and trophically transfer nutritionally important biomolecules from PE-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - E Peltomaa
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, Finland.,Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J V K Kukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M J Kainz
- WasserCluster - Biological Station Lunz, Danube University Krems, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - P Kautonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Taipale SJ, Vuorio K, Aalto SL, Peltomaa E, Tiirola M. Eutrophication reduces the nutritional value of phytoplankton in boreal lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108836. [PMID: 31708172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication (as an increase in total phosphorus [TP]) increases harmful algal blooms and reduces the proportion of high-quality phytoplankton in seston and the content of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) in fish. However, it is not well-known how eutrophication affects the overall nutritional value of phytoplankton. Therefore, we studied the impact of eutrophication on the production (as concentration; μg L-1) and content (μg mg C-1) of amino acids, EPA, DHA, and sterols, i.e., the nutritional value of phytoplankton in 107 boreal lakes. The lakes were categorized in seven TP concentration categories ranging from ultra-oligotrophic (<5 μg L-1) to highly eutrophic (>50 μg L-1). Phytoplankton total biomass increased with TP as expected, but in contrast to previous studies, the contribution of high-quality phytoplankton did not decrease with TP. However, the high variation reflected instability in the phytoplankton community structure in eutrophic lakes. We found that the concentration of amino acids increased in the epilimnion whereas the concentration of sterols decreased with increasing TP. In terms of phytoplankton nutritional value, amino acids, EPA, DHA, and sterols showed a significant quadratic relationship with the lake trophic status. More specifically, the amino acid contents were the same in the oligo- and mesotrophic lakes, but substantially lower in the eutrophic lakes (TP > 35 μg L-1/1.13 μmol L-1). The highest EPA and DHA content in phytoplankton was found in the mesotrophic lakes, whereas the sterol content was highest in the oligotrophic lakes. Based on these results, the nutritional value of phytoplankton reduces with eutrophication, although the contribution of high-quality algae does not decrease. Therefore, the results emphasize that eutrophication, as excess TP, reduces the nutritional value of phytoplankton, which may have a significant impact on the nutritional value of zooplankton, fish, and other aquatic animals at higher food web levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Kristiina Vuorio
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Yoshioka RM, Schram JB, Galloway AWE. Eelgrass pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae synthesizes essential fatty acids. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:89-95. [PMID: 31342910 DOI: 10.3354/dao03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Negative consequences of parasites and disease on hosts are usually better understood than their multifaceted ecosystem effects. The pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae (Lz) causes eelgrass wasting disease but has relatives that produce large quantities of nutritionally valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Here we quantify the fatty acids (FA) of Lz cultured on artificial media, eelgrass-based media, and eelgrass segments to investigate whether Lz may similarly produce LCPUFA. We also assess whether field-collected lesions show similar FA patterns to laboratory-inoculated eelgrass. We find that Lz produces DHA as its dominant FA along with other essential FA on both artificial and eelgrass-based media. DHA content was greater in both laboratory-inoculated and field-collected diseased eelgrass relative to their respective controls. If Lz's production scales in situ, it may present an unrecognized source of LCPUFA in eelgrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Yoshioka
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, Oregon 97420, USA
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Antonucci Di Carvalho J, Wickham SA. Simulating eutrophication in a metacommunity landscape: an aquatic model ecosystem. Oecologia 2019; 189:461-474. [PMID: 30523402 PMCID: PMC6394664 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic habitats are often characterized by both high diversity and the threat of multiple anthropogenic stressors. Our research deals with temporal and spatial aspects of two of the main threats for biodiversity, namely eutrophication and fragmentation. It is known that pulsed nutrient addition creates temporal differences in environmental conditions, promoting higher diversity by preventing the best competitor from dominating. Furthermore, a metacommunity landscape with intermediate connectivity increases autotrophs' diversity and stability. However, it is yet unclear if these two factors are additive in increasing diversity and if the effects extend to the consumer level. With the goal of understanding how eutrophication impacts biodiversity in a metacommunity landscape, we hypothesized that pulsed nutrient addition will increase diversity among both autotrophs and heterotrophs, and this effect will be even greater in a metacommunity landscape. We simulated eutrophication and fragmentation in a microcosm experiment using phytoplankton as primary producers and microzooplankton as grazers. Four treatment combinations were tested including two different landscapes (metacommunity and isolated community) and two forms of nutrient supply (pulsed and continuous): metacommunity/continuous nutrient addition (MC); metacommunity/pulsed nutrient addition (MP); isolated community/continuous nutrient addition (IC); isolated community/pulsed nutrient addition (IP). As expected, pulsed nutrient addition had a persistent positive effect on phytoplankton diversity, with a weaker influence of landscape type. In contrast, the grazer community strongly benefited from a metacommunity landscape, with less significance of pulsed or continuous nutrient addition. Overall, the metacommunity landscape with pulsed nutrient supply supported higher diversity of primary producers and grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Antonucci Di Carvalho
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Stephen A Wickham
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Haubrich BA. Microbial Sterolomics as a Chemical Biology Tool. Molecules 2018; 23:E2768. [PMID: 30366429 PMCID: PMC6278499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has become a powerful tool in chemical biology. Profiling the human sterolome has resulted in the discovery of noncanonical sterols, including oxysterols and meiosis-activating sterols. They are important to immune responses and development, and have been reviewed extensively. The triterpenoid metabolite fusidic acid has developed clinical relevance, and many steroidal metabolites from microbial sources possess varying bioactivities. Beyond the prospect of pharmacognostical agents, the profiling of minor metabolites can provide insight into an organism's biosynthesis and phylogeny, as well as inform drug discovery about infectious diseases. This review aims to highlight recent discoveries from detailed sterolomic profiling in microorganisms and their phylogenic and pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Haubrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Maltsev Y, Gusev E, Maltseva I, Kulikovskiy M, Namsaraev Z, Petrushkina M, Filimonova A, Sorokin B, Golubeva A, Butaeva G, Khrushchev A, Zotko N, Kuzmin D. Description of a new species of soil algae, Parietochloris grandis sp. nov., and study of its fatty acid profiles under different culturing conditions. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Schram JB, Kobelt JN, Dethier MN, Galloway AWE. Trophic Transfer of Macroalgal Fatty Acids in Two Urchin Species: Digestion, Egestion, and Tissue Building. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Taipale SJ, Kahilainen KK, Holtgrieve GW, Peltomaa ET. Simulated eutrophication and browning alters zooplankton nutritional quality and determines juvenile fish growth and survival. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2671-2687. [PMID: 29531685 PMCID: PMC5838055 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The first few months of life is the most vulnerable period for fish and their optimal hatching time with zooplankton prey is favored by natural selection. Traditionally, however, prey abundance (i.e., zooplankton density) has been considered important, whereas prey nutritional composition has been largely neglected in natural settings. High-quality zooplankton, rich in both essential amino acids (EAAs) and fatty acids (FAs), are required as starting prey to initiate development and fast juvenile growth. Prey quality is dependent on environmental conditions, and, for example, eutrophication and browning are two major factors defining primary producer community structures that will directly determine the nutritional quality of the basal food sources (algae, bacteria, terrestrial matter) for zooplankton. We experimentally tested how eutrophication and browning affect the growth and survival of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by changing the quality of basal resources. We fed the fish on herbivorous zooplankton (Daphnia) grown with foods of different nutritional quality (algae, bacteria, terrestrial matter), and used GC-MS, stable isotope labeling as well as bulk and compound-specific stable isotope analyses for detecting the effects of different diets on the nutritional status of fish. The content of EAAs and omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in basal foods and zooplankton decreased in both eutrophication and browning treatments. The decrease in ω-3 PUFA and especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reflected to fish juveniles, but they were able to compensate for low availability of EAAs in their food. Therefore, the reduced growth and survival of the juvenile fish was linked to the low availability of DHA. Fish showed very low ability to convert alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to DHA. We conclude that eutrophication and browning decrease the availability of the originally phytoplankton-derived DHA for zooplankton and juvenile fish, suggesting bottom-up regulation of food web quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Johan Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Kimmo Kalevi Kahilainen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsThe Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Elina Talvikki Peltomaa
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Lammi Biological StationUniversity of HelsinkiLammiFinland
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Peltomaa E, Johnson MD, Taipale SJ. Marine Cryptophytes Are Great Sources of EPA and DHA. Mar Drugs 2017; 16:md16010003. [PMID: 29278384 PMCID: PMC5793051 DOI: 10.3390/md16010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have the ability to synthetize many compounds, some of which have been recognized as a source of functional ingredients for nutraceuticals with positive health effects. One well-known example is the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for human nutrition. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) PUFAs involved in human physiology, and both industries are almost exclusively based on microalgae. In addition, algae produce phytosterols that reduce serum cholesterol. Here we determined the growth rates, biomass yields, PUFA and sterol content, and daily gain of eight strains of marine cryptophytes. The maximal growth rates of the cryptophytes varied between 0.34–0.70 divisions day−1, which is relatively good in relation to previously screened algal taxa. The studied cryptophytes were extremely rich in ω-3 PUFAs, especially in EPA and DHA (range 5.8–12.5 and 0.8–6.1 µg mg dry weight−1, respectively), but their sterol concentrations were low. Among the studied strains, Storeatula major was superior in PUFA production, and it also produces all PUFAs, i.e., α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA), EPA, and DHA, which is rare in phytoplankton in general. We conclude that marine cryptophytes are a good alternative for the ecologically sustainable and profitable production of health-promoting lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Peltomaa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Peltomaa ET, Aalto SL, Vuorio KM, Taipale SJ. The Importance of Phytoplankton Biomolecule Availability for Secondary Production. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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43
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Bridoux MC, Sobiechowska M, Pérez-Fuentetaja A, Alben KT. LC-PDA/APCIitMS identification of algal carotenoid and oxysterol precursors to fatty acid esters in hydrolyzed extracts of the freshwater mussel Dreissena bugensis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6745-6760. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nielsen JM, Clare EL, Hayden B, Brett MT, Kratina P. Diet tracing in ecology: Method comparison and selection. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. Nielsen
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Brian Hayden
- Canadian Rivers InstituteBiology DepartmentUniversity of New Brunswick Fredericton NB Canada
| | - Michael T. Brett
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of London London UK
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Meunier CL, Liess A, Andersson A, Brugel S, Paczkowska J, Rahman H, Skoglund B, Rowe OF. Allochthonous carbon is a major driver of the microbial food web - A mesocosm study simulating elevated terrestrial matter runoff. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28645656 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change predictions indicate that coastal and estuarine environments will receive increased terrestrial runoff via increased river discharge. This discharge transports allochthonous material, containing bioavailable nutrients and light attenuating matter. Since light and nutrients are important drivers of basal production, their relative and absolute availability have important consequences for the base of the aquatic food web, with potential ramifications for higher trophic levels. Here, we investigated the effects of shifts in terrestrial organic matter and light availability on basal producers and their grazers. In twelve Baltic Sea mesocosms, we simulated the effects of increased river runoff alone and in combination. We manipulated light (clear/shade) and carbon (added/not added) in a fully factorial design, with three replicates. We assessed microzooplankton grazing preferences in each treatment to assess whether increased terrestrial organic matter input would: (1) decrease the phytoplankton to bacterial biomass ratio, (2) shift microzooplankton diet from phytoplankton to bacteria, and (3) affect microzooplankton biomass. We found that carbon addition, but not reduced light levels per se resulted in lower phytoplankton to bacteria biomass ratios. Microzooplankton generally showed a strong feeding preference for phytoplankton over bacteria, but, in carbon-amended mesocosms which favored bacteria, microzooplankton shifted their diet towards bacteria. Furthermore, low total prey availability corresponded with low microzooplankton biomass and the highest bacteria/phytoplankton ratio. Overall our results suggest that in shallow coastal waters, modified with allochthonous matter from river discharge, light attenuation may be inconsequential for the basal producer balance, whereas increased allochthonous carbon, especially if readily bioavailable, favors bacteria over phytoplankton. We conclude that climate change induced shifts at the base of the food web may alter energy mobilization to and the biomass of microzooplankton grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric L Meunier
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Antonia Liess
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Science, School of Business, Science and Engineering, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Norrbyn, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Sonia Brugel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Norrbyn, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Joanna Paczkowska
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Norrbyn, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Habib Rahman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Skoglund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Owen F Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Norrbyn, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
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Cañavate JP, Armada I, Hachero-Cruzado I. Polar Lipids Analysis of Cultured Phytoplankton Reveals Significant Inter-taxa Changes, Low Influence of Growth Stage, and Usefulness in Chemotaxonomy. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:755-774. [PMID: 27837252 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high lipid diversity of microalgae has been used to taxonomically differentiate phytoplankton taxa at the class level. However, important lipids such as phospholipids (PL) and betaine lipids (BL) with potential chemotaxonomy application in phytoplankton ecology have been scarcely studied. The chemotaxonomy value of PL and BL depends on their intraspecific extent of variation as microalgae respond to external changing factors. To determine such effects, lipid class changes occurring at different growth stages in 15 microalgae from ten different classes were analyzed. BL occurred in 14 species and were the less affected lipids by growth stage with diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-b-alanine (DGTA) showing the highest stability. PL were more influenced by growth stage with phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) declining towards older culture stages in some species. Glycolipids were the more common lipids, and no evident age-related variability pattern could be associated to taxonomic diversity. Selecting BL and PL as descriptor variables optimally distinguished microalgae taxonomic variability at all growth stages. Principal coordinate analysis arranged species through a main tendency from diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-b-alanine (DGCC) containing species (mainly dinoflagellates and haptophytes) to DGTA or PC containing species (mainly cryptophytes). Two diatom classes with similar fatty acid profiles could be distinguished from their respective content in DGTA (Bacillariophyceae) or DGCC (Mediophyceae). In green lineage classes (Trebouxiophyceae, Porphyridophyceae, and Chlorodendrophyceae), PC was a better descriptor than BL. BL and PL explained a higher proportion of microalgae taxonomic variation than did fatty acids and played a complementary role as lipid markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Cañavate
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Isabel Armada
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Hachero-Cruzado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
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Taipale SJ, Galloway AWE, Aalto SL, Kahilainen KK, Strandberg U, Kankaala P. Terrestrial carbohydrates support freshwater zooplankton during phytoplankton deficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30897. [PMID: 27510848 PMCID: PMC4980614 DOI: 10.1038/srep30897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater food webs can be partly supported by terrestrial primary production, often deriving from plant litter of surrounding catchment vegetation. Although consisting mainly of poorly bioavailable lignin, with low protein and lipid content, the carbohydrates from fallen tree leaves and shoreline vegetation may be utilized by aquatic consumers. Here we show that during phytoplankton deficiency, zooplankton (Daphnia magna) can benefit from terrestrial particulate organic matter by using terrestrial-origin carbohydrates for energy and sparing essential fatty acids and amino acids for somatic growth and reproduction. Assimilated terrestrial-origin fatty acids from shoreline reed particles exceeded available diet, indicating that Daphnia may convert a part of their dietary carbohydrates to saturated fatty acids. This conversion was not observed with birch leaf diets, which had lower carbohydrate content. Subsequent analysis of 21 boreal and subarctic lakes showed that diet of herbivorous zooplankton is mainly based on high-quality phytoplankton rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The proportion of low-quality diets (bacteria and terrestrial particulate organic matter) was <28% of the assimilated carbon. Taken collectively, the incorporation of terrestrial carbon into zooplankton was not directly related to the concentration of terrestrial organic matter in experiments or lakes, but rather to the low availability of phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, FIN-16900 Lammi, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Aaron W E Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, USA
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Käsivarrentie 14622, FIN-99490 Kilpisjärvi, Finland.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Strandberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Paula Kankaala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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