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Muñoz P, Tijero V, Vincent C, Munné-Bosch S. Abscisic acid triggers vitamin E accumulation by transient transcript activation of VTE5 and VTE6 in sweet cherry fruits. Biochem J 2024; 481:279-293. [PMID: 38314636 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants known as vitamin E and synthesized from the condensation of two metabolic pathways leading to the formation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate. While homogentisate is derived from tyrosine metabolism, phytyl diphosphate may be formed from geranylgeranyl diphosphate or phytol recycling from chlorophyll degradation. Here, we hypothesized that abscisic acid (ABA) could induce tocopherol biosynthesis in sweet cherries by modifying the expression of genes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis, including those from the phytol recycling pathway. Hence, the expression of key tocopherol biosynthesis genes was determined together with vitamin E and chlorophyll contents during the natural development of sweet cherries on the tree. Moreover, the effects of exogenously applied ABA on the expression of key tocopherol biosynthesis genes were also investigated during on-tree fruit development, and tocopherols and chlorophylls contents were analyzed. Results showed that the expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genes, including VTE5, VTE6, HPPD and HPT showed contrasting patterns of variation, but in all cases, increased by 2- and 3-fold over time during fruit de-greening. This was not the case for GGDR and VTE4, the first showing constitutive expression during fruit development and the second with marked down-regulation at ripening onset. Furthermore, exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation and significantly enhanced VTE5 and VTE6 expression, and also that of HPPD and VTE4, altogether increasing total tocopherol accumulation. In conclusion, ABA increases promote the transcription of phytol recycling enzymes, which may contribute to vitamin E biosynthesis during fruit development in stone fruits like sweet cherries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Tijero
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Vincent
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Olmo-Cunillera A, Pérez M, López-Yerena A, Abuhabib MM, Ninot A, Romero-Aroca A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Maria Lamuela-Raventós R. Targeted metabolic profiling of the revived ancient 'Corbella' olive cultivar during early maturation. Food Chem 2024; 430:137024. [PMID: 37527576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
'Corbella' is an ancient olive cultivar whose cultivation has recently been revived and hence little is known about its composition. This is the first work studying the metabolic profile of 'Corbella' olives during early maturation. Olives with a ripening index (RI) < 1 yielded considerably less oil content (<40%) but had more concentration of phenolic compounds (148.41-219.70 mg/kg), carotenoids (9.61-14.94 mg/kg) and squalene (521.41-624.40 mg/kg). Contrarily, the levels of α-tocopherol were higher at the RI of 1.08 and 1.96 (64.57 and 57.75 mg/kg, respectively). The most abundant phenolic compound was oleuropein aglycone (>50% of the phenolic composition), suggesting a high hydrolytic activity of β-glucosidase in the fruit. The antioxidant capacity was barely affected, while oleic/linoleic ratio reached its highest at RI of 1.96. Therefore, olives with an RI below 2 could be good candidates to produce high-quality olive oils with good level of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Pérez
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed M Abuhabib
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Ninot
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology Research Team, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Agustí Romero-Aroca
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology Research Team, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Lamuela-Raventós
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Luaces P, Expósito J, Benabal P, Pascual M, Sanz C, Pérez AG. Accumulation Patterns of Metabolites Responsible for the Functional Quality of Virgin Olive Oil during Olive Fruit Ontogeny. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:12. [PMID: 38275630 PMCID: PMC10812685 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The health-promoting antioxidant properties of virgin olive oil (VOO) are today considered priority targets in the new olive breeding programs. Given that these properties depend mainly on its phenolic fraction, whose origin lies in the phenolic compounds present in olive fruit, the objective of this study was to provide further insight into the accumulation dynamics of the main antioxidant compounds, including both polar phenolics and lipophilic tocopherols, during the ontogeny of the olive fruit. Data obtained show that, albeit with significant differences, all the studied genotypes share just after fruit set an intense increase in the synthesis of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives, by far the main phenolic compounds of the olive fruit, and a subsequent steady decrease along fruit development and ripening. The accumulation dynamics of flavonoids and tocopherols were different from those of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives, presenting a peak of synthesis just before the onset of fruit ripening, and then in general, their content decreases throughout the ripening phase. In the case of flavonoids, all genotypes also share a strong increase in the accumulation of anthocyanins in the final stages of fruit ripening, coinciding with the change in fruit color. Furthermore, the results during the fruit ripening process evidenced that the content of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives and tocopherols in the fruit largely determines the content of these groups of compounds in the oil. The information acquired could be useful for the selection of the most suitable moment in the ontogeny of the olive fruit for the search for key genes in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.L.); (J.E.); (P.B.); (M.P.); (A.G.P.)
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Włodarczyk K, Smolińska B, Majak I. The Antioxidant Potential of Tomato Plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Nano-ZnO Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11833. [PMID: 37511592 PMCID: PMC10380518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most valuable horticulture crops, consumed in both its raw and processed forms. To increase yield and efficiency, conventional and organic fertilizers are utilized in modern agriculture. Traditional fertilizers increase crop yield but are harmful to the environment. These circumstances motivate the pursuit of an alternate solution. The purpose of this research was to investigate how the application of nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) combined with conventional fertilizer influence tomato plants' development, including the antioxidant potential of cultivated plants. Three factors such as different types of cultivars, dosage of applied nano-ZnO solution and the method of nanoparticles application were implemented. Multiple analysis of selected antioxidants content and their activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA), flavonoids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase (CAT) were analyzed. The obtained data exhibited that all examined parameters were strongly dependent on three implemented factors: concentration of nano-ZnO suspension, the type of cultivated tomato and the method of nanoparticles application. For instance, the accumulation of MDA in cultivated plants was different among plants under nanoparticles treatment, but in one specific case (Malinowy Bossman cultivar treated with 50 mg/L nano-ZnO suspension) the content of this marker was decreased by 34% in comparison to the corresponding control. Nevertheless, the results presented in this study showed that the usage of certain doses of nano-ZnO suspension may increase the antioxidant potential of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Włodarczyk
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Smolińska
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Majak
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Bioactive Compound Profiling of Olive Fruit: The Contribution of Genotype. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040672. [PMID: 35453357 PMCID: PMC9032303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important bioactive compounds of olive fruit were studied in numerous international olive cultivars during two consecutive seasons. A large variability was measured for each studied metabolite in all 61 olive cultivars. Total phenol content varied on a scale of 1–10 (3831–39,252 mg kg−1) in the studied cultivars. Squalene values fluctuated over an even wider range (1–15), with values of 274 to 4351 mg kg−1. Total sterols ranged from 119 to 969 mg kg−1, and total tocopherols varied from 135 to 579 mg kg−1 in fruit pulp. In the present study, the linkage among the most important quality traits highlighted the scarcity of cultivars with high content of at least three traits together. This work provided sound information on the fruit metabolite profile of a wide range of cultivars, which will facilitate the studies on the genomic regulation of plant metabolites and development of new olive genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding.
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Li J, Xiang N, Chen J, Shu Z, Chen L, Guo X. Vitamin E and carotenoid accumulation during kernel development in two varieties of
Castanea henryi. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Xingxi Agro‐tech Extrension and Service Station Zhenghe 353600 China
| | - Zhicheng Shu
- Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Martakos I, Katsianou P, Koulis G, Efstratiou E, Nastou E, Nikas S, Dasenaki M, Pentogennis M, Thomaidis N. Development of Analytical Strategies for the Determination of Olive Fruit Bioactive Compounds Using UPLC-HRMS and HPLC-DAD. Chemical Characterization of Kolovi Lesvos Variety as a Case Study. Molecules 2021; 26:7182. [PMID: 34885766 PMCID: PMC8659053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an overall survey regarding the determination of several bioactive compounds in olive fruit is presented. Two methodologies were developed, one UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method for the determination of olive fruit phenolic compounds and one HPLC-DAD methodology targeting the determination of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), tocopherols (α-, β, -γ, δ-) and squalene. Target and suspect screening workflows were developed for the thorough fingerprinting of the phenolic fraction of olives. Both methods were validated, presenting excellent performance characteristics, and can be used as reliable tools for the monitoring of bioactive compounds in olive fruit samples. The developed methodologies were utilized to chemical characterize the fruits of the Kolovi olive variety, originating from the island of Lesvos, North Aegean Region, Greece. Twenty-five phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in Kolovi olives with verbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, oleacein and oleomissional found in significantly high concentrations. Moreover, 12 new bioactive compounds were identified in the samples using an in-house suspect database. The results of pigments analysis suggested that Kolovi variety should be characterized as low pigmentation, while the tocopherol and squalene content was relatively high compared to other olive varieties. The characterization of Kolovi olive bioactive content highlighted the high nutritional and possible economic value of the Kolovi olive fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Martakos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Katsianou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
| | - Georgios Koulis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Elvira Efstratiou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
| | - Eleni Nastou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
| | - Stylianos Nikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
| | - Marilena Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Pentogennis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (E.E.); (E.N.); (S.N.); (M.P.); (N.T.)
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Sabbadini S, Capocasa F, Battino M, Mazzoni L, Mezzetti B. Improved nutritional quality in fruit tree species through traditional and biotechnological approaches. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rey F, Zacarias L, Rodrigo MJ. Regulation of Tocopherol Biosynthesis During Fruit Maturation of Different Citrus Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:743993. [PMID: 34691122 PMCID: PMC8526796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are plant-derived isoprenoids with vitamin E activity, which are involved in diverse physiological processes in plants. Although their biosynthesis has been extensively investigated in model plants, their synthesis in important fruit crops as Citrus has scarcely been studied. Therefore, the aim of this work was to initiate a physiological and molecular characterization of tocopherol synthesis and accumulation in Citrus fruits during maturation. For that purpose, we selected fruit of the four main commercial species: grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus clementina), and analyzed tocopherol content and the expression profile of 14 genes involved in tocopherol synthesis during fruit maturation in both the flavedo and pulp. The selected genes covered the pathways supplying the tocopherol precursors homogentisate (HGA) (TAT1 and HPPD) and phytyl pyrophosphate (PPP) (VTE5, VTE6, DXS1 and 2, GGPPS1 and 6, and GGDR) and the tocopherol-core pathway (VTE2, VTE3a, VTE3b, VTE1, and VTE4). Tocopherols accumulated mainly as α- and γ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was the predominant form in both tissues. Moreover, differences were detected between tissues, among maturation stages and genotypes. Contents were higher in the flavedo than in the pulp during maturation, and while they increased in the flavedo they decreased or were maintained in the pulp. Among genotypes, mature fruit of lemon accumulated the highest tocopherol content in both the flavedo and the pulp, whereas mandarin fruit accumulated the lowest concentrations, and grapefruit and orange had intermediate levels. Higher concentrations in the flavedo were associated with a higher expression of all the genes evaluated, and different genes are suitable candidates to explain the temporal changes in each tissue: (1) in the flavedo, the increase in tocopherols was concomitant with the up-regulation of TAT1 and VTE4, involved in the supply of HGA and the shift of γ- into α-tocopherol, respectively; and (2) in the pulp, changes paralleled the expression of VTE6, DXS2, and GGDR, which regulate PPP availability. Also, certain genes (i.e., VTE6, DXS2, and GGDR) were co-regulated and shared a similar pattern during maturation in both tissues, suggesting they are developmentally modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Hadjipieri M, Georgiadou EC, Costa F, Fotopoulos V, Manganaris GA. Dissection of the incidence and severity of purple spot physiological disorder in loquat fruit through a physiological and molecular approach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:980-986. [PMID: 33039939 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruit marketability is affected by the incidence and severity of purple spot (PS), a pre-harvest physiological disorder showing an evident skin discoloration with depressed surface. Despite its impact in limiting the cultivation and economic potential of loquat, the etiology of this disorder is still poorly understood. To this end, our study aimed to investigate and disclose possible mechanisms underlying PS development. The intensity and severity of PS in three loquat cultivars ('Morphitiki', 'Karantoki' and 'Obusa') was phenotypically monitored during successive on-tree fruit developmental stages. 'Obusa' fruits harvested at commercial maturity stage showed the highest incidence of purple spot (58.6%), while 'Morphitiki' fruits did not show any symptoms. 'Karantoki' fruits demonstrated an intermediate response, with 31.3% of the fruit being affected. Thereafter, fruits with 30-50% PS severity were selected and used for further analysis; peel tissue was removed from both symptomatic and asymptomatic tissue of the same fruit for all examined cultivars. 'Karantoki' fruit with PS were characterized by the highest accumulation of total soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose and fructose contents, while the concentration of these primary metabolites was the lowest in asymptomatic fruit of 'Obusa', exception made for the sucrose. The incidence of PS was also transcriptionally investigated by assessing the mRNA profile of important genes involved in polyphenolic (PAL1, PAL2 and PPO1) and carbohydrate (CWI2, CWI3, SPS1, SPS2, NI2, NI3, SuSy, HXK, FRK and VI) pathway. The enhanced expression levels of CWI3 and VI genes in symptomatic fruit of the highly susceptible cultivar 'Obusa' highlight a cultivar-specific type of response. Notably, SuSy registered significantly suppressed levels in symptomatic tissue of both 'Obusa' and 'Karantoki'. To what extent PPO is associated with PS incidence and whether the etiology of the disorder can be assigned to an oxidative process triggered and coordinated by its action need to be further elucidated. The aforementioned genes are suggested to be further examined as potential markers towards a more sophisticated and informed characterization of purple spot detection in loquat fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hadjipieri
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Egli C Georgiadou
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All' Adige, Trento, Italy; Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - George A Manganaris
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus.
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Identification of a New Variety of Avocados (Persea Americana Mill. CV. Bacon) with High Vitamin E and Impact of Cold Storage on Tocochromanols Composition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050403. [PMID: 32397429 PMCID: PMC7278777 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tocochromanols are a group of fat-soluble compounds including vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and plastochromanol-8, and just one avocado can contain up to 20% of the required vitamin E daily intake. (2) Methods: HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses were performed in avocados of various varieties and origin for the identification and quantification of tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8. After selection of the variety with the highest vitamin E content, we evaluated to what extent short- (4 h) and long-term (10 d) cold storage influences the accumulation of tocochromanols. (3) Results: Analyses revealed that “Bacon” avocados (Persea americana Mill. cv. Bacon) were the richest in vitamin E compared to other avocado varieties (including the highly commercialized Hass variety), and they not only accumulated tocopherols (with 110 µg of α-tocopherol per g dry matter), but also tocotrienols (mostly in the form of γ-tocotrienol, with 3 µg per g dry matter) and plastochromanol-8 (4.5 µg per g dry matter). While short-term cold shock did not negatively influence α-tocopherol contents, it increased those of γ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, and plastochromanol-8 and decreased those of δ-tocotrienol. Furthermore, storage of Bacon avocados for 10 d led to a 20% decrease in the contents of α-tocopherol, whereas the contents of other tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8 were not affected. (4) Conclusions: It is concluded that Bacon avocados (i) are very rich in α-tocopherol, (ii) not only contain tocopherols, but also tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8, and (iii) their nutritional vitamin E value is negatively influenced by long-term cold storage.
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Analysis of Olive ( Olea Europaea L.) Genetic Resources in Relation to the Content of Vitamin E in Virgin Olive Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080242. [PMID: 31349630 PMCID: PMC6720590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil (VOO) is the main source of lipids in the Mediterranean diet and one of the main contributors to its proven protection against diseases associated with chronic inflammation states. This oil is rich in antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols, which together constitute the vitamin E stock of the oil. The purpose of the present work was to conduct a study on the diversity of the contents of vitamin E in the olive species (Olea europaea L.), and to know how the season climatic conditions and the degree of fruit ripening stage influences the final content of this vitamin in VOO. Data showed that the content of vitamin E in VOO is highly dependent on the olive cultivar, displaying a wide variability (89–1410 mg tocopherol/kg oil) in the olive species, and that is also dependent, to a lesser extent, on the crop year climate and the stage of fruit ripening. In addition, the suitability of cultivar crosses for breeding programs to obtain new cultivars with improved vitamin E content in VOO has been assessed. Our findings demonstrated that a single cross of olive cultivars may provide sufficient variability to be used in the selection of new cultivars.
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Georgiadou EC, Koubouris G, Goulas V, Sergentani C, Nikoloudakis N, Manganaris GA, Kalaitzis P, Fotopoulos V. Genotype-dependent regulation of vitamin E biosynthesis in olive fruits as revealed through metabolic and transcriptional profiles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:604-614. [PMID: 30556243 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a general term used to describe a group of eight lipophilic compounds known as tocochromanols. These vitamin E variants are chemically categorised into two classes formed by α-, β-, γ- and δ- tocopherols and tocotrienols isoforms, respectively. The present study describes the concurrent regulation of genes and metabolites orchestrating vitamin E biosynthesis in olive drupes of five distinctive Greek olive cultivars. A combination of analytical, biochemical and molecular approaches was employed in order to carry out comparative analyses, including real-time RT-qPCR for gene expression levels and HPLC analysis of metabolite content. Findings indicated that tocochromanol levels and composition, oil content, gene expression levels as well as total antioxidant activity were highly dependent on cultivar and, to a lesser extent, on fruit developmental stage. Specifically, cultivars 'Kalokairida' and 'Lianolia Kerkyras' demonstrated the highest vitamin E content. The latter possessed high tocochromanol content combined with highest overall antioxidant activity in all developmental stages, concomitant with the up-regulation expression profile of HPPD. The genotypic imprint versus the temporal contribution to vitamin E levels, as well as the potential link to lipid peroxidation amelioration, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - G Koubouris
- ELGO DEMETER, NAGREF - Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants & Viticulture, Chania, Greece
| | - V Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - C Sergentani
- ELGO DEMETER, NAGREF - Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants & Viticulture, Chania, Greece
| | - N Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - G A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - P Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Greece
| | - V Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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De Ollas C, Morillón R, Fotopoulos V, Puértolas J, Ollitrault P, Gómez-Cadenas A, Arbona V. Facing Climate Change: Biotechnology of Iconic Mediterranean Woody Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:427. [PMID: 31057569 PMCID: PMC6477659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is especially sensitive to the adverse outcomes of climate change and especially to variations in rainfall patterns and the incidence of extremely high temperatures. These two concurring adverse environmental conditions will surely have a detrimental effect on crop performance and productivity that will be particularly severe on woody crops such as citrus, olive and grapevine that define the backbone of traditional Mediterranean agriculture. These woody species have been traditionally selected for traits such as improved fruit yield and quality or alteration in harvesting periods, leaving out traits related to plant field performance. This is currently a crucial aspect due to the progressive and imminent effects of global climate change. Although complete genome sequence exists for sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and clementine (Citrus clementina), olive tree (Olea europaea) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera), the development of biotechnological tools to improve stress tolerance still relies on the study of the available genetic resources including interspecific hybrids, naturally occurring (or induced) polyploids and wild relatives under field conditions. To this respect, post-genomic era studies including transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics provide a wide and unbiased view of plant physiology and biochemistry under adverse environmental conditions that, along with high-throughput phenotyping, could contribute to the characterization of plant genotypes exhibiting physiological and/or genetic traits that are correlated to abiotic stress tolerance. The ultimate goal of precision agriculture is to improve crop productivity, in terms of yield and quality, making a sustainable use of land and water resources under adverse environmental conditions using all available biotechnological tools and high-throughput phenotyping. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art of biotechnological tools such as high throughput -omics and phenotyping on grapevine, citrus and olive and their contribution to plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De Ollas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Raphaël Morillón
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Jaime Puértolas
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Ollitrault
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), San-Giuliano, France
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Christou A, Kyriacou MC, Georgiadou EC, Papamarkou R, Hapeshi E, Karaolia P, Michael C, Fotopoulos V, Fatta-Kassinos D. Uptake and bioaccumulation of three widely prescribed pharmaceutically active compounds in tomato fruits and mediated effects on fruit quality attributes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1169-1178. [PMID: 30180325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) released in agroecosystems have been found to be taken up by and accumulated in the edible parts of crop plants. By employing simulated hydroponic cultivation under controlled conditions, the present study aimed at evaluating 1) the uptake and bioaccumulation of three common PhACs (diclofenac, DCF; sulfamethoxazole, SMX; trimethoprim, TMP), either applied individually (10 μg L-1) or as mixture (10 μg L-1 each), in tomato fruits harvested from the first three fruit sets, and 2) the PhACs-mediated effects on fruit quality attributes. DCF was not detected in tomato fruits, whereas both SMX and TMP were detected in varying concentrations in fruits, depending on the time of harvest, the mode of application and the allocation of plants in the greenhouse. The studied PhACs applied at environmentally relevant concentrations did not significantly affect plant productivity. Nevertheless, important fruit quality attributes, such as soluble solids and carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars) content were significantly impacted by all studied PhACs applied individually, suggesting that for DCF, potentially its transformation products (TPs) (not examined in this study) may exert significant effects on fruits quality attributes. In addition, no additive or synergistic effects of the mixture of PhACs on studied fruits quality attributes were revealed. Gene expression analysis showed that the PhACs-mediated effects on the carbohydrate content of fruits can be attributed, at least to some extent, to the significant modulation of the abundance of transcripts related to the biosynthesis and catabolism of sucrose, such as SlSuSys, SlLin5 and SlLin7. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting the potential effects of PhACs released in agroecosystems on the quality of widely consumed agricultural products. In any case, further studies are warranted for the overall assessment of the potential impacts of PhACs on the quality of agricultural products under conventional agricultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Marios C Kyriacou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Egli C Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Rafail Papamarkou
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Popi Karaolia
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Manganaris GA, Drogoudi P, Goulas V, Tanou G, Georgiadou EC, Pantelidis GE, Paschalidis KA, Fotopoulos V, Manganaris A. Deciphering the interplay among genotype, maturity stage and low-temperature storage on phytochemical composition and transcript levels of enzymatic antioxidants in Prunus persica fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:189-199. [PMID: 28881278 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the antioxidant metabolic changes of peach (cvs. 'Royal Glory', 'Red Haven' and 'Sun Cloud') and nectarine fruits (cv. 'Big Top') exposed to different combinations of low-temperature storage (0, 2, 4 weeks storage at 0 °C, 90% R.H.) and additional ripening at room temperature (1, 3 and 5 d, shelf life, 20 °C) with an array of analytical, biochemical and molecular approaches. Initially, harvested fruit of the examined cultivars were segregated non-destructively at advanced and less pronounced maturity stages and qualitative traits, physiological parameters, phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity were determined. 'Big Top' and 'Royal Glory' fruits were characterized by slower softening rate and less pronounced ripening-related alterations. The coupling of HPLC fingerprints, consisted of 7 phenolic compounds (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quecetin-3-O-glucoside, procyanidin B1) and spectrophotometric methods disclosed a great impact of genotype on peach bioactive composition, with 'Sun Cloud' generally displaying the highest contents. Maturity stage at harvest did not seem to affect fruit phenolic composition and no general guidelines for the impact of cold storage and shelf-life on individual phenolic compounds can be extrapolated. Subsequently, fruit of less pronounced maturity at harvest were used for further molecular analysis. 'Sun Cloud' was proven efficient in protecting plasmid pBR322 DNA against ROO attack throughout the experimental period and against HO attack after 2 and 4 weeks of cold storage. Interestingly, a general down-regulation of key genes implicated in the antioxidant apparatus with the prolongation of storage period was recorded; this was more evident for CAT, cAPX, Cu/ZnSOD2, perAPX3 and GPX8 genes. Higher antioxidant capacity of 'Sun Cloud' fruit could potentially be linked with compounds other than enzymatic antioxidants that further regulate peach fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Manganaris
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus.
| | - Pavlina Drogoudi
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter', 38 R.R. Station, 59035, Naoussa, Greece
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Egli C Georgiadou
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - George E Pantelidis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter', 38 R.R. Station, 59035, Naoussa, Greece; Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Department of Agricultural Technology, 57400, Sindos-Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A Paschalidis
- Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Department of Agricultural Technology, 57400, Sindos-Thessaloniki, Greece; Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Department of Agricultural Technology, 71004, Estavromenos, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Athanasios Manganaris
- Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Department of Agricultural Technology, 57400, Sindos-Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hadjipieri M, Georgiadou EC, Marin A, Diaz-Mula HM, Goulas V, Fotopoulos V, Tomás-Barberán FA, Manganaris GA. Metabolic and transcriptional elucidation of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in peel and flesh tissue of loquat fruit during on-tree development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:102. [PMID: 28615062 PMCID: PMC5471668 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are the main colouring substances found in orange-fleshed loquat fruits. The aim of this study was to unravel the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of loquat fruit (cv. 'Obusa') in peel and flesh tissue during distinct on-tree developmental stages through a targeted analytical and molecular approach. RESULTS Substantial changes regarding colour parameters, both between peel and flesh and among the different developmental stages, were monitored, concomitant with a significant increment in carotenoid content. Key genes and individual compounds that are implicated in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were further dissected with the employment of molecular (RT-qPCR) and advanced analytical techniques (LC-MS). Results revealed significant differences in carotenoid composition between peel and flesh. Thirty-two carotenoids were found in the peel, while only eighteen carotenoids were identified in the flesh. Trans-lutein and trans-β-carotene were the major carotenoids in the peel; the content of the former decreased with the progress of ripening, while the latter registered a 7.2-fold increase. However, carotenoid profiling of loquat flesh indicated trans-β-cryptoxanthin, followed by trans-β-carotene and 5,8-epoxy-β-carotene to be the most predominant carotenoids. High amounts of trans-β-carotene in both tissues were supported by significant induction in a chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYCB) transcript levels. PSY1, ZDS, CYCB and BCH were up-regulated and CRTISO, LCYE, ECH and VDE were down-regulated in most of the developmental stages compared with the immature stage in both peel and flesh tissue. Overall, differential regulation of expression levels with the progress of on-tree fruit development was more evident in the middle and downstream genes of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Carotenoid composition is greatly affected during on-tree loquat development with striking differences between peel and flesh tissue. A link between gene up- or down-regulation during the developmental stages of the loquat fruit, and how their expression affects carotenoid content per tissue (peel or flesh) was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hadjipieri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Egli C. Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Alicia Marin
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Huertas M. Diaz-Mula
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | | | - George A. Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
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