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Yu J, Xie J, Sun M, Xiong S, Xu C, Zhang Z, Li M, Li C, Lin L. Plant-Derived Caffeic Acid and Its Derivatives: An Overview of Their NMR Data and Biosynthetic Pathways. Molecules 2024; 29:1625. [PMID: 38611904 PMCID: PMC11013677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, caffeic acid and its derivatives have received increasing attention due to their obvious physiological activities and wide distribution in nature. In this paper, to clarify the status of research on plant-derived caffeic acid and its derivatives, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and possible biosynthetic pathways of these compounds were collected from scientific databases (SciFinder, PubMed and China Knowledge). According to different types of substituents, 17 caffeic acid and its derivatives can be divided into the following classes: caffeoyl ester derivatives, caffeyltartaric acid, caffeic acid amide derivatives, caffeoyl shikimic acid, caffeoyl quinic acid, caffeoyl danshens and caffeoyl glycoside. Generalization of their 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR data revealed that acylation with caffeic acid to form esters involves acylation shifts, which increase the chemical shift values of the corresponding carbons and decrease the chemical shift values of the corresponding carbons of caffeoyl. Once the hydroxyl group is ester, the hydrogen signal connected to the same carbon shifts to the low field (1.1~1.6). The biosynthetic pathways were summarized, and it was found that caffeic acid and its derivatives are first synthesized in plants through the shikimic acid pathway, in which phenylalanine is deaminated to cinnamic acid and then transformed into caffeic acid and its derivatives. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference for further research on the rapid structural identification and biofabrication of caffeic acid and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Jingchen Xie
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Miao Sun
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Suhui Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Minjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Limei Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Human Province, School of Pharmacy, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (M.S.); (S.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.)
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Li Y, Zhai X, Ma L, Zhao L, An N, Feng W, Huang L, Zheng X. Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Catalpol Biosynthesis in the Medicinal Plant Rehmannia glutinosa and the Functional Characterization of RgGES Genes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:155. [PMID: 38397145 PMCID: PMC10888080 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. The main bioactive component of R. glutinosa is catalpol. However, the biogenesis of catalpol, especially its downstream pathway, remains unclear. To identify candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of catalpol, transcriptomes were constructed from R. glutinosa using the young leaves of three cultivars, Beijing No. 3, Huaifeng, and Jin No. 9, as well as the tuberous roots and adventitious roots of the Jin No. 9 cultivar. As a result, 71,142 unigenes with functional annotations were generated. A comparative analysis of the R. glutinosa transcriptomes identified over 200 unigenes of 13 enzymes potentially involved in the downstream steps of catalpol formation, including 9 genes encoding UGTs, 13 for aldehyde dehydrogenases, 70 for oxidoreductases, 44 for CYP450s, 22 for dehydratases, 30 for decarboxylases, 19 for hydroxylases, and 10 for epoxidases. Moreover, two novel genes encoding geraniol synthase (RgGES), which is the first committed enzyme in catalpol production, were cloned from R. glutinosa. The purified recombinant proteins of RgGESs effectively converted GPP to geraniol. This study is the first to discover putative genes coding the tailoring enzymes mentioned above in catalpol biosynthesis, and functionally characterize the enzyme-coding gene in this pathway in R. glutinosa. The results enrich genetic resources for engineering the biosynthetic pathway of catalpol and iridoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoru Zhai
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Ligang Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Le Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Na An
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Longyu Huang
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.)
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Rubio-Rodríguez E, Vera-Reyes I, Rodríguez-Hernández AA, López-Laredo AR, Ramos-Valdivia AC, Trejo-Tapia G. Mixed elicitation with salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide modulates the phenolic and iridoid pathways in Castilleja tenuiflora plants. PLANTA 2023; 258:20. [PMID: 37326881 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION SA and H2O2, in single and mixed elicitation stimulate specialized metabolism and activate oxidative stress in C. tenuiflora plants. Single elicitation with salicylic acid (SA at 75 µM) and, hydrogen peroxide (at 150 µM), and mixed elicitation (75 µM SA + 150 µM H2O2) were evaluated on specialized metabolism in Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. plants. Total phenolic content (TPC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, antioxidant enzymes and specialized metabolite profiles, as well as the expression levels of eight genes involved in phenolic (Cte-TyrDC, Cte-GOT2, Cte-ADD, Cte-AO3, Cte-PAL1, Cte-CHS1) and terpene pathways (Cte-DXS1 and Cte-G10H) and their correlation with major metabolite (verbascoside and aucubin) concentrations were investigated. TPC content (three-fold) and PAL activity (11.5-fold) increased with mixed elicitation, as well as catalase and peroxidase activity (11.3-fold and 10.8-fold, respectively), compared to single elicitation. Phenylethanoid accumulation was greatest under mixed elicitation, followed by SA and H2O2. Lignan accumulation was differential, depending on the plant part and the elicitor. Flavonoids only appeared after mixed elicitation. The high concentration of verbascoside under mixed elicitation was related to a high gene expression. Single elicitation induced iridoid accumulation in specific parts (H2O2 in aerial parts and SA in roots), whereas under mixed elicitation, it accumulated in both parts. A high concentration of aucubin in the aerial part was related to a high expression level of genes of the terpene pathway Cte-DXS1 and Cte-G10H, and in the root with Cte-G10H, while Cte-DXS1 was downregulated in this tissue in all treatments. Mixed elicitation with SA and H2O2 represents an interesting tool to increase the production of specialized metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rubio-Rodríguez
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 62730, Yautepec, MOR, Mexico
| | - Ileana Vera-Reyes
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrotecnología, CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, 25294, Saltillo, COAH, Mexico
| | | | - Alma Rosa López-Laredo
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 62730, Yautepec, MOR, Mexico
| | - Ana C Ramos-Valdivia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Trejo-Tapia
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 62730, Yautepec, MOR, Mexico.
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Malarz J, Yudina YV, Stojakowska A. Hairy Root Cultures as a Source of Phenolic Antioxidants: Simple Phenolics, Phenolic Acids, Phenylethanoids, and Hydroxycinnamates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086920. [PMID: 37108084 PMCID: PMC10138958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived antioxidants are intrinsic components of human diet and factors implicated in tolerance mechanisms against environmental stresses in both plants and humans. They are being used as food preservatives and additives or ingredients of cosmetics. For nearly forty years, Rhizobium rhizogenes-transformed roots (hairy roots) have been studied in respect to their usability as producers of plant specialized metabolites of different, primarily medical applications. Moreover, the hairy root cultures have proven their value as a tool in crop plant improvement and in plant secondary metabolism investigations. Though cultivated plants remain a major source of plant polyphenolics of economic importance, the decline in biodiversity caused by climate changes and overexploitation of natural resources may increase the interest in hairy roots as a productive and renewable source of biologically active compounds. The present review examines hairy roots as efficient producers of simple phenolics, phenylethanoids, and hydroxycinnamates of plant origin and summarizes efforts to maximize the product yield. Attempts to use Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation for inducing enhanced production of the plant phenolics/polyphenolics in crop plants are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yulia V Yudina
- Educational and Scientific Medical Institute, National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyrpychova Street 2, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Yang Y, Xi D, Wu Y, Liu T. Complete biosynthesis of the phenylethanoid glycoside verbascoside. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023:100592. [PMID: 36935606 PMCID: PMC10363510 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Verbascoside, which was first discovered in 1963, is a well-known phenylethanoid glycoside (PhG) that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities and contributes to the therapeutic effects of many medicinal plants. However, the biosynthetic pathway of verbascoside remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report the identification of two missing enzymes in the verbascoside biosynthesis pathway by transcriptome mining and in vitro enzymatic assays. Specifically, a BAHD acyltransferase (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:salidroside hydroxycinnamoyltransferase [SHCT]) was shown to catalyze the regioselective acylation of salidroside to form osmanthuside A, and a CYP98 hydroxylase (osmanthuside B 3,3'-hydroxylase [OBH]) was shown to catalyze meta-hydroxylations of the p-coumaroyl and tyrosol moieties of osmanthuside B to complete the biosynthesis of verbascoside. Because SHCTs and OBHs are found in many Lamiales species that produce verbascoside, this pathway may be general. The findings from the study provide novel insights into the formation of caffeoyl and hydroxytyrosol moieties in natural product biosynthetic pathways. In addition, with the newly acquired enzymes, we achieved heterologous production of osmanthuside B, verbascoside, and ligupurpuroside B in Escherichia coli; this work lays a foundation for sustainable production of verbascoside and other PhGs in micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daoyi Xi
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
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Hou L, Li G, Chen Q, Zhao J, Pan J, Lin R, Zhu X, Wang P, Wang X. De novo full length transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling to identify genes involved in phenylethanol glycosides biosynthesis in Cistanche tubulosa. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:698. [PMID: 36209069 PMCID: PMC9548140 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dried stem of Cistanche, is a famous Chinese traditional medicine. The main active pharmacodynamic components are phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs). Cistanche tubulosa produces higher level of PhGs in its stems than that of Cistanche deserticola. However, the key genes in the PhGs biosynthesis pathway is not clear in C. tubulosa. Results In this study, we performed the full-length transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of C. tubulosa using PacBio combined with BGISEQ-500 RNA-seq technology. Totally, 237,772 unique transcripts were obtained, ranging from 199 bp to 31,857 bp. Among the unique transcripts, 188,135 (79.12%) transcripts were annotated. Interestingly, 1080 transcripts were annotated as 22 enzymes related to PhGs biosynthesis. We measured the content of echinacoside, acteoside and total PhGs at two development stages, and found that the content of PhGs was 46.74% of dry matter in young fleshy stem (YS1) and then decreased to 31.22% at the harvest stage (HS2). To compare with YS1, 13,631 genes were up-regulated, and 15,521 genes were down regulated in HS2. Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to be involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, phenylalanine metabolism pathway, and tyrosine metabolism pathway. Conclusions This is the first report of transcriptome study of C. tubulosa which provided the foundation for understanding of PhGs biosynthesis. Based on these results, we proposed a potential model for PhGs biosynthesis in C. tubulosa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08921-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qingliang Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - JinJin Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Grape Cultivation and Deep-Processing, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ruxia Lin
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiujin Zhu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Essential Role of Exogenous Brassinolide on the Alkaloid Biosynthesis Pathway in Pinellia Ternata. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810898. [PMID: 36142812 PMCID: PMC9501358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Druce is a traditional medicinal plant containing a variety of alkaloids, which are important active ingredients. Brassinolide (BR) is a plant hormone that regulates plant response to environmental stress and promotes the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants. However, the regulatory mechanism of BR-induced alkaloid accumulation in P. ternata is not clear. In this study, we investigated the effects of BR and BR biosynthesis inhibitor (propiconazole, Pcz) treatments on alkaloid biosynthesis in the bulbil of P. ternata. The results showed that total alkaloid content and bulbil yield was enhanced by 90.87% and 29.67% under BR treatment, respectively, compared to the control. We identified 818 (476 up-regulated and 342 down-regulated) and 697 (389 up-regulated and 308 down-regulated) DEGs in the BR-treated and Pcz-treated groups, respectively. Through this annotated data and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), the expression patterns of unigenes involved in the ephedrine alkaloid, tropane, piperidine, pyridine alkaloid, indole alkaloid, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis were observed under BR and Pcz treatments. We identified 11, 8, 2, and 13 unigenes in the ephedrine alkaloid, tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid, indole alkaloid, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, respectively. The expression levels of these unigenes were increased by BR treatment and were decreased by Pcz treatment, compared to the control. The results provided molecular insight into the study of the molecular mechanism of BR-promoted alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Wang X, Wang T, Wang Y, Li X, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhao H, Mou Y, Xia L, Zhang Y. Research progress on classical traditional Chinese medicine Taohong Siwu decoction in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113249. [PMID: 35700678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronary heart disease is closely related to blood stasis. Taohong Siwu decoction (THSW for short) is one of the most widely used prescriptions for activating blood and removing stasis. Clinical research has confirmed its curative effect on coronary heart disease. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this paper reviewed the clinical efficacy of THSW and determine its effective components based on a comprehensive literature review. Furthermore, the core components and targets of THSW in treating coronary heart disease using molecular docking were verified, and the interaction sites were predicted to construct a theoretical basis for the clinical application of THSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- XueZhen Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - YingZheng Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - HuaXin Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - HaiJun Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Yue Mou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Lei Xia
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - YaNan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China.
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Comparative transcriptome analyses identify genes involved into the biosynthesis of forsythin and forsythoside A in Forsythia suspensa. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:731-741. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Identification and Functional Characterization of Tyrosine Decarboxylase from Rehmannia glutinosa. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051634. [PMID: 35268735 PMCID: PMC8912026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa is an important medicinal plant that has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. Acteoside, one of the bioactive components from R. glutinosa, possessed various pharmacological activities for human health; however, the molecular mechanism of acteoside formation is not fully understood. In the current study, a novel tyrosine decarboxylase (designated as RgTyDC2) was identified from the R. glutinosa transcriptome. Biochemical analysis of RgTyDC2 showed RgTyDC2 uses tyrosine and dopa as the substrate to produce tyramine and dopamine, respectively, and it displays higher catalytic efficiency toward tyrosine than dopa. Moreover, the transcript level of RgTyDC2 was consistent with the accumulation pattern of acteoside in R. glutinosa, supporting its possible role in the biosynthesis of acteoside in vivo.
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Yang YH, Yang MR, Zhu JY, Dong KW, Yi YJ, Li RF, Zeng L, Zhang CF. Functional characterization of tyrosine decarboxylase genes that contribute to acteoside biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa. PLANTA 2022; 255:64. [PMID: 35147783 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The RgTyDCs possess typical decarboxylase functional activity in vitro and in vivo and participate in acteoside biosynthesis in R. glutinosa, positively controlling its production via activated acteoside/tyrosine-derived pathways. Acteoside is an important ingredient in Rehmannia glutinosa and an active natural component that contributes to human health. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) is thought to play an important role in acteoside biosynthesis. Several plant TyDC family genes have been functionally characterized and shown to play roles in some bioactive metabolites' biosynthesis by mediating the decarboxylation of L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); however, one TyDC (named RgTyDC1) in R. glutinosa has been identified to date, but the family genes that contribute to acteoside biosynthesis remain largely characterized. Here, by in silico and experimental analyses, we isolated and identified three RgTyDCs (RgTyDC2 to RgTyDC4) in this species; these genes' sequences showed 50.92-82.55% identity, included highly conserved domains with homologues in other plants, classified into two subsets, and encoded proteins that localized to the cytosol. Enzyme kinetic analyses of RgTyDC2 and RgTyDC4 indicated that they both efficiently catalysed L-tyrosine and L-dopa. The overexpression of RgTyDC2 and RgTyDC4 in R. glutinosa, which was associated with enhanced TyDC activity, significantly increased tyramine and dopamine contents, which was positively correlated with improved acteoside production; moreover, the overexpression of RgTyDCs led to upregulated expression of some other genes-related to acteoside biosynthesis. This result suggested that the overexpression of RgTyDCs can positively activate the molecular networks of acteoside pathways, enhancing the accumulation of tyramine and dopamine, and promoting end-product acteoside biosynthesis. Our findings provide an evidence that RgTyDCs play vital molecular roles in acteoside biosynthesis pathways, contributing to the increase in acteoside yield in R. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hui Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Mu Rong Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jian Yu Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ke Wei Dong
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yan Jie Yi
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Rui Fang Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chang Fu Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
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12
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Wang F, Li X, Zuo X, Li M, Miao C, Zhi J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu X, Xie C. Transcriptome-Wide Identification of WRKY Transcription Factor and Functional Characterization of RgWRKY37 Involved in Acteoside Biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:739853. [PMID: 34659306 PMCID: PMC8511629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
WRKYs play important roles in plant metabolism, but their regulation mechanism in Rehmannia glutinosa remains elusive. In this study, 37 putative WRKY transcription factors (TFs) with complete WRKY domain from R. glutinosa transcriptome sequence data were identified. Based on their conserved domains and zinc finger motif, the R. glutinosa WRKY TFs were divided into five groups. Structural feature analysis shows that the 37 RgWRKY proteins contain WRKYGQK/GKK domains and a C2H2/C2HC-type zinc finger structure. To identify the function of RgWRKY members involved in acteoside biosynthesis, transcriptional profiles of 37 RgWRKYs in hairy roots under salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments were systematically established using RNA-seq analysis. Based on the correlationship between the expression levels of RgWRKY genes and acteoside content, RgWRKY7, RgWRKY23, RgWRKY34, RgWRKY35, and RgWRKY37 were suggested to be involved in acteoside biosynthesis in R. glutinosa, and RgWRKY37 was selected for gene functional research. Overexpression of RgWRKY37 increased the content of acteoside and total phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) in hairy roots and enhanced the transcript abundance of seven enzyme genes involved in the acteoside biosynthesis pathway. These results strongly suggest the involvement of the WRKY transcription factor in the regulation of acteoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingming Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Miao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Zhi
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yajing Li
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caixia Xie
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Li X, Zuo X, Li M, Yang X, Zhi J, Sun H, Xie C, Zhang Z, Wang F. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in Rehmannia glutinosa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1695-1707. [PMID: 34086068 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we cloned a phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene from Rehmannia glutinosa, and realized RgPDS1 knock out in R. glutinosa resulted in the generation of albino plants. Rehmannia glutinosa is a highly important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with specific pharmacology and economic value. R. glutinosa is a tetraploid plant, to date, no report has been published on gene editing of R. glutinosa. In this study, we combined the transcriptome database of R. glutinosa and the reported phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene sequences to obtain the PDS gene of R. glutinosa. Then, the PDS gene was used as a marker gene to verify the applicability and gene editing efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in R. glutinosa. The constructed CRISPR/Cas9 system was mediated by Agrobacterium to genetically transform into R. glutinosa, and successfully regenerated fully albino and chimeric albino plants. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed that the albino phenotype was indeed caused by RgPDS gene target site editing, and it was found that base deletion was more common than insertion or replacement. Our results revealed that zCas9 has a high editing efficiency on the R. glutinosa genome. This research lays a foundation for further use of gene editing technology to study the molecular functions of genes, create excellent germplasm, accelerate domestication, and improve the yield and quality of R. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mingming Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jingyu Zhi
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Caixia Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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14
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Li X, Zuo X, Li M, Yang X, Zhi J, Sun H, Xie C, Zhang Z, Wang F. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in Rehmannia glutinosa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 41:277-279. [PMID: 34086068 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we cloned a phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene from Rehmannia glutinosa, and realized RgPDS1 knock out in R. glutinosa resulted in the generation of albino plants. Rehmannia glutinosa is a highly important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with specific pharmacology and economic value. R. glutinosa is a tetraploid plant, to date, no report has been published on gene editing of R. glutinosa. In this study, we combined the transcriptome database of R. glutinosa and the reported phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene sequences to obtain the PDS gene of R. glutinosa. Then, the PDS gene was used as a marker gene to verify the applicability and gene editing efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in R. glutinosa. The constructed CRISPR/Cas9 system was mediated by Agrobacterium to genetically transform into R. glutinosa, and successfully regenerated fully albino and chimeric albino plants. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed that the albino phenotype was indeed caused by RgPDS gene target site editing, and it was found that base deletion was more common than insertion or replacement. Our results revealed that zCas9 has a high editing efficiency on the R. glutinosa genome. This research lays a foundation for further use of gene editing technology to study the molecular functions of genes, create excellent germplasm, accelerate domestication, and improve the yield and quality of R. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mingming Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jingyu Zhi
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Caixia Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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15
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Ma L, Dong C, Song C, Wang X, Zheng X, Niu Y, Chen S, Feng W. De novo genome assembly of the potent medicinal plant Rehmannia glutinosa using nanopore technology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3954-3963. [PMID: 34377362 PMCID: PMC8318827 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent medicinal plant with a significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Its root is enriched with various bioactive molecules mainly iridoids, possessing important pharmaceutical properties. However, the molecular biology and evolution of R. glutinosa have been largely unexplored. Here, we report a reference genome of R. glutinosa using Nanopore technology, Illumina and Hi-C sequencing. The assembly genome is 2.49 Gb long with a scaffold N50 length of 70 Mb and high heterozygosity (2%). Since R. glutinosa is an autotetraploid (4n = 56), the difference between each set of chromosomes is very small, and it is difficult to distinguish the two sets of chromosomes using Hi-C. Hence, only one set of the genome size was mounted to the chromosome level. Scaffolds covering 52.61% of the assembled genome were anchored on 14 pseudochromosomes. Over 67% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences dominated by Copia long terminal repeats and 48,475 protein-coding genes were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis corroborates the placement of R. glutinosa in the Orobanchaceae family. Our results indicated an independent and very recent whole genome duplication event that occurred 3.64 million year ago in the R. glutinosa lineage. Comparative genomics analysis demonstrated expansion of the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases and terpene synthase gene families, known to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and diversification. Furthermore, the molecular biosynthetic pathway of iridoids has been clarified in this work. Collectively, the generated reference genome of R. glutinosa will facilitate discovery and development of important pharmacological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chengming Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chi Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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16
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Wang Y, Duan G, Li C, Ma X, Yang J. Application of jasmonic acid at the stage of visible brown necrotic spots in Magnaporthe oryzae infection as a novel and environment-friendly control strategy for rice blast disease. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:743-752. [PMID: 33417037 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast disease is one of the most common rice diseases worldwide. It is essential to improve disease resistance through environment-friendly methods, while maintaining yield and quality parameters. In this study, jasmonic acid (JA), a plant hormone with anti-fungal activity, was obtained, at both low (100 μmol/L) and high (400 μmol/L) concentrations in rice leaves, before, during, and after infection, respectively. JA could inhibit germination and appressorium formation of rice blast spores in a dose-dependent manner. A total of 400-μmol/L JA treatment significantly enhanced cell viability and endogenous JA level in rice leaves. Furthermore, rice leaves inoculated with Magnaporthe oryzae and sprayed with JA 72 h post-inoculation showed the maximum symptom relief and the highest endogenous JA production among all treatment approaches. The expressions of defense-related genes, OsPR10a and OsAOS2, were highly up-regulated in response to JA, whereas OsEDS1 was down-regulated. Hence, we revealed that exogenous JA could activate JA signaling to effectively control the symptoms of rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Northern suburb, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Northern suburb, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Northern suburb, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Northern suburb, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Northern suburb, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Su L, Li S, Qiu H, Wang H, Wang C, He C, Xu M, Zhang Z. Full-Length Transcriptome Analyses of Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis of Psammosilene tunicoides Hairy Root Cultures With Exogenous Salicylic Acid. Front Genet 2021; 12:657060. [PMID: 33854529 PMCID: PMC8039526 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.657060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins constitute a diverse class of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is an efficient elicitor for secondary metabolite production, but a transcriptome-wide regulatory network of SA-promoted triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis remains little understood. In the current study, we described the establishment of the hairy root culture system for Psammosilene tunicoides, a triterpenoid saponin-producing medicinal herb in China, using genetic transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Compared to controls, we found that total saponin content was dramatically increased (up to 2.49-fold) by the addition of 5 mg/L SA in hairy roots for 1 day. A combination of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and next-generation sequencing (Illumina RNA-seq) was generated to analyze the full-length transcriptome data for P. tunicoides, as well as the transcript profiles in treated (8 and 24 h) and non-treated (0 h) groups with 5 mg/L SA in hairy roots. A total of 430,117 circular consensus sequence (CCS) reads, 16,375 unigenes and 4,678 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were obtained. The average length of unigenes (2,776 bp) was much higher in full-length transcriptome than that derived from single RNA-seq (1,457 bp). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the metabolic process. SA up-regulated the unigenes encoding SA-binding proteins and antioxidant enzymes in comparison with controls. Additionally, we identified 89 full-length transcripts encoding enzymes putatively involved in saponin biosynthesis. The candidate transcription factors (WRKY, NAC) and structural genes (AACT, DXS, SE, CYP72A) might be the key regulators in SA-elicited saponin accumulation. Their expression was further validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These findings preliminarily elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of SA on triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in the transcriptomic level, laying a foundation for SA-elicited saponin augmentation in P. tunicoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hanhan Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongshen Zhang
- School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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18
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Neuroprotective Potential of Verbascoside Isolated from Acanthus mollis L. Leaves through Its Enzymatic Inhibition and Free Radical Scavenging Ability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121207. [PMID: 33266151 PMCID: PMC7759776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of today’s ageing population has increased interest in the search for new active substances that delay the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this respect, the search for natural compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with neuroprotective activity has become the focus of growing interest. Verbascoside is a phenylethanoid that has already presented several pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify verbascoside from Acanthus mollis leaves. Consequently, its neuroprotective ability through enzymatic inhibition and free radical scavenging ability has been analyzed both in vitro and in cell culture assays. The antioxidant capacity of verbascoside was evaluated in vitro through total antioxidant capacity, DPPH•, •OH, and O2•—scavenging activity assays. The effect of verbascoside on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines was studied in normal culture and under induced oxidative stress. The inhibitory ability of the phenylethanoid against several enzymes implied in neurodegenerative diseases (tyrosinase, MAO-A, and AChE) was analyzed in vitro. Verbascoside neuroprotective activity is at least in part related to its free radical scavenging ability. The effect of verbascoside on ROS production suggests its potential in the prevention of harmful cell redox changes and in boosting neuroprotection.
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19
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Hairy root culture technology: applications, constraints and prospect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:35-53. [PMID: 33226470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) culture, a successful biotechnology combining in vitro tissue culture with recombinant DNA machinery, is intended for the genetic improvement of plants. This technology has been put to use since the last three decades for genetic advancement of medicinal and aromatic plants and also to harvest the economical products in the form of secondary metabolites that are significantly important for their ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties. It also provides an efficient way out for the quicker extraction and quantification of the valuable phytochemicals. The current review provides an account of the in vitro HR culture technology and its wide-scale applications in the field of research as well as in pharmaceutical industries. Different facets of HR with respect to the culture establishment, phytochemical production as well as research investigations concerning the areas of gene manipulation, biotransformation of the secondary metabolites, phytoremediation, their industrial utilisations and different problems encountered during the application of this technology have been covered in this appraisal. Eventually, an idea has been provided on HR about the recent trends on the progress of this technology that may open up newer prospects in near future and calls for further research and explorations in this field. KEY POINTS: • Genetic engineering-based HR culture aims towards enhanced secondary metabolite production. • This review explores an insight in the HR technology and its multi-faceted approaches. • Up-to-date ground-breaking research applications and constraints of HR culture are discussed.
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20
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Park J, Jeon HW, Jung H, Lee HH, Kim J, Park AR, Kim N, Han G, Kim JC, Seo YS. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pine Trees Treated with Resistance-Inducing Substances against the Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091000. [PMID: 32858932 PMCID: PMC7564552 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes pine wilt disease, which results in substantial economic and environmental losses across pine forests worldwide. Although systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is effective in controlling PWN, the detailed mechanisms underlying the resistance to PWN are unclear. Here, we treated pine samples with two SAR elicitors, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and methyl salicylic acid (MeSA) and constructed an in vivo transcriptome of PWN-infected pines under SAR conditions. A total of 252 million clean reads were obtained and mapped onto the reference genome. Compared with untreated pines, 1091 and 1139 genes were differentially upregulated following the ASM and MeSA treatments, respectively. Among these, 650 genes showed co-expression patterns in response to both SAR elicitors. Analysis of these patterns indicated a functional linkage among photorespiration, peroxisome, and glycine metabolism, which may play a protective role against PWN infection-induced oxidative stress. Further, the biosynthesis of flavonoids, known to directly control parasitic nematodes, was commonly upregulated under SAR conditions. The ASM- and MeSA-specific expression patterns revealed functional branches for myricetin and quercetin production in flavonol biosynthesis. This study will enhance the understanding of the dynamic interactions between pine hosts and PWN under SAR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwook Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
- Environmental Microbiology Research Team, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.W.J.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Hyejung Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Junheon Kim
- Forest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea;
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.W.J.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Namgyu Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gil Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.W.J.); (A.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.-C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.P.); (H.J.); (H.-H.L.); (N.K.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
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21
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Jha P, Sen R, Jobby R, Sachar S, Bhatkalkar S, Desai N. Biotransformation of xenobiotics by hairy roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112421. [PMID: 32505862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The exponential industrial growth we see today rides on the back of large scale production of chemicals, explosives and pharmaceutical products. However, the effluents getting released from their manufacturing units are greatly compromising the sustainability of our environment. With greater awareness of the imperative for environmental clean-up, a promising approach that is attracting increasing research interests is biodegradation of xenobiotics. In this approach, biotransformation has proven to be one of the most effective tools. While many different model frameworks have been used to study different aspects of biotransformation, hairy roots (HRs) have been found to be exceptionally valuable. HR cultures are preferred over other in-vitro model systems due to their biochemical stability and hormone-autotrophy. In addition, the multi-enzyme biosynthetic potential of HRs which is similar to the parent plant and their relatively low-cost cultural requirements further characterize their suitability for biotransformation. The recent progress observed in scale-up of HR cultures and understanding of functional genomics has opened up new dimensions providing valuable insights for industrial application. This review article summarizes the potential of HR cultures in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, their limitations in the application on a large scale and current strategies to alleviate them. Advancement in bioreactors engineering enabling large scale cultivation and modern gene technologies improving biotransformation efficiency promises to extend laboratory results to industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Jha
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India.
| | - Rajdip Sen
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Shilpee Sachar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| | - Shruti Bhatkalkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| | - Neetin Desai
- Sunandan Divatia School of Sciences, NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
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22
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Phospholipid Signaling Is a Component of the Salicylic Acid Response in Plant Cell Suspension Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155285. [PMID: 32722468 PMCID: PMC7432775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule involved in plant defense. While many proteins play essential roles in SA signaling, increasing evidence shows that responses to SA appear to involve and require lipid signals. The phospholipid-generated signal transduction involves a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis or phosphorylation of phospholipids in membranes to generate signaling molecules, which are important in the plant cellular response. In this review, we focus first, the role of SA as a mitigator in biotic/abiotic stress. Later, we describe the experimental evidence supporting the phospholipid–SA connection in plant cells, emphasizing the roles of the secondary lipid messengers (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid (PA)) and related enzymes (phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC)). By placing these recent finding in context of phospholipids and SA in plant cells, we highlight the role of phospholipids as modulators in the early steps of SA triggered transduction in plant cells.
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23
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Current advances in acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and biosynthesis. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104495. [PMID: 32045692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acteoside is an important bioactive natural product distributed in many plant species, composed of four moieties such as caffeic acid, glucose, rhamnose and phenylethyl alcohol, and possesses some bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuro-protective, anti-tumor and so on. However, acteoside content in medicinal plants is low, and acteoside stability is bad, so acteoside biosynthesis is a problem. Recent years, acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and bio-production have been widely investigated, so many achievements have been made up to now. In this study, we reviewed current advances in both the elucidation and bio-production such as the putative methods and enzymatic determination of acteoside biosynthesis pathway, functional analyses of the roles of some candidate genes for verbascoside biosynthesis by transgenic technology, acteoside production via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches and plant tissue culture. Moreover, we first established a combined putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway based on its recent studies in animals, plants and microbes. Meanwhile, we pointed out both problems to shortcomings, and highlighted its future development trend. These results will provide references for the complete elucidation of acteoside biosynthesis pathway and the improvement of acteoside content in medicinal plants and acteoside production via microbial and plant metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, and inform the readers critically of the latest developments of them.
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24
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Zhang X, Li C, Wang L, Fei Y, Qin W. Analysis of Centranthera grandiflora Benth Transcriptome Explores Genes of Catalpol, Acteoside and Azafrin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236034. [PMID: 31795510 PMCID: PMC6928798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of health loss in the world. Prevention and treatment of this disease by traditional Chinese medicine is a promising method. Centranthera grandiflora Benth is a high-value medicinal herb in the prevention and treatment of CVDs; its main medicinal components include iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and azafrin in roots. However, biosynthetic pathways of these components and their regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Furthermore, there are no genomic resources of this herb. In this article, we provide sequence and transcript abundance data for the root, stem, and leaf transcriptome of C. grandiflora Benth obtained by the Illumina Hiseq2000. More than 438 million clean reads were obtained from root, stem, and leaf libraries, which produced 153,198 unigenes. Based on databases annotation, a total of 557, 213, and 161 unigenes were annotated to catalpol, acteoside, and azafrin biosynthetic pathways, respectively. Differentially expressed gene analysis identified 14,875 unigenes differentially enriched between leaf and root with 8,054 upregulated genes and 6,821 downregulated genes. Candidate MYB transcription factors involved in catalpol, acteoside, and azafrin biosynthesis were also predicated. This work is the first transcriptome analysis in C. grandiflora Benth which will aid the deciphering of biosynthesis pathways and regulatory mechanisms of active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Caixia Li
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Lianchun Wang
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Yahong Fei
- Yuxi Flyingbear Agricultural Development Company Limited, Yuxi 653100, China;
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-807-343-8467
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25
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Chen A, Gu L, Xu N, Feng F, Chen D, Yang C, Zhang B, Li M, Zhang Z. NB-LRRs Not Responding Consecutively to Fusarium oxysporum Proliferation Caused Replant Disease Formation of Rehmannia glutinosa. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133203. [PMID: 31261891 PMCID: PMC6651281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consecutive monoculture practice facilitates enrichment of rhizosphere pathogenic microorganisms and eventually leads to the emergence of replant disease. However, little is known about the interaction relationship among pathogens enriched in rhizosphere soils, Nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) receptors that specifically recognize pathogens in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and physiological indicators under replant disease stress in Rehmannia glutinosa. In this study, a controlled experiment was performed using different kinds of soils from sites never planted R. glutinosa (NP), replanted R. glutinosa (TP) and mixed by different ration of TP soils (1/3TP and 2/3TP), respectively. As a result, different levels of TP significantly promoted the proliferation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. R.glutinosa (FO). Simultaneously, a comparison between FO numbers and NB-LRR expressions indicated that NB-LRRs were not consecutively responsive to the FO proliferation at transcriptional levels. Further analysis found that NB-LRRs responded to FO invasion with a typical phenomenon of “promotion in low concentration and suppression in high concentration”, and 6 NB-LRRs were identified as candidates for responding R. glutinosa replant disease. Furthermore, four critical hormones of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) had higher levels in 1/3TP, 2/3TP and TP than those in NP. Additionally, increasing extents of SA contents have significantly negative trends with FO changes, which implied that SA might be inhibited by FO in replanted R. glutinosa. Concomitantly, the physiological indexes reacted alters of cellular process regulated by NB-LRR were affected by complex replant disease stresses and exhibited strong fluctuations, leading to the death of R. glutinosa. These findings provide important insights and clues into further revealing the mechanism of R. glutinosa replant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Na Xu
- Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Fajie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dexin Chen
- Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chuyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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26
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Molecular Regulation of Catalpol and Acteoside Accumulation in Radial Striation and non-Radial Striation of Rehmannia glutinosa Tuberous Root. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123751. [PMID: 30486279 PMCID: PMC6321003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa L., a perennial plant of Scrophulariaceae, is one of the most commonly used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have been widely cultivated in China. However, to date, the biosynthetic pathway of its two quality-control components, catalpol and acteoside, are only partially elucidated and the mechanism for their tissue-specific accumulation remains unknown. To facilitate the basic understanding of the key genes and transcriptional regulators involved in the biosynthesis of catalpol and acteoside, transcriptome sequencing of radial striation (RS) and non-radial striation (nRS) from four R. glutinosa cultivars was performed. A total of 715,158,202 (~107.27 Gb) high quality reads obtained using paired-end Illumina sequencing were de novo assembled into 150,405 transcripts. Functional annotation with multiple public databases identified 155 and 223 unigenes involved in catalpol and acteoside biosynthesis, together with 325 UGTs, and important transcription factor (TF) families. Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes identified 362 unigenes, found to be differentially expressed in all RS vs. nRS comparisons, with 143 upregulated unigenes, including those encoding enzymes of the catalpol and acteoside biosynthetic pathway, such as geranyl diphosphate synthase (RgGPPS), geraniol 8-hydroxylase (RgG10H), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (RgPAL). Other differentially expressed unigenes predicted to be related to catalpol and acteoside biosynthesis fall into UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), as well as transcription factors. In addition, 16 differentially expressed genes were selectively confirmed by real-time PCR. In conclusion, a large unigene dataset of R. glutinosa generated in the current study will serve as a resource for the identification of potential candidate genes for investigation of the tuberous root development and biosynthesis of active components.
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27
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Comparative transcriptome analyses of three medicinal Forsythia species and prediction of candidate genes involved in secondary metabolisms. J Nat Med 2018; 72:867-881. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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