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Fanton AC, Bouda M, Brodersen C. Xylem-dwelling pathogen unaffected by local xylem vessel network properties in grapevines (Vitis spp.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:521-532. [PMID: 38334466 PMCID: PMC11037485 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is the xylem-dwelling bacterium associated with Pierce's disease (PD), which causes mortality in agriculturally important species, such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The development of PD symptoms in grapevines depends on the ability of Xf to produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes to break up intervessel pit membranes and systematically spread through the xylem vessel network. Our objective here was to investigate whether PD resistance could be mechanistically linked to xylem vessel network local connectivity. METHODS We used high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging to identify and describe the type, area and spatial distribution of intervessel connections for six different grapevine genotypes from three genetic backgrounds, with varying resistance to PD (four PD resistant and two PD susceptible). KEY RESULTS Our results suggest that PD resistance is unlikely to derive from local xylem network connectivity. The intervessel pit area (Ai) varied from 0.07 ± 0.01 mm2 mm-3 in Lenoir to 0.17 ± 0.03 mm2 mm-3 in Blanc do Bois, both PD resistant. Intervessel contact fraction (Cp) was not statically significant, but the two PD-susceptible genotypes, Syrah (0.056 ± 0.015) and Chardonnay (0.041 ± 0.013), were among the most highly connected vessel networks. Neither Ai nor Cp explained differences in PD resistance among the six genotypes. Bayesian re-analysis of our data shows moderate evidence against the effects of the traits analysed: Ai (BF01 = 4.88), mean vessel density (4.86), relay diameter (4.30), relay density (3.31) and solitary vessel proportion (3.19). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that radial and tangential xylem network connectivity is highly conserved within the six different Vitis genotypes we sampled. The way that Xf traverses the vessel network may limit the importance of local network properties to its spread and may confer greater importance on host biochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bouda
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Larach A, Vega-Celedón P, Salgado E, Salinas A, Riquelme N, Castillo-Novales D, Sanhueza P, Seeger M, Besoain X. Higher Virulence of Diplodia seriata Isolates on Vines of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon Associated with 10-Year-Old Wood Compared to Young Tissue. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2984. [PMID: 37631195 PMCID: PMC10459257 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) occurs in young and old plants. In the field, the prevalence and severity of the disease increase proportionally with the age of vineyards. Among the pathogens that cause BD, Diplodia seriata is the most prevalent species in Chile and other countries with a Mediterranean climate. To date, no information is available on the susceptibility of adult wood to infection by this pathogen since most of the pathogenicity tests have been carried out on 1- or 2-year-old shoots or detached canes. Therefore, a pathogenicity test was carried out on plants under field conditions, with inoculations in 1-year-old shoots and 2- and 10-year-old wood in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. A pathogenicity test was carried out with two isolates of D. seriata. The results for the plants show that D. seriata was significantly more aggressive on the 10-year-old than on the one- or two-year-old tissue, where the lesions were 4.3 and 2.3 cm on average, respectively. These results were compared with the lesions obtained from two-year-old canes after the isolates were activated in grape berries. Also, the Chilean isolates of D. seriata were compared phylogenetically with those from other countries, and no major differences were found between them. Our results are consistent with the damage observed in the field, contributing to the knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease in Mediterranean climates. In the future, the effect observed in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon with D. seriata on virulence at different tissue ages should be tested for other BD-causing agents and wine varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Larach
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| | - Paulina Vega-Celedón
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| | - Eduardo Salgado
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Salinas
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
| | - Natalia Riquelme
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
| | - Diyanira Castillo-Novales
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| | - Paulina Sanhueza
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| | - Ximena Besoain
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (A.L.)
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3
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Csótó A, Nagy A, Laurinyecz N, Nagy ZA, Németh C, Németh EK, Csikász-Krizsics A, Rakonczás N, Fontaine F, Fekete E, Flipphi M, Karaffa L, Sándor E. Hybrid Vitis Cultivars with American or Asian Ancestries Show Higher Tolerance towards Grapevine Trunk Diseases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2328. [PMID: 37375953 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Grape production worldwide is increasingly threatened by grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). No grapevine cultivar is known to be entirely resistant to GTDs, but susceptibility varies greatly. To quantify these differences, four Hungarian grape germplasm collections containing 305 different cultivars were surveyed to determine the ratios of GTDs based on symptom expression and the proportion of plant loss within all GTD symptoms. The cultivars of monophyletic Vitis vinifera L. origin were amongst the most sensitive ones, and their sensitivity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that of the interspecific (hybrid) cultivars assessed, which are defined by the presence of Vitis species other than V. vinifera (e.g., V. labrusca L., V. rupestris Scheele, and V. amurensis Rupr.) in their pedigree. We conclude that the ancestral diversity of grapes confers a higher degree of resilience against GTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Csótó
- Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Kálmán Kerpely Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antal Nagy
- Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra Laurinyecz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zóra Annamária Nagy
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology Badacsony, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8263 Badacsonytomaj, Hungary
| | - Csaba Németh
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology Badacsony, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8263 Badacsonytomaj, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Krisztina Németh
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology Kecskemét, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-6000 Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Anna Csikász-Krizsics
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nándor Rakonczás
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Florence Fontaine
- Unité Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, USC INRAE 1488, URCA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michel Flipphi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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4
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Carluccio G, Greco D, Sabella E, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance? Pathogens 2023; 12:825. [PMID: 37375515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Carluccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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5
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Khattab IM, Fischer J, Kaźmierczak A, Thines E, Nick P. Ferulic acid is a putative surrender signal to stimulate programmed cell death in grapevines after infection with Neofusicoccum parvum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:339-358. [PMID: 36263963 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An apoplectic breakdown from grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) has become a serious challenge to viticulture as a consequence of drought stress. We hypothesize that fungal aggressiveness is controlled by a chemical communication between the host and colonizing fungus. We introduce the new concept of a 'plant surrender signal' accumulating in host plants under stress and facilitating the aggressive behaviour of the strain Neofusicoccum parvum (Bt-67) causing Botryosphaeriaceae-related dieback in grapevines. Using a cell-based experimental system (Vitis cells) and bioactivity-guided fractionation, we identify trans-ferulic acid, a monolignol precursor, as a 'surrender signal'. We show that this signal specifically activates the secretion of the fungal phytotoxin fusicoccin A aglycone. We show further that this phytotoxin, mediated by 14-3-3 proteins, activates programmed cell death in Vitis cells. We arrive at a model showing a chemical communication facilitating fusicoccin A secretion that drives necrotrophic behaviour during Botryosphaeriaceae-Vitis interaction through trans-ferulic acid. We thus hypothesize that channelling the phenylpropanoid pathway from this lignin precursor to the trans-resveratrol phytoalexin could be a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Khattab
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Díaz-Rueda P, Peinado-Torrubia P, Durán-Gutiérrez FJ, Alcántara-Romano P, Aguado A, Capote N, Colmenero-Flores JM. Avoidant/resistant rather than tolerant olive rootstocks are more effective in controlling Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032489. [PMID: 36325554 PMCID: PMC9619059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of rootstocks of low susceptibility to Verticillium dahliae can become a valuable procedure to achieve effective control of Verticillium wilt in the olive grove. This not only involves the identification of suitable genotypes, but also the study of the interaction between the rootstock and the grafted scion. Thus, a rootstock that prevents or minimizes V. dahliae proliferation (avoidance/resistance strategy) can have very different effects on a susceptible scion compared to a rootstock that shows few or no symptoms despite being infected (tolerance strategy). Both resistance and tolerance mechanisms have been recently identified in wild olive genotypes with low susceptibility to V. dahliae. When used as rootstocks of the highly susceptible variety 'Picual', we found that resistant genotypes, including the cultivar 'Frantoio', were more effective than tolerant genotypes in controlling Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, tolerant genotypes were as ineffective as susceptible or extremely susceptible genotypes in controlling Verticillium wilt. We also identified rootstock-scion combinations with behaviours that were not expected according to the degree of susceptibility previously observed in the non-grafted rootstock. Although the rootstocks were able to control Verticillium wilt according to its degree of susceptibility to V. dahliae, the ability to control the infection was not adequately transferred to the grafted scion. Our results confirmed that: the degree of susceptibility to Verticillium wilt of an olive variety does not predict its performance as a rootstock; to use a very low susceptible genotype as rootstock of a susceptible scion increases the susceptibility of the genotype used as rootstock; in any case, avoidant/resistant rootstocks are more effective than tolerant rootstocks in reducing the susceptibility of the grafted plant to V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Díaz-Rueda
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Procopio Peinado-Torrubia
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Durán-Gutiérrez
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Alcántara-Romano
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Aguado
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | - Nieves Capote
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Center Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Colmenero-Flores
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Dutta S, Chen Z, Kaiser E, Matamoros PM, Steeneken PG, Verbiest GJ. Ultrasound Pulse Emission Spectroscopy Method to Characterize Xylem Conduits in Plant Stems. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9790438. [PMID: 36204251 PMCID: PMC9513830 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9790438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that plants emit acoustic pulses under drought stress, the exact origin of the waveform of these ultrasound pulses has remained elusive. Here, we present evidence for a correlation between the characteristics of the waveform of these pulses and the dimensions of xylem conduits in plants. Using a model that relates the resonant vibrations of a vessel to its dimension and viscoelasticity, we extract the xylem radii from the waveforms of ultrasound pulses and show that these are correlated and in good agreement with optical microscopy. We demonstrate the versatility of the method by applying it to shoots of ten different vascular plant species. In particular, for Hydrangea quercifolia, we further extract vessel element lengths with our model and compare them with scanning electron cryomicroscopy. The ultrasonic, noninvasive characterization of internal conduit dimensions enables a breakthrough in speed and accuracy in plant phenotyping and stress detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadal Dutta
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Malcolm Matamoros
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
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8
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Wytinck N, Ziegler DJ, Walker PL, Sullivan DS, Biggar KT, Khan D, Sakariyahu SK, Wilkins O, Whyard S, Belmonte MF. Host induced gene silencing of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ABHYDROLASE-3 gene reduces disease severity in Brassica napus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261102. [PMID: 36018839 PMCID: PMC9417021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a pathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of crop species, causing extensive yield loss every year. Chemical fungicides are used to control this phytopathogen, but with concerns about increasing resistance and impacts on non-target species, there is a need to develop alternative control measures. In the present study, we engineered Brassica napus to constitutively express a hairpin (hp)RNA molecule to silence ABHYRDOLASE-3 in S. sclerotiorum. We demonstrate the potential for Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) to protect B. napus from S. sclerotiorum using leaf, stem and whole plant infection assays. The interaction between the transgenic host plant and invading pathogen was further characterized at the molecular level using dual-RNA sequencing and at the anatomical level through microscopy to understand the processes and possible mechanisms leading to increased tolerance to this damaging necrotroph. We observed significant shifts in the expression of genes relating to plant defense as well as cellular differences in the form of structural barriers around the site of infection in the HIGS-protected plants. Our results provide proof-of-concept that HIGS is an effective means of limiting damage caused by S. sclerotiorum to the plant and demonstrates the utility of this biotechnology in the development of resistance against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wytinck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan J. Ziegler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philip L. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daniel S. Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kirsten T. Biggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Deirdre Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Solihu K. Sakariyahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Steve Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark F. Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Bouamama-Gzara B, Zemni H, Sleimi N, Ghorbel A, Gzara L, Mahfoudhi N. Diversification of Vascular Occlusions and Crystal Deposits in the Xylem Sap Flow of Five Tunisian Grapevines. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162177. [PMID: 36015480 PMCID: PMC9414702 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xylem vessels are essential pivotal organs in bulk hydraulic flow through the whole woody plant. However, environmental constraints generate disagreements in xylem structures, which are characterized by air emboli and occlusions formations, compromising water conductivity in grapevines. The aim of this work was to explore xylem morphology dynamics through the xylem sap flow of five Tunisian grapevine cultivars during the natural bleeding sap periods of 2019, 2021, and 2022. In fact, Sakasly, Khamri, Hencha, Razegui1, and Razegui2 rain-fed grapevine cultivars revealed differential responses towards xylem sap movement. The results demonstrated that the xylem sap flow was significantly more abundant in 2019 than 2021 and 2022 bleeding sap campaigns. A variation was revealed between the cultivars regarding the xylem sap flow. In fact, Sakasly gave the best xylem flow during the three campaigns. Razegui1 and Razegui2 registered approximately similar xylem sap flow, while Hencha and Khamri present the lowest sap fluxes during the three campaigns. Moreover, several vascular occlusions forms were identified from stem cross sections using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), including tyloses, gels, starch, and gum deposits. The highest occlusion number was observed in Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars. Among different biogenic calcium shapes, several were observed for the first time in grapevine, including multi-faceted druse, cubic, crystalline sand, styloids, spherical, or drop-like structures. Considering their lower flow and totally blocked vessels, both Hencha and Khamri confirmed their susceptibility to environmental constraints. However, Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars presented higher tolerance according to their sap flow and xylem morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badra Bouamama-Gzara
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, University of Carthage, BP. 905, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hassene Zemni
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, University of Carthage, BP. 905, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Noomene Sleimi
- Laboratory RME—Resources, Materials and Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Abdelwahed Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, University of Carthage, BP. 905, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad Gzara
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naima Mahfoudhi
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage Rue Hedi Karray, El Menzah 1004, Tunisia
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10
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Grapevine trunk diseases of cold-hardy varieties grown in Northern Midwest vineyards coincide with canker fungi and winter injury. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269555. [PMID: 35657987 PMCID: PMC9165834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases make up a disease complex associated with several vascular fungal pathogenic species. Surveys to characterize the composition of grapevine trunk diseases have been conducted for most major grape growing regions of the world. This study presents a similar survey characterizing the fungi associated with grapevine trunk diseases of cold-hardy interspecific hybrid grape varieties grown nearly exclusively in the atypical harsh winter climate of Northern Midwestern United states vineyards. From the 172 samples collected in 2019, 640 isolates obtained by culturing were identified by ITS sequencing and represent 420 sample-unique taxa. From the 420 representative taxa, opportunistic fungi of the order Diaporthales including species of Cytospora and Diaporthe were most frequently identified. Species of Phaeoacremonium, Paraconiothyrium, and Cadophora were also prevalent. In other milder Mediterranean growing climates, species of Xylariales and Botryosphaeriales are often frequently isolated but in this study they were isolated in small numbers. No Phaeomoniellales taxa were isolated. We discuss the possible compounding effects of winter injury, the pathogens isolated, and management strategies. Additionally, difficulties in researching and understanding the grapevine trunk disease complex are discussed.
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11
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Fanton AC, Furze ME, Brodersen CR. Pathogen-induced hydraulic decline limits photosynthesis and starch storage in grapevines (Vitis sp.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1829-1842. [PMID: 35297057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is the bacterial pathogen responsible for Pierce's Disease (PD) in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and numerous diseases in agriculturally and ecologically important species. Current theory suggests that localized inoculations via insect feeding lead to bacterial spread through the xylem, reducing water transport capacity, leading to declines in productivity, and ultimately death. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of Xf-induced mortality are not fully understood. In this study, we documented the development of PD symptoms over 12-13 weeks postinoculation. Subsequently assessed photosynthetic capacity, starch storage, and stem hydraulics in four grapevine genotypes (two PD-resistant and two PD-susceptible), comparing those physiological changes to control plants. PD-susceptible genotypes showed a coordinated decline in photosynthesis, starch storage, and stem hydraulics, whereas Xf-inoculation led to no change in starch and stem hydraulics in the PD-resistant genotypes. Together these data support the idea of a link between loss of hydraulic conductivity due to tylosis production with a downstream photosynthetic decline and starch depletion in the PD-susceptible genotypes. Our data support the theory that hydraulic failure and carbon starvation underlie plant mortality resulting from PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Fanton
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Morgan E Furze
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Vanga BR, Panda P, Shah AS, Thompson S, Woolley RH, Ridgway HJ, Mundy DC, Bulman S. DNA metabarcoding reveals high relative abundance of trunk disease fungi in grapevines from Marlborough, New Zealand. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:126. [PMID: 35538413 PMCID: PMC9088082 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a threat to grape production worldwide, with a diverse collection of fungal species implicated in disease onset. Due to the long-term and complex nature of GTDs, simultaneous detection of multiple microbial species can enhance understanding of disease development. We used DNA metabarcoding of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences, supported by specific PCR and microbial isolation, to establish the presence of trunk pathogens across 11 vineyards (11–26 years old) over three years in Marlborough, the largest wine producing region in New Zealand. Using a reference database of trunk pathogen sequences, species previously associated with GTD, such as Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila, Neofusicoccum australe, and Seimatosporium vitis, were identified as highly represented across the vineyard region. The well-known pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Eutypa lata had especially high relative abundance across the dataset, with P. chlamydospora reads present between 22 and 84% (average 52%) across the vineyards. Screening of sequences against broader, publicly available databases revealed further fungal species within families and orders known to contain pathogens, many of which appeared to be endemic to New Zealand. The presence of several wood-rotting basidiomycetes (mostly Hymenochaetales) was detected for the first time in the Marlborough vineyard region, notably, the native Inonotus nothofagii which was present at 1–2% relative abundance in two vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanupratap R Vanga
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Preeti Panda
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Anish S Shah
- Department of Pest Management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P O Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Thompson
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca H Woolley
- Marlborough Wine Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PO Box 845, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J Ridgway
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand.,Department of Pest Management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P O Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Dion C Mundy
- Marlborough Wine Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PO Box 845, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Simon Bulman
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand. .,Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand.
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13
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Dora S, Terrett OM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1532-1550. [PMID: 35157079 PMCID: PMC9048882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
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14
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Terna TP, Mohamed Nor NMI, Zakaria L. Histopathology of Corn Plants Infected by Endophytic Fungi. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050641. [PMID: 35625369 PMCID: PMC9137710 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Endophytic fungi are fungi that live all or part of their life cycles within the tissues of their hosts. Although several endophyte-plant interactions are non-pathogenic in nature, it has been reported that upon infection, some endophytic fungi are able to adopt a pathogenic status resulting in disease symptoms in their host plants, ranging in severity from mild to severe. In the present study, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the tissue colonization and cell damage of corn plants by three endophytic fungi, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium sacchari, and Penicillium citrinum, causing disease symptoms in the roots, stems, and leaves of infected corn plants. Tissue deterioration and cell collapse were produced by endophytic F. verticillioides, while significant cell proliferation and wall thickening were observed in corn plants infected by endophytic F. sacchari. Corn plants infected by P. citrinum showed reductions in cell diameter of the vascular bundles of infected corn tissues. The ability of endophytic fungi recovered from healthy corn plants to cause disease when inoculated in healthy tissues of other corn plants signifies their importance as determinants of corn health and productivity. Abstract Endophytic fungi inhabiting plant tissues show extensive functional diversity, ranging from mutualism to pathogenicity. The present study evaluated the histological responses of corn plants to colonization by three species of endophytic fungi isolated from corn. Corn seedlings were inoculated with 1 × 106 conidia per mL spore suspensions of endophytic Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium sacchari, and Penicillium citrinum and observed for 14 days for the emergence of disease symptoms. Histological examination of diseased root, stem, and leaf tissues was conducted using light and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the mean diameters of root phloem, stem vascular bundles, and leaf vascular bundles, of corn plants infected with endophytic P. citrinum (18.91 µm, 146.96 µm, and 107.86 µm, respectively), F. verticillioides (18.75 µm, 85.45 µm, and 118.24 µm, respectively), and F. sacchari (24.15 µm root phloem, and 98.90 µm stem vascular bundle diameters), were significantly lower than the root phloem (33.68 µm), stem vascular bundle (186.77 µm), and leaf vascular bundle (155.88 µm) of the uninfected corn plants (p ≤ 0.05). Endophytic F. verticillioides was the most virulent, resulting in severe degradation and the eventual collapse of infected plant tissues. The study showed that endophytic fungi recovered from corn plants are capable of initiating significant disease responses in infected corn tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tersoo P. Terna
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University of Lafia, PMB 146, Lafia 950101, Nigeria;
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | | | - Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sebestyen D, Perez-Gonzalez G, Goodell B. Antioxidants and iron chelators inhibit oxygen radical generation in fungal cultures of plant pathogenic fungi. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:480-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Minimal versus Intensive: How the Pruning Intensity Affects Occurrence of Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease, Wood Integrity, and the Mycobiome in Grapevine Trunks. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030247. [PMID: 35330249 PMCID: PMC8948712 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous works on grapevine-trunk diseases indicate that minimal or non-pruning of the grapevine under certain circumstances can significantly reduce the risk of symptom expression. Nevertheless, knowledge of the mechanisms behind these observations are limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to investigate in more detail the effect of pruning intensity on the grapevine trunk by means of trunk integrity and the fungal community in the wood tissue. Two German vineyards partially trained in vertical-shoot position and semi-minimally pruned hedges were chosen for this survey due to the accessibility of multi-annual esca-monitoring data. The results revealed that only in one of the two vineyards was the incidence of external esca symptoms significantly reduced over a period of five years (2017–2021) by minimal pruning, which was up to 73.7% compared to intensive pruning. In both vineyards, the trunks of intensively pruned vines not only had more pruning wounds on the trunk (by 86.0% and 72.9%, respectively) than minimally pruned vines, but also exhibited a larger (by 19.3% and 14.7%, respectively) circumference of the trunk head. In addition, the percentage of white rot and necrosis in the trunks of esca-positive and esca-negative vines was analyzed and compared between the two pruning intensities; hereby, significant differences were only found for esca-negative ‘Dornfelder’ vines, in which the proportion of necrosis was higher for intensively pruned vines (23.0%) than for minimally pruned vines (11.5%). The fungal communities of the differently pruned vine trunks were mainly dominated by four genera, which are also associated with GTDs: Diplodia, Eutypa, Fomitiporia and Phaeomoniella. All in all, the fungal diversity and community composition did not differ between minimally and intensively pruned, esca-positive vines.
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17
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Moravčík M, Mamoňová M, Račko V, Kováč J, Dvořák M, Krajňáková J, Ďurkovič J. Different Responses in Vascular Traits between Dutch Elm Hybrids with a Contrasting Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030215. [PMID: 35330217 PMCID: PMC8954630 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycetous fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is the causative agent of the current Dutch elm disease (DED) pandemic, which has ravaged many tens of millions of European and North American elm trees. Host responses in vascular traits were studied in two Dutch elm hybrids, ‘Groeneveld’ and ‘Dodoens’, which show different vascular architecture in the secondary xylem and possess contrasting tolerances to DED. ‘Groeneveld’ trees, sensitive to DED, possessed a high number of small earlywood vessels. However, these trees showed a poor response to DED infection for the earlywood vascular characteristics. Following infection, the proportion of least vessels with a vessel lumen area less than 2500 µm2 decreased from 65.4% down to 53.2%. A delayed response in the increasing density of vessels showing a reduced size in the latewood prevented neither the rapid fungal spread nor the massive colonisation of the secondary xylem tissues resulting in the death of the infected trees. ‘Dodoens’ trees, tolerant to DED, possessed a low number of large earlywood vessels and showed a prominent and fast response to DED infection. Vessel lumen areas of newly formed earlywood vessels were severely reduced together with the vessel size : number ratio. Following infection, the proportion of least vessels with a vessel lumen area less than 2500 µm2 increased from 75.6% up to 92.9%. A trend in the increasing density of vessels showing a reduced size was maintained not only in the latewood that was formed in the year of infection but also in the earlywood that was formed in the consecutive year. The occurrence of fungal hyphae in the earlywood vessels that were formed a year following the infection was severely restricted, as revealed by X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging. Possible reasons responsible for a contrasting survival of ‘Groeneveld’ and ‘Dodoens’ trees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Moravčík
- Department of Phytology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (M.M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pesticide Registration, ÚKSÚP Bratislava, SNP 99, 96202 Vígľaš, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Mamoňová
- Department of Wood Science, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (M.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Vladimír Račko
- Department of Wood Science, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (M.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Ján Kováč
- Department of Phytology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Miloň Dvořák
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Jaroslav Ďurkovič
- Department of Phytology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (M.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Pouzoulet J, Yelle DJ, Theodory B, Nothnagel EA, Bol S, Rolshausen PE. Biochemical and Histological Insights into the Interaction Between the Canker Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and Prunus dulcis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:345-354. [PMID: 34270907 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of reports associated with wood dieback caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae in numerous perennial crops worldwide has significantly increased in the past years. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the canker pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and the almond tree host (Prunus dulcis), with an emphasis on varietal resistance and host response at the cell wall biochemical and histological levels. Plant bioassays in a shaded house showed that among the four commonly planted commercial almond cultivars ('Butte', 'Carmel', 'Monterey', and 'Nonpareil'), there was no significant varietal difference with respect to resistance to the pathogen. Gummosis was triggered only by fungal infection, not by wounding. A two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography determination of cell wall polymers showed that infected almond trees differed significantly in their glycosyl and lignin composition compared with healthy, noninfected trees. Response to fungal infection involved a significant increase in lignin, a decrease in glucans, and an overall enrichment in other carbohydrates with a profile similar to those observed in gums. Histological observations revealed the presence of guaiacyl-rich cell wall reinforcements. Confocal microscopy suggested that N. parvum colonized mainly the lumina of xylem vessels and parenchyma cells, and to a lesser extent the gum ducts. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of the compartmentalization of decay in trees model in almond and its potential involvement in the vulnerability of the host toward fungal wood canker diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Pouzoulet
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Daniel J Yelle
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Bassam Theodory
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Eugene A Nothnagel
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
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Analyses of Xylem Vessel Size on Grapevine Cultivars and Relationship with Incidence of Esca Disease, a Threat to Grape Quality. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Esca disease is one of the most important grapevine trunk diseases. It seriously reduces the quality and quantity of grapevine production, and results in a shorter vineyard lifespan. Previous studies have suggested that wide xylem vessel diameter favours development on grapevine of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, one of the fungi involved in esca, thus affecting disease susceptibility. In this study, cultivars mainly originated from European countries, 27 white-berried and 24 red-berried grapevine cultivars, were grown in the same experimental vineyard and were analysed for xylem vessel sizes (as diameter and frequency) for correlation with esca incidence. In this study, the cultivars showed significant differences in the xylem vessel parameters. However, no relationship was detected between vessel size and esca incidence in the field. Overall, white-berried cultivars showed wider vessel diameters than red-berried cultivars. The relationship between xylem vessel size in the red-berried and white-berried cultivars and incidence of esca symptoms is discussed. We suggest that vessel anatomy profiles can provide useful information for further investigations on grapevine genotype structure–esca incidence relationships.
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20
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Ramsing CK, Gramaje D, Mocholí S, Agustí J, Cabello Sáenz de Santa María F, Armengol J, Berbegal M. Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:726461. [PMID: 34712253 PMCID: PMC8546399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.726461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis K. Ramsing
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja–Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Sara Mocholí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Josep Armengol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Berbegal
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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21
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El Kayal W, Chamas Z, El-Sharkawy I, Subramanian J. Comparative Anatomical Responses of Tolerant and Susceptible European Plum Varieties to Black Knot Disease. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3244-3249. [PMID: 33434033 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1626-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plums are affected by a cancerous disease called "black knot disease" caused by the fungus Apiosporina morbosa. It affects both Japanese (Prunus salicina) and European (Prunus domestica) plums equally. To understand the spread of the disease, histological analysis was performed in two different European plum cultivars (susceptible and tolerant). Light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses confirmed the presence of the growing hyphae in the internal tissues of the susceptible trees. By using stereoscopic analysis with a fluorescence filter, we were able to detect the hyphae in the visible lesion area. At about 2 inches from above and below the knots, no spore or hypha were visible with the light microscope. However, SEM images showed strong evidence that the fungus is capable of migrating to adjacent vessels in the susceptible plum genotype. In fact, at that distance below and above the knots, conidia were detected inside xylem vessels suggesting a systemic movement of the fungus that has not been shown so far. No symptoms were observed in the resistant genotype. Starch granules, vessel occlusions, and lipid droplets were the main distinguishable characteristics between susceptible and tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid El Kayal
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, Vineland, Ontario L0R2E0, Canada
| | - Zeinab Chamas
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Islam El-Sharkawy
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL 32308, U.S.A
| | - Jayasankar Subramanian
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, Vineland, Ontario L0R2E0, Canada
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22
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Bortolami G, Farolfi E, Badel E, Burlett R, Cochard H, Ferrer N, King A, Lamarque LJ, Lecomte P, Marchesseau-Marchal M, Pouzoulet J, Torres-Ruiz JM, Trueba S, Delzon S, Gambetta GA, Delmas CEL. Seasonal and long-term consequences of esca grapevine disease on stem xylem integrity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3914-3928. [PMID: 33718947 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure has been extensively studied during drought-induced plant dieback, but its role in plant-pathogen interactions is under debate. During esca, a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) disease, symptomatic leaves are prone to irreversible hydraulic dysfunctions but little is known about the hydraulic integrity of perennial organs over the short- and long-term. We investigated the effects of esca on stem hydraulic integrity in naturally infected plants within a single season and across season(s). We coupled direct (ks) and indirect (kth) hydraulic conductivity measurements, and tylose and vascular pathogen detection with in vivo X-ray microtomography visualizations. Xylem occlusions (tyloses) and subsequent loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (ks) occurred in all shoots with severe symptoms (apoplexy) and in more than 60% of shoots with moderate symptoms (tiger-stripe), with no tyloses in asymptomatic shoots. In vivo stem observations demonstrated that tyloses occurred only when leaf symptoms appeared, and resulted in more than 50% loss of hydraulic conductance in 40% of symptomatic stems, unrelated to symptom age. The impact of esca on xylem integrity was only seasonal, with no long-term impact of disease history. Our study demonstrated how and to what extent a vascular disease such as esca, affecting xylem integrity, could amplify plant mortality through hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Farolfi
- INRAE, BSA, ISVV, SAVE, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Regis Burlett
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Herve Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | | | | | - Jerome Pouzoulet
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jose M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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23
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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24
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Ingel B, Reyes C, Massonnet M, Boudreau B, Sun Y, Sun Q, McElrone AJ, Cantu D, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa causes transcriptional shifts that precede tylose formation and starch depletion in xylem. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:175-188. [PMID: 33216451 PMCID: PMC7814960 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa is limited to the xylem tissue and following infection induces extensive plant-derived xylem blockages, primarily in the form of tyloses. Tylose-mediated vessel occlusions are a hallmark of PD, particularly in susceptible V. vinifera. We temporally monitored tylose development over the course of the disease to link symptom severity to the level of tylose occlusion and the presence/absence of the bacterial pathogen at fine-scale resolution. The majority of vessels containing tyloses were devoid of bacterial cells, indicating that direct, localized perception of X. fastidiosa was not a primary cause of tylose formation. In addition, we used X-ray computed microtomography and machine-learning to determine that X. fastidiosa induces significant starch depletion in xylem ray parenchyma cells. This suggests that a signalling mechanism emanating from the vessels colonized by bacteria enables a systemic response to X. fastidiosa infection. To understand the transcriptional changes underlying these phenotypes, we integrated global transcriptomics into the phenotypes we tracked over the disease spectrum. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that considerable transcriptomic reprogramming occurred during early PD before symptom appearance. Specifically, we determined that many genes associated with tylose formation (ethylene signalling and cell wall biogenesis) and drought stress were up-regulated during both Phase I and Phase II of PD. On the contrary, several genes related to photosynthesis and carbon fixation were down-regulated during both phases. These responses correlate with significant starch depletion observed in ray cells and tylose synthesis in vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Clarissa Reyes
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bailey Boudreau
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WisconsinStevens PointWisconsinUSA
| | - Yuling Sun
- Wellesley CollegeWellesleyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WisconsinStevens PointWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew J. McElrone
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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25
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Doherty EM, Avery PB, Duren EB, Cano LM, Rossi L. In Planta Localization of Endophytic Cordyceps fumosorosea in Carrizo Citrus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020219. [PMID: 33499029 PMCID: PMC7912400 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can be a useful resource for controlling insect vectors of citrus plant pathogens, such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) associated with huanglongbing or the citrus root weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus) associated with the spread of Phytophtora spp. In this study, Cordyceps fumosorosea (Cfr) was investigated in planta as a potential endophytic entomopathogenic fungus and various inoculation techniques were used to determine if it would colonize the Carrizo citrange (Citrus × insitorum) seeds and plants. The four inoculation methodologies evaluated were seed soaking, stem injection, foliar spray, and soil drench. Seed immersion trials demonstrated that the roots of the Carrizo citrange plant can be inoculated successfully with Cfr. Stem injection, foliar spray, and soil drench also provided successful inoculation of Cfr. However, this fungus was only endophytic in the plant stem. Sand cores indicated that Cfr moved down through the sand column and was able to inoculate the roots. Given the prevalence of Cfr in the soil during the drench experiment, and that the fungus was able to colonize Carrizo citrange roots through seed immersion, this finding provides evidence of the potential endophytism of this fungus when applied to citrus plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Doherty
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Pasco B Avery
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Emily B Duren
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Liliana M Cano
- Plant Pathology Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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26
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Khattab IM, Sahi VP, Baltenweck R, Maia-Grondard A, Hugueney P, Bieler E, Dürrenberger M, Riemann M, Nick P. Ancestral chemotypes of cultivated grapevine with resistance to Botryosphaeriaceae-related dieback allocate metabolism towards bioactive stilbenes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1133-1146. [PMID: 32896925 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases have devastating consequences on vineyards worldwide. European wild grapevines (Vitis vinifera subs. sylvestris) from the last viable population in Germany along the Rhine river showed variable degrees of resistance against Neofusicoccum parvum (strain Bt-67), a fungus associated with Botryosphaeriaceae-related dieback. Representative genotypes from different subclades of this population were mapped with respect to their ability to induce wood necrosis, as well as their defence responses in a controlled inoculation system. The difference in colonization patterns could be confirmed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy, while there was no relationship between vessel diameter and infection success. Resistant lines accumulated more stilbenes, that were in addition significantly partitioned to nonglycosylated viniferin trimers. By contrast, the susceptible genotypes accumulated less stilbenes with a significantly higher proportion of glycosylated piceid. We suggest a model in which in the resistant genotypes phenylpropanoid metabolism is channelled rapidly and specifically to the bioactive stilbenes. Our study specifies a resistant chemotype against grapevines trunk diseases and paves a way to breed for resistance against grapevine Botryosphaeriaceae-related dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Khattab
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, PO Box 59, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Vaidurya P Sahi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe Hugueney
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68000, France
| | - Eva Bieler
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute - Nano Imaging Lab, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute - Nano Imaging Lab, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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27
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Pouzoulet J, Rolshausen PE, Charbois R, Chen J, Guillaumie S, Ollat N, Gambetta GA, Delmas CEL. Behind the curtain of the compartmentalization process: Exploring how xylem vessel diameter impacts vascular pathogen resistance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2782-2796. [PMID: 32681569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A key determinant of plant resistance to vascular infections lies in the ability of the host to successfully compartmentalize invaders at the xylem level. Growing evidence supports that the structural properties of the vascular system impact host vulnerability towards vascular pathogens. The aim of this study was to provide further insight into the impact of xylem vessel diameter on compartmentalization efficiency and thus vascular pathogen movement, using the interaction between Vitis and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora as a model system. We showed experimentally that an increased number of xylem vessels above 100 μm of diameter resulted in a higher mean infection level of host tissue. This benchmark was validated within and across Vitis genotypes. Although the ability of genotypes to restore vascular cambium integrity upon infection was highly variable, this trait did not correlate with their ability to impede pathogen movement at the xylem level. The distribution of infection severity of cuttings across the range of genotype's susceptibility suggests that a risk-based mechanism is involved. We used this experimental data to calibrate a mechanistic stochastic model of the pathogen spread and we provide evidence that the efficiency of the compartmentalization process within a given xylem vessel is a function of its diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pouzoulet
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rémi Charbois
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jinliang Chen
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sabine Guillaumie
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Chloé E L Delmas
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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28
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Sabella E, Moretti S, Gärtner H, Luvisi A, De Bellis L, Vergine M, Saurer M, Cherubini P. Increase in ring width, vessel number and δ18O in olive trees infected with Xylella fastidiosa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1583-1594. [PMID: 32705131 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells, Raju et al., 1986 is a bacterium that causes plant diseases in the Americas. In Europe, it was first detected on the Salento Peninsula (Italy), where it was found to be associated with the olive quick decline syndrome. Here, we present the results of the first tree-ring study of infected and uninfected olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of two different cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible, to establish the effects induced by the spread of the pathogen inside the tree. Changes in wood anatomical characteristics, such as an increase in the number of vessels and in ring width, were observed in the infected plants of both the cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to Xf infection) and Leccino (resistant to Xf infection). Thus, whether infection affects the mortality of the tree or not, the tree shows a reaction to it. The presence of occlusions was detected in the wood of both 4-year-old branches and the tree stem core. As expected, the percentage of occluded vessels in the Xf-susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò was significantly higher than in the Xf-resistant cultivar Leccino. The δ 18O of the 4-year-old branches was significantly higher in infected trees of both cultivars than in noninfected trees, while no variations in δ 13C were observed. This suggests a reduction in leaf transpiration rates during infection and seems to be related to the occlusions observed in rings of the 4-year-old branches. Such occlusions can determine effects at leaf level that could influence stomatal activity. On the other hand, the significant increase in the number of vessels in infected trees could be related to the tree's attempt to enhance water conductivity in response to the pathogen-induced vessel occlusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Samuele Moretti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA 3991), Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68008 Colmar Cedex, France
| | - Holger Gärtner
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Matthias Saurer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041 - 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Lamarque LJ, Delzon S, Toups H, Gravel AI, Corso D, Badel E, Burlett R, Charrier G, Cochard H, Jansen S, King A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Pouzoulet J, Cramer GR, Thompson AJ, Gambetta GA. Over-accumulation of abscisic acid in transgenic tomato plants increases the risk of hydraulic failure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:548-562. [PMID: 31850535 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens food security, and plant science researchers have investigated methods of sustaining crop yield under drought. One approach has been to overproduce abscisic acid (ABA) to enhance water use efficiency. However, the concomitant effects of ABA overproduction on plant vascular system functioning are critical as it influences vulnerability to xylem hydraulic failure. We investigated these effects by comparing physiological and hydraulic responses to water deficit between a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) wild type control (WT) and a transgenic line overproducing ABA (sp12). Under well-watered conditions, the sp12 line displayed similar growth rate and greater water use efficiency by operating at lower maximum stomatal conductance. X-ray microtomography revealed that sp12 was significantly more vulnerable to xylem embolism, resulting in a reduced hydraulic safety margin. We also observed a significant ontogenic effect on vulnerability to xylem embolism for both WT and sp12. This study demonstrates that the greater water use efficiency in the tomato ABA overproducing line is associated with higher vulnerability of the vascular system to embolism and a higher risk of hydraulic failure. Integrating hydraulic traits into breeding programmes represents a critical step for effectively managing a crop's ability to maintain hydraulic conductivity and productivity under water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent J Lamarque
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Haley Toups
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | | | | | - Eric Badel
- INRA, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Jérôme Pouzoulet
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil an Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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30
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Bortolami G, Gambetta GA, Delzon S, Lamarque LJ, Pouzoulet J, Badel E, Burlett R, Charrier G, Cochard H, Dayer S, Jansen S, King A, Lecomte P, Lens F, Torres-Ruiz JM, Delmas CEL. Exploring the Hydraulic Failure Hypothesis of Esca Leaf Symptom Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1163-1174. [PMID: 31455632 PMCID: PMC6836855 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathogens cause disease in a large spectrum of perennial plants, with leaf scorch being one of the most conspicuous symptoms. Esca in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a vascular disease with huge negative effects on grape yield and the wine industry. One prominent hypothesis suggests that vascular disease leaf scorch is caused by fungal pathogen-derived elicitors and toxins. Another hypothesis suggests that leaf scorch is caused by hydraulic failure due to air embolism, the pathogen itself, and/or plant-derived tyloses and gels. In this study, we transplanted mature, naturally infected esca symptomatic vines from the field into pots, allowing us to explore xylem integrity in leaves (i.e. leaf midveins and petioles) using synchrotron-based in vivo x-ray microcomputed tomography and light microscopy. Our results demonstrated that symptomatic leaves are not associated with air embolism. In contrast, symptomatic leaves presented significantly more nonfunctional vessels resulting from the presence of nongaseous embolisms (i.e. tyloses and gels) than control leaves, but there was no significant correlation with disease severity. Using quantitative PCR, we determined that two vascular pathogen species associated with esca necrosis in the trunk were not found in leaves where occlusions were observed. Together, these results demonstrate that symptom development is associated with the disruption of vessel integrity and suggest that symptoms are elicited at a distance from the trunk where fungal infections occur. These findings open new perspectives on esca symptom expression where the hydraulic failure and elicitor/toxin hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | | | - Jérôme Pouzoulet
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvina Dayer
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | | | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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31
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Pouzoulet J, Scudiero E, Schiavon M, Santiago LS, Rolshausen PE. Modeling of xylem vessel occlusion in grapevine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1438-1445. [PMID: 30938422 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Morphological traits of the plant vascular system such as xylem vessel diameter have been implicated in many physiological processes including resistance to drought-induced xylem cavitation and vessel occlusion during infection with vascular wilt diseases. In both events, xylem vessels lose function because they become filled with air or tyloses and gels. Xylem cavitation has been well studied, whereas vessel occlusion remains purely descriptive even though it is a critical response to wounding injuries and compartmentalization of vascular pathogens. The timing of vessel occlusion is a key determinant to a successful compartmentalization of pathogens within the plant vascular system and we hypothesized that xylem vessel diameter is the driving variable. Using a dye injection method coupled with automated image analysis, we parameterized a model to investigate how xylem vessel diameter affects the speed of vessel occlusion in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in response to wounding. Our dataset contains observations from 6,646 vessels at five kinetic points following stem pruning, over a time course of 1 week. Using this approach we provide evidence that the diameter of vessels is a key determinant of the timing of their occlusion. We discuss how these findings impact resistance to vascular wilt diseases in perennial woody hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pouzoulet
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Elia Scudiero
- USDA-ARS, US Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marco Schiavon
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Sabella E, Aprile A, Genga A, Siciliano T, Nutricati E, Nicolì F, Vergine M, Negro C, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem cavitation susceptibility and refilling mechanisms in olive trees infected by Xylella fastidiosa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9602. [PMID: 31270378 PMCID: PMC6610111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In olive trees, Xylella fastidiosa colonizes xylem vessels and compromises water transport causing the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). The loss of hydraulic conductivity could be attributed to vessel occlusions induced both by the bacteria biofilm and by plant responses (tyloses, gums, etc.) that could trigger embolism. The ability of the infected plants to detect embolism and to respond, by activating mechanisms to restore the hydraulic conductivity, can influence the severity of the disease symptomatology. In order to investigate these mechanisms in the X. fastidiosa-resistant olive cultivar Leccino and in the susceptible Cellina di Nardò, sections of healthy olive stems were analysed by laser scanning microscope to calculate the cavitation vulnerability index. Findings indicated that the cultivar Leccino seems to be constitutively less susceptible to cavitation than the susceptible one. Among the vascular refilling mechanisms, starch hydrolysis is a well-known strategy to refill xylem vessels that suffered cavitation and it is characterized by a dense accumulation of starch grains in the xylem parenchima; SEM-EDX analysis of stem cross-sections of infected plants revealed an aggregation of starch grains in the Leccino xylem vessels. These observations could indicate that this cultivar, as well as being anatomically less susceptible to cavitation, it also could be able to activate more efficient refilling mechanisms, restoring vessel's hydraulic conductivity. In order to verify this hypothesis, we analysed the expression levels of some genes belonging to families involved in embolism sensing and refilling mechanisms: aquaporins, sucrose transporters, carbohydrate metabolism and enzymes related to starch breakdown, alpha and beta-amylase. The obtained genes expression patterns suggested that the infected plants of the cultivar Leccino strongly modulates the genes involved in embolism sensing and refilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Genga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siciliano
- Department of Physic and Math, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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