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Fan K, Wu Y, Mao Z, Yin K, He Y, Pan X, Zhu X, Liao C, Cui L, Jia Q, Li Z. A novel NAC transcription factor ZmNAC55 negatively regulates drought stress in Zea mays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108938. [PMID: 39067103 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major limit on the maize growth and productivity, and understanding the drought response mechanism is one of the important ways to improve drought resistance in maize. However, more drought-related genes and their regulated mechanisms are still to be reported. Here, we identified a novel NAC transcription factor ZmNAC55 in Zea mays and comprehensively investigated the functions of ZmNAC55 under drought stress. ZmNAC55 belonged to the NAP subfamily. ZmNAC55 had a conserved NAC domain in the N-terminal region and a divergent TAR region in the C-terminal region. ZmNAC55 was a nuclear protein, and ZmNAC55 and its TAR region had the transcriptional activation activity. Furthermore, the expression level of ZmNAC55 in leaves could be highly induced by drought stress. ZmNAC55 overexpression in Arabidopsis conferred the drought-sensitive phenotype with higher water loss, lower survival rate, higher membrane ion leakage, and higher expression levels of some drought-related genes. Meanwhile, ZmNAC55 underexpression in maize enhanced drought tolerance with lower water loss, higher survival rate, lower membrane ion leakage and lower expression levels of some drought-related genes. In addition, ZmNAC55 appeared to be very key in regulating ROS production under drought stress. Moreover, ZmNAC55 could activate ZmHOP3 expression by binding to its promoter. A novel working model of ZmNAC55 under drought stress could be found in maize. Taken together, the NAC transcription factor ZmNAC55 could negatively regulate drought stress via increasing ZmHOP3 expression in maize. ZmNAC55 is a promising candidate for improving drought resistance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinfeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Changjian Liao
- Crop Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Technical Research Center of Dry Crop Variety Breeding in Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350018, China.
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Castellano MM, Muñoz A, Okeke IC, Novo-Uzal E, Toribio R, Mangano S. The role of the co-chaperone HOP in plant homeostasis during development and stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4274-4286. [PMID: 38330220 PMCID: PMC11263486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteins need to acquire their native structure in order to become fully functional. In specific cases, the active conformation is obtained spontaneously; nevertheless, many proteins need the assistance of chaperones and co-chaperones to be properly folded. These proteins help to maintain protein homeostasis under control conditions and under different stresses. HOP (HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein) is a highly conserved family of co-chaperones that assist HSP70 and HSP90 in the folding of specific proteins. In the last few years, findings in mammals and yeast have revealed novel functions of HOP and re-defined the role of HOP in protein folding. Here, we provide an overview of the most important aspects of HOP regulation and function in other eukaryotes and analyse whether these aspects are conserved in plants. In addition, we highlight the HOP clients described in plants and the role of HOP in plant development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel C Okeke
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM Avda. Intendente Marino KM 8.2, (7130), Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Muñoz A, Mangano S, Toribio R, Fernández‐Calvino L, del Pozo JC, Castellano MM. The co-chaperone HOP participates in TIR1 stabilisation and in auxin response in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2508-2519. [PMID: 35610185 PMCID: PMC9541403 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
HOP (HSP70-HSP90 organising protein) is a conserved family of co-chaperones well known in mammals for its role in the folding of signalling proteins associated with development. In plants, HOP proteins have been involved in the response to multiple stresses, but their role in plant development remains elusive. Herein, we describe that the members of the HOP family participate in different aspects of plant development as well as in the response to warm temperatures through the regulation of auxin signalling. Arabidopsis hop1 hop2 hop3 triple mutant shows different auxin-related phenotypes and a reduced auxin sensitivity. HOP interacts with TIR1 auxin coreceptor in vivo. Furthermore, TIR1 accumulation and auxin transcriptional response are reduced in the hop1 hop2 hop3 triple mutant, suggesting that HOP's function in auxin signalling is related, at least, to TIR1 interaction and stabilisation. Interestingly, HOP proteins form part of the same complexes as SGT1b (a different HSP90 co-chaperone) and these co-chaperones synergistically cooperate in auxin signalling. This study provides relevant data about the role of HOP in auxin regulation in plants and uncovers that both co-chaperones, SGT1b and HOP, cooperate in the stabilisation of common targets involved in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología VegetalUniversidad de Córdoba, Campus de RabanalesCórdobaSpain
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBA, CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Lourdes Fernández‐Calvino
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Juan C. del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - M. Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria‐CSIC (INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
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5
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Muñoz A, Santamaria ME, Fernández-Bautista N, Mangano S, Toribio R, Martínez M, Berrocal-Lobo M, Diaz I, Castellano MM. The co-chaperone HOP3 participates in jasmonic acid signaling by regulating CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1679-1689. [PMID: 34618051 PMCID: PMC8566277 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
HOPs (HSP70-HSP90 organizing proteins) are a highly conserved family of HSP70 and HSP90 co-chaperones whose role in assisting the folding of various hormonal receptors has been extensively studied in mammals. In plants, HOPs are mainly associated with stress response, but their potential involvement in hormonal networks remains completely unexplored. In this article we describe that a member of the HOP family, HOP3, is involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and is linked to plant defense responses not only to pathogens, but also to a generalist herbivore. The JA pathway regulates responses to Botrytis cinerea infection and to Tetranychus urticae feeding; our data demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hop3-1 mutant shows an increased susceptibility to both. The hop3-1 mutant exhibits reduced sensitivity to JA derivatives in root growth assays and downregulation of different JA-responsive genes in response to methyl jasmonate, further revealing the relevance of HOP3 in the JA pathway. Interestingly, yeast two-hybrid assays and in planta co-immunoprecipitation assays found that HOP3 interacts with COI1, suggesting that COI1 is a target of HOP3. Consistent with this observation, COI1 activity is reduced in the hop3-1 mutant. All these data strongly suggest that, specifically among HOPs, HOP3 plays a relevant role in the JA pathway by regulating COI1 activity in response to JA and, consequently, participating in defense signaling to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Bautista
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBA, CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Berrocal-Lobo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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6
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Molho M, Prasanth KR, Pogany J, Nagy PD. Targeting conserved co-opted host factors to block virus replication: Using allosteric inhibitors of the cytosolic Hsp70s to interfere with tomato bushy stunt virus replication. Virology 2021; 563:1-19. [PMID: 34399236 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To further our understanding of the pro-viral roles of the host cytosolic heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family, we chose the conserved Arabidopsis thaliana Hsp70-2 and the unique Erd2 (early response to dehydration 2), which contain Hsp70 domains. Based on in vitro studies with purified components, we show that AtHsp70-2 and AtErd2 perform pro-viral functions equivalent to that of the yeast Ssa1 Hsp70. These functions include activation of the tombusvirus RdRp, and stimulation of replicase assembly. Yeast-based complementation studies demonstrate that AtHsp70-2 or AtErd2 are present in the purified tombusvirus replicase. RNA silencing and over-expression studies in Nicotiana benthamiana suggest that both Hsp70-2 and Erd2 are co-opted by tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Moreover, we used allosteric inhibitors of Hsp70s to inhibit replication of TBSV and related plant viruses in plants. Altogether, interfering with the functions of the co-opted Hsp70s could be an effective antiviral approach against tombusviruses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Molho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Judit Pogany
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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7
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Toribio R, Mangano S, Fernández-Bautista N, Muñoz A, Castellano MM. HOP, a Co-chaperone Involved in Response to Stress in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591940. [PMID: 33193548 PMCID: PMC7658193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is an essential step for protein functionality. In eukaryotes this process is carried out by multiple chaperones that act in a cooperative manner to maintain the proteome homeostasis. Some of these chaperones are assisted during protein folding by different co-chaperones. One of these co-chaperones is HOP, the HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein. This assistant protein, due to its importance, has been deeply analyzed in other eukaryotes, but its function has only recently started to be envisaged in plants. In this kingdom, the role of HOP has been associated to plant response to different cellular, biotic and abiotic stresses. In this article, we analyze the current knowledge about HOP in eukaryotes, paying a special attention to the recently described roles of HOP in plants. In addition, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in the field and the possible new avenues for the study of plant HOP proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Bautista
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M. Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Birzer A, Kraner ME, Heilingloh CS, Mühl-Zürbes P, Hofmann J, Steinkasserer A, Popella L. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of HSV-1 L-Particles From Human Dendritic Cells and BHK21 Cells and Analysis of Their Functional Role. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1997. [PMID: 33117298 PMCID: PMC7550753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a very common human pathogenic virus among the world’s population. The lytic replication cycle of HSV-1 is, amongst others, characterized by a tripartite viral gene expression cascade, the assembly of nucleocapsids involving their subsequent nuclear egress, tegumentation, re-envelopment and the final release of progeny viral particles. During productive infection of a multitude of different cell types, HSV-1 generates not only infectious heavy (H-) particles, but also non-infectious light (L-) particles, lacking the capsid. In monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (mDCs), HSV-1 causes a non-productive infection with the predominant release of L-particles. Until now, the generation and function of L-particles is not well understood, however, they are described as factors transferring viral components to the cellular microenvironment. To obtain deeper insights into the L-particle composition, we performed a mass-spectrometry-based analysis of L-particles derived from HSV-1-infected mDCs or BHK21 cells and H-particles from the latter one. In total, we detected 63 viral proteins in both H- and L-particle preparations derived from HSV-1-infected BHK21 cells. In L-particles from HSV-1-infected mDCs we identified 41 viral proteins which are differentially distributed compared to L-particles from BHK21 cells. In this study, we present data suggesting that L-particles modify mDCs and suppress their T cell stimulatory capacity. Due to the plethora of specific viral proteins incorporated into and transmitted by L-particles, it is tempting to speculate that L-particles manipulate non-infected bystander cells for the benefit of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Birzer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Edmund Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Linda Popella
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Meena S, Deb S, Samtani H, Khurana P. Dissecting the Molecular Function of Triticum aestivum STI Family Members Under Heat Stress. Front Genet 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 32973870 PMCID: PMC7466592 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STI/HOP functions as a co-chaperone of HSP90 and HSP70 whose molecular function has largely been being restricted as an adaptor protein. However, its role in thermotolerance is not well explored. In this article, we have identified six members of the TaSTI family, which were named according to their distribution on group 2 and group 6 chromosomes. Interestingly, TaSTI-2 members were found to express higher as compared to TaSTI-6 members under heat stress conditions, with TaSTI-2A being one of the most heat-responsive member. Consistent with this, the heterologous expression of TaSTI-2A in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced basal as well as acquired thermotolerance as revealed by the higher yield of the plants under stress conditions. Similarly in the case of rice, TaSTI-2A transgenics exhibited enhanced thermal tolerance. Moreover, we demonstrate that TaSTI-2A interacts with TaHSP90 not only in the nucleus but also in the ER and Golgi bodies, which has not been shown till now. Additionally, TaHSP70 was also found to interact with TaSTI-6D specifically in the cytosol. Thus, these data together suggested that the TaSTI family members might play different roles under heat stress conditions in order to fine-tune the heat stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaloo Meena
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sohini Deb
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsha Samtani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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10
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Nagy PD. Host protein chaperones, RNA helicases and the ubiquitin network highlight the arms race for resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:133-158. [PMID: 32711728 PMCID: PMC7342006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses need to arrogate many cellular resources to support their replication and infection cycles. These viruses co-opt host factors, lipids and subcellular membranes and exploit cellular metabolites to built viral replication organelles in infected cells. However, the host cells have their defensive arsenal of factors to protect themselves from easy exploitation by viruses. In this review, the author discusses an emerging arms race for cellular resources between viruses and hosts, which occur during the early events of virus-host interactions. Recent findings with tomato bushy stunt virus and its hosts revealed that the need of the virus to exploit and co-opt given members of protein families provides an opportunity for the host to deploy additional members of the same or associated protein family to interfere with virus replication. Three examples with well-established heat shock protein 70 and RNA helicase protein families and the ubiquitin network will be described to illustrate this model on the early arms race for cellular resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. We predict that arms race for resources with additional cellular protein families will be discovered with tombusviruses. These advances will fortify research on interactions among other plant and animal viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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11
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Gruden K. Plant Molecular Responses to Potato Virus Y: A Continuum of Outcomes from Sensitivity and Tolerance to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:E217. [PMID: 32075268 PMCID: PMC7077201 DOI: 10.3390/v12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus affecting potato production. PVY manipulates the plant cell machinery in order to successfully complete the infecting cycle. On the other side, the plant activates a sophisticated multilayer immune defense response to combat viral infection. The balance between these mechanisms, depending on the plant genotype and environment, results in a specific outcome that can be resistance, sensitivity, or tolerance. In this review, we summarize and compare the current knowledge on molecular events, leading to different phenotypic outcomes in response to PVY and try to link them with the known molecular mechanisms.
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12
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Mehdi R, Lamm CE, Bodampalli Anjanappa R, Müdsam C, Saeed M, Klima J, Kraner ME, Ludewig F, Knoblauch M, Gruissem W, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Symplasmic phloem unloading and radial post-phloem transport via vascular rays in tuberous roots of Manihot esculenta. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5559-5573. [PMID: 31232453 PMCID: PMC6812707 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Its starchy tuberous roots supply over 800 million people with carbohydrates. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the processes involved in filling of those vital storage organs. A better understanding of cassava carbohydrate allocation and starch storage is key to improving storage root yield. Here, we studied cassava morphology and phloem sap flow from source to sink using transgenic pAtSUC2::GFP plants, the phloem tracers esculin and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, as well as several staining techniques. We show that cassava performs apoplasmic phloem loading in source leaves and symplasmic unloading into phloem parenchyma cells of tuberous roots. We demonstrate that vascular rays play an important role in radial transport from the phloem to xylem parenchyma cells in tuberous roots. Furthermore, enzymatic and proteomic measurements of storage root tissues confirmed high abundance and activity of enzymes involved in the sucrose synthase-mediated pathway and indicated that starch is stored most efficiently in the outer xylem layers of tuberous roots. Our findings form the basis for biotechnological approaches aimed at improved phloem loading and enhanced carbohydrate allocation and storage in order to increase tuberous root yield of cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Mehdi
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian E Lamm
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janine Klima
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max E Kraner
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Perception of double-stranded RNA in plant antiviral immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1203-1210. [PMID: 30942534 PMCID: PMC6715784 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing and antiviral pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of double-stranded (ds)RNAs as defence-inducing signals. While dsRNA recognition by dicer-like proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA perception leading to antiviral PTI are just about to be untangled. Parallels to antimicrobial PTI thereby only partially facilitate our view on antiviral PTI. PTI against microbial pathogens involves plasma membrane bound receptors; however, dsRNAs produced during virus infection occur intracellularly. Hence, how dsRNA may be perceived during this immune response is still an open question. In this short review, we describe recent discoveries in PTI signalling upon sensing of microbial patterns and endogenous 'danger' molecules with emphasis on immune signalling-associated subcellular trafficking processes in plants. Based on these studies, we develop different scenarios how dsRNAs could be sensed during antiviral PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsMesseweg 11‐12D‐38104BraunschweigGermany
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR235712 rue du Général ZimmerF‐67000StrasbourgFrance
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14
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Turan A, Grosche L, Krawczyk A, Mühl-Zürbes P, Drassner C, Düthorn A, Kummer M, Hasenberg M, Voortmann S, Jastrow H, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Kraner M, Döhner K, Sodeik B, Steinkasserer A, Heilingloh CS. Autophagic degradation of lamins facilitates the nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:508-523. [PMID: 30587512 PMCID: PMC6363456 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Turan and Grosche et al. show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to autophagic degradation of nuclear lamins in immature dendritic cells, facilitating HSV-1 nuclear egress and the formation of infectious progeny virus. In mature dendritic cells, autophagy is inhibited due to elevated KIF1B and KIF2A protein levels. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the induction of potent antiviral immune responses. In contrast to immature DCs (iDCs), mature DCs (mDCs) are not permissive for infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Here, we demonstrate that HSV-1 infection of iDCs and mDCs induces autophagy, which promotes the degradation of lamin A/C, B1, and B2 in iDCs only. This in turn facilitates the nuclear egress of progeny viral capsids and thus the formation of new infectious particles. In contrast, lamin protein levels remain stable in HSV-1–infected mDCs due to an inefficient autophagic flux. Elevated protein levels of KIF1B and KIF2A in mDCs inhibited lamin degradation, likely by hampering autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Therefore, in mDCs, fewer progeny capsids were released from the nuclei into the cytosol, and fewer infectious virions were assembled. We hypothesize that inhibition of autophagic lamin degradation in mDCs represents a very powerful cellular counterstrike to inhibit the production of progeny virus and thus viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Turan
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda Grosche
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Drassner
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Düthorn
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirko Kummer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Imaging Center Essen, Electron Microscopy Unit, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Voortmann
- Imaging Center Essen, Electron Microscopy Unit, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger Jastrow
- Imaging Center Essen, Electron Microscopy Unit, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Fernández-Bautista N, Fernández-Calvino L, Muñoz A, Toribio R, Mock HP, Castellano MM. HOP family plays a major role in long-term acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1852-1869. [PMID: 29740845 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein (HOP) is a family of cytosolic cochaperones whose molecular role in thermotolerance is quite unknown in eukaryotes and unexplored in plants. In this article, we describe that the three members of the AtHOP family display a different induction pattern under heat, being HOP3 highly regulated during the challenge and the attenuation period. Despite HOP3 is the most heat-regulated member, the analysis of the hop1 hop2 hop3 triple mutant demonstrates that the three HOP proteins act redundantly to promote long-term acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. HOPs interact strongly with HSP90 and part of the bulk of HOPs shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nuclei and to cytoplasmic foci during the challenge. RNAseq analyses demonstrate that, although the expression of the Hsf targets is not generally affected, the transcriptional response to heat is drastically altered during the acclimation period in the hop1 hop2 hop3 triple mutant. This mutant also displays an unusual high accumulation of insoluble and ubiquitinated proteins under heat, which highlights the additional role of HOP in protein quality control. These data reveal that HOP family is involved in different aspects of the response to heat, affecting the plant capacity to acclimate to high temperatures for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Fernández-Bautista
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Hans P Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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16
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Michel V, Julio E, Candresse T, Cotucheau J, Decorps C, Volpatti R, Moury B, Glais L, Dorlhac de Borne F, Decroocq V, German-Retana S. NtTPN1: a RPP8-like R gene required for Potato virus Y-induced veinal necrosis in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:700-714. [PMID: 29863810 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most damaging viruses of tobacco. In particular, aggressive necrotic strains (PVYN ) lead to considerable losses in yield. The main source of resistance against PVY is linked to the va locus. However, va-overcoming PVY isolates inducing necrotic symptoms were observed in several countries. In this context, it is important to find va-independent protection strategies. In a previous study, the phenotyping of 162 tobacco varieties revealed 10 accessions that do not carry the va allele and do not exhibit typical PVYN -induced veinal necrosis. Despite the absence of necrotic symptoms, normal viral accumulation in these plants suggests a va-independent mechanism of tolerance to PVYN -induced systemic veinal necrosis. Fine mapping of the genetic determinant(s) was performed in a segregating F2 population. The tolerance trait is inherited as a single recessive gene, and allelism tests demonstrated that eight of the 10 tolerant varieties carry the same determinant. Anchoring the linkage map to the tobacco genome physical map allowed the identification of a RPP8-like R gene, called NtTPN1 (for Nicotiana tabacum Tolerance to PVY-induced Necrosis1), with the same single-nucleotide polymorphism in the eight tolerant accessions. Functional assays using homozygous NtTPN1 EMS mutants confirmed the role of NtTPN1 in the tolerance phenotype. PVYN -induced systemic veinal necrosis in tobacco likely represents an inefficient defense response with hypersensitive response-like characteristics. The identification of NtTPN1 opens breeding options to minimize the impact of emerging and so far uncontrolled va-breaking necrotic PVY isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Michel
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Julio
- Imperial Tobacco, La Tour, 24100, Bergerac, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Benoît Moury
- Pathologie Végétale, INRA, 84140, Montfavet, France
| | - Laurent Glais
- FN3PT/RD3PT, 75008, Paris, France
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Véronique Decroocq
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie German-Retana
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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