1
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Zhang N, Lin R, Xu H, Jing X, Zhou H, Wen X, Xie Q. Identification of Curcumin Targets in the Brain of Epileptic Mice Using DARTS. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22754-22763. [PMID: 38826549 PMCID: PMC11137688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Curcumin, a compound derived from turmeric, is traditionally utilized in East Asian medicine for treating various health conditions, including epilepsy. Despite its involvement in numerous cellular signaling pathways, the specific mechanisms and targets of curcumin in epilepsy treatment have remained unclear. Our study focused on identifying the primary targets and functional pathways of curcumin in the brains of epileptic mice. Using drug affinity responsive target stabilization (DARTS) and affinity chromatography, we identified key targets in the mouse brain, revealing 232 and 70 potential curcumin targets, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a strong association of these proteins with focal adhesions and cytoskeletal components. Further experiments using DARTS, along with immunofluorescence staining and cell migration assays, confirmed curcumin's ability to regulate the dynamics of focal adhesions and influence cell migration. This study not only advances our understanding of curcumin's role in epilepsy treatment but also serves as a model for identifying therapeutic targets in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninan Zhang
- Institute
of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute
of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 10019, China
| | - Ruifan Lin
- Institute
of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 10019, China
| | - Honglin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 10019, China
| | - Xianghong Jing
- Institute
of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- National
Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wen
- National
Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Wangjing
Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
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2
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Gouveia C, Santos RB, Paiva-Silva C, Buchholz G, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. The pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola: a review of evolutionary dynamics, infection strategies and effector molecules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38658826 PMCID: PMC11040782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi in terms of morphology and life cycle, primarily due to convergent evolution. The success of pathogenic oomycetes lies in their ability to adapt and overcome host resistance, occasionally transitioning to new hosts. During plant infection, these organisms secrete effector proteins and other compounds during plant infection, as a molecular arsenal that contributes to their pathogenic success. Genomic sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic studies have revealed highly diverse effector repertoires among different oomycete pathogens, highlighting their adaptability and evolution potential.The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola affects grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) causing the downy mildew disease, with significant economic impact. This disease is devastating in Europe, leading to substantial production losses. Even though Plasmopara viticola is a well-known pathogen, to date there are scarce reviews summarising pathogenicity, virulence, the genetics and molecular mechanisms of interaction with grapevine.This review aims to explore the current knowledge of the infection strategy, lifecycle, effector molecules, and pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola. The recent sequencing of the Plasmopara viticola genome has provided new insights into understanding the infection strategies employed by this pathogen. Additionally, we will highlight the contributions of omics technologies in unravelling the ongoing evolution of this oomycete, including the first in-plant proteome analysis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gouveia
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva-Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an Der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Peng J, Wang X, Wang H, Li X, Zhang Q, Wang M, Yan J. Advances in understanding grapevine downy mildew: From pathogen infection to disease management. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13401. [PMID: 37991155 PMCID: PMC10788597 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola is geographically widespread in grapevine-growing regions. Grapevine downy mildew disease, caused by this biotrophic pathogen, leads to considerable yield losses in viticulture annually. Because of the great significance of grapevine production and wine quality, research on this disease has been widely performed since its emergence in the 19th century. Here, we review and discuss recent understanding of this pathogen from multiple aspects, including its infection cycle, disease symptoms, genome decoding, effector biology, and management and control strategies. We highlight the identification and characterization of effector proteins with their biological roles in host-pathogen interaction, with a focus on sustainable control methods against P. viticola, especially the use of biocontrol agents and environmentally friendly compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North ChinaInstitute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
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4
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Wang S, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ. RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:754-763. [PMID: 37750829 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0054-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors. Host proteins with a wide range of subcellular localizations and functions are targeted by RxLR effectors. Many processes are manipulated, including transcription, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, secretion, and intracellular trafficking. This involves an array of RxLR effector modes-of-action, including stabilization or destabilization of protein targets, altering or disrupting protein complexes, inhibition or utility of target enzyme activities, and changing the location of protein targets. Interestingly, approximately 50% of identified host proteins targeted by RxLR effectors are negative regulators of immunity. Avirulence RxLR effectors may be directly or indirectly detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins. Direct recognition by a single NLR of RxLR effector orthologues conserved across multiple Phytophthora pathogens may provide wide protection of diverse crops. Failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or appropriately manipulate target proteins in nonhost plants has been shown to restrict host range. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to alter host targets to prevent effector interaction, providing a barrier to host infection. Finally, recent evidence suggests that RxLR effectors, like cytoplasmic effectors from fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
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5
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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6
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Molloy B, Baum T, Eves-van den Akker S. Unlocking the development- and physiology-altering 'effector toolbox' of plant-parasitic nematodes. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:732-738. [PMID: 37438213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasites take advantage of host developmental plasticity to elicit profound developmental and physiological changes. In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), these changes can result in the development of new plant organs. Despite the importance of the development- and physiology-altering abilities of these parasites in pathology, research has historically focused on their abilities to suppress immunity. We argue that, given the dramatic changes involved in feeding site establishment, it is entirely possible that development- and physiology-altering abilities of PPNs may, in fact, dominate effector repertoires - highlighting the need for novel high-throughput screens for development- and physiology-altering 'tools'. Uncovering this portion of the nematode 'toolbox' can enable biotechnology, enhance crop protection, and shed light on fundamental host biology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Molloy
- Department of Plant Sciences - Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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7
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Li P, Li W, Zhou X, Situ J, Xie L, Xi P, Yang B, Kong G, Jiang Z. Peronophythora litchii RXLR effector P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 destabilizes a host ethylene biosynthesis enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:756-774. [PMID: 37232407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with the plant immune system during infection. Here, we identified a Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector protein from the most destructive pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Peronophythora litchii, and named it P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 (PlAvh202). PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by infestin 1 or avirulence protein 3a/resistance protein 3a in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for P. litchii virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in the ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner without affecting its expression. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted P. litchii infection, supporting that litchi SAMS (LcSAMS) and ET positively regulate litchi immunity toward P. litchii. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by the oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Newman TE, Kim H, Khentry Y, Sohn KH, Derbyshire MC, Kamphuis LG. The broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces multiple effector proteins that induce host cell death intracellularly. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:866-881. [PMID: 37038612 PMCID: PMC10346375 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen, which causes disease on many economically important crop species. S. sclerotiorum has been shown to secrete small effector proteins to kill host cells and acquire nutrients. We set out to discover novel necrosis-inducing effectors and characterize their activity using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Five intracellular necrosis-inducing effectors were identified with differing host subcellular localization patterns, which were named intracellular necrosis-inducing effector 1-5 (SsINE1-5). We show for the first time a broad host range pathogen effector, SsINE1, that uses an RxLR-like motif to enter host cells. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that SsINE5 induces necrosis via an NLR protein. All five of the identified effectors are highly conserved in globally sourced S. sclerotiorum isolates. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the virulence mechanisms employed by S. sclerotiorum and reveal potential avenues for enhancing genetic resistance to this damaging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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9
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Breeze E, Vale V, McLellan H, Pecrix Y, Godiard L, Grant M, Frigerio L. A tell tail sign: a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor domain targets a subset of pathogen effectors to the plant endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3188-3202. [PMID: 36860200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry point to the secretory pathway and, as such, is critical for adaptive responses to biotic stress, when the demand for de novo synthesis of immunity-related proteins and signalling components increases significantly. Successful phytopathogens have evolved an arsenal of small effector proteins which collectively reconfigure multiple host components and signalling pathways to promote virulence; a small, but important, subset of which are targeted to the endomembrane system including the ER. We identified and validated a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor motif in a set of pathogen effectors known to localize to the ER from the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Plasmopara halstedii (downy mildew of Arabidopsis and sunflower, respectively) and used this protein topology to develop a bioinformatic pipeline to identify putative ER-localized effectors within the effectorome of the related oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Many of the identified P. infestans tail-anchor effectors converged on ER-localized NAC transcription factors, indicating that this family is a critical host target for multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Victoria Vale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yann Pecrix
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR C53), Ligne Paradis, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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11
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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12
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Combier M, Evangelisti E, Piron MC, Schornack S, Mestre P. Candidate effector proteins from the oomycetes Plasmopara viticola and Phytophthora parasitica share similar predicted structures and induce cell death in Nicotiana species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278778. [PMID: 36459530 PMCID: PMC9718384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens are essential for infection. Cytoplasmic RXLR effectors from oomycetes are characterized by the presence of RXLR and EER motifs that are frequently linked to WY- and/or LWY-domains, folds that are exclusive to this effector family. A related family of secreted candidate effector proteins, carrying WY-domains and the EER motif but lacking the canonical RXLR motif, has recently been described in oomycetes and is mainly found in downy mildew pathogens. Plasmopara viticola is an obligate biotrophic oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew. Here we describe a conserved Pl. viticola secreted candidate non-RXLR effector protein with cell death-inducing activity in Nicotiana species. A similar RXLR effector candidate from the broad host range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica also induces cell death in Nicotiana. Through comparative tertiary structure modelling, we reveal that both proteins are predicted to carry WY- and LWY-domains. Our work supports the presence of LWY-domains in non-RXLR effectors and suggests that effector candidates with similar domain architecture may exert similar activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Combier
- SVQV, UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, Colmar, France
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, Colmar, France
- * E-mail:
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13
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Qian Y, Zheng X, Wang X, Yang J, Zheng X, Zeng Q, Li J, Zhuge Q, Xiong Q. Systematic identification and functional characterization of the CFEM proteins in poplar fungus Marssonina brunnea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1045615. [PMID: 36439212 PMCID: PMC9684206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1045615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) domains uniquely exist in fungi and play significant roles in their whole life history. In this study, a total of 11 MbCFEM proteins were identified from Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi (MULT), a hemibiotrophic pathogenic fungus on poplars that causes severe leaf diseases. Phylogenic analysis showed that the 11 proteins (MbCFEM1-11) were divided into three clades based on the trans-membrane domain and the CFEM domain. Sequence alignment and WebLogo analysis of CFEM domains verified the amino acids conservatism therein. All of them possess eight cysteines except MbCFEM4 and MbCFEM11, which lack two cysteines each. Six MbCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors for further functional analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) models of their CFEM domains presented a helical-basket structure homologous to the crucial virulence factor Csa2 of Candida albicans. Afterward, four (MbCFEM1, 6, 8, and 9) out of six candidate effectors were successfully cloned and a yeast signal sequence trap (YSST) assay confirmed their secretion activity. Pathogen challenge assays demonstrated that the transient expression of four candidate MbCFEM effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection, respectively. In an N. benthamiana heterogeneous expression system, MbCFEM1, MbCFEM6, and MbCFEM9 appeared to suppress both BAX/INF1-triggered PCD, whereas MbCFEM8 could only defeat BAX-triggered PCD. Additionally, subcellular localization analysis indicated that the four candidate MbCFEM effectors accumulate in the cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, and cytosolic bodies. These results demonstrate that MbCFEM1, MbCFEM6, MbCFEM8, and MbCFEM9 are effectors of M. brunnea and provide valuable targets for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the poplar-M. brunnea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qin Xiong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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15
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Zhan Z, Liu H, Yang Y, Liu S, Li X, Piao Z. Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881992. [PMID: 36204052 PMCID: PMC9530463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.
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16
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Delmotte F, Paineau M, Mazet ID, Delière L, Fabre F, Dussert Y. Identifying the genetic architecture of Plamopara viticola traits of interest by genome-wide association studies: case study of mating-type locus and effectors genes involved in the breakdown of grapevine Rpv3 resistance. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Navarro JA, Saiz-Bonilla M, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. The mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of a multifunctional plant viral protein modulates chloroplast-to-nucleus communication, RNA silencing suppressor activity, encapsidation, pathogenesis and tissue tropism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:197-218. [PMID: 34309112 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) is triggered by the viral auxiliary replicase p29 that is targeted to mitochondrial membranes causing morphological alterations, oxidative burst and necrosis. Here we show that MNSV coat protein (CP) was also targeted to mitochondria and mitochondrial-derived replication complexes [viral replication factories or complex (VRC)], in close association with p29, in addition to chloroplasts. CP import resulted in the cleavage of the R/arm domain previously implicated in genome binding during encapsidation and RNA silencing suppression (RSS). We also show that CP organelle import inhibition enhanced RSS activity, CP accumulation and VRC biogenesis but resulted in inhibition of systemic spreading, indicating that MNSV whole-plant infection requires CP organelle import. We hypothesize that to alleviate the p29 impact on host physiology, MNSV could moderate its replication and p29 accumulation by regulating CP RSS activity through organelle targeting and, consequently, eluding early-triggered antiviral response. Cellular and molecular events also suggested that S/P domains, which correspond to processed CP in chloroplast stroma or mitochondrion matrix, could mitigate host response inhibiting p29-induced necrosis. S/P deletion mainly resulted in a precarious balance between defense and counter-defense responses, generating either cytopathic alterations and MNSV cell-to-cell movement restriction or some degree of local movement. In addition, local necrosis and defense responses were dampened when RSS activity but not S/P organelle targeting was affected. Based on a robust biochemical and cellular analysis, we established that the mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of MNSV CP profoundly impacts the viral infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Maria Saiz-Bonilla
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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18
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Askani L, Schumacher S, Fuchs R. Sequence and Gene Expression Analysis of Recently Identified NLP from Plasmopara viticola. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071453. [PMID: 34361889 PMCID: PMC8311650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, evoked by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most challenging diseases in viticulture. P. viticola establishes an infection by circumvention of plant immunity, which is achieved by the secretion of effector molecules. One family of potential effectors are the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP). NLP are most abundant in plant pathogenic microorganisms and exist in cytotoxic and non-cyctotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLP often act as virulence factors and are synthesized in necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth. In addition to these cytotoxic NLP, many non-cytotoxic NLP have been identified; their function in biotrophic pathogens is still unknown. In 2020, eight different NLP coding genes were identified in P. viticola and named PvNLP1 to PvNLP8 (Plasmopara viticolaNLP 1–8). In the present study, PvNLP4 to PvNLP8 were characterized by using qPCR analysis and transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene expression analysis showed high PvNLP expression during the early stages of infection. Necrosis-inducing activity of PvNLP was not observed in the nonhost N. benthamiana.
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19
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Fontaine MC, Labbé F, Dussert Y, Delière L, Richart-Cervera S, Giraud T, Delmotte F. Europe as a bridgehead in the worldwide invasion history of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2155-2166.e4. [PMID: 33770491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Europe is the historical cradle of viticulture, but grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have been increasingly threatened by pathogens of American origin. The invasive oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes downy mildew, one of the most devastating grapevine diseases worldwide. Despite major economic consequences, its invasion history remains poorly understood. We analyzed a comprehensive dataset of ∼2,000 samples, collected from the most important wine-producing countries, using nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and microsatellite markers. Population genetic analyses revealed very low genetic diversity in invasive downy mildew populations worldwide and little evidence of admixture. All the invasive populations originated from only one of the five native North American lineages, the one parasitizing wild summer grape (V. aestivalis). An approximate Bayesian computation-random forest approach allowed inferring the worldwide invasion scenario of P. viticola. After an initial introduction into Europe, invasive European populations served as a secondary source of introduction into vineyards worldwide, including China, South Africa, and twice independently, Australia. Only the invasion of Argentina probably represents a tertiary introduction, from Australia. Our findings provide a striking example of a global pathogen invasion resulting from secondary dispersal of a successful invasive population. Our study will also help designing quarantine regulations and efficient breeding for resistance against grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France; Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 229) et Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé (CREES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Frédéric Labbé
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laurent Delière
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvie Richart-Cervera
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay 91400, France
| | - François Delmotte
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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20
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Xiang G, Yin X, Niu W, Chen T, Liu R, Shang B, Fu Q, Liu G, Ma H, Xu Y. Characterization of CRN-Like Genes From Plasmopara viticola: Searching for the Most Virulent Ones. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632047. [PMID: 33868192 PMCID: PMC8044898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew is an insurmountable disease that endangers grapevine production and the wine industry worldwide. The causal agent of the disease is the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, for which the pathogenic mechanism remains largely unknown. Crinkling and necrosis proteins (CRN) are an ancient class of effectors utilized by pathogens, including oomycetes, that interfere with host plant defense reactions. In this study, 27 CRN-like genes were cloned from the P. viticola isolate YL genome, hereafter referred to as PvCRN genes, and characterized in silico and in planta. PvCRN genes in ‘YL’ share high sequence identities with their ortholog genes in the other three previously sequenced P. viticola isolates. Sequence divergence among the genes in the PvCRN family indicates that different PvCRN genes have different roles. Phylogenetic analysis of the PvCRN and the CRN proteins encoded by genes in the P. halstedii genome suggests that various functions might have been acquired by the CRN superfamily through independent evolution of Plasmopara species. When transiently expressed in plant cells, the PvCRN protein family shows multiple subcellular localizations. None of the cloned PvCRN proteins induced hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death on the downy mildew-resistant grapevine Vitis riparia. This was in accordance with the result that most PvCRN proteins, except PvCRN11, failed to induce necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by INF1 was hampered by several PvCRN proteins. In addition, 15 PvCRN proteins prevented Bax-induced plant programmed cell death. Among the cell death-suppressing members, PvCRN17, PvCRN20, and PvCRN23 were found to promote the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici, which is a semi-biotrophic oomycete. Moreover, the nucleus-targeting member, PvCRN19, promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to P. capsici. Therefore, these PvCRN proteins were estimated to be virulent effectors involved in the pathogenicity of P. viticola YL. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insight into the CRN effector repertoire of P. viticola YL, which will help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weili Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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21
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Yang F, Xiao K, Pan H, Liu J. Chloroplast: The Emerging Battlefield in Plant-Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637853. [PMID: 33747017 PMCID: PMC7966814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants and some algae convert the absorbed light into chemical energy through one of the most important organelles, chloroplast, for photosynthesis and store it in the form of organic compounds to supply their life activities. However, more and more studies have shown that the role of chloroplasts is more than a factory for photosynthesis. In the process of light conversion to chemical energy, any damage to the components of chloroplast may affect the photosynthesis efficiency and promote the production of by-products, reactive oxygen species, that are mainly produced in the chloroplasts. Substantial evidence show that chloroplasts are also involved in the battle of plants and microbes. Chloroplasts are important in integrating a variety of external environmental stimuli and regulate plant immune responses by transmitting signals to the nucleus and other cell compartments through retrograde signaling pathways. Besides, chloroplasts can also regulate the biosynthesis and signal transduction of phytohormones, including salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, to affect the interaction between the plants and microbes. Since chloroplasts play such an important role in plant immunity, correspondingly, chloroplasts have become the target of pathogens. Different microbial pathogens target the chloroplast and affect its functions to promote their colonization in the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Littlejohn GR, Breen S, Smirnoff N, Grant M. Chloroplast immunity illuminated. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3088-3107. [PMID: 33206379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co-ordinating plant defence responses and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism - key targets in the complex virulence strategies of diverse pathogens - the chloroplast integrates, decodes and responds to environmental signals. The capacity of chloroplasts to synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, combined with retrograde and reactive oxygen signalling, provides exquisite flexibility to both perceive and respond to biotic stresses. These processes also represent a plethora of opportunities for pathogens to evolve strategies to directly or indirectly target 'chloroplast immunity'. This review covers the contribution of the chloroplast to pathogen associated molecular pattern and effector triggered immunity as well as systemic acquired immunity. We address phytohormone modulation of immunity and surmise how chloroplast-derived reactive oxygen species underpin chloroplast immunity through indirect evidence inferred from genetic modification of core chloroplast components and direct pathogen targeting of the chloroplast. We assess the impact of transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes during disease and defence and look at future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Susan Breen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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23
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Liu J, Chen S, Ma T, Gao Y, Song S, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR53 suppresses innate immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1846927. [PMID: 33210976 PMCID: PMC7849728 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1846927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the casual oomycete of grapevine downy mildew, could cause yield loss and compromise berry quantity. Previously, we have identified several PvRXLR effectors that could suppress plant immunity to promote infection and disease development. In this study, the role of effector, PvRXLR53, in plant-microbe interaction was investigated. PvRXLR53 has several orthologs in other oomycetes and contains a functional signal peptide. Expression level of PvRXLR53 was already detected upon inoculation, further induced in the early stage after P. viticola inoculation and decreased to low level in the late infection stage in grapevine (Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon'). PvRXLR53 is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm. When transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, PvRXLR53 suppressed oomycete elicitor INF1-triggered programmed cell death and defense gene expression, and Phytophthora capsici-induced reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and eventually resistance to P. capsici. In summary, these findings suggest that P. viticola secretes PvRXLR53 to suppress host immunity from the very early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyun Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiren Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ma T, Chen S, Liu J, Fu P, Wu W, Song S, Gao Y, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR111 stabilizes VvWRKY40 to promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:231-242. [PMID: 33253483 PMCID: PMC7814959 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death-inducing PvRXLR effectors have been identified, but their functions and host targets are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of PvRXLR111, a cell death-inducing RXLR effector, in manipulating plant immunity. When coexpressed with other PvRXLR effectors, PvRXLR111-induced cell death was prevented. Transient expression of PvRXLR111 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed bacterial flagellin peptide flg22-elicited immune responses and enhanced Phytophthora capsici infection. PvRXLR111 induction in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PvRXLR111 expression in Pseudomonas syringae promoted bacterial colonization. By immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that PvRXLR111 interacted with Vitis vinifera putative WRKY transcription factor 40 (VvWRKY40), which increased VvWRKY40 stability. Transient expression of VvWRKY40 in N. benthamiana inhibited flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and enhanced P. capsici infection and silencing NbWRKY40 attenuated P. capsici colonization. These results suggest VvWRKY40 functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity and that PvRXLR111 suppresses host immunity by stabilizing VvWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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25
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First Insights into the Effect of Mycorrhizae on the Expression of Pathogen Effectors during the Infection of Grapevine with Plasmopara viticola. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), widely used for berry and wine production, is highly susceptible to the pathogenic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the etiological agent of grapevine downy mildew disease. The method commonly used to prevent and control P. viticola infection relies on multiple applications of chemical fungicides. However, with European Union goals to lower the usage of such chemicals in viticulture there is a need to develop new and more sustainable strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms with biocontrol capabilities, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been pointed out as a viable alternative. With this study, we intended to investigate the effect of AMF colonization on the expression of P. viticola effectors during infection of grapevine. Grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and, after mycorrhizae development, plants were infected with P. viticola. The expression of P. viticola RxLR effectors was analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) during the first hours of interaction. Results show that pre-mycorrhizal inoculation of grapevine alters the expression of several P. viticola effectors; namely, PvRxLR28, which presented decreased expression in mycorrhizal plants at the two time points post-infection tested. These results suggest that the pre-inoculation of grapevine with AMF could interfere with the pathogen’s ability to infect grapevine by modulation of pathogenicity effectors expression, supporting the hypothesis that AMF can be used to increase plant resistance to pathogens and promote more sustainable agriculture practices, particularly in viticulture.
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26
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Li Z, Wang Y, Fan Y, Ahmad B, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Gao L, Chang P, Wang X. Transcriptome Analysis of the Grape- Elsinoë ampelina Pathosystem Reveals Novel Effectors and a Robust Defense Response. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:110-121. [PMID: 33006532 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elsinoë ampelina is an ascomycetous fungus that causes grape anthracnose, a potentially devastating disease worldwide. In this study, a dual RNA-seq analysis was used to simultaneously monitor the fungal genes related to pathogenesis and grape genes related to defense during the interaction at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postinoculation. Consistent with their potential roles in pathogenicity, genes for carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, pathogen-host interaction, and those encoding secreted proteins are upregulated during infection. Based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we further showed that eight and nine candidate effectors, respectively, suppressed BAX- and INF1-mediated programmed cell death. The host response was characterized by the induction of multiple defense systems against E. ampelina, including synthesis of phenylpropanoids, stilbenes, and terpenoid biosynthesis, cell-wall modifications, regulation by phytohormones, and expression of defense-related genes. Together, these findings offer new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the grape-E. ampelina interaction.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanchun Fan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianhang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Songlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanxun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pingping Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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27
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Tian D, Chen Z, Lin Y, Chen Z, Bui KT, Wang Z, Wang F. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Coupled with a Critical-Time-Point Analysis during Pathogenesis for Predicting the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Blast Resistance in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:81. [PMID: 33306159 PMCID: PMC7732884 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast, caused by the ascomycete fungus M. oryzae, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Although many blast resistance (R) genes have been identified and deployed in rice varieties, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the R gene-mediated defense responses are yet not fully understood. RESULTS In this study, we used comparative transcriptomic analysis to explore the molecular mechanism involved in Piz-t-mediated resistance in a transgenic line containing Piz-t (NPB-Piz-t) compared to Nipponbare (NPB). Clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the time-point at 24-h post inoculation (hpi) was the most important factor distinguishing the four time-points, which consisted of four genes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, one gene related to WRKY DNA-binding domain containing protein, five pathogenesis-related protein (OsPR1s) genes, and three genes of R proteins involving in the most significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) pathway. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate RNA-seq data across 0, 24, 48, and 72 hpi, nine modules with similar patterns expression pattern (SEP) and three modules with differential expression pattern (DEP) between NPB-Piz-t and NPB across 0, 24, 48, and 72 hpi with KJ201 (referred to as Piz-t-KJ201 and NPB-KJ201) were identified. Among these the most representative SEP green-yellow module is associated with photosynthesis, and DEP pink module comprised of two specific expressed nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes of LOC_Os06g17900 and LOC_Os06g17920 of Pi2/9 homologous, three NLR genes of LOC_Os11g11810, LOC_Os11g11770, and LOC_Os11g11920 which are putatively associated with important agronomic traits, and a B3 DNA binding domain containing protein related genes (LOC_Os10g39190). Knockout of LOC_Os10g39190 via CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in plant death at the seedling stage. CONCLUSIONS The research suggested that Piz-t and multiple NLR network might play important roles in the regulation of the resistance response in the Piz-t-KJ201 interaction system. The identified genes provide an NLR repository to study the rice-M. oryzae interaction system and facilitate the breeding of blast-resistant cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagang Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Zaijie Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Khuynh The Bui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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28
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Guo Y, Dupont P, Mesarich CH, Yang B, McDougal RL, Panda P, Dijkwel P, Studholme DJ, Sambles C, Win J, Wang Y, Williams NM, Bradshaw RE. Functional analysis of RXLR effectors from the New Zealand kauri dieback pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1131-1148. [PMID: 32638523 PMCID: PMC7411639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand kauri is an ancient, iconic, gymnosperm tree species that is under threat from a lethal dieback disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora agathidicida. To gain insight into this pathogen, we determined whether proteinaceous effectors of P. agathidicida interact with the immune system of a model angiosperm, Nicotiana, as previously shown for Phytophthora pathogens of angiosperms. From the P. agathidicida genome, we defined and analysed a set of RXLR effectors, a class of proteins that typically have important roles in suppressing or activating the plant immune system. RXLRs were screened for their ability to activate or suppress the Nicotiana plant immune system using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays. Nine P. agathidicida RXLRs triggered cell death or suppressed plant immunity in Nicotiana, of which three were expressed in kauri. For the most highly expressed, P. agathidicida (Pa) RXLR24, candidate cognate immune receptors associated with cell death were identified in Nicotiana benthamiana using RNA silencing-based approaches. Our results show that RXLRs of a pathogen of gymnosperms can interact with the immune system of an angiosperm species. This study provides an important foundation for studying the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions in gymnosperm forest trees, including kauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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29
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Medina-Puche L, Tan H, Dogra V, Wu M, Rosas-Diaz T, Wang L, Ding X, Zhang D, Fu X, Kim C, Lozano-Duran R. A Defense Pathway Linking Plasma Membrane and Chloroplasts and Co-opted by Pathogens. Cell 2020; 182:1109-1124.e25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Pelgrom AJE, Meisrimler CN, Elberse J, Koorman T, Boxem M, Van den Ackerveken G. Host interactors of effector proteins of the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae obtained by yeast two-hybrid screening. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226540. [PMID: 32396563 PMCID: PMC7217486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes secrete effector proteins to manipulate host cell processes to establish a successful infection. Over the last decade the genomes and transcriptomes of many agriculturally important plant pathogens have been sequenced and vast candidate effector repertoires were identified using bioinformatic analyses. Elucidating the contribution of individual effectors to pathogenicity is the next major hurdle. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lettuce susceptibility to the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, we mapped physical interactions between B. lactucae effectors and lettuce candidate target proteins. Using a lettuce cDNA library-based yeast-two-hybrid system, 61 protein-protein interactions were identified, involving 21 B. lactucae effectors and 46 unique lettuce proteins. The top ten interactors based on the number of independent colonies identified in the Y2H and two interactors that belong to gene families involved in plant immunity, were further characterized. We determined the subcellular localization of the fluorescently tagged lettuce proteins and their interacting effectors. Importantly, relocalization of effectors or their interactors to the nucleus was observed for four protein-pairs upon their co-expression, supporting their interaction in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Chen T, Liu R, Dou M, Li M, Li M, Yin X, Liu GT, Wang Y, Xu Y. Insight Into Function and Subcellular Localization of Plasmopara viticola Putative RxLR Effectors. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:692. [PMID: 32373100 PMCID: PMC7186587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by oomycete fungus Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most devastating diseases of grapes across the major production regions of the world. Although many putative effector molecules have been identified from this pathogen, the functions of the majority of these are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the potential function of 26 P. viticola effectors from the highly virulent strain YL. Using transient expression in leaf cells of the tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that the majority of the effectors could suppress cell death triggered by BAX and INF1, while seven could induce cell death. The subcellular localization of effectors in N. benthamiana was consistent with their localization in cells of Vitis vinifera. Those effectors that localized to the nucleus (17/26) showed a variety of subnuclear localization. Ten of the effectors localized predominantly to the nucleolus, whereas the remaining seven localized to nucleoplasm. Interestingly, five of the effectors were strongly related in sequence and showed identical subcellular localization, but had different functions in N. benthamiana leaves and expression patterns in grapevine in response to P. viticola. This study highlights the potential functional diversity of P. viticola effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guo-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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32
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Situ J, Jiang L, Fan X, Yang W, Li W, Xi P, Deng Y, Kong G, Jiang Z. An RXLR effector PlAvh142 from Peronophythora litchii triggers plant cell death and contributes to virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:415-428. [PMID: 31912634 PMCID: PMC7036370 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Litchi downy blight, caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii, results in tremendous economic loss in litchi production every year. To successfully colonize the host cell, Phytophthora species secret hundreds of RXLR effectors that interfere with plant immunity and facilitate the infection process. Previous work has already predicted 245 candidate RXLR effector-encoding genes in P. litchii, 212 of which have been cloned and tested for plant cell death-inducing activity in this study. We found three such RXLR effectors could trigger plant cell death through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further experiments demonstrated that PlAvh142 could induce cell death and immune responses in several plants. We also found that PlAvh142 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells. The cytoplasmic localization was critical for its cell death-inducing activity. Moreover, deletion either of the two internal repeats in PlAvh142 abolished the cell death-inducing activity. Virus-induced gene silencing assays showed that cell death triggered by PlAvh142 was dependent on the plant transduction components RAR1 (require for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90). Finally, knockout of PlAvh142 resulted in significantly attenuated P. litchii virulence on litchi plants, whereas the PlAvh142-overexpressed mutants were more aggressive. These data indicated that PlAvh142 could be recognized in plant cytoplasm and is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liqun Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Rice Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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33
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Kretschmer M, Damoo D, Djamei A, Kronstad J. Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity: Where Are the Fungal Effectors? Pathogens 2019; 9:E19. [PMID: 31878153 PMCID: PMC7168614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Djihane Damoo
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Armin Djamei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany;
| | - James Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
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34
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Lei X, Lan X, Ye W, Liu Y, Song S, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR159 suppresses immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1682220. [PMID: 31647363 PMCID: PMC6866704 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1682220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal oomycete of grapevine downy mildew disease, secrets a series of RXLR effectors to manipulate host immunity. In this study, we characterized the role of a RXLR effector of P. viticola, PvRXLR159, in plant-microbe interaction. Transcription of PvRXLR159 in P. viticola was induced in the early stage of infection in grapevine (Vitis vinifera 'Thomson Seedless'). Further results revealed that PvRXLR159 contains a functional signal peptide and its C terminus was essential to inhibit cell death by elicitors, INF1 and BAX, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PvRXLR159 suppressed N. benthamiana resistance to a pathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora capsici. Taken together, we propose that PvRXLR159 is induced and secreted by P. viticola to suppress host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Lei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Lan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiren Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Chen W, Li Y, Yan R, Xu L, Ren L, Liu F, Zeng L, Yang H, Chi P, Wang X, Chen K, Ma D, Fang X. Identification and Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae Primary Infection Effector Candidates that Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Host and Nonhost Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1689-1697. [PMID: 31188071 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0039-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicaeis one of the most important diseases in cruciferous crops. The recognition of P. brassicae by host plants is thought to occur at the primary infection stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Secretory proteins as effector candidates play critical roles in the recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. In this study, 33 P. brassicae secretory proteins expressed during primary infection were identified through transcriptome, secretory protein prediction, and yeast signal sequence trap analyses. Furthermore, the proteins that could suppress or induce cell death were screened through an Agrobacterium-mediated plant virus transient expression system and a protoplast transient expression system. Two secretory proteins, PBCN_002550 and PBCN_005499, were found to be capable of inducing cell death associated with H2O2 accumulation and electrolyte leakage in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, PBCN_002550 could also induce cell death in Chinese cabbage. In addition, 24 of the remaining 31 tested secretory proteins could suppress mouse Bcl-2-associated X protein-induced cell death, and 28 proteins could suppress PBCN_002550-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyi Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Chi
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Kunrong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
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36
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Ding X, Jimenez‐Gongora T, Krenz B, Lozano‐Duran R. Chloroplast clustering around the nucleus is a general response to pathogen perception in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1298-1306. [PMID: 31257720 PMCID: PMC6715600 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that chloroplasts play a central role in plant stress responses. Upon activation of immune responses, chloroplasts are the source of multiple defensive signals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, it has been described that chloroplasts establish physical contact with the nucleus, through clustering around it and extending stromules, following activation of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, how prevalent this phenomenon is in plant-pathogen interactions, how its induction occurs, and what the underlying biological significance is are important questions that remain unanswered. Here, we describe that the chloroplast perinuclear clustering seems to be a general plant response upon perception of an invasion threat. Indeed, activation of pattern-triggered immunity, ETI, transient expression of the Rep protein from geminiviruses, or infection with viruses or bacteria all are capable of triggering this response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Interestingly, this response seems non-cell-autonomous, and exogenous treatment with H2 O2 is sufficient to elicit this relocalization of chloroplasts, which appears to require accumulation of ROS. Taken together, our results indicate that chloroplasts cluster around the nucleus during plant-pathogen interactions, suggesting a fundamental role of this positioning in plant defence, and identify ROS as sufficient and possibly required for the onset of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Tamara Jimenez‐Gongora
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Bjӧrn Krenz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ38124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Rosa Lozano‐Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
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37
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Combier M, Evangelisti E, Piron MC, Rengel D, Legrand L, Shenhav L, Bouchez O, Schornack S, Mestre P. A secreted WY-domain-containing protein present in European isolates of the oomycete Plasmopara viticola induces cell death in grapevine and tobacco species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220184. [PMID: 31356604 PMCID: PMC6663016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola is a biotrophic oomycete pathogen causing grapevine downy mildew. We characterized the repertoire of P. viticola effector proteins which may be translocated into plants to support the disease. We found several secreted proteins that contain canonical dEER motifs and conserved WY-domains but lack the characteristic RXLR motif reported previously from oomycete effectors. We cloned four candidates and showed that one of them, Pv33, induces plant cell death in grapevine and Nicotiana species. This activity is dependent on the nuclear localization of the protein. Sequence similar effectors were present in seven European, but in none of the tested American isolates. Together our work contributes a new type of conserved P. viticola effector candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Combier
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, INRA, Colmar, France
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Rengel
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Liron Shenhav
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sebastian Schornack
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, INRA, Colmar, France
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38
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Yin X, Shang B, Dou M, Liu R, Chen T, Xiang G, Li Y, Liu G, Xu Y. The Nuclear-Localized RxLR Effector PvAvh74 From Plasmopara viticola Induces Cell Death and Immunity Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1531. [PMID: 31354650 PMCID: PMC6636413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases of grapevine (Vitis spp). The causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola, is an obligate biotrophic oomycete. Although oomycete pathogens such as P. viticola are known to secrete RxLR effectors to manipulate host immunity, there have been few studies of the associated mechanisms by which these may act. Here, we show that a candidate P. viticola RxLR effector, PvAvh74, induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using agroinfiltration, we found that nuclear localization, two putative N-glycosylation sites, and 427 amino acids of the PvAvh74 carboxyl terminus were necessary for cell-death-inducing activity. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we found that PvAvh74-induced cell death in N. benthamiana requires EDS1, NDR1, SGT1, RAR1, and HSP90, but not BAK1. The MAPK cascade components MEK2, WIPK, and SIPK were also involved in PvAvh74-induced cell death in N. benthamiana. Transient expression of PvAvh74 could suppress Phytophthora capsici colonization of N. benthamiana, which suggests that PvAvh74 elicits plant immune responses. Suppression of P. capsici colonization also was dependent on nuclear localization of PvAvh74. Additionally, PvAvh74-triggered cell death could be suppressed by another effector, PvAvh8, from the same isolate. This work provides a framework to further investigate the interactions of PvAvh74 and other RxLR effectors with host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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39
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Dussert Y, Mazet ID, Couture C, Gouzy J, Piron MC, Kuchly C, Bouchez O, Rispe C, Mestre P, Delmotte F. A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:954-969. [PMID: 30847481 PMCID: PMC6660063 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Couture
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Claire Kuchly
- US 1426 GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
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40
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Lan X, Liu Y, Song S, Yin L, Xiang J, Qu J, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR131 suppresses plant immunity by targeting plant receptor-like kinase inhibitor BKI1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:765-783. [PMID: 30945786 PMCID: PMC6637860 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola secretes a set of RXLR effectors (PvRXLRs) to overcome host immunity and facilitate infection, but how these effectors function is unclear. Here, the biological function of PvRXLR131 was investigated via heterologous expression. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides significantly enhanced its pathogenicity on grapevine leaves. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Arabidopsis promoted Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and P. syringae DC3000 (hrcC- ) growth as well as suppressed defence-related callose deposition. Transient expression of PvRXLR131 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves could also suppress different elicitor-triggered cell death and inhibit plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Further analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with host Vitis vinifera BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (VvBKI1), and its homologues in N. benthamiana (NbBKI1) and Arabidopsis (AtBKI1). Moreover, bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with VvBKI1 in the plasma membrane. Deletion assays showed that the C-terminus of PvRXLR131 was responsible for the interaction and mutation assays showed that phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue in BKI1s disrupted the interaction. BKI1 was a receptor inhibitor of growth- and defence-related brassinosteroid (BR) and ERECTA (ER) signalling. When silencing of NbBKI1 in N. benthamiana, the virulence function of PvRXLR131 was eliminated, demonstrating that the effector activity is mediated by BKI1. Moreover, PvRXLR131-transgenic plants displayed BKI1-overexpression dwarf phenotypes and suppressed BR and ER signalling. These physiological and genetic data clearly demonstrate that BKI1 is a virulence target of PvRXLR131. We propose that P. viticola secretes PvRXLR131 to target BKI1 as a strategy for promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology LaboratoryGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
| | - Jiang Xiang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology LaboratoryGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology LaboratoryGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
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41
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Dussert Y, Mazet ID, Couture C, Gouzy J, Piron MC, Kuchly C, Bouchez O, Rispe C, Mestre P, Delmotte F. A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes. Genome Biol Evol 2019. [PMID: 30847481 DOI: 10.1101/350041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant-pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Couture
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Claire Kuchly
- US 1426 GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
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42
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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