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Wang D, Jiang X, Zhang W, Cao D, Ye G, Chen J, Lei Y, Wei X. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal mechanisms underpinning resistance of Chinese wild grape to Colletotrichum viniferum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108851. [PMID: 39191040 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Grape ripe rot is one of the most important diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. Chinese wild grape (Vitis davidii) is highly resistant to Colletotrichum viniferum infection. But mechanisms underlying the resistance remain largely unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of V. davidii to C. viniferum were studied before and after 1, 2, 4, and 6 days of inoculation. C. viniferum infection induced the expression of a large number of defense-related genes. KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were largely those involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, stilbenoid biosynthesis, and other defense-related metabolic pathways. Based on transcriptome data and experimental analysis, we found that jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis was closely related to V. davidii resistance to C. viniferum. In addition, many genes related to the synthesis of lignin and phytoalexin resveratrol are upregulated by pathogen infection, and metabolomic analysis showed that there was an increasing accumulation of resveratrol on day 6 of C. viniferum inoculation. Further analysis indicated that transcription factors, such as VdWRKY75 regulated the biosynthesis of lignin and stilbenes. A working model for V. davidii against C. viniferum infection was proposed. The infection of C. viniferum induced JA production, JA along with transcription factors regulated the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as lignin and resveratrol that enhanced plant resistance to C. viniferum. This study elucidated molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of Chinese wild V. davidii to C. viniferum which can provide a theoretical basis for grape disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiuli Jiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dingding Cao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Guiping Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Yan Lei
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Han M, Wang C, Zhu W, Pan Y, Huang L, Nie J. Extracellular perception of multiple novel core effectors from the broad host-range pear anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola in the nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae078. [PMID: 38766536 PMCID: PMC11101317 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is emerging as a devastating pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose in a wide range of horticultural crops, particularly fruits. Exploitation of nonhost resistance (NHR) represents a robust strategy for plant disease management. Perception of core effectors from phytopathogens frequently leads to hypersensitive cell death and resistance in nonhost plants; however, such core effectors in C. fructicola and their signaling components in non-hosts remain elusive. Here, we found a virulent C. fructicola strain isolated from pear exhibits non-adaptation in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Perception of secreted molecules from C. fructicola appears to be a dominant factor in NHR, and four novel core effectors-CfCE4, CfCE25, CfCE61, and CfCE66-detected by N. benthamiana were, accordingly, identified. These core effectors exhibit cell death-inducing activity in N. benthamiana and accumulate in the apoplast. With a series of CRISPR/Cas9-edited mutants or gene-silenced plants, we found the coreceptor BAK1 and helper NLRs including ADR1, NRG1, and NRCs mediate perceptions of these core effectors in N. benthamiana. Concurrently, multiple N. benthamiana genes encoding cell surface immune receptors and intracellular immune receptors were greatly induced by C. fructicola. This work represents the first characterization of the repertoire of C. fructicola core effectors responsible for NHR. Significantly, the novel core effectors and their signaling components unveiled in this study offered insights into a continuum of layered immunity during NHR and will be helpful for anthracnose disease management in diverse horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunhao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiajun Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Parada-Rojas CH, Stahr M, Childs KL, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Effector Repertoire of the Sweetpotato Black Rot Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:315-326. [PMID: 38353601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0146-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In 2015, sweetpotato producers in the United States experienced one of the worst outbreaks of black rot recorded in history, with up to 60% losses reported in the field and packing houses and at shipping ports. Host resistance remains the ideal management tool to decrease crop losses. Lack of knowledge of Ceratocystis fimbriata biology represents a critical barrier for the deployment of resistance to black rot in sweetpotato. In this study, we scanned the recent near chromosomal-level assembly for putative secreted effectors in the sweetpotato C. fimbriata isolate AS236 using a custom fungal effector annotation pipeline. We identified a set of 188 putative effectors on the basis of secretion signal and in silico prediction in EffectorP. We conducted a deep RNA time-course sequencing experiment to determine whether C. fimbriata modulates effectors in planta and to define a candidate list of effectors expressed during infection. We examined the expression profile of two C. fimbriata isolates, a pre-epidemic (1990s) isolate and a post-epidemic (2015) isolate. Our in planta expression profiling revealed clusters of co-expressed secreted effector candidates. Based on fold-change differences of putative effectors in both isolates and over the course of infection, we suggested prioritization of 31 effectors for functional characterization. Among this set, we identified several effectors that provide evidence for a marked biotrophic phase in C. fimbriata during infection of sweetpotato storage roots. Our study revealed a catalog of effector proteins that provide insight into C. fimbriata infection mechanisms and represent a core catalog to implement effector-assisted breeding in sweetpotato. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Madison Stahr
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
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Soto-Cardinault C, Childs KL, Góngora-Castillo E. Network Analysis of Publicly Available RNA-seq Provides Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Defense against Multiple Fungal Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2223. [PMID: 38137044 PMCID: PMC10743233 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can have devastating effects on global crop production, leading to annual economic losses ranging from 10% to 23%. In light of climate change-related challenges, researchers anticipate an increase in fungal infections as a result of shifting environmental conditions. However, plants have developed intricate molecular mechanisms for effective defense against fungal attacks. Understanding these mechanisms is essential to the development of new strategies for protecting crops from multiple fungi threats. Public omics databases provide valuable resources for research on plant-pathogen interactions; however, integrating data from different studies can be challenging due to experimental variation. In this study, we aimed to identify the core genes that defend against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a custom framework to control batch effects and construct Gene Co-expression Networks in publicly available RNA-seq dataset from infected A. thaliana plants, we successfully identified a gene module that was responsive to both pathogens. We also performed gene annotation to reveal the roles of previously unknown protein-coding genes in plant defenses against fungal infections. This research demonstrates the potential of publicly available RNA-seq data for identifying the core genes involved in defending against multiple fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soto-Cardinault
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- CONAHCYT-Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico
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Jiang N, Lin B, Song L, Tan G, Zhang Z, Yu K. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses unravel a series of early defence responses in Sarcandra glabra against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:1047-1061. [PMID: 37814360 DOI: 10.1071/fp23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides critically threatens the growth and commercial cultivation of Sarcandra glabra . However, the defence responses and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves infected with C. gloeosporioides . Leaf tissues at 0, 24 and 48h post-inoculation (hpi) were analysed by combining RNA sequencing and Tandem Mass Tag-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 18 441 and 25 691 differentially expressed genes were identified at 24 and 48hpi compared to 0hpi (uninoculated control), respectively. In addition, 1240 and 1570 differentially abundant proteins were discovered at 24 and 48hpi compared to 0hpi, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that transcription and translation levels were highly consistent regarding repeatability and expression. Analyses using databases KEGG and iPATH revealed tricitric acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were induced, whereas photosynthesis and tryptophan were suppressed. Enzymatic activity assay results were consistent with the upregulation of defence-related enzymes including superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases and chitinases. The transcriptome expression results were additionally validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. This study provides insights into the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves during infection, which lay a foundation for investigating the mechanisms of host-Colletotrichum interactions and breeding disease-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Birun Lin
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Guangdong Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lisha Song
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Zhanjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; and Department of Omics Technology, Nanning Current Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530005, China
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Lopez-Ortiz C, Reddy UK, Zhang C, Natarajan P, Nimmakayala P, Benedito VA, Fabian M, Stommel J. QTL and PACE analyses identify candidate genes for anthracnose resistance in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200999. [PMID: 37615029 PMCID: PMC10443646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum spp., is one of the most significant tomato diseases in the United States and worldwide. No commercial cultivars with anthracnose resistance are available, limiting resistant breeding. Cultivars with genetic resistance would significantly reduce crop losses, reduce the use of fungicides, and lessen the risks associated with chemical application. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population (N=243) has been made from a cross between the susceptible US28 cultivar and the resistant but semiwild and small-fruited 95L368 to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with anthracnose resistance. The RIL population was phenotyped for resistance by inoculating ripe field-harvested tomato fruits with Colletotrichum coccodes for two seasons. In this study, we identified twenty QTLs underlying resistance, with a range of phenotypic variance of 4.5 to 17.2% using a skeletal linkage map and a GWAS. In addition, a QTLseq analysis was performed using deep sequencing of extreme bulks that validated QTL positions identified using traditional mapping and resolved candidate genes underlying various QTLs. We further validated AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor, N-alpha-acetyltransferase (NatA), cytochrome P450, amidase family protein, tetratricopeptide repeat, bHLH transcription factor, and disease resistance protein RGA2-like using PCR allelic competitive extension (PACE) genotyping. PACE assays developed in this study will enable high-throughput screening for use in anthracnose resistance breeding in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV, United States
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV, United States
| | - Chong Zhang
- The Genetic Improvement for Fruits & Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV, United States
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV, United States
| | | | - Matthew Fabian
- The Genetic Improvement for Fruits & Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - John Stommel
- The Genetic Improvement for Fruits & Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Zhang L, Li S, Fang X, An H, Zhang X. Genome-wide analysis of LysM gene family members and their expression in response to Colletotrichum fructicola infection in Octoploid strawberry( Fragaria × ananassa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1105591. [PMID: 36756233 PMCID: PMC9900028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an economically important fruit that is planted worldwide. The lysin motif (LysM) protein family is composed of the major class of plant pattern recognition receptors, which play important roles in sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and subsequently triggers downstream plant immunity. In the present study, a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of F. × ananassa LysM (FaLysM) genes was performed to investigate gene structures, phylogenic relationships, chromosome location, collinear relationships, transcription factor binding sites, and protein model analysis. We aimed to identify the LysM genes involved in the defense against plant pathogens. A total of 14 FaLysM genes were identified in the F. × ananassa genome and divided into 2 subgroups (LYP and LYK) on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis. The Ka/Ks ratio for the duplicated pair of most FaLysM genes was less than 1, which indicates that the selection pressure was mostly subject to the purifying selection during evolution. The protein model analysis revealed that FaLysM2-10 contain conserved mode of chitin binding, which suggest the potential role of FaLysM2-10 in pathogen perception and plant immunity. The RNA-Seq results showed the differential regulation of 14 FaLysM genes in response to Colletotrichum fructicola infection, implying the complex interaction between C. fructicola and strawberry. Knockout of candidate effector gene CfLysM2, which was previously proved to be highly expressed during C. fructicola infection, resulted in the up-regulation of six FaLysM genes (FaLysM1, FaLysM2, FaLysM3, FaLysM7, FaLysM8, and FaLysM12), indicating the competitive relations between CfLysM2 and FaLysM genes. Overall, this study provides fundamental information on the roles of LysM proteins in octoploid strawberry and its interaction with C. fructicola, laying useful information for further investigation on the C. fructicola-strawberry interaction and strawberry resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haishan An
- *Correspondence: Haishan An, ; Xueying Zhang,
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Boufleur TR, Massola Júnior NS, Becerra S, Baraldi E, Bibiano LBJ, Sukno SA, Thon MR, Baroncelli R. Comparative transcriptomic provides novel insights into the soybean response to Colletotrichum truncatum infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046418. [PMID: 36507428 PMCID: PMC9732023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world, and its production can be threatened by biotic diseases, such as anthracnose. Soybean anthracnose is a seed-borne disease mainly caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. Typical symptoms are pre- and post-emergence damping off and necrotic lesions on cotyledons, petioles, leaves, and pods. Anthracnose symptoms can appear early in the field, causing major losses to soybean production. Material and Methods In preliminary experiments, we observed that the same soybean cultivar can have a range of susceptibility towards different strains of C. truncatum, while the same C. truncatum strain can cause varying levels of disease severity in different soybean cultivars. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the early response of different soybean cultivars to different C. truncatum strains, we performed pathogenicity assays to select two soybean cultivars with significantly different susceptibility to two different C. truncatum strains and analyzed their transcriptome profiles at different time points of interaction (0, 12, 48, and 120 h post-inoculation, hpi). Results and Discussion The pathogenicity assays showed that the soybean cultivar Gm1 is more resistant to C. truncatum strain 1080, and it is highly susceptible to strain 1059, while cultivar Gm2 shows the opposite behavior. However, if only trivial anthracnose symptoms appeared in the more resistant phenotype (MRP; Gm1-1080; Gm2-1059) upon 120 hpi, in the more susceptible phenotype (MSP; Gm-1059; Gm2- 1080) plants show mild symptoms already at 72 hpi, after which the disease evolved rapidly to severe necrosis and plant death. Interestingly, several genes related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system (pathogen recognition, signaling events, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense-related genes) were commonly modulated at the same time points only in both MRP. The list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to the more resistant combinations and related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system may shed light on the important host defense pathways against soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R. Boufleur
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sioly Becerra
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Líllian B. J. Bibiano
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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Chen X, Chen X, Tan Q, Mo X, Liu J, Zhou G. Recent progress on harm, pathogen classification, control and pathogenic molecular mechanism of anthracnose of oil-tea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918339. [PMID: 35966682 PMCID: PMC9372368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil tea (Camellia oleifera), mainly used to produce high-quality edible oil, is an important cash crop in China. Anthracnose of oil tea is a considerable factor that limits the yield of tea oil. In order to effectively control the anthracnose of oil tea, researchers have worked hard for many years, and great progress has been made in the research of oil tea anthracnose. For instance, researchers isolated a variety of Colletotrichum spp. from oil tea and found that Colletotrichum fructicola was the most popular pathogen in oil tea. At the same time, a variety of control methods have been explored, such as cultivating resistant varieties, pesticides, and biological control, etc. Furthermore, the research on the molecular pathogenesis of Colletotrichum spp. has also made good progress, such as the elaboration of the transcription factors and effector functions of Colletotrichum spp. The authors summarized the research status of the harm, pathogen types, control, and pathogenic molecular mechanism of oil tea anthracnose in order to provide theoretical support and new technical means for the green prevention and control of oil tea anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junang Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Unraveling NPR-like Family Genes in Fragaria spp. Facilitated to Identify Putative NPR1 and NPR3/4 Orthologues Participating in Strawberry-Colletotrichum fructicola Interaction. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121589. [PMID: 35736739 PMCID: PMC9229442 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The salicylic acid receptor NPR1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes) and its paralogues NPR3 and NPR4 are master regulators of plant immunity. Commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a highly valued crop vulnerable to various pathogens. Historic confusions regarding the identity of NPR-like genes have hindered research in strawberry resistance. In this study, the comprehensive identification and phylogenic analysis unraveled this family, harboring 6, 6, 5, and 23 members in F. vesca, F. viridis, F. iinumae, and F. × ananassa, respectively. These genes were clustered into three clades, with each diploid member matching three to five homoalleles in F. × ananassa. Despite the high conservation in terms of gene structure, protein module, and functional residues/motifs/domains, substantial divergence was observed, hinting strawberry NPR proteins probably function in ways somewhat different from Arabidopsis. RT-PCR and RNAseq analysis evidenced the transcriptional responses of FveNPR1 and FxaNPR1a to Colletotrichum fructicola. Extended expression analysis for strawberry NPR-likes helped to us understand how strawberry orchestrate the NPRs-centered defense system against C. fructicola. The cThe current work supports that FveNPR1 and FxaNPR1a, as well as FveNPR31 and FxaNPR31a-c, were putative functional orthologues of AtNPR1 and AtNPR3/4, respectively. These findings set a solid basis for the molecular dissection of biological functions of strawberry NPR-like genes for improving disease resistance.
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12
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Garrido-Gala J, Higuera JJ, Rodríguez-Franco A, Muñoz-Blanco J, Amil-Ruiz F, Caballero JL. A Comprehensive Study of the WRKY Transcription Factor Family in Strawberry. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121585. [PMID: 35736736 PMCID: PMC9229891 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play critical roles in plant growth and development or stress responses. Using up-to-date genomic data, a total of 64 and 257 WRKY genes have been identified in the diploid woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca, and the more complex allo-octoploid commercial strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa, respectively. The completeness of the new genomes and annotations has enabled us to perform a more detailed evolutionary and functional study of the strawberry WRKY family members, particularly in the case of the cultivated hybrid, in which homoeologous and paralogous FaWRKY genes have been characterized. Analysis of the available expression profiles has revealed that many strawberry WRKY genes show preferential or tissue-specific expression. Furthermore, significant differential expression of several FaWRKY genes has been clearly detected in fruit receptacles and achenes during the ripening process and pathogen challenged, supporting a precise functional role of these strawberry genes in such processes. Further, an extensive analysis of predicted development, stress and hormone-responsive cis-acting elements in the strawberry WRKY family is shown. Our results provide a deeper and more comprehensive knowledge of the WRKY gene family in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Javier Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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Lu X, Miao J, Shen D, Dou D. Proteinaceous Effector Discovery and Characterization in Plant Pathogenic Colletotrichum Fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914035. [PMID: 35694285 PMCID: PMC9184758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi results in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. To aid the establishment of plant host infection, Colletotrichum pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins either in apoplastic space or inside of host cells for effective colonization. Understanding these effector repertoires is critical for developing new strategies for resistance breeding and disease management. With the advance of genomics and bioinformatics tools, a large repertoire of putative effectors has been identified in Colletotrichum genomes, and the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of some studied effectors have been summarized. Here, we review recent advances in genomic identification, understanding of evolutional characteristics, transcriptional profiling, and functional characterization of Colletotrichum effectors. We also offer a perspective on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Fu M, Bai Q, Zhang H, Guo Y, Peng Y, Zhang P, Shen L, Hong N, Xu W, Wang G. Transcriptome Analysis of the Molecular Patterns of Pear Plants Infected by Two Colletotrichum fructicola Pathogenic Strains Causing Contrasting Sets of Leaf Symptoms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:761133. [PMID: 35251071 PMCID: PMC8888856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.761133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola infects pear leaves, resulting in two major symptoms: tiny black spots (TS) followed by severe early defoliation and big necrotic lesions (BnL) without apparent damage depending on the pathotypes. How the same fungal species causes different symptoms remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the resulting diseases and the diverse symptoms, two C. fructicola pathogenetic strains (PAFQ31 and PAFQ32 responsible for TS and BnL symptoms, respectively) were inoculated on Pyrus pyrifolia leaves and subjected to transcriptome sequencing at the quiescent stage (QS) and necrotrophic stage (NS), respectively. In planta, the genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway were upregulated at the NS caused by the infection of each strain. In contrast, the ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways were specifically related to the TS symptoms caused by the infection of strain PAFQ31, corresponding to the yellowish and early defoliation symptoms triggered by the strain infection. Correspondingly, SA was accumulated in similar levels in the leaves infected by each strain at NS, but JA was significantly higher in the PAFQ31-infected as measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis also reveals specific genes, pathways, phytohormones, and transcription factors (TFs) associated with the PAFQ31-associated early defoliation. Taken together, these data suggest that specific metabolic pathways were regulated in P. pyrifolia in response to the infection of two C. fructicola pathotypes resulting in the diverse symptoms: JA, ET, and ABA accumulated in the PAFQ31-infected leaves, which negatively affected the chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis pathways while positively affecting the expression of senescence-associated TFs and genes, resulted in leaf yellowing and defoliation; whereas SA inhibited JA-induced gene expression in the PAFQ32-infected leaves, which led to hypersensitive response-like reaction and BnL symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Bai
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yashuang Guo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Peng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ni Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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15
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The Role of Plant Hormones in the Interaction of Colletotrichum Species with Their Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212454. [PMID: 34830343 PMCID: PMC8620030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect virtually every economically important plant species. Up to now no common infection mechanism has been identified comparing different plant and Colletotrichum species. Plant hormones play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions regardless whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic. In this review we analyze the role of ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin and salicylic acid during Colletotrichum infections. Different Colletotrichum strains are capable of auxin production and this might contribute to virulence. In this review the role of different plant hormones in plant—Colletotrichum interactions will be discussed and thereby auxin biosynthetic pathways in Colletotrichum spp. will be proposed.
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16
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Chandra S, Oh Y, Han H, Salinas N, Anciro A, Whitaker VM, Chacon JG, Fernandez G, Lee S. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Candidate Genes for FaRCg1 Conferring Resistance Against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Cultivated Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa). Front Genet 2021; 12:730444. [PMID: 34504518 PMCID: PMC8422960 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.730444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum crown rot (CCR) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a serious threat to the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Our previous study reported that a major locus, FaRCg1, increases resistance. However, the genomic structure of FaRCg1 and potential candidate genes associated with the resistance remained unknown. Here, we performed comparative transcriptome analyses of resistant 'Florida Elyana' and susceptible 'Strawberry Festival' after infection and identified candidate genes potentially involved in resistance. In 'Florida Elyana', 6,099 genes were differentially expressed in response to C. gloeosporioides. Gene ontology analysis showed that the most upregulated genes were functionally associated with signaling pathways of plant defense responses. Three genes in the genomic region of FaRCg1 were highly upregulated: a von Willebrand Factor A domain-containing protein, a subtilisin-like protease, and a TIFY 11A-like protein. Subgenome-specific markers developed for the candidate genes were tested with a diverse panel of 219 accessions from University of Florida and North Carolina State University breeding programs. Significant and positive associations were found between the high-resolution melting (HRM) marker genotypes and CCR phenotypes. These newly developed subgenome-specific functional markers for FaRCg1 can facilitate development of resistant varieties through marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Chandra
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Youngjae Oh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Hyeondae Han
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Natalia Salinas
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Ashlee Anciro
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Vance M Whitaker
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Jose Guillermo Chacon
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gina Fernandez
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, United States
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17
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Havenga M, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Dreyer LL, Roets F, Aylward J. Genetic response to nitrogen starvation in the aggressive Eucalyptus foliar pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans. Curr Genet 2021; 67:981-990. [PMID: 34432124 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Teratosphaeria destructans is one of the most aggressive foliar pathogens of Eucalyptus. The biological factors underpinning T. destructans infections, which include shoot and leaf blight on young trees, have never been interrogated. Thus, the means by which the pathogen modifies its host environment to overcome host defences remain unknown. By applying transcriptome sequencing, the aim of this study was to compare gene expression in a South African isolate of T. destructans grown on nitrogen-deficient and complete media. This made it possible to identify upregulated genes in a nitrogen-starved environment, often linked to the pathogenicity of the fungus. The results support the hypothesis that nitrogen starvation in T. destructans likely mirrors an in planta genetic response. This is because 45% of genes that were highly upregulated under nitrogen starvation have previously been reported to be associated with infection in other pathogen systems. These included several CAZymes, fungal effector proteins, peptidases, kinases, toxins, lipases and proteins associated with detoxification of toxic compounds. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were identified and expressed in both nitrogen-deficient and complete conditions. Additionally, the most highly expressed genes in both growth conditions had pathogenicity-related functions. This study highlights the large number of expressed genes associated with pathogenicity and overcoming plant defences. As such, the generated baseline knowledge regarding pathogenicity and aggressiveness in T. destructans is a valuable reference for future in planta work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minette Havenga
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Léanne L Dreyer
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Physcomitrium patens Infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Understanding the Fungal-Bryophyte Interaction by Microscopy, Phenomics and RNA Sequencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080677. [PMID: 34436216 PMCID: PMC8401727 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by the hemibiotroph fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant disease with an extensive impact on plant productivity. The process of colonization and disease progression of C. gloeosporioides has been studied in a number of angiosperm crops. To better understand the evolution of the plant response to pathogens, the study of this complex interaction has been extended to bryophytes. The model moss Physcomitrium patens Hedw. B&S (former Physcomitrella patens) is sensitive to known bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, including C. gloeosporioides, which cause infection and cell death. P. patens responses to these microorganisms resemble that of the angiosperms. However, the molecular events during the interaction of P. patens and C. gloeosporioides have not been explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive approach using microscopy, phenomics and RNA-seq analysis to explore the defense response of P. patens to C. gloeosporioides. Microscopy analysis showed that appressoria are already formed at 24 h after inoculation (hai) and tissue colonization and cell death occur at 24 hai and is massive at 48 hai. Consequently, the phenomics analysis showed progressing browning of moss tissues and impaired photosynthesis from 24 to 48 hai. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that more than 1200 P. patens genes were differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infection. The analysis of differentially expressed gene function showed that the C. gloeosporioides infection led to a transcription reprogramming in P. patens that upregulated the genes related to pathogen recognition, secondary metabolism, cell wall reinforcement and regulation of gene expression. In accordance with the observed phenomics results, some photosynthesis and chloroplast-related genes were repressed, indicating that, under attack, P. patens changes its transcription from primary metabolism to defend itself from the pathogen.
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Differential Physiological Prerequisites and Gene Expression Profiles of Conidial Anastomosis Tube and Germ Tube Formation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070509. [PMID: 34202250 PMCID: PMC8306183 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The conidia of a hemibiotrophic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, can conventionally form a germ tube (GT) and develop into a fungal colony. Under certain conditions, they tend to get connected through a conidial anastomosis tube (CAT) to share the nutrients. CAT fusion is believed to be responsible for the generation of genetic variations in few asexual fungi, which appears problematic for effective fungal disease management. The physiological and molecular requirements underlying the GT formation versus CAT fusion remained underexplored. In the present study, we have deciphered the physiological prerequisites for GT formation versus CAT fusion in C. gloeosporioides. GT formation occurred at a high frequency in the presence of nutrients, while CAT fusion was found to be higher in the absence of nutrients. Younger conidia were found to form GT efficiently, while older conidia preferentially formed CAT. Whole transcriptome analysis of GT and CAT revealed highly differential gene expression profiles, wherein 11,050 and 9786 genes were differentially expressed during GT formation and CAT fusion, respectively. A total of 1567 effector candidates were identified; out of them, 102 and 100 were uniquely expressed during GT formation and CAT fusion, respectively. Genes coding for cell wall degrading enzymes, germination, hyphal growth, host-fungus interaction, and virulence were highly upregulated during GT formation. Meanwhile, genes involved in stress response, cell wall remodeling, membrane transport, cytoskeleton, cell cycle, and cell rescue were highly upregulated during CAT fusion. To conclude, the GT formation and CAT fusion were found to be mutually exclusive processes, requiring differential physiological conditions and sets of DEGs in C. gloeosporioides. This study will help in understanding the basic CAT biology in emerging fungal model species of the genus Colletotrichum.
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20
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Fang H, Liu X, Dong Y, Feng S, Zhou R, Wang C, Ma X, Liu J, Yang KQ. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit in response to infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:249. [PMID: 34059002 PMCID: PMC8166054 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walnut anthracnose induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a disastrous disease affecting walnut production. The resistance of walnut fruit to C. gloeosporioides is a highly complicated and genetically programmed process. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. RESULTS To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the defense of walnut to C. gloeosporioides, we used RNA sequencing and label-free quantitation technologies to generate transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of tissues at various lifestyle transitions of C. gloeosporioides, including 0 hpi, pathological tissues at 24 hpi, 48 hpi, and 72 hpi, and distal uninoculated tissues at 120 hpi, in anthracnose-resistant F26 fruit bracts and anthracnose-susceptible F423 fruit bracts, which were defined through scanning electron microscopy. A total of 21,798 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1929 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in F26 vs. F423 at five time points, and the numbers of DEGs and DEPs were significantly higher in the early infection stage. Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the transcriptome, we identified two modules significantly related to disease resistance and nine hub genes in the transcription expression gene networks. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the DEGs and DEPs revealed that many genes were mainly related to immune response, plant hormone signal transduction, and secondary metabolites, and many DEPs were involved in carbon metabolism and photosynthesis. Correlation analysis between the transcriptome data and proteome data also showed that the consistency of the differential expression of the mRNA and corresponding proteins was relatively higher in the early stage of infection. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results help elucidate the molecular response of walnut fruit to C. gloeosporioides and provide a basis for the genetic improvement of walnut disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administr, ation Key Laboratory of Silviculture inthe Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administr, ation Key Laboratory of Silviculture inthe Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shan Feng
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinmei Ma
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ke Qiang Yang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.
- State Forestry and Grassland Administr, ation Key Laboratory of Silviculture inthe Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.
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21
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Mehmood N, Yuan Y, Ali M, Ali M, Iftikhar J, Cheng C, Lyu M, Wu B. Early transcriptional response of terpenoid metabolism to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in a resistant wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112590. [PMID: 33232864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Modern strawberry production is often threatened by microbe pathogens. Anthracnose is among the most prominent fungal disease caused mainly by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and leads to large-scale losses both in quality and yield. Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the genetics in the strawberry-C. gloeosporioides interaction. In the current research, a wild accession 'Fragaria nilgerrensis' is used as a resistant model to study the roles of terpenoid and terpene genes in leaf response to C. gloeosporioides. We found that several terpenoids and terpene genes were up-regulated at early time points after challenged with C. gloeosporioides. Among the metabolites detected, sesquiterpenes were the most significantly accumulated compounds, increasing up to ~12-fold at 18 h post infection (hpi), followed by monoterpenes which showed a slight increase upon infection. Consistently, the time-resolved transcriptome data revealed that genes pertaining to terpenoid metabolism were rapidly up-regulated and co-expressed with signaling pathway genes relevant to defense response. Notably, quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that the expression of five terpene synthase genes (TPS) were greatly enhanced, by a factor of one to three orders of magnitude at 3-6 hpi. Our results reveal a possible link between rapidly induced terpenoid metabolism and the autoimmunity underlying anthracnose resistance in a wild strawberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mehmood
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Meiling Lyu
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Binghua Wu
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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22
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Dubrulle G, Picot A, Madec S, Corre E, Pawtowski A, Baroncelli R, Zivy M, Balliau T, Le Floch G, Pensec F. Deciphering the Infectious Process of Colletotrichum lupini in Lupin through Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101621. [PMID: 33096724 PMCID: PMC7589765 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum lupini is responsible for lupin anthracnose, resulting in significant yield losses worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying this infectious process are yet to be elucidated. This study proposes to evaluate C. lupini gene expression and protein synthesis during lupin infection, using, respectively, an RNAseq-based transcriptomic approach and a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach. Patterns of differentially-expressed genes in planta were evaluated from 24 to 84 hours post-inoculation, and compared to in vitro cultures. A total of 897 differentially-expressed genes were identified from C. lupini during interaction with white lupin, of which 520 genes were predicted to have a putative function, including carbohydrate active enzyme, effector, protease or transporter-encoding genes, commonly described as pathogenicity factors for other Colletotrichum species during plant infection, and 377 hypothetical proteins. Simultaneously, a total of 304 proteins produced during the interaction were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Taken together, the results highlight that the dynamics of symptoms, gene expression and protein synthesis shared similarities to those of hemibiotrophic pathogens. In addition, a few genes with unknown or poorly-described functions were found to be specifically associated with the early or late stages of infection, suggesting that they may be of importance for pathogenicity. This study, conducted for the first time on a species belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex, presents an opportunity to deepen functional analyses of the genes involved in the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. during the onset of plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dubrulle
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (G.D.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (G.L.F.)
| | - Adeline Picot
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (G.D.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (G.L.F.)
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Erwan Corre
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, FR2424 CNRS Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France;
| | - Audrey Pawtowski
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (G.D.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (G.L.F.)
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Calle del Duero 12, 37185 Villamayor (Salamanca), Spain;
| | - Michel Zivy
- INRAE le Moulon, Plateforme PAPPSO, ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.Z.); (T.B.)
| | - Thierry Balliau
- INRAE le Moulon, Plateforme PAPPSO, ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.Z.); (T.B.)
| | - Gaétan Le Floch
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (G.D.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (G.L.F.)
| | - Flora Pensec
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Université de Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France; (G.D.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (G.L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)298-017-200
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23
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Zou X, Huang X, Zhang L, Gao QH. Characterization of Est-SSR markers related to Colletotrichum fructicola infection in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchase). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1797530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xilun Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing-Hua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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24
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Xiong F, Wang Y, Lu Q, Hao X, Fang W, Yang Y, Zhu X, Wang X. Lifestyle Characteristics and Gene Expression Analysis of Colletotrichum camelliae Isolated from Tea Plant [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on Transcriptome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050782. [PMID: 32443615 PMCID: PMC7278179 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the most serious pathogens causing anthracnose in tea plants, but the interactive relationship between C. camelliae and tea plants has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the gene expression changes in five different growth stages of C. camelliae based on transcriptome analysis to explain the lifestyle characteristics during the infection. On the basis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of germ tube (GT)/conidium (Con), appressoria (App)/Con, and cellophane infectious hyphae (CIH)/Con groups, the cellular process in the biological process category and intracellular, intracellular part, cell, and cell part in the cellular component category were significantly enriched. Hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and molecular_function in the molecular function category were particularly enriched in the infection leaves (IL)/Con group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the genetic information processing pathway (ribosome) at the GT stage and the metabolism pathway (metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism) in the rest of the stages. Interestingly, the genes associated with melanin biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys), which are vital for penetration and cell wall degradation, were significantly upregulated at the App, CIH and IL stages. Subcellular localization results further showed that the selected non-annotated secreted proteins based on transcriptome data were majorly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, predicted as new candidate effectors. The results of this study may establish a foundation and provide innovative ideas for subsequent research on C. camelliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
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25
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Human MP, Berger DK, Crampton BG. Time-Course RNAseq Reveals Exserohilum turcicum Effectors and Pathogenicity Determinants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:360. [PMID: 32265851 PMCID: PMC7099616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exserohilum turcicum (sexual stage Setosphaeria turcica) is the hemibiotrophic causal agent of northern leaf blight of maize and sorghum. This study aimed to identify the genes involved in host colonization during the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of infection. It also aimed to identify race-specific differences in gene expression. RNAseq of maize seedlings inoculated with a race 13N or 23N E. turcicum isolate was conducted before inoculation and at 2, 5, 7, and 13 days post-inoculation (dpi). Biological replicates were pooled per time point for each race and sequenced. A bioinformatics pipeline was used to identify candidate effectors, and expression was validated for selected candidates. Fungal biomass was positively correlated with the percentages of E. turcicum reads mapped, which were low at early time points (2-7 dpi) with a significant increase at 13 dpi, indicating a lifestyle switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy between 7 and 13 dpi. AVRHt1 is the putative E. turcicum effector recognized by the maize resistance gene Ht1. Consistent with this, AVRHt1 was expressed in planta by race 23N, but transcripts were absent in race 13N. In addition, specific transposable elements were expressed in 23N only. Genes encoding the virulence-associated peptidases leupeptin-inhibiting protein 1 and fungalysin were expressed in planta. Transcriptional profiles of genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis or cell wall degradation revealed the importance of these genes during late stages of infection (13 dpi). A total of 346 expressed candidate effectors were identified, including Ecp6 and proteins similar to the secreted in xylem (SIX) effectors common to formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum, SIX13 and SIX5. Expression profiling of Ecp6 and SIX13-like indicated a peak in expression at 5 and 7 dpi compared to 2 and 13 dpi. Sequencing of SIX13-like from diverse isolates of E. turcicum revealed host-specific polymorphisms that were mostly non-synonymous, resulting in two groups of SIX13-like proteins that corresponded to the maize or sorghum origin of each isolate. This study suggests putative mechanisms whereby E. turcicum causes disease. Identification of the candidate effector SIX13-like is consistent with the infection mode of E. turcicum through the xylem of susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bridget Genevieve Crampton
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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26
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Strawberry Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/12/e01598-19. [PMID: 32193247 PMCID: PMC7082466 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is a causal agent of strawberry anthracnose and a major economic pathogen of horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. Here, we present an annotated draft genome sequence for a C. fructicola isolate previously used for transcriptomic analysis. The assembly totals 58.0 Mb in 477 contigs with 18,143 predicted genes. Colletotrichum fructicola is a causal agent of strawberry anthracnose and a major economic pathogen of horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. Here, we present an annotated draft genome sequence for a C. fructicola isolate previously used for transcriptomic analysis. The assembly totals 58.0 Mb in 477 contigs with 18,143 predicted genes.
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27
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Gong L, Liu Y, Xiong Y, Li T, Yin C, Zhao J, Yu J, Yin Q, Gupta VK, Jiang Y, Duan X. New insights into the evolution of host specificity of three Penicillium species and the pathogenicity of P. Italicum involving the infection of Valencia orange ( Citrus sinensis). Virulence 2020; 11:748-768. [PMID: 32525727 PMCID: PMC7549954 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1773038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue and green molds, the common phenotypes of post-harvest diseases in fruits, are mainly caused by Penicillium fungal species, including P. italicum, P. digitatum, and P. expansum. We sequenced and assembled the genome of a P. italicum strain, which contains 31,034,623 bp with 361 scaffolds and 627 contigs. The mechanisms underlying the evolution of host specificity among the analyzed Penicillium species were associated with the expansion of protein families, genome restructuring, horizontal gene transfer, and positive selection pressure. A dual-transcriptome analysis following the infection of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) by P. italicum resulted in the annotation of 9,307 P. italicum genes and 24,591 Valencia orange genes. The pathogenicity of P. italicum may be due to the activation of effectors, including 51 small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, 110 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 12 G protein-coupled receptors. Additionally, 211 metabolites related to the interactions between P. italicum and Valencia orange were identified by gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrography, three of which were further confirmed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. A metabolomics analysis indicated that P. italicum pathogenicity is associated with the sphingolipid and salicylic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, a correlation analysis between the metabolite contents and gene expression levels suggested that P. italicum induces carbohydrate metabolism in Valencia orange fruits as part of its infection strategy. This study provides useful information regarding the genomic determinants that drive the evolution of host specificity in Penicillium species and clarifies the host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange by P. italicum. IMPORTANCE P. italicum GL_Gan1, a local strain in Guangzhou, China, was sequenced. Comparison of the genome of P. italicum GL_Gan1 with other pathogenic Penicillium species, P. digitatum and P. expansum, revealed that the expansion of protein families, genome restructuring, HGT, and positive selection pressure were related to the host range expansion of the analyzed Penicillium species. Moreover, gene gains or losses might be associated with the speciation of these Penicillium species. In addition, the molecular basis of host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) by P. italicum was also elucidated by transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis. The data presented herein may be useful for further elucidating the molecular basis of the evolution of host specificity of Penicillium species and for illustrating the host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange by P. italicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yehui Xiong
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanni Zhao
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Yin
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen, China
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou, China
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28
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Gabriel AF, Costa MC, Enguita FJ, Leitão AL. Si vis pacem para bellum: A prospective in silico analysis of miRNA-based plant defenses against fungal infections. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110241. [PMID: 31521215 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are an important threat for plant crops, being responsible for important reductions of production yields and a consequent economic impact. Among the molecular mediators of fungal infections of plant crops, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been described as relevant players either in the plant immune responses and mechanism of defense or in the colonization of plant tissues by fungi. Acting as a mechanism of defense, some plant small ncRNAs such as miRNAs and tasiRNAs can be secreted by cells and directed to target the transcriptome of pathogenic fungi, triggering an RNAi-like interference mechanism able to silence the expression of specific fungal genes. The detailed knowledge of this mechanism of defense against fungal pathogens could open new possibilities for the protection of human important crops. To infer putative functional relationships mediated by ncRNA communication, we performed a prospective analysis to determine potential plant miRNAs able to target the genome of fungal pathogens, which resulted in the description of enriched specific plant miRNA families and their putative fungal targets that could be further studied in the context of plant-fungi interactions. The expression profile of specific members of the enriched miRNAs families showed an infection-dependent behavior in laboratory models of infection. Plant miRNAs showed sequence complementarity with coding genes of their cognate fungal pathogens. Plant miRNAs could potentially target fungal genes belonging to functional families related to stress response, membrane architecture, vacuolar transport, membrane traffic, and anabolic processes. Families of specific infection-responsive miRNAs are included in the putative plant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Gabriel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marina C Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Lúcia Leitão
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal.
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29
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He C, Duan K, Zhang L, Zhang L, Song L, Yang J, Zou X, Wang Y, Gao Q. Fast Quenching the Burst of Host Salicylic Acid Is Common in Early Strawberry/Colletotrichum fructicola Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:531-541. [PMID: 30130146 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-18-0043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum fructicola (a species of C. gloeosporioides complex) causes devastating anthracnose in strawberry. Like other species of the genus Colletotrichum, it uses a composite strategy including both the biotrophic and necrotrophic processes for pathogenesis. Host-derived hormones are central regulators of immunity, among which salicylic acid (SA) is the core defense one against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. However, the manner and timing of pathogen manipulation of SA are largely elusive in strawberry. To achieve better understanding of the early challenges that SA-mediated defense experiences during strawberry/C. fructicola interaction, dynamic changes of SA levels were followed through the high-performance liquid chromatography method. A very early burst of free SA at 1 h postinoculation (hpi) followed by a fast quenching during the next 12 h was noticed, although rhythm variations were present in two hosts. Transcriptional characterization of genes related to SA pathway in two varieties on C. fructicola inoculation revealed that these genes were differentially expressed, although they were all induced at different time points. At the same time, three types of genes encoding homologous effectors interfering with SA accumulation were found to be first inhibited but sequentially activated during the first 24 hpi. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis suggests that CfShy1 is a weapon of C. fructicola for strawberry invasion. Based on these results, we propose that the infection strategy that C. fructicola utilizes on strawberry is specialized, which is implemented through the optimized expression of a specific set of effector genes. Transcriptional characterization of host genes supports that de novo SA biosynthesis and the free SA release from methyl salicylate might contribute equally to the intricate control of SA homeostasis in strawberry. C. fructicola manipulation of SA-dependent resistance in strawberry might be closely related to multihormonal interplay among SA, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong He
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Ke Duan
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Liqing Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 3 College of Horticultural Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lili Song
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
- 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; and
| | - Jing Yang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- 3 College of Horticultural Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
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30
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Lorang J. Necrotrophic Exploitation and Subversion of Plant Defense: A Lifestyle or Just a Phase, and Implications in Breeding Resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:332-346. [PMID: 30451636 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0334-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Breeding disease-resistant plants is a critical, environmentally friendly component of any strategy to sustainably feed and clothe the 9.8 billion people expected to live on Earth by 2050. Here, I review current literature detailing plant defense responses as they relate to diverse biological outcomes; disease resistance, susceptibility, and establishment of mutualistic plant-microbial relationships. Of particular interest is the degree to which these outcomes are a function of plant-associated microorganisms' lifestyles; biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, necrotrophic, or mutualistic. For the sake of brevity, necrotrophic pathogens and the necrotrophic phase of pathogenicity are emphasized in this review, with special attention given to the host-specific pathogens that exploit defense. Defense responses related to generalist necrotrophs and mutualists are discussed in the context of excellent reviews by others. In addition, host evolutionary trade-offs of disease resistance with other desirable traits are considered in the context of breeding for durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lorang
- Department of Botany, 2082 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals candidate genes regulating development and host interactions of Colletotrichum fructicola. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:557. [PMID: 30055574 PMCID: PMC6064131 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colletotrichum is a fungal genus in Ascomycota that contain many plant pathogens. Among all Colletotrichum genomes that have been sequenced, C. fructicola contains the largest number of candidate virulence factors, such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic enzymes, secreted proteinases, and small secreted proteins. Systematic analysis of the expressional patterns of these factors would be an important step toward identifying key virulence determinants. Results In this study, we obtained and compared the global transcriptome profiles of four types of infection-related structures: conidia, appressoria, infected apple leaves, and cellophane infectious hyphae (bulbous hyphae spreading inside cellophane) of C. fructicola. We also compared the expression changes of candidate virulence factors among these structures in a systematic manner. A total of 3189 genes were differentially expressed in at least one pairwise comparison. Genes showing in planta-specific expressional upregulations were enriched with small secreted proteins (SSPs), cytochrome P450s, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYs) and secondary metabolite (SM) synthetases, and included homologs of several known candidate effectors and one SM gene cluster specific to the Colletotrichum genus. In conidia, tens of genes functioning in triacylglycerol biosynthesis showed coordinately expressional upregulation, supporting the viewpoint that C. fructicola builds up lipid droplets as energy reserves. Several phosphate starvation responsive genes were coordinately up-regulated during early plant colonization, indicating a phosphate-limited in planta environment immediately faced by biotrophic infectious hyphae. Conclusion This study systematically analyzes the expression patterns of candidate virulence genes, and reveals biological activities related to the development of several infection-related structures of C. fructicola. Our findings lay a foundation for further dissecting infection mechanisms in Colletotrichum and identifying disease control targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4934-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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