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Identification of markers for tea authenticity assessment: Non-targeted metabolomics of highly similar oolong tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis). Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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3
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Singh KS, van der Hooft JJJ, van Wees SCM, Medema MH. Integrative omics approaches for biosynthetic pathway discovery in plants. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1876-1896. [PMID: 35997060 PMCID: PMC9491492 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022With the emergence of large amounts of omics data, computational approaches for the identification of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways and their genetic regulation have become increasingly important. While genomes provide clues regarding functional associations between genes based on gene clustering, metabolome mining provides a foundational technology to chart natural product structural diversity in plants, and transcriptomics has been successfully used to identify new members of their biosynthetic pathways based on coexpression. Thus far, most approaches utilizing transcriptomics and metabolomics have been targeted towards specific pathways and use one type of omics data at a time. Recent technological advances now provide new opportunities for integration of multiple omics types and untargeted pathway discovery. Here, we review advances in plant biosynthetic pathway discovery using genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, as well as recent efforts towards omics integration. We highlight how transcriptomics and metabolomics provide complementary information to link genes to metabolites, by associating temporal and spatial gene expression levels with metabolite abundance levels across samples, and by matching mass-spectral features to enzyme families. Furthermore, we suggest that elucidation of gene regulatory networks using time-series data may prove useful for efforts to unwire the complexities of biosynthetic pathway components based on regulatory interactions and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh Singh
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Saskia C M van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Huang X, Tang Q, Li Q, Lin H, Li J, Zhu M, Liu Z, Wang K. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the mechanism of foliar application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to improve summer tea quality (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:302-313. [PMID: 35728422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a promising microbial agent for quality improvement in crops; however, the effects of B. amyloliquefaciens biofertilizers on tea leaf metabolites are relatively unknown. Herein, a combination of metabolome profiling and transcriptome analysis was employed to investigate the effects of foliar spraying with B. amyloliquefaciens biofertilizers on tea leaf quality. The tea polyphenol to amino acid ratio (TP/AA), catechin, and caffeine levels decreased, but theanine level increased in tea leaves after foliar spraying with B. amyloliquefaciens. The differentially accumulated metabolites included flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The decrease in catechin was correlated with the catechin/flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The AMPD gene was highly associated with caffeine content, while the GOGAT gene was associated with theanine accumulation. Foliar spraying with B. amyloliquefaciens biofertilizers may improve summer tea quality. Our findings provide a basis for the application of B. amyloliquefaciens biofertilizers in tea plants and new insights on summer tea leaf resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Qian Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Qin Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Haiyan Lin
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Juan Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Kunbo Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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5
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Song S, Tao Y, Gao L, Liang H, Tang D, Lin J, Wang Y, Gmitter FG, Li C. An Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal the Regulation Mechanisms of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in a Purple Tea Plant Cultivar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880227. [PMID: 35665157 PMCID: PMC9161209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purple tea plant cultivars, enrich with flavonoids and anthocyanins, are valuable materials for manufacturing tea with unique color and flavor. Researchers found that 'Zijuan' leaves changed from purple to green mainly caused by the decreased flavonoids and anthocyanins concentrations. The mechanism of flavonoids and anthocyanin biosynthesis has been studied in many purple tea plant cultivars and the key genes which regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoid and anthocyanins in different purple tea plant cultivars were quite different. Also, the molecular regulation mechanism underlying the flavonoids and anthocyanins biosynthesis during leaves development and color changes is less-thoroughly understood. In this study, an integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome was performed on the purple leaves and green leaves of 'Zijuan' tea plant to reveal the regulatory networks correlated to flavonoid biosynthesis and to identify key regulatory genes. Our results indicated that the 'Zijuan' new shoots leaves were purple might be due to the copigmentation of quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. In 'Zijuan' tea plant cultivar, flavonoids metabolites concentrations in purple leaves and green leaves were significantly influenced by the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, transport, and hormone response. Transcription factors including NAC008, MYB23, and bHLH96 and transporters such as ABC transporter I might be responsible for the flavonoid and anthocyanins accumulation in purple leaves. This study provides a new insight into the metabolism and molecular mechanisms underlying flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- SaSa Song
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - LongHan Gao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - HuiLing Liang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - DeSong Tang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - YuChun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - ChunFang Li
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Multi-omics approach in tea polyphenol research regarding tea plant growth, development and tea processing: current technologies and perspectives. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Cai H, Zhong Z, Li Z, Zhang X, Fu H, Yang B, Zhang L. Metabolomics in quality formation and characterisation of tea products: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Zhanming Li
- School of Grain Science and Technology Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212004 China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
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8
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Yang M, Jiang Z, Wen M, Wu Z, Zha M, Xu W, Zhang L. Chemical Variation of Chenpi (Citrus Peels) and Corresponding Correlated Bioactive Compounds by LC-MS Metabolomics and Multibioassay Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825381. [PMID: 35284442 PMCID: PMC8905505 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The peel of Citrus reticulata “Chachi” (CP) possesses various health-promoting benefits and is not only one of the most famous Chinese herbal medicine, but also an ingredient in fermented foods. In the present study, the effects of storage years (1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-years) on the chemical profiling and potential bioactive compounds of CP were compared by metabolomics and in vitro bioactivity analysis. With the increase of storage time, the content of hesperidin significantly decreased, but nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin were increased. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of CP was enhanced. Phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, fatty acids, and alkyl glycosides were marker compounds that were responsible for distinguishing the storage time of CP. Correlation analysis suggested that some polyphenols including quercetin-glucoside, quinic acid, trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, and rutin were potential antioxidant compounds in CP. The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions showed the better antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effects on glucose-hydrolysis enzymes. They mainly contained ferulic acid, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, kaempferol, and hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Zhenfeng Wu
| | - Minyu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhang
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9
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Adolfo LM, Rao X, Dixon RA. Identification of Pueraria spp. through DNA barcoding and comparative transcriptomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 34979934 PMCID: PMC8722073 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kudzu is a term used generically to describe members of the genus Pueraria. Kudzu roots have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine in view of their high levels of beneficial isoflavones including the unique 8-C-glycoside of daidzein, puerarin. In the US, kudzu is seen as a noxious weed causing ecological and economic damage. However, not all kudzu species make puerarin or are equally invasive. Kudzu remains difficult to identify due to its diverse morphology and inconsistent nomenclature. RESULTS We have generated sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and maturase K (matK) regions of Pueraria montana lobata, P. montana montana, and P. phaseoloides, and identified two accessions previously used for differential analysis of puerarin biosynthesis as P. lobata and P. phaseoloides. Additionally, we have generated root transcriptomes for the puerarin-producing P. m. lobata and the non-puerarin producing P. phaseoloides. Within the transcriptomes, microsatellites were identified to aid in species identification as well as population diversity. CONCLUSIONS The barcode sequences generated will aid in fast and efficient identification of the three kudzu species. Additionally, the microsatellites identified from the transcriptomes will aid in genetic analysis. The root transcriptomes also provide a molecular toolkit for comparative gene expression analysis towards elucidation of the biosynthesis of kudzu phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laci M Adolfo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei Province, China
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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10
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Kong W, Jiang M, Wang Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Lei W, Chai K, Wang P, Liu R, Zhang X. Pan-transcriptome assembly combined with multiple association analysis provides new insights into the regulatory network of specialized metabolites in the tea plant Camellia sinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac100. [PMID: 35795389 PMCID: PMC9251601 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites not only play important roles in biotic and abiotic stress adaptation of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) but also contribute to the unique flavor of tea, the most important nonalcoholic beverage. However, the molecular networks and major genes that regulate specialized metabolites in tea plants are not well understood. Here, we constructed a population-level pan-transcriptome of the tea plant leaf using second-leaf transcriptome data from 134 accessions to investigate global expression differences in the population, expression presence or absence variations (ePAVs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pure Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA) and pure Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS) accessions. Next, we used a genome-wide association study, a quantitative trait transcript study, and a transcriptome-wide association study to integrate genotypes, accumulation levels of specialized metabolites, and expression levels of pan-transcriptome genes to identify candidate regulatory genes for flavor-related metabolites and to construct a regulatory network for specialized metabolites in tea plants. The pan-transcriptome contains 30 482 expressed genes, 4940 and 5506 of which were newly annotated from a de novo transcriptome assembly without a reference and a genome reference-based assembly, respectively. DEGs and ePAVs indicated that CSA and CSS were clearly differentiated at the population transcriptome level, and they were closely related to abiotic tolerance and secondary metabolite synthesis phenotypes of CSA and CSS based on gene annotations. The regulatory network contained 212 specialized metabolites, 3843 candidate genes, and 3407 eQTLs, highlighting many pleiotropic candidate genes, candidate gene-rich eQTLs, and potential regulators of specialized metabolites. These included important transcription factors in the AP2/ERF-ERF, MYB, WD40, and bHLH families. CsTGY14G0001296, an ortholog of AtANS, appeared to be directly related to variation in proanthocyanins in the tea plant population, and the CsTGY11G0002074 gene encoding F3'5'H was found to contribute to the biased distribution of catechins between pure CSAs and pure CSSs. Together, these results provide a new understanding of the metabolite diversity in tea plants and offer new insights for more effective breeding of better-flavored tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Kong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Wenlong Lei
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kun Chai
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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11
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Sun L, Fan K, Wang L, Ma D, Wang Y, Kong X, Li H, Ren Y, Ding Z. Correlation among Metabolic Changes in Tea Plant Camellia sinensis (L.) Shoots, Green Tea Quality and the Application of Cow Manure to Tea Plantation Soils. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206180. [PMID: 34684759 PMCID: PMC8538533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the supplement of organic manure in tea plantations has been a common approach to improving soil fertility and promoting terroir compounds, as manifested by the coordinated increase in yield and quality for the resulting teas. However, information regarding the effect of organic manure in the metabolome of tea plants is still inadequate. The metabolite profiles of tea shoots applied with cow manure, urea or no fertilizer were studied using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In total, 73 metabolites were detected, and the modulated metabolites included mainly amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids. In particular, glutamine, quinic acid and proline accumulated more in tea shoots in soils treated with cow manure, but octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and eicosanoic acid were drastically reduced. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that organic acids and amino acids in tea shoots were the two major metabolite groups among the three treatments. The analysis of metabolic pathways demonstrated that the cow manure treatment significantly changed the enrichment of pathways related to amino acids, sugars and fatty acids. Sensory evaluation showed that the quality of green teas was higher when the plants used to make the tea were grown in soil treated with cow manure rather than urea during spring and late summer. The results indicated that the application of cow manure in soils changed the metabolic characteristics of tea shoots and improved the qualities of the resulting teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (L.S.); (K.F.); (L.W.); (Y.W.)
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (L.S.); (K.F.); (L.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Linlin Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (L.S.); (K.F.); (L.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dexin Ma
- College of Communication, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (L.S.); (K.F.); (L.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaojun Kong
- Rizhao Tea Technology Promotion Center, Rizhao 276826, China;
| | - Hongyan Li
- Haiyang Fruit Industry Technology Promotion Station, Haiyang 265100, China;
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (L.S.); (K.F.); (L.W.); (Y.W.)
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (Z.D.)
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12
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Hu S, He C, Li Y, Yu Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Ni D. The formation of aroma quality of dark tea during pile-fermentation based on multi-omics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Maritim TK, Seth R, Parmar R, Sharma RK. Multiple-genotypes transcriptional analysis revealed candidates genes and nucleotide variants for improvement of quality characteristics in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Genomics 2020; 113:305-316. [PMID: 33321202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tea quality is a polygenic trait that exhibits tremendous genetic variability due to accumulation of array of secondary metabolites. To elucidate global molecular insights controlling quality attributes, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing of twelve diverse tea cultivars was performed in tea shoots harvested during quality season. RP-HPLC-DAD analysis of quality parameters revealed significant difference in catechins, theanine and caffeine contents. Transcriptome sequencing resulted into 50,107 non-redundant transcripts with functional annotations of 81.6% (40,847) of the transcripts. Interestingly, 2872 differentially expressed transcripts exhibited significant enrichment in 38 pathways (FDR ≤ 0.05) including secondary metabolism, amino acid and carbon metabolism. Thirty-eight key candidates reportedly involved in biosynthesis of fatty acid derived volatiles, volatile terpenes, glycoside hydrolysis and key quality related pathways (flavonoid, caffeine and theanine-biosynthesis) were highly expressed in catechins-rich tea cultivars. Furthermore, enrichment of candidates involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, volatile terpene and biosynthesis of fatty acid derived volatile in Protein-Protein Interactome network revealed well-coordinated regulation of quality characteristics in tea. Additionally, ascertainment of 23,649 non-synonymous SNPs and validation of candidate SNPs present in quality related genes suggests their potential utility in genome-wide mapping and marker development for expediting breeding of elite compound-rich tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Kipkoech Maritim
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201 002, India; Tea Breeding and Genetic Improvement Division, KALRO-Tea Research Institute, P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Romit Seth
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Rajni Parmar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201 002, India.
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14
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Zhang S, Ma Y, Zhang R, He X, Chen Y, Du J, Ho CT, Zhang Y, Han G, Hu X. A predicted protein functional network aids in novel gene mining for characteristic secondary metabolites in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Cao H, He X, Du J, Zhang R, Chen Y, Ma Y, Chen Q, Fang C, Ho CT, Zhang S, Wan X. Time-series transcriptomic analysis reveals novel gene modules that control theanine biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238175. [PMID: 32911493 PMCID: PMC7482930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theanine (thea) is a unique non-protein amino acid in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and one of the most important small molecular compounds for tea quality and health effects. The molecular mechanism that maintains thea biosynthesis is not clear but may be reflected in complicated biological networks as other secondary metabolites in plants. We performed an integrative transcriptomic analysis of tea seedlings bud and leave over the time-course of ethylamine (EA) treatment that activated thea pathway. We identified 54 consistent differentially expressed genes (cDEGs, 25 upregulated and 29 downregulated) during thea activation. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of upregulated genes and downregulated genes showed that they may function as a cascade of biological events during their cooperative contribution to thea biosynthesis. Among the total cDEGs, a diversity of functional genes (e.g., enzymes, transcription factors, transport and binding proteins) were identified, indicating a hierarchy of gene control network underlying thea biosynthesis. A gene network associated with thea biosynthesis was modeled and three interconnected gene functional modules were identified. Among the gene modules, several topologically important genes (e.g., CsBCS-1, CsRP, CsABC2) were experimentally validated using a combined thea content and gene expression analysis. Collectively, we presented here for the first time a comprehensive landscape of the biosynthetic mechanism of thea controlled by a underling gene network, which might provide a theoretical basis for the identification of key genes that contribute to thea biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- School of Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinke Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Information and Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Ma
- College of Information and Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Congbing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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16
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Huang L, Zhang L, Zeng R, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang L, Liu S, Wang X, Chen T. Brassinosteroid Priming Improves Peanut Drought Tolerance via Eliminating Inhibition on Genes in Photosynthesis and Hormone Signaling. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080919. [PMID: 32796553 PMCID: PMC7465412 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought negatively affects the growth and yield of terrestrial crops. Seed priming, pre-exposing seed to a compound, could induce improved tolerance and adaptation to stress in germinated plants. To understand the effects and regulatory mechanism of seed priming with brassinosteroid (BR) on peanut plants, we treated seeds with five BR concentrations and examined dozens of physiological and biochemical features, and transcriptomic changes in leaves under well-watered and drought conditions. We found optimal 0.15 ppm BR priming could reduce inhibitions from drought and increase the yield of peanut, and priming effects are dependent on stage of plant development and duration of drought. BR priming induced fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than no BR priming under well-watered condition. Drought with BR priming reduced the number of DEGs than drought only. These DEGs were enriched in varied gene ontologies and metabolism pathways. Downregulation of DEGs involved in both light perceiving and photosynthesis in leaves is consistent with low parameters of photosynthesis. Optimal BR priming partially rescued the levels of growth promoting auxin and gibberellin which were largely reduced by drought, and increased levels of defense associated abscisic acid and salicylic acid after long-term drought. BR priming induced many DEGs which function as kinase or transcription factor for signal cascade under drought. We proposed BR priming-induced regulatory responses will be memorized and recalled for fast adaptation in later drought stress. These results provide physiological and regulatory bases of effects of seed priming with BR, which can help to guide the framing improvement under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Ruier Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Leidi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (T.C.)
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17
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Zhang R, Ma Y, Hu X, Chen Y, He X, Wang P, Chen Q, Ho CT, Wan X, Zhang Y, Zhang S. TeaCoN: a database of gene co-expression network for tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:461. [PMID: 32620074 PMCID: PMC7333269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the world’s most important beverage crops due to its numerous secondary metabolites conferring tea quality and health effects. However, only a small fraction of tea genes (especially for those metabolite-related genes) have been functionally characterized to date. A cohesive bioinformatics platform is thus urgently needed to aid in the functional determination of the remaining genes. Description TeaCoN, a database of gene co-expression network for tea plant, was established to provide genome-wide associations in gene co-expression to survey gene modules (i.e., co-expressed gene sets) for a function of interest. TeaCoN featured a comprehensive collection of 261 high-quality RNA-Seq experiments that covered a wide range of tea tissues as well as various treatments for tea plant. In the current version of TeaCoN, 31,968 (94% coverage of the genome) tea gene models were documented. Users can retrieve detailed co-expression information for gene(s) of interest in four aspects: 1) co-expressed genes with the corresponding Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC-values) and statistical P-values, 2) gene information (gene ID, description, symbol, alias, chromosomal location, GO and KEGG annotation), 3) expression profile heatmap of co-expressed genes across seven main tea tissues (e.g., leaf, bud, stem, root), and 4) network visualization of co-expressed genes. We also implemented a gene co-expression analysis, BLAST search function, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, and genome browser to facilitate use of the database. Conclusion The TeaCoN project can serve as a beneficial platform for candidate gene screening and functional exploration of important agronomical traits in tea plant. TeaCoN is freely available at http://teacon.wchoda.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- School of sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Youhua Zhang
- School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Shihua Zhang
- School of sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zhang S, Chen Y, He X, Du J, Zhang R, Ma Y, Hu X, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Wan X. Identification of MYB Transcription Factors Regulating Theanine Biosynthesis in Tea Plant Using Omics-Based Gene Coexpression Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:918-926. [PMID: 31899636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Theanine (thea) is the most abundant free amino acid in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and one of the most important secondary metabolites conferring tea quality and health benefits. Great effort has recently been made to functionally dissect enzyme genes (e.g., GS, GDH, GOGAT) responsible for in vivo thea accumulation. However, the transcriptional regulation of its biosynthesis remains to be explored. Starting from publicly available (condition-independent) tea transcriptome data, we performed an exhaustive coexpression analysis between transcription factor (TF) genes and thea enzyme genes in tea plant. Our results showed that two typical plant-specialized (secondary) metabolites related TF families, such as MYB, bHLH, together with WD40 domain proteins, were prominently involved, suggesting a potential MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex-mediated regulatory pattern in thea pathway. Aiming at the most involved MYB family, we screened seven MYB genes as thea candidate regulators through a stringent multistep selection (e.g., filtering with condition-specific nitrogen-treated transcriptome data). The control of MYB regulators in thea biosynthesis was further demonstrated using an integrated analysis of thea accumulation and MYB expression in several major tea tissues, including leave, bud, root, and stem. Our investigation aided tea researchers in having a comprehensive view of transcriptional regulatory landscape in thea biosynthesis, serving as the first platform for studying molecular regulation in thea pathway and a paradigm for understanding the characteristic components biosynthesis in nonmodel plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health , Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430081 , China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xiaolong He
- School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Jinke Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Information and Computer Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Yong Ma
- College of Information and Computer Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
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Liu L, Lin N, Liu X, Yang S, Wang W, Wan X. From Chloroplast Biogenesis to Chlorophyll Accumulation: The Interplay of Light and Hormones on Gene Expression in Camellia sinensis cv. Shuchazao Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:256. [PMID: 32218794 PMCID: PMC7078671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development and chlorophyll metabolism have been well described in model plants but not in perennial woody crops. Of particular interest is the interplay between light and hormones under shade conditions. We report that the shade induced accumulation of chlorophylls in Camellia sinensis cv. Shuchazao leaves is at least as a result of (a) positive changes in chloroplast development and (b) light/hormonal regulation of genes and transcription factors involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Under shade conditions, leaves developed an abundance of enlarged chloroplasts encapsulating more prominent thylakoid membranes. Four major metabolites in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway namely Chl a, Chl b, DPP, and Mg-Proto IX increased under shade conditions while PBG decreased significantly. Significant changes were found at the transcription level of regulators of chloroplast biogenesis (GLK1 and LHCB), the structural genes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway (HEMA1, CLH1, PORA, and CAO) and potential components involved in light signaling (PHYA, CRY1, HY5, and DELLAs). Two central signal integrators (GLK1 and LHCB) between the nucleus and chloroplast showed clear responses to shade, suggesting a crucial role of light in regulating chloroplast development in tea leaves. Concurrent with the changes in gene expression, the concentrations of endogenous phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins) increased significantly in the later stages of shade conditions. Two key integrators involved in the hormone signal pathways, EIN3 and EBF1/2, increased under shade conditions suggesting that shade induced changes to hormone levels may play some role in modulating chlorophyll biosynthesis in the tea leaves. Overall, this data suggests that the light and hormone influence over chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in Camellia is similar to that of Arabidopsis. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis in response to light and hormones in a commercially important woody plant such as Camellia, which may facilitate the breeding of high-chlorophyll tea cultivars for the improvement of sensory features of the green tea product.
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20
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Bai Q, He B, Cai Y, Lian H, Zhang Q. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal several critical metabolic pathways and candidate genes involved in resin biosynthesis in Pinus massoniana. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:327-341. [PMID: 31735985 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pine resin, which typically consists of terpenoids, is a natural product used in various industrial applications. Oleoresin can be obtained from the xylem tissue by wounding the stem bark. Pinus massoniana (masson pine) is an important resin-tapping tree species that originated in southern China. Masson pines with different genetic backgrounds typically have different resin-yielding capacities (RYCs). However, the mechanisms underlying high resin yield in masson pines are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the possible genetic regulation pathways and functional genes that influence the resin yield. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic studies of masson pine secondary xylem with high, medium, and low RYCs. A total of 230,068 unigenes and 3894 metabolites were identified from the tissue of the secondary xylem. Several differentially expressed regulation factors, including WRKY, bHLH, and ERF, and functional genes such as PKc and LRR-RLKs, were identified among these masson pines. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were mainly focused on diterpenoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and ABC transporters. Furthermore, integration of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that the PKc- and LRR-RLK-related regulatory and metabolic pathways may play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. These above results improve our understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism of oleoresin in P. massoniana and facilitate further research work into the functional analysis of these candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Boxiang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Huiming Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Wang X, Liu BY, Zhao Q, Sun X, Li Y, Duan Z, Miao X, Luo S, Li J. Genomic Variance and Transcriptional Comparisons Reveal the Mechanisms of Leaf Color Affecting Palatability and Stressed Defense in Tea Plant. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110929. [PMID: 31739562 PMCID: PMC6895910 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves are one of the most important organs of plants, and yet, the association between leaf color and consumable traits remains largely unclear. Tea leaves are an ideal study system with which to investigate the mechanism of how leaf coloration affects palatability, since tea is made from the leaves of the crop Camellia sinensis. Our genomic resequencing analysis of a tea cultivar ZiJuan (ZJ) with purple leaves and altered flavor revealed genetic variants when compared with the green-leaf, wild type cultivar YunKang(YK). RNA-Seq based transcriptomic comparisons of the bud and two youngest leaves in ZJ and YK identified 93%, 9% and 5% expressed genes that were shared in YK- and ZJ-specific cultivars, respectively. A comparison of both transcript abundance and particular metabolites revealed that the high expression of gene UFGT for anthocyanin biosynthesis is responsible for purple coloration, which competes with the intermediates for catechin-like flavanol biosynthesis. Genes with differential expression are enriched in response to stress, heat and defense, and are casually correlated with the environmental stress of ZJ plant origin in the Himalayas. In addition, the highly expressed C4H and LDOX genes for synthesizing flavanol precursors, ZJ-specific CLH1 for degrading chlorophyll, alternatively spliced C4H and FDR and low photosynthesis also contributed to the altered color and flavor of ZJ. Thus, our study provides a better molecular understanding of the effect of purple coloration on leaf flavor, and helps to guide future engineering improvement of palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- College of tropic crops, Yunnan agricultural University, Puer 665000, China;
- Department of genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-706-542-7929 (X.W.); +86-879-220-6630 (J.L.)
| | - Ben-ying Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Menghai 666201, China; (B.-y.L.); (X.S.); (Y.L.)
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Qingshi Zhao
- College of tropic crops, Yunnan agricultural University, Puer 665000, China;
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Menghai 666201, China; (B.-y.L.); (X.S.); (Y.L.)
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Menghai 666201, China; (B.-y.L.); (X.S.); (Y.L.)
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Zhifen Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Menghai 666201, China; (B.-y.L.); (X.S.); (Y.L.)
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Xinli Miao
- School of mathematics and statistics, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong 675000, China;
| | - Shan Luo
- College of agriculture and biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of tropic crops, Yunnan agricultural University, Puer 665000, China;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-706-542-7929 (X.W.); +86-879-220-6630 (J.L.)
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Abstract
Metastasis of cells from primary site to distant organs involves a series of sequential steps, and molecules responsible for all these events are understandably considered as potential targets for metastasis management. Tea polyphenols, the secondary metabolites of the tea leaf Camellia sinensis, are increasingly being studied for their antimetastatic properties. In this article, effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) and black tea polyphenols (BTP) on the molecules and events involved in metastasis are discussed in detail. As tea is a very popular beverage, tea polyphenols are expected to be potential chemopreventive agents that can be taken with normal diet and can be nontoxic due to their natural origin. However, individual variations in metabolic pathways, bioavailability, dose, and toxicity are some important factors that can modify the effectiveness of tea polyphenols within the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Bag
- Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Arundhati Bag
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, India
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Zhu W, Zhong Z, Liu S, Yang B, Komatsu S, Ge Z, Tian J. Organ-Specific Analysis of Morus alba Using a Gel-Free/Label-Free Proteomic Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020365. [PMID: 30654535 PMCID: PMC6359061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus alba is an important medicinal plant that is used to treat human diseases. The leaf, branch, and root of Morus can be applied as antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory medicines, respectively. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the various pharmacological functions within different parts of Morus, organ-specific proteomics were performed. Protein profiles of the Morus leaf, branch, and root were determined using a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique. In the Morus leaf, branch, and root, a total of 492, 414, and 355 proteins were identified, respectively, including 84 common proteins. In leaf, the main function was related to protein degradation, photosynthesis, and redox ascorbate/glutathione metabolism. In branch, the main function was related to protein synthesis/degradation, stress, and redox ascorbate/glutathione metabolism. In root, the main function was related to protein synthesis/degradation, stress, and cell wall. Additionally, organ-specific metabolites and antioxidant activities were analyzed. These results revealed that flavonoids were highly accumulated in Morus root compared with the branch and leaf. Accordingly, two root-specific proteins named chalcone flavanone isomerase and flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase were accumulated in the flavonoid pathway. Consistent with this finding, the content of the total flavonoids was higher in root compared to those detected in branch and leaf. These results suggest that the flavonoids in Morus root might be responsible for its biological activity and the root is the main part for flavonoid biosynthesis in Morus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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