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Ding M, Zhu Y, Kinoshita T. Stomatal properties of Arabidopsis cauline and rice flag leaves and their contributions to seed production and grain yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1957-1973. [PMID: 36520996 PMCID: PMC10049919 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cauline leaves on the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana may play important roles in supplying photosynthetic products to sinks, such as floral organs. Flag leaves in rice (Oryza sativa) have a higher photosynthetic capacity than other leaves, and are crucial for increasing grain yield. However, the detailed properties of stomata in cauline and flag leaves have not been investigated. In Arabidopsis, stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate were higher in cauline leaves under white light than in rosette leaves, consistent with higher levels of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, a key enzyme for stomatal opening, in guard cells. Moreover, removal of cauline leaves significantly reduced the shoot biomass by approximately 20% and seed production by approximately 46%. In rice, higher stomatal density, stomatal conductance, and CO2 assimilation rate were observed in flag leaves than in fully expanded second leaves. Removal of the flag leaves significantly reduced grain yield by approximately 49%. Taken together, these results show that cauline and flag leaves have important roles in seed production and grain yield through enhanced stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Plant Physiology laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- College of Resource and Environment Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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2
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Xie J, Fernandes SB, Mayfield-Jones D, Erice G, Choi M, E Lipka A, Leakey ADB. Optical topometry and machine learning to rapidly phenotype stomatal patterning traits for maize QTL mapping. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1462-1480. [PMID: 34618057 PMCID: PMC8566313 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are adjustable pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the tradeoff of CO2 uptake with water vapor loss, thus having critical roles in controlling photosynthetic carbon gain and plant water use. The lack of easy, rapid methods for phenotyping epidermal cell traits have limited discoveries about the genetic basis of stomatal patterning. A high-throughput epidermal cell phenotyping pipeline is presented here and used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in field-grown maize (Zea mays). The locations and sizes of stomatal complexes and pavement cells on images acquired by an optical topometer from mature leaves were automatically determined. Computer estimated stomatal complex density (SCD; R2 = 0.97) and stomatal complex area (SCA; R2 = 0.71) were strongly correlated with human measurements. Leaf gas exchange traits were genetically correlated with the dimensions and proportions of stomatal complexes (rg = 0.39-0.71) but did not correlate with SCD. Heritability of epidermal traits was moderate to high (h2 = 0.42-0.82) across two field seasons. Thirty-six QTL were consistently identified for a given trait in both years. Twenty-four clusters of overlapping QTL for multiple traits were identified, with univariate versus multivariate single marker analysis providing evidence consistent with pleiotropy in multiple cases. Putative orthologs of genes known to regulate stomatal patterning in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were located within some, but not all, of these regions. This study demonstrates how discovery of the genetic basis for stomatal patterning can be accelerated in maize, a C4 model species where these processes are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Samuel B Fernandes
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Dustin Mayfield-Jones
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Gorka Erice
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Min Choi
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Author for communication: , cor2">Present address: Agrotecnologías Naturales S.L., 43762 Tarragona, Spain
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3
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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Han SK, Kwak JM, Qi X. Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751852. [PMID: 34707632 PMCID: PMC8542704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soon-Ki Han,
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
- Xingyun Qi,
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Zeng SM, Lo EKW, Hazelton BJ, Morales MF, Torii KU. Effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning. Development 2020; 147:dev192237. [PMID: 32816968 PMCID: PMC7502594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Zeng
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily K W Lo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bryna J Hazelton
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Miguel F Morales
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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6
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Higaki T, Akita K, Hasezawa S. Elevated CO 2 promotes satellite stomata production in young cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Cells 2020; 25:475-482. [PMID: 32294311 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are tiny pores on plant leaves and stems surrounded by a pair of differentiated epidermal cells known as guard cells. Plants undergo guard cell differentiation in response to environmental cues, including atmospheric CO2 . To quantitatively evaluate stomatal development in response to elevated CO2 , imaging analysis of stomata was conducted using young cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (1,000 ppm) CO2 conditions. Our analysis revealed that treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 did not affect stomatal numbers on abaxial sides of cotyledons but increased cotyledon area, resulting in decreased stomatal density, 7 days after germination. Interestingly, this treatment also perturbed the uniform distribution of stomata via excess satellite stomata and stomatal precursor cells. We used overexpression lines of the DNA replication licensing factor gene CDC6, a reported positive regulator of satellite stomata production. CDC6 overexpression decreased the speed of cotyledon expansion, even under treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 , possibly by suppressing pavement cell maturation. In contrast, treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 induced stomatal distribution changes in the overexpressor. These results suggest that treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 enhances both cotyledon expansion and satellite stomata production via independent pathways, at least in young cotyledons of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Li M, Klein LL, Duncan KE, Jiang N, Chitwood DH, Londo JP, Miller AJ, Topp CN. Characterizing 3D inflorescence architecture in grapevine using X-ray imaging and advanced morphometrics: implications for understanding cluster density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6261-6276. [PMID: 31504758 PMCID: PMC6859732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence architecture provides the scaffold on which flowers and fruits develop, and consequently is a primary trait under investigation in many crop systems. Yet the challenge remains to analyse these complex 3D branching structures with appropriate tools. High information content datasets are required to represent the actual structure and facilitate full analysis of both the geometric and the topological features relevant to phenotypic variation in order to clarify evolutionary and developmental inflorescence patterns. We combined advanced imaging (X-ray tomography) and computational approaches (topological and geometric data analysis and structural simulations) to comprehensively characterize grapevine inflorescence architecture (the rachis and all branches without berries) among 10 wild Vitis species. Clustering and correlation analyses revealed unexpected relationships, for example pedicel branch angles were largely independent of other traits. We identified multivariate traits that typified species, which allowed us to classify species with 78.3% accuracy, versus 10% by chance. Twelve traits had strong signals across phylogenetic clades, providing insight into the evolution of inflorescence architecture. We provide an advanced framework to quantify 3D inflorescence and other branched plant structures that can be used to tease apart subtle, heritable features for a better understanding of genetic and environmental effects on plant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura L Klein
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ni Jiang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason P Londo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Allison J Miller
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Delgado D, Sánchez-Bermejo E, de Marcos A, Martín-Jimenez C, Fenoll C, Alonso-Blanco C, Mena M. A Genetic Dissection of Natural Variation for Stomatal Abundance Traits in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1392. [PMID: 31781138 PMCID: PMC6859887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal abundance varies widely across natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana, and presumably affects plant performance because it influences water and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and thence photosynthesis and transpiration. In order to determine the genetic basis of this natural variation, we have analyzed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the wild accession Ll-0 and the reference strain Landsberg erecta (Ler), which show low and high stomatal abundance, respectively. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of stomatal index, stomatal density, and pavement cell density measured in the adaxial cotyledon epidermis, identified five loci. Three of the genomic regions affect all traits and were named MID (Modulator of Cell Index and Density) 1 to 3. MID2 is a large-effect QTL overlapping with ERECTA (ER), the er-1 allele from Ler increasing all trait values. Additional analyses of natural and induced loss-of-function er mutations in different genetic backgrounds revealed that ER dysfunctions have differential and opposite effects on the stomatal index in adaxial and abaxial cotyledon epidermis and confirmed that ER is the gene underlying MID2. Ll-0 alleles at MID1 and MID3 displayed moderate and positive effects on the various traits. Furthermore, detailed developmental studies tracking primary and satellite stomatal lineages show that MID3-Ll-0 allele promotes the spacing divisions that initiate satellite lineages, while the ER allele limits them. Finally, expression analyses suggest that ER and MID3 modulate satellization through partly different regulatory pathways. Our characterization of MID3 indicates that genetic modulation of satellization contributes to the variation for stomatal abundance in natural populations, and subsequently that this trait might be involved in plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Bermejo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Jimenez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Holohan AD, Müller C, McElwain J. Heritable Changes in Physiological Gas Exchange Traits in Response to Long-Term, Moderate Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1210. [PMID: 31681354 PMCID: PMC6802601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) concentrations significantly alter developmental plant traits with potentially far-reaching consequences for ecosystem function and productivity. However, contemporary evolutionary responses among extant plant species that coincide with modern, anthropogenically driven [CO2] rise have rarely been demonstrated among field-grown plant populations. Here we present findings from a long-term, free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study in a seminatural European grassland ecosystem in which we observe a differential capacity among plant species to acclimate intrinsic water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in response to prolonged multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2] concentrations. In a reciprocal swap trial, using controlled environment growth chambers, we germinated seeds from six of the most dominant plant species at the FACE site [Arrhenatherum elatius (L.), Trisetum flavescens (L.), Holcus lanatus (L.), Geranium pratense (L.), Sanguisorba officinalis (L.), and Plantago lanceolata (L.)]. We found that long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] strongly influenced the dynamic control of WUEi in the first filial generations (F1) of all species as well as an unequal ability to adapt to changes in the [CO2] of the growth environment among those species. Furthermore, despite trait-environment relationships of this nature often being considered evidence for local adaptation in plants, we demonstrate that the ability to increase WUEi does not necessarily translate to an ecological advantage in diverse species mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan David Holohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christoph Müller
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Plant Ecology and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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