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da Silva RC, Oliveira HC, Igamberdiev AU, Stasolla C, Gaspar M. Interplay between nitric oxide and inorganic nitrogen sources in root development and abiotic stress responses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 297:154241. [PMID: 38640547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants, and the sources from which it is obtained can differently affect their entire development as well as stress responses. Distinct inorganic N sources (nitrate and ammonium) can lead to fluctuations in the nitric oxide (NO) levels and thus interfere with nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses. These could lead to changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, hormone synthesis and signaling, and post-translational modifications of key proteins. As the consensus suggests that NO is primarily synthesized in the reductive pathways involving nitrate and nitrite reduction, it is expected that plants grown in a nitrate-enriched environment will produce more NO than those exposed to ammonium. Although the interplay between NO and different N sources in plants has been investigated, there are still many unanswered questions that require further elucidation. By building on previous knowledge regarding NO and N nutrition, this review expands the field by examining in more detail how NO responses are influenced by different N sources, focusing mainly on root development and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Caetano da Silva
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Marilia Gaspar
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil.
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Zhou X, Li H, Wang A, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang C. Subsurface wastewater infiltration systems for nitrogen pollution control. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11061. [PMID: 38881414 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Subsurface wastewater infiltration systems (SWISs) are suggested to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for sewage treatment. However, a comprehensive summary of the relevant mechanisms and optimization methods for nitrogen (N) removal in SWIS is currently lacking. In this review, we first summarize the N transformation mechanisms in SWIS. The impact of operational parameters on the N removal efficiency is then delineated. To enhance pollutant removal and minimize resource wastage, it is advisable to maintain a wet-dry ratio of 1:1 and a hydraulic loading rate of 8-10 cm/day. The organic load should be determined based on influent characteristics to optimize the balance between sewage treatment and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Finally, various strategies and modifications have been suggested to enhance pollutant removal efficiency and reduce N2O emissions in SWIS, such as artificial aeration, supply electron donors, and well-designed structures. Overall, greater emphasis should be placed on the design and management of SWIS to optimize their co-benefits while effectively controlling N pollution. PRACTITIONER POINTS: SWISs are often considered black boxes with their efficiency depending on hydraulic characteristics, biological characteristics, and substrate properties. Biological nitrification coupled with denitrification is considered to be the major N removal process. Increasing the reduction of N2O to the inert N2 form is a potential mechanism to mitigate global warming. Strategies such as artificial aeration, supply electron donors, and well-designed structures are suggested to improve N removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhou
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Ministry of Natural Resource, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- School of Energy and Water Resources, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Zhou X, Li H, Wang A, Gurmesa GA, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang C, Fang Y. Transformation mechanisms of ammonium and nitrate in subsurface wastewater infiltration system: Implication for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121031. [PMID: 38134860 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS) has been recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly tool for wastewater treatment. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the transformation processes of nitrogen (N), hindering the improvement of the N removal efficiency in SWIS. Here, the migration and transformation mechanisms of ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3+-N) over 10 days were explored by 15N labeling technique. Over the study period, 49% of the added 15NH4+-N remained in the soil, 29% was removed via gaseous N emissions, and 14% was leaked with the effluent in the SWIS. In contrast, only 11% of the added 15NO3--N remained in the soil while 65% of the added 15NO3--N was removed via gaseous N emissions, and 12% with the effluent in the SWIS. The main pathway for N2O emission was denitrification (52-70%) followed by nitrification (15-28%) and co-denitrification (9-20%). Denitrification was also the predominant pathway for N loss as N2, accounting for 88-96% of the N2 emission. The dominant biological transformation processes were different at divergent soil depths, corresponding to nitrification zone and denitrification zone along the longitudinal continuum in SWIS, which was confirmed by the expression patterns of microbial gene abundance. Overall, our findings reveal the mechanism of N transformation in SWIS and provide a theoretical basis for establishing a pollutant management strategy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhou
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - Ang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China.
| | - Geshere Abdisa Gurmesa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- School of Energy and Water Resources, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
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Guan M, Pan XC, Sun JK, Chen JX, Kong DL, Feng YL. Nitrogen acquisition strategy and its effects on invasiveness of a subtropical invasive plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243849. [PMID: 37670857 PMCID: PMC10475947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Preference and plasticity in nitrogen (N) form uptake are the main strategies with which plants absorb soil N. However, little effort has been made to explore effects of N form acquisition strategies, especially the plasticity, on invasiveness of exotic plants, although many studies have determined the effects of N levels (e.g. N deposition). Methods To address this problem, we studied the differences in N form acquisition strategies between the invasive plant Solidago canadensis and its co-occurring native plant Artemisia lavandulaefolia, effects of soil N environments, and the relationship between N form acquisition strategy of S. canadensis and its invasiveness using a 15N-labeling technique in three habitats at four field sites. Results Total biomass, root biomass, and the uptakes of soil dissolved inorganic N (DIN) per quadrat were higher for the invasive relative to the native species in all three habitats. The invader always preferred dominant soil N forms: NH4 + in habitats with NH4 + as the dominant DIN and NO3 - in habitats with NO3 - as the dominant DIN, while A. lavandulaefolia consistently preferred NO3 - in all habitats. Plasticity in N form uptake was higher in the invasive relative to the native species, especially in the farmland. Plant N form acquisition strategy was influenced by both DIN levels and the proportions of different N forms (NO3 -/NH4 +) as judged by their negative effects on the proportional contributions of NH4 + to plant N (f NH4 +) and the preference for NH4 + (β NH4 +). In addition, total biomass was positively associated with f NH4 + or β NH4 + for S. canadensis, while negatively for A. lavandulaefolia. Interestingly, the species may prefer to absorb NH4 + when soil DIN and/or NO3 -/NH4 + ratio were low, and root to shoot ratio may be affected by plant nutrient status per se, rather than by soil nutrient availability. Discussion Our results indicate that the superior N form acquisition strategy of the invader contributes to its higher N uptake, and therefore to its invasiveness in different habitats, improving our understanding of invasiveness of exotic plants in diverse habitats in terms of utilization of different N forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Kun Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ji-Xin Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - De-Liang Kong
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Long Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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The Relationship between Ectomycorrhizal Fungi, Nitrogen Deposition, and Pinus massoniana Seedling Nitrogen Transporter Gene Expression and Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010065. [PMID: 36675886 PMCID: PMC9862668 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the molecular and physiological processes that govern the uptake and transport of nitrogen (N) in plants is central to efforts to fully understand the optimization of plant N use and the changes in the N-use efficiency in relation to changes in atmospheric N deposition changes. Here, a field experiment was conducted using the ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Suillus grevillei (Sg). The effects of N deposition were investigated using concentrations of 0 kg·N·hm-2a-1 (N0), a normal N deposition of 30 kg·N·hm-2a-1 (N30), a moderate N deposition of 60 kg·N·hm-2a-1 (N60), and a severe N deposition of 90 kg·N·hm-2a-1 (N90), with the goal of examining how these factors impacted root activity, root absorbing area, NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics, and the expression of ammonium and nitrate transporter genes in Pinus massoniana seedlings under different levels of N deposition. These data revealed that EMF inoculation led to increased root dry weight, activity, and absorbing area. The NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics in seedlings conformed to the Michaelis-Menten equation, and uptake rates declined with increasing levels of N addition, with NH4+ uptake rates remaining higher than NO3- uptake rates for all tested concentrations. EMF inoculation was associated with higher Vmax values than were observed for non-mycorrhizal plants. Nitrogen addition resulted in the upregulation of genes in the AMT1 family and the downregulation of genes in the NRT family. EMF inoculation under the N60 and N90 treatment conditions resulted in the increased expression of each of both these gene families. NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics were also positively correlated with associated transporter gene expression in P. massoniana roots. Together, these data offer a theoretical foundation for EMF inoculation under conditions of increased N deposition associated with climate change in an effort to improve N absorption and transport rates through the regulation of key nitrogen transporter genes, thereby enhancing N utilization efficiency and promoting plant growth. Synopsis: EMF could enhance the efficiency of N utilization and promote the growth of Pinus massoniana under conditions of increased N deposition.
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Hu CC, Liu XY. Plant nitrogen-use strategies and their responses to the urban elevation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119969. [PMID: 35981639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The elevation of nitrogen (N) deposition by urbanization profoundly impacts the structure and function of surrounding forest ecosystems. Plants are major biomass sinks of external N inputs into forests. Yet, the N-use strategies of forest plants in many areas remain unconstrained in city areas, so their responses and adapting mechanisms to the elevated N deposition are open questions. Here we investigated concentrations and N isotope (δ15N) of total N (TN) and nitrate (NO3-) in leaves and roots of four plant species in subtropical shrubberies and pine forests under N deposition levels of 13 kg-N ha-1 yr-1 and 29 kg-N ha-1 yr-1 at the Guiyang area of southwestern China, respectively. The δ15N differences between plant NO3- and soil NO3- revealed a meager NO3- reduction in leaves but a preferentially high NO3- reduction in roots. δ15N mass-balance analyses between plant TN and soil dissolved N suggested that soil NO3- contributed more than reduced N, and dissolved organic N contributed comparably with ammonium to plant TN, and the study plants preferred NO3- over reduced N. The elevation of N deposition induced root but not leaf NO3- reduction and enhanced the contribution of soil NO3- to plant TN, but plant NO3- preference decreased due to much higher magnitudes of soil NO3- enrichment than plant NO3- utilization. We conclude that plants in subtropical forests of southwestern China preferred NO3- over reduced N, and NO3- was reduced more in roots than in leaves, anthropogenic N pollution enhanced soil NO3- enrichment and plant NO3- utilization but reduced plant NO3- preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chen Hu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Chi G, Zeng F, Wang Y, Chen X. Phosphorus dynamics in litter-soil systems during litter decomposition in larch plantations across the chronosequence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010458. [PMID: 36275595 PMCID: PMC9585294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of phosphorus (P) in litter-soil systems during litter decomposition across a plantation chronosequence remain to be underinvestigated, especially in terms of the nutrient cycle in plantations. In this study, the P dynamics in a litter-soil system of larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations at three stand ages (10, 25, and 50 years old) were examined through a 4-year in situ decomposition experiment (experiment 1) and a 360-day indoor incubation experiment (experiment 2). The aim of experiment 1 and experiment 2 is to determine the P dynamics in litter and soil, respectively. The results in experiment 1 suggested that litter mass retained 34.1%-42.5% of the initial mass after a 4-year decomposition period, and the turnover time (t0.95) of the decomposition was 11.3, 13.9, and 11.8 years for 10-, 25- and 50-year-old stand larch plantations, respectively. Litter exhibited a net P decrease during the first 180 days, followed by a phase of a net P increase. The lowest P accumulation rate was found in the 25-year-old stand during the P immobilization stage. This immobilization phase was followed by a slow litter P decrease. Highly correlated relations were found between the litter decomposition rate and the initial litter N concentration and C/N, whereas the P accumulation rate was noticeably correlated with the initial litter P and C/P. The results in experiment 2 showed that litter addition promoted the accumulation of the highly labile P (resin P, NaHCO3-Pi, and NaHCO3-Po), as well as moderately labile Pi (NaOH-Pi) in the soil. The findings obtained suggest that soil microbial biomass P and acid phosphatase activity were the primary factors driving the activation of soil P during litter decomposition. These findings would be beneficial to the systematic understanding of the nutrient cycle in plant-soil systems and litter management during the development of larch plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanpeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Hu X, Li W, Liu Q, Yin C. Interactions between species change the uptake of ammonium and nitrate in Abies faxoniana and Picea asperata. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1396-1410. [PMID: 34962272 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant nitrogen (N) uptake is affected by plant-plant interactions, but the mechanisms remain unknown. A 15N-labeled technique was used in a pot experiment to analyze the uptake rate of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) by Abies faxoniana Rehd. et Wils and Picea asperata Mast. in single-plant mode, intraspecific and interspecific interactions. The results indicated that the effects of plant-plant interactions on N uptake rate depended on plant species and N forms. Picea asperata had a higher N uptake rate of both N forms than A. faxoniana, and both species preferred NO3-. Compared with single-plant mode, intraspecific interaction increased NH4+ uptake for A. faxoniana but reduced that for P. asperata, while it did not change NO3- uptake for the two species. The interspecific interaction enhanced N uptake of both N forms for A. faxoniana but did not affect the P. asperata compared with single-plant mode. NH4+ and NO3- uptake rates for the two species were regulated by root N concentration, root nitrate reductase activity, root vigor, soil pH and soil N availability under plant-plant interactions. Decreased NH4+ uptake rate for P. asperata under intraspecific interaction was induced by lower root N concentration and nitrate reductase activity. The positive effects of interspecific interaction on N uptake for A. faxoniana could be determined mainly by positive rhizosphere effects, such as high soil pH. From the perspective of root-soil interactions, our study provides insight into how plant-plant interactions affect N uptake, which can help to understand species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wanting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Liang P, Jingan X, Liying S. The effects of reclaimed water irrigation on the soil characteristics and microbial populations of plant rhizosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17570-17579. [PMID: 34669129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of irrigation with different water qualities on the soil characteristics of 8 kinds of garden plants were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH (ranging at 7.76-8.73) had no significant difference in different soils compared with the contrast treatment. Under the reclaimed water irrigation, the content of soil total salinity, chloride ions, and water soluble sodium in soil of most plants was averagely 160.3%, 83.3%, and 67.5% higher than that of tap water, respectively. The influences of reclaimed water irrigation on soil nutrients were changed with the types of plants. The content of soil organic matter and the available potassium showed no significant differences in most plants. Compared with the tap water irrigation, the content of alkaline nitrogen in 5 plants increased (averagely 25.8%) after 5-year irrigation with reclaimed water. In terms of soil microorganism, the increase of soil microbial population, including bacteria, fungus and actinomycetes, has been promoted by different levels of reclaimed water irrigation, which is closely related with soil nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jingan
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Liying
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu F, Dai L, Hobbie EA, Qu Y, Huang D, Gurmesa GA, Zhou X, Wang A, Li Y, Fang Y. Quantifying nitrogen uptake and translocation for mature trees: an in situ whole-tree paired 15N labeling method. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2109-2125. [PMID: 34014313 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients limiting plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. To avoid plant-microbe competition, previous studies on plant N uptake preference often used hydroponic experiments on fine roots of seedlings and demonstrated ammonium preference for conifer species; however, we lack information about N uptake and translocation in the field. In this paper, we described a method of in situ paired 15N labeling and reported the rates and time course of N uptake and translocation by mature trees in situ. We added 15N-enriched ammonium or nitrate, together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, to paired Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr (larch) trees from 30-, 40- and 50-year-old plantations. Fine roots, coarse roots, leaves and small branches were collected 2, 4, 7, 14 and 30 days after labeling. Nitrate uptake and translocation averaged 1.59 ± 0.16 μg 15N g-1 day-1, which is slightly higher than ammonium (1.08 ± 0.10 μg 15N g-1 day-1), in all tree organs. Nitrate contributed 50-78% to N uptake and translocation, indicating efficient nitrate use by larch in situ. We observed no age effect. We suggest that sampling leaves after 4 days of 15N labeling is sufficient to detect mature tree N uptake preference in situ. Whole-tree 15N-ammonium recovery equaled that of 15N-nitrate 30 days after 15N addition, implying the importance of both ammonium and nitrate to mature larch N use in the long run. We conclude that our method is promising for studying mature tree N uptake preference in situ and can be applied to other conifer and broadleaf species. We suggest using highly enriched 15N tracer to overcome soil dilution and a nitrification inhibitor to minimize ammonium transformation to nitrate. Our study revealed mature tree N preference in situ and demonstrated the strong contribution of nitrate toward mature larch growth on soils rich in nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Luming Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3525, USA
| | - Yuying Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Dan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Geshere A Gurmesa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Xulun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
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Feyissa A, Yang F, Wu J, Chen Q, Zhang D, Cheng X. Soil nitrogen dynamics at a regional scale along a precipitation gradient in secondary grassland of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146736. [PMID: 33812122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) is primarily regulated by the rates of soil N transformation, including mineralization, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification, and are sensitive to climate, plant, and soil factors. However, the interactive effects among these factors regulating soil N transformation rates in ecosystems across large spatial scales remain unclear. Here, we investigated the spatial patterns of the potential N mineralization, nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification rates in relation to plant traits and soil edaphic conditions across a 600-km precipitation gradient in secondary grasslands of South China. The soil potential N mineralization and nitrification rates significantly increased with increasing precipitation. However, the soil potential N ammonification and denitrification rates did not significantly vary with precipitation. Moreover, the soil potential N nitrification and denitrification rates significantly increased with increasing soil pH, whereas the potential N mineralization and ammonification rates decreased with increasing soil pH. The soil potential N mineralization rate was positively correlated with soil labile N but negatively correlated with soil recalcitrant C and N contents. Our results revealed that changes in soil NH4+-N and pH along precipitation gradients primarily controlled the potential N mineralization, nitrification, and ammonification rates. In contrast, soil NO3--N, soil pH, and plant N inputs predominantly regulated the potential N denitrification rate. Overall, our results reveal that soil N transformation varies along the precipitation gradient, and these results need to be considered when studying the effects of climate change on N cycling in grassland ecosystems across diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Feyissa
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Junjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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12
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Smith CJ, Chalk PM. Organic N compounds in plant nutrition: have methodologies based on stable isotopes provided unequivocal evidence of direct N uptake? ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:333-349. [PMID: 34074191 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1932871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, interest has developed in regard to the possibility that plant roots can take up organic N compounds directly, a concept which challenges the conventional wisdom that soil inorganic N forms (NH4+ and NO3-) are the sole primary sources of N absorbed by plant roots. We reviewed the literature based on single or dual (15N, 13C) stable isotope labelling techniques to test the hypothesis of direct uptake. Both isotopically enriched and natural abundance approaches were reviewed. Of the methods examined, the dual enrichment technique, when combined with compound specific and position-specific stable isotope analysis, provided incontrovertible evidence for direct uptake of simple amino acids. We demonstrate that dual labelling lacks overall sensitivity due to the high C concentration in plant tissue relative to N, and the higher natural abundance of 13C cf. 15N, which limits the period of measurement due to isotope dilution, and hence an assessment of the long-term contribution of direct uptake to the N economy of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip M Chalk
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Qian J, Jin W, Hu J, Wang P, Wang C, Lu B, Li K, He X, Tang S. Stable isotope analyses of nitrogen source and preference for ammonium versus nitrate of riparian plants during the plant growing season in Taihu Lake Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143029. [PMID: 33129526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants are vital components of the nitrogen (N) cycling in the riparian zones. Understanding of N uptake strategies of riparian plants, including N sources and preference in N forms (ammonium (NH4+) vs. nitrate (NO3-)), is essential to advance our knowledge on the role that plants play in regulating nutrient biogeochemical cyclings in the riparian areas. In this study, stable N isotopes (δ15N) of three riparian plants, including Acorus calamus, Canna indica and Phragmites australis, and the δ15N of NH4+ and NO3- in different sources were measured during the plant growing season (June-September) in the Taihu Lake Basin. The dissolved inorganic N (DIN) from river water, groundwater, rainwater and soil were considered as the major N sources for plants in the riparian ecosystem. Our results indicated that soil was the largest source for plant N nutrition, with significantly different (P < 0.05) contributions from soil observed among plant species (80.5 ± 4.1, 73.9 ± 2.8 and 58.7 ± 6.1% for A. calamus, C. indica, and P. australis, respectively). Meanwhile, complex water networks, shallow water tables, and high DIN content in rainwater lead to nonignorable N contributions from river water, groundwater and rainwater to plants. Groundwater contributed more percentage of N to P. australis (12.8 ± 3.2%) than A. calamus (6.1 ± 1.9%) and C. indica (8.0 ± 1.5%), which is likely attributed to the deeper roots of P. australis. All plants showed similar N preference for NO3- during the growing season. External environmental conditions and plant characteristics and adaption to more abundant soil NO3- content are possible explanations. Our research could provide important information for vegetation selections during the process of riparian ecological restoration. Reasonable choice of vegetation is essential to plant growth and water quality management, especially in agricultural watersheds where N concentrations are relatively high in agricultural runoff due to the wide uses of N fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Soil and Water Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianhe Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixian He
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zhou X, Wang A, Hobbie EA, Zhu F, Qu Y, Dai L, Li D, Liu X, Zhu W, Koba K, Li Y, Fang Y. Mature conifers assimilate nitrate as efficiently as ammonium from soils in four forest plantations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3184-3194. [PMID: 33226653 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifers are considered to prefer to take up ammonium (NH4+ ) over nitrate (NO3- ). However, this conclusion is mainly based on hydroponic experiments that separate roots from soils. It remains unclear to what extent mature conifers can use nitrate compared to ammonium under field conditions where both roots and soil microbes compete for nitrogen (N). We conducted an in situ whole mature tree nitrogen-15 (15 N) labeling experiment (15 NH4+ vs 15 NO3- ) over 15 d to quantify ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation rates in four 40-yr-old monoculture coniferous plantations (Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris, Picea koraiensis and Larix olgensis, respectively). For the whole tree, 15 NO3- contributed 39% to 90% to total 15 N tracer uptake among four plantations during the study period. At day 3, the 15 NO3- accounted for 77%, 64%, 62% and 59% by Larix olgensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris and Picea koraiensis, respectively. Our study indicates that mature coniferous trees assimilated nitrate as efficiently as ammonium from soils even at low soil nitrate concentration, in contrast to the results from hydroponic experiments showing that ammonium uptake dominated over nitrate. This implies that mature conifers can adapt to increasing availability of nitrate in soil, for example, under the context of globalization of N deposition and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Feifei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuying Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Luming Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Insititute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weixing Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Keisuke Koba
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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15
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Zhou H, Wu S, Wang H, Li Y, Liu X, Zhou Y. The preparation of porous carbon materials derived from bio-protic ionic liquid with application in flexible solid-state supercapacitors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:124023. [PMID: 33254832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have attracted much more attentions for its wide application in catalyst, green solvents and carbon precursors. Herein, N/P co-doped porous carbon materials with developed pore structure were facilely prepared from the phosphoric acid protic ionic liquid of arginine (Arg[H2PO4]2) and (NH4)2HPO4. The former acted as the carbon precursor, heteroatom source and mesopore generator, while the latter worked as the activator which had great impact on the pore distribution and microstructure. The porous carbon materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, Raman and N2 adsorption analysis in system, indicating that Arg-2-900 was promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. It exhibited high specific capacitance retention of 94% after 10000 cycles with stable electric double layer capacitors. The assembled symmetrical supercapacitors exhibited a wide voltage window in alkaline electrolyte and neutral aqueous electrolyte, displaying high energy density and power density, respectively. In addition, the solid-state supercapacitors were prepared and showed good flexibility after bending the flexible supercapacitor cell at different angles. The results demonstrated the successful synthesis of N/P co-doped porous carbon materials form Arg[H2PO4]2 and broad application in wearable storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory for Advanced Silicon Carbide Materials, Research Center of Functional Materials, Kaifeng University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shumeng Wu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - He Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yanmei Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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16
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Li X, Zhu W, Meng G, Zhang C, Guo R. Efficiency and kinetics of conventional pollutants and tetracyclines removal in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands enhanced by aeration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 273:111120. [PMID: 32745882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) is considered as a potential alternative for domestic wastewater treatment of towns and small cities. Oxygen supply is the main limitation of pollutants removal in IVCWs. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the capacity and kinetics of pollutants removal in IVCWs with/without artificial aeration. Two IVCWs constructed with Canna indica and Phragmites australis were running in continuous flow to remove high concentrations of conventional pollutants and low concentrations of tetracyclines (TETs), which are at similar levels of domestic wastewater. The results showed that IVCWs had a good performance on COD, phosphorus, and TETs with removal efficiencies over 80%, 64%, and 75%, respectively, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.0 d. However, the removal of nitrogen was limited, showing as TN removal efficiency of about 30%. The IVCW with Phragmites australis had a higher removal efficiency and rate. A kinetics based on Monod Equation and solved with Matlab 2018a could describe the degradation of conventional pollutants. Artificial aeration improved the oxygen supply and remarkably raised the removal capacity for COD, N, and P in IVCWs. The q1/2 values, which was defined as the average removal loading before half of the pollutants was removed and represented the removal capacity without limitation of pollutants concentration, were increased by 5-30 times after aeration. In conclusion, IVCWs could remove conventional pollutants and TETs simultaneously showing a great potential in domestic wastewater treatment. Artificial aeration enhanced removal capacity of IVCWs on conventional pollutants while showed little influence on TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Li
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Engineering Research Centre for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Weigang Zhu
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Engineering Research Centre for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Gengjian Meng
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Engineering Research Centre for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; School of Geography, Archaeology & Irish Studies & Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Ruichao Guo
- National Demonstration Center for Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Engineering Research Centre for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of Masson Pine ( Pinus massoniana Lamb.) Seedling Root in Response to Nitrate and Ammonium Supplementations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207548. [PMID: 33066140 PMCID: PMC7593940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Plant species respond to N fluctuations and N sources, i.e., ammonium or nitrate, differently. Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is one of the pioneer plants in the southern forests of China. It shows better growth when grown in medium containing ammonium as compared to nitrate. In this study, we had grown masson pine seedlings in medium containing ammonium, nitrate, and a mixture of both, and performed comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses to observe the differential signatures. Our transcriptome and proteome resulted in the identification of 1593 and 71 differentially expressed genes and proteins, respectively. Overall, the masson pine roots had better performance when fed with a mixture of ammonium and nitrate. The transcriptomic and proteomics results combined with the root morphological responses suggest that when ammonium is supplied as a sole N-source to masson pine seedlings, the expression of ammonium transporters and other non-specific NH4+-channels increased, resulting in higher NH4+ concentrations. This stimulates lateral roots branching as evidenced from increased number of root tips. We discussed the root performance in association with ethylene responsive transcription factors, WRKYs, and MADS-box transcription factors. The differential analysis data suggest that the adaptability of roots to ammonium is possibly through the promotion of TCA cycle, owing to the higher expression of malate synthase and malate dehydrogenase. Masson pine seedlings managed the increased NH4+ influx by rerouting N resources to asparagine production. Additionally, flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways were differentially regulated in response to increased ammonium influx. Finally, changes in the glutathione s-transferase genes suggested the role of glutathione cycle in scavenging the possible stress induced by excess NH4+. These results demonstrate that masson pine shows increased growth when grown under ammonium by increased N assimilation. Furthermore, it can tolerate high NH4+ content by involving asparagine biosynthesis and glutathione cycle.
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