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Fu M, Liu S, Che Y, Cui D, Deng Z, Li Y, Zou X, Kong X, Chen G, Zhang M, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu W, Liu D, Geng S, Li A, Mao L. Genome-editing of a circadian clock gene TaPRR95 facilitates wheat peduncle growth and heading date. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00124-3. [PMID: 38849110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant height and heading date are important agronomic traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that affect final grain yield. In wheat, knowledge of pseudo-response regulator (PRR) genes on agronomic traits is limited. Here, we identify a wheat TaPRR95 gene by genome-wide association study to be associated with plant height. Triple allele mutant plants produced by CRISPR/Cas9 show increased plant height, particularly the peduncle, with an earlier heading date. The longer peduncle is mainly caused by the increased cell elongation at its upper section, whilst the early heading date is accompanied by elevated expression of flowering genes, such as TaFT and TaCO1. A peduncle-specific transcriptome analysis reveals up-regulated photosynthesis genes and down-regulated IAA/Aux genes for auxin signaling in prr95aabbdd plants that may act as a regulatory mechanism to promote robust plant growth. A haplotype analysis identifies a TaPRR95-B haplotype (Hap2) to be closely associated with reduced plant height and increased thousand-grain weight. Moreover, the Hap2 frequency is higher in cultivars than that in landraces, suggesting the artificial selection on the allele during wheat breeding. These findings suggest that TaPRR95 is a regulator for plant height and heading date, thereby providing an important target for wheat yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dada Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongyin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingchen Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Shuaifeng Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Aili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Long Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding and National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Makhoul M, Schlichtermann RH, Ugwuanyi S, Weber SE, Voss-Fels KP, Stahl A, Zetzsche H, Wittkop B, Snowdon RJ, Obermeier C. Novel PHOTOPERIOD-1 gene variants associate with yield-related and root-angle traits in European bread wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:125. [PMID: 38727862 PMCID: PMC11087350 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PHOTOPERIOD-1 homoeologous gene copies play a pivotal role in regulation of flowering time in wheat. Here, we show that their influence also extends to spike and shoot architecture and even impacts root development. The sequence diversity of three homoeologous copies of the PHOTOPERIOD-1 gene in European winter wheat was analyzed by Oxford Nanopore amplicon-based multiplex sequencing and molecular markers in a panel of 194 cultivars representing breeding progress over the past 5 decades. A strong, consistent association with an average 8% increase in grain yield was observed for the PpdA1-Hap1 haplotype across multiple environments. This haplotype was found to be linked in 51% of cultivars to the 2NS/2AS translocation, originally introduced from Aegilops ventricosa, which leads to an overestimation of its effect. However, even in cultivars without the 2NS/2AS translocation, PpdA1-Hap1 was significantly associated with increased grain yield, kernel per spike and kernel per m2 under optimal growth conditions, conferring a 4% yield advantage compared to haplotype PpdA1-Hap4. In contrast to Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1, the Ppd-A1 gene exhibits novel structural variations and a high number of SNPs, highlighting the evolutionary changes that have occurred in this region over the course of wheat breeding history. Additionally, cultivars carrying the photoperiod-insensitive Ppd-D1a allele not only exhibit earlier heading, but also deeper roots compared to those with photoperiod-sensitive alleles under German conditions. PCR and KASP assays have been developed that can be effectively employed in marker-assisted breeding programs to introduce these favorable haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Makhoul
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Samson Ugwuanyi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven E Weber
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kai P Voss-Fels
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Holger Zetzsche
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Obermeier
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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3
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Sehgal D, Rathan ND, Özdemir F, Keser M, Akin B, Dababat AA, Koc E, Dreisigacker S, Morgounov A. Genomic wide association study and selective sweep analysis identify genes associated with improved yield under drought in Turkish winter wheat germplasm. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8431. [PMID: 38600135 PMCID: PMC11006659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A panel comprising of 84 Turkish winter wheat landraces (LR) and 73 modern varieties (MV) was analyzed with genome wide association study (GWAS) to identify genes/genomic regions associated with increased yield under favorable and drought conditions. In addition, selective sweep analysis was conducted to detect signatures of selection in the winter wheat genome driving the differentiation between LR and MV, to gather an understanding of genomic regions linked to adaptation and yield improvement. The panel was genotyped with 25 K wheat SNP array and phenotyped for agronomic traits for two growing seasons (2018 and 2019) in Konya, Turkey. Year 2018 was treated as drought environment due to very low precipitation prior to heading whereas year 2019 was considered as a favorable season. GWAS conducted with SNPs and haplotype blocks using mixed linear model identified 18 genomic regions in the vicinities of known genes i.e., TaERF3-3A, TaERF3-3B, DEP1-5A, FRIZZY PANICLE-2D, TaSnRK23-1A, TaAGL6-A, TaARF12-2A, TaARF12-2B, WAPO1, TaSPL16-7D, TaTGW6-A1, KAT-2B, TaOGT1, TaSPL21-6B, TaSBEIb, trs1/WFZP-A, TaCwi-A1-2A and TaPIN1-7A associated with grain yield (GY) and yield related traits. Haplotype-based GWAS identified five haplotype blocks (H1A-42, H2A-71, H4A-48, H7B-123 and H7B-124), with the favorable haplotypes showing a yield increase of > 700 kg/ha in the drought season. SNP-based GWAS, detected only one larger effect genomic region on chromosome 7B, in common with haplotype-based GWAS. On an average, the percentage variation (PV) explained by haplotypes was 8.0% higher than PV explained by SNPs for all the investigated traits. Selective sweep analysis detected 39 signatures of selection between LR and MV of which 15 were within proximity of known functional genes controlling flowering (PRR-A1, PPR-D1, TaHd1-6B), GY and GY components (TaSus2-2B, TaGS2-B1, AG1-1A/WAG1-1A, DUO-A1, DUO-B1, AG2-3A/WAG2-3A, TaLAX1, TaSnRK210-4A, FBP, TaLAX1, TaPIL1 and AP3-1-7A/WPA3-7A) and 10 regions underlying various transcription factors and regulatory genes. The study outcomes contribute to utilization of LR in breeding winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Sehgal
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mex-Veracruz, El Batan, CP 56237, Veracruz, Mexico.
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | | | - Fatih Özdemir
- Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mesut Keser
- International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Akin
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Emrah Koc
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Susanne Dreisigacker
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mex-Veracruz, El Batan, CP 56237, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alexey Morgounov
- Scientific Production Center of Grain, Shortandy, Astana reg., 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Tiwari LD, Kurtz-Sohn A, Bdolach E, Fridman E. Crops under past diversification and ongoing climate change: more than just selection of nuclear genes for flowering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5431-5440. [PMID: 37480516 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Diversification and breeding following domestication and under current climate change across the globe are the two most significant evolutionary events experienced by major crops. Diversification of crops from their wild ancestors has favored dramatic changes in the sensitivity of the plants to the environment, particularly significantly in transducing light inputs to the circadian clock, which has allowed the growth of major crops in the relatively short growing season experienced in the Northern Hemisphere. Historically, mutants and the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have facilitated the identification and the cloning of genes that underlie major changes of the clock and the regulation of flowering. Recent studies have suggested that the thermal plasticity of the circadian clock output, and not just the core genes that follow temperature compensation, has also been under selection during diversification and breeding. Wild alleles that accelerate output rhythmicity could be beneficial for crop resilience. Furthermore, wild alleles with beneficial and flowering-independent effects under stress indicate their possible role in maintaining a balanced source-sink relationship, thereby allowing productivity under climatic change. Because the chloroplast genome also regulates the plasticity of the clock output, mapping populations including cytonuclear interactions should be utilized within an integrated field and clock phenomics framework. In this review, we highlight the need to integrate physiological and developmental approaches (physio-devo) to gain a better understanding when re-domesticating wild gene alleles into modern cultivars to increase their robustness under abiotic heat and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Dev Tiwari
- Plant Sciences institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ayelet Kurtz-Sohn
- Plant Sciences institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Bdolach
- Plant Sciences institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eyal Fridman
- Plant Sciences institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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5
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Reddy SS, Saini DK, Singh GM, Sharma S, Mishra VK, Joshi AK. Genome-wide association mapping of genomic regions associated with drought stress tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages in bread wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1166439. [PMID: 37251775 PMCID: PMC10213333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1166439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of drought stress tolerance in bread wheat at seedling and reproductive stages is crucial for developing drought-tolerant varieties. In the present study, 192 diverse wheat genotypes, a subset from the Wheat Associated Mapping Initiative (WAMI) panel, were evaluated at the seedling stage in a hydroponics system for chlorophyll content (CL), shoot length (SLT), shoot weight (SWT), root length (RLT), and root weight (RWT) under both drought and optimum conditions. Following that, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using the phenotypic data recorded during the hydroponics experiment as well as data available from previously conducted multi-location field trials under optimal and drought stress conditions. The panel had previously been genotyped using the Infinium iSelect 90K SNP array with 26,814 polymorphic markers. Using single as well as multi-locus models, GWAS identified 94 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) or SNPs associated with traits recorded at the seedling stage and 451 for traits recorded at the reproductive stage. The significant SNPs included several novel, significant, and promising MTAs for different traits. The average LD decay distance for the whole genome was approximately 0.48 Mbp, ranging from 0.07 Mbp (chromosome 6D) to 4.14 Mbp (chromosome 2A). Furthermore, several promising SNPs revealed significant differences among haplotypes for traits such as RLT, RWT, SLT, SWT, and GY under drought stress. Functional annotation and in silico expression analysis revealed important putative candidate genes underlying the identified stable genomic regions such as protein kinases, O-methyltransferases, GroES-like superfamily proteins, NAD-dependent dehydratases, etc. The findings of the present study may be useful for improving yield potential, and stability under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srinatha Reddy
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - G Mahendra Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Joshi
- Borlaug Institute of South Asia (BISA), NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi, India
- CIMMYT, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi, India
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6
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Xu H, Wang X, Wei J, Zuo Y, Wang L. The Regulatory Networks of the Circadian Clock Involved in Plant Adaptation and Crop Yield. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091897. [PMID: 37176955 PMCID: PMC10181312 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climatic change increasingly threatens plant adaptation and crop yields. By synchronizing internal biological processes, including photosynthesis, metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress, with external environmental cures, such as light and temperature, the circadian clock benefits plant adaptation and crop yield. In this review, we focus on the multiple levels of interaction between the plant circadian clock and environmental factors, and we summarize recent progresses on how the circadian clock affects yield. In addition, we propose potential strategies for better utilizing the current knowledge of circadian biology in crop production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wittern L, Steed G, Taylor LJ, Ramirez DC, Pingarron-Cardenas G, Gardner K, Greenland A, Hannah MA, Webb AAR. Wheat EARLY FLOWERING 3 affects heading date without disrupting circadian oscillations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1383-1403. [PMID: 36454669 PMCID: PMC9922389 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeders have indirectly selected for variation at circadian-associated loci in many of the world's major crops, when breeding to increase yield and improve crop performance. Using an eight-parent Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population, we investigated how variation in circadian clock-associated genes contributes to the regulation of heading date in UK and European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties. We identified homoeologues of EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) as candidates for the Earliness per se (Eps) D1 and B1 loci under field conditions. We then confirmed a single-nucleotide polymorphism within the coding region of TaELF3-B1 as a candidate polymorphism underlying the Eps-B1 locus. We found that a reported deletion at the Eps-D1 locus encompassing TaELF3-D1 is, instead, an allele that lies within an introgression region containing an inversion relative to the Chinese Spring D genome. Using Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos carrying loss-of-function alleles of TtELF3, we showed that ELF3 regulates heading, with loss of a single ELF3 homoeologue sufficient to alter heading date. These studies demonstrated that ELF3 forms part of the circadian oscillator; however, the loss of all homoeologues was required to affect circadian rhythms. Similarly, loss of functional LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) in T. aestivum, an orthologue of a protein partner of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ELF3, severely disrupted circadian rhythms. ELF3 and LUX transcripts are not co-expressed at dusk, suggesting that the structure of the wheat circadian oscillator might differ from that of Arabidopsis. Our demonstration that alterations to ELF3 homoeologues can affect heading date separately from effects on the circadian oscillator suggests a role for ELF3 in cereal photoperiodic responses that could be selected for without pleiotropic deleterious alterations to circadian rhythms.
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Zhao J, Sun L, Gao H, Hu M, Mu L, Cheng X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang P, Li H, Zhang Y. Genome-wide association study of yield-related traits in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) under normal and drought treatment conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1098560. [PMID: 36684753 PMCID: PMC9846334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of modern wheat breeding is to develop new high-yielding and widely adaptable varieties. We analyzed four yield-related agronomic traits in 502 wheat accessions under normal conditions (NC) and drought treatment (DT) conditions over three years. The genome-wide association analysis identified 51 yield-related and nine drought-resistance-related QTL, including 13 for the thousand-grain weight (TGW), 30 for grain length (GL), three for grain width (GW), five for spike length (SL) and nine for stress tolerance index (STI) QTL in wheat. These QTL, containing 72 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), explained 2.23 - 7.35% of the phenotypic variation across multiple environments. Eight stable SNPs on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5B, 5D, and 7D were associated with phenotypic stability under NC and DT conditions. Two of these stable SNPs had association with TGW and STI. Several novel QTL for TGW, GL and SL were identified on different chromosomes. Three linked SNPs were transformed into kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers. These results will facilitate the discovery of promising SNPs for yield-related traits and/or drought stress tolerance and will accelerate the development of new wheat varieties with desirable alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijing Sun
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liming Mu
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Cheng
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianying Li
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peinan Wang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Liu H, Shi Z, Ma F, Xu Y, Han G, Zhang J, Liu D, An D. Identification and validation of plant height, spike length and spike compactness loci in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:568. [PMID: 36471256 PMCID: PMC9724413 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant height (PH), spike length (SL) and spike compactness (SCN) are important agronomic traits in wheat due to their strong correlations with lodging and yield. Thus, dissection of their genetic basis is essential for the improvement of plant architecture and yield potential in wheat breeding. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PH, SL and SCN in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross 'PuBing3228 × Gao8901' (PG-RIL) and to evaluate the potential values of these QTL to improve yield. RESULTS In the current study, Five, six and ten stable QTL for PH, SL, and SCN, respectively, were identified in at least two individual environments. Five major QTL QPh.cas-5A.3, QPh.cas-6A, QSl.cas-6B.2, QScn.cas-2B.2 and QScn.cas-6B explained 5.58-25.68% of the phenotypic variation. Notably, two, three and three novel stable QTL for PH, SL and SCN were identified in this study, which could provide further insights into the genetic factors that shape PH and spike morphology in wheat. Conditional QTL analysis revealed that QTL for SCN were mainly affected by SL. Moreover, a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker tightly linked to stable major QTL QPh.cas-5A.3 was developed and verified using the PG-RIL population and a natural population. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-one stable QTL related to PH, SL, and SCN were identified. These stable QTL and the user-friendly marker KASP8750 will facilitate future studies involving positional cloning and marker-assisted selection in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China
| | - Zhipeng Shi
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China
| | - Guohao Han
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Diaoguo An
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050022, China.
- The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Sharma DL, Bhoite R, Reeves K, Forrest K, Smith R, Dowla MANNU. Genome-wide superior alleles, haplotypes and candidate genes associated with tolerance on sodic-dispersive soils in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1113-1128. [PMID: 34985536 PMCID: PMC8942925 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic SNPs/haplotypes, overlapping genes (metal ion binding, photosynthesis), and homozygous/biallelic SNPs and transcription factors (HTH myb-type and BHLH) hold great potential for improving wheat yield potential on sodic-dispersive soils. Sodic-dispersive soils have multiple subsoil constraints including poor soil structure, alkaline pH and subsoil toxic elemental ion concentration, affecting growth and development in wheat. Tolerance is required at all developmental stages to enhance wheat yield potential on such soils. An in-depth investigation of genome-wide associations was conducted using a field phenotypic data of 206 diverse Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) wheat lines for two consecutive years from different sodic and non-sodic plots and the exome targeted genotyping by sequencing (tGBS) assay. A total of 39 quantitative trait SNPs (QTSs), including 18 haplotypes were identified on chromosome 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 5A, 5D, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D for yield and yield-components tolerance. Among these, three QTSs had common associations for multiple traits, indicating pleiotropism and four QTSs had close associations for multiple traits, within 32.38 Mb. The overlapping metal ion binding (Mn, Ca, Zn and Al) and photosynthesis genes and transcription factors (PHD-, Dof-, HTH myb-, BHLH-, PDZ_6-domain) identified are known to be highly regulated during germination, maximum stem elongation, anthesis, and grain development stages. The homozygous/biallelic SNPs having allele frequency above 30% were identified for yield and crop establishment/plants m-2. These SNPs correspond to HTH myb-type and BHLH transcription factors, brassinosteroid signalling pathway, kinase activity, ATP and chitin binding activity. These resources are valuable in haplotype-based breeding and genome editing to improve yield potential on sodic-dispersive soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Lal Sharma
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia.
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Roopali Bhoite
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia.
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Karyn Reeves
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Kerrie Forrest
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, AgriBioVIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Smith
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Mirza A N N U Dowla
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
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Liu C, Li N, Lu Z, Sun Q, Pang X, Xiang X, Deng C, Xiong Z, Shu K, Yang F, Hu Z. CG and CHG Methylation Contribute to the Transcriptional Control of OsPRR37-Output Genes in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:839457. [PMID: 35242159 PMCID: PMC8885545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.839457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant circadian clock coordinates endogenous transcriptional rhythms with diurnal changes of environmental cues. OsPRR37, a negative component in the rice circadian clock, reportedly regulates transcriptome rhythms, and agronomically important traits. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of OsPRR37-output genes remain largely unknown. In this study, whole genome bisulfite sequencing and high-throughput RNA sequencing were applied to verify the role of DNA methylation in the transcriptional control of OsPRR37-output genes. We found that the overexpression of OsPRR37 suppressed rice growth and altered cytosine methylations in CG and CHG sequence contexts in but not the CHH context (H represents A, T, or C). In total, 35 overlapping genes were identified, and 25 of them showed negative correlation between the methylation level and gene expression. The promoter of the hexokinase gene OsHXK1 was hypomethylated at both CG and CHG sites, and the expression of OsHXK1 was significantly increased. Meanwhile, the leaf starch content was consistently lower in OsPRR37 overexpression lines than in the recipient parent Guangluai 4. Further analysis with published data of time-course transcriptomes revealed that most overlapping genes showed peak expression phases from dusk to dawn. The genes involved in DNA methylation, methylation maintenance, and DNA demethylation were found to be actively expressed around dusk. A DNA glycosylase, namely ROS1A/DNG702, was probably the upstream candidate that demethylated the promoter of OsHXK1. Taken together, our results revealed that CG and CHG methylation contribute to the transcriptional regulation of OsPRR37-output genes, and hypomethylation of OsHXK1 leads to decreased starch content and reduced plant growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Liu,
| | - Na Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeping Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianxi Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinhan Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhao Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengshuojian Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Kunxian Shu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Wu Y, Liu J, Hu G, Xue H, Xu H, Zhao C, Qin R, Cui F, Sun H. Functional Analysis of the "Green Revolution" Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745411. [PMID: 34858454 PMCID: PMC8631784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is central to the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The circadian clock system enables plants to sense the changes in the external environment and to modify the growth and development process at an appropriate time. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1), which is controlled by the output signal of the circadian clock, has played an important role in the wheat "Green Revolution." In the current study, we systematically studied the relationship between Ppd-1 haplotypes and both wheat yield- and quality-related traits, using genome-wide association analysis and transgenic strategies, and found that highly appropriate haplotypes had been selected in the wheat breeding programs. Genome-wide association analysis showed that Ppd-1 is associated with significant differences in yield-related traits in wheat, including spike length (SL), heading date (HD), plant height (PH), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Ppd-1-Hapl-A1 showed increased SL by 4.72-5.93%, whereas Ppd-1-Hapl-B1 and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 displayed earlier HD by 0.58-0.75 and 1.24-2.93%, respectively, decreased PH by 5.64-13.08 and 13.62-27.30%, respectively, and increased TGW by 4.89-10.94 and 11.12-21.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of the Ppd-D1 gene in rice significantly delayed heading date and resulted in reduced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain width (GW), and total protein content. With reference to 40years of data from Chinese wheat breeding, it was found that the appropriate haplotypes Ppd-1-Hapl-A1, Ppd-1-Hapl-B1, and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 had all been subjected to directional selection, and that their distribution frequencies had increased from 26.09, 60.00, and 52.00% in landraces to 42.55, 93.62, and 96.23% in wheat cultivars developed in the 2010s. A Ppd-B1 methylation molecular marker was also developed to assist molecular wheat breeding. This research is of significance for fully exploring the function of the Ppd-1 gene and its genetic resource diversity, to effectively use the most appropriate haplotypes and to improve crop yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Wu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guimei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Huixian Xue
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Huiyuan Xu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ran Qin
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Fa Cui
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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13
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Cao S, Luo X, Xu D, Tian X, Song J, Xia X, Chu C, He Z. Genetic architecture underlying light and temperature mediated flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1731-1745. [PMID: 33586137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Timely flowering is essential for optimum crop reproduction and yield. To determine the best flowering-time genes (FTGs) relevant to local adaptation and breeding, it is essential to compare the interspecific genetic architecture of flowering in response to light and temperature, the two most important environmental cues in crop breeding. However, the conservation and variations of FTGs across species lack systematic dissection. This review summarizes current knowledge on the genetic architectures underlying light and temperature-mediated flowering initiation in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. Extensive comparative analyses show that most FTGs are conserved, whereas functional variations in FTGs may be species specific and confer local adaptation in different species. To explore evolutionary dynamics underpinning the conservation and variations in FTGs, domestication and selection of some key FTGs are further dissected. Based on our analyses of genetic control of flowering time, a number of key issues are highlighted. Strategies for modulation of flowering behavior in crop breeding are also discussed. The resultant resources provide a wealth of reference information to uncover molecular mechanisms of flowering in plants and achieve genetic improvement in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghe Cao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xumei Luo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dengan Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuling Tian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center China Office, c/o Chinese Academy Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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14
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Steed G, Ramirez DC, Hannah MA, Webb AAR. Chronoculture, harnessing the circadian clock to improve crop yield and sustainability. Science 2021; 372:372/6541/eabc9141. [PMID: 33926926 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc9141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human health is dependent on a plentiful and nutritious supply of food, primarily derived from crop plants. Rhythmic supply of light as a result of the day and night cycle led to the evolution of circadian clocks that modulate most plant physiology, photosynthesis, metabolism, and development. To regulate crop traits and adaptation, breeders have indirectly selected for variation at circadian genes. The pervasive impact of the circadian system on crops suggests that future food production might be improved by modifying circadian rhythms, engineering the timing of transgene expression, and applying agricultural treatments at the most effective time of day. We describe the applied research required to take advantage of circadian biology in agriculture to increase production and reduce inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Steed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Dora Cano Ramirez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Matthew A Hannah
- BASF, BBCC-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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15
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Errum A, Rehman N, Khan MR, Ali GM. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of pseudo-response regulator gene family in wheat. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2411-2427. [PMID: 33782785 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-response regulator (PRR) gene family members play a significant role in plant circadian clocks, flowering time inflorescence architecture development during transition from vegetative growth phase to reproductive phase. In current study, we analyzed the expression profiling, phylogenetic relationship, and molecular characterization of PRR gene family members of common wheat by using IWGSC Ref seq v1.1 wheat genome database with a coverage rate of 90%. By using bioinformatic approach total 20 candidate gene sequences were identified and divided into six groups and four clades. It was found that mostly genes have same number of exons and introns showed similar features because they originated through duplication events during evolution processes. Although all the proteins have conserved PRR domains, but some are distinct in their sequences suggesting functional divergence. By comparative synteny analysis it was revealed that Group 1, 2, 3 and 11-D of group 4 have duplication events while group 5 and TaPRR9-B,10-D showed conservation with previously identified PRR members from rice. While expression variation of six groups from each analysis matches with each other. Five groups highly expressed in leaf, spike, and roots in pattern like leaf > spike > root at all three stages booting, heading and anthesis of spike development. This suggests that TaPRR genes play important roles in different photoperiod signaling pathways in different organs at different stages of spike development and flowering via unknown pathway. These findings will also provide comprehensive knowledge about future investigations on wheat PRR family members involved in complex network of circadian system for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Errum
- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Muhammad Ali
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
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