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Dias BL, Sarmento RA, Venzon M, Jumbo LOV, dos Santos LSS, de Souza Moura W, Mourão DDSC, Fernandes PRDS, Neitzke TR, Oliveira JVDA, Dias T, Dalcin MS, Oliveira EE, dos Santos GR. Morinda citrifolia Essential Oil: A Plant Resistance Biostimulant and a Sustainable Alternative for Controlling Phytopathogens and Insect Pests. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:479. [PMID: 39056674 PMCID: PMC11274064 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
With the growing demand for sustainable and safe agricultural practices, plant compounds emerge as a solution for biological activities. Here, we evaluated the potential of using Morinda citrifolia essential oil to induce plant resistance and to control phytopathogens (Curvularia lunata) and insect pests (Daubulus maidis). We conducted a chromatographic analysis to unveil the essential oil components. We also quantified the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and chitinase for resistance induction. The antifungal action was evaluated through disease progression and the inhibition of mycelial growth in addition to in silico studies that made it possible to predict the interaction site between the fungal protein and the compounds. We assessed the toxicity and repellent actions towards the D. maidis. Octanoic acid (58.43%) was identified as the essential oil major compound. Preventive treatment with essential oil and octanoic acid (25.0 µL mL-1) increased not only the plant defense activities (i.e., the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, phenol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and chitinase) but also controlled Curvularia leaf spot. The stable interactions between octanoic acid and tyrosine-tRNA ligase from C. lunata suggested protein synthesis inactivation. The essential oil inhibited 51.6% of mycelial growth, and this effect was increased to 75.9% with the addition of adjuvants (i.e., angico gum). The essential oil reduced 76% of the population of D. maidis adults and repelled 50% of the number of D. maidis after 48 h under field conditions. The repellency effect in the field reduced the population of D. maidis adults, transmitters of the stunting complex, by 50%. The results highlight the potential of M. citrifolia as a resistance activator, fungicide, insecticide, and an effective biorational alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leticia Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia- Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (W.d.S.M.)
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia- Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (W.d.S.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - Madelaine Venzon
- Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Viçosa 36571-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luis Oswaldo Viteri Jumbo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Florestais e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Samuel Soares dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Curso de Química Ambiental, Câmpus de Gurupi, P.O. Box 66, Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil;
| | - Wellington de Souza Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia- Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (W.d.S.M.)
| | - Dalmarcia de Souza Carlos Mourão
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
| | - Paulo Ricardo de Sena Fernandes
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - Taila Renata Neitzke
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - João Victor de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
| | - Tiago Dias
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Estadual do Tocantins (UNITINS), Campus de Palmas, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil;
| | - Mateus Sunti Dalcin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - Eugênio E. Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Gil Rodrigues dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia- Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (W.d.S.M.)
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil; (D.d.S.C.M.); (P.R.d.S.F.); (T.R.N.); (J.V.d.A.O.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Florestais e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
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Hou X, Kong Y, Teng Z, Yang C, Li Y, Zhu Z. Integrating genes and metabolites: unraveling mango's drought resilience mechanisms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:208. [PMID: 38519933 PMCID: PMC10960439 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mango (Mangifera indica L.) faces escalating challenges from increasing drought stress due to erratic climate patterns, threatening yields, and quality. Understanding mango's drought response mechanisms is pivotal for resilience and food security. RESULTS Our RNA-seq analyses unveil 12,752 differentially expressed genes linked to stress signaling, hormone regulation, and osmotic adjustment. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified three essential genes-WRKY transcription factor 3, polyamine oxidase 4, and protein MEI2-like 1-as drought defense components. WRKY3 having a role in stress signaling and defense validates its importance. Polyamine oxidase 4, vital in stress adaptation, enhances drought defense. Protein MEI2-like 1's significance emerges, hinting at novel roles in stress responses. Metabolite profiling illuminated Mango's metabolic responses to drought stress by presenting 990 differentially abundant metabolites, mainly related to amino acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, contributing to a deeper understanding of adaptation strategies. The integration between genes and metabolites provided valuable insights by revealing the correlation of WRKY3, polyamine oxidase 4 and MEI2-like 1 with amino acids, D-sphingnosine and 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into mango's adaptive tactics, guiding future research for fortified crop resilience and sustainable agriculture. Harnessing key genes and metabolites holds promise for innovative strategies enhancing drought tolerance in mango cultivation, contributing to global food security efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Zheng Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Cuifeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China.
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mongo, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China.
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China.
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Batool R, Xuelian G, Hui D, Xiuzhen L, Umer MJ, Rwomushana I, Ali A, Attia KA, Jingfei G, Zhenying W. Endophytic Fungi-Mediated Defense Signaling in Maize: Unraveling the Role of WRKY36 in Regulating Immunity against Spodoptera frugiperda. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14243. [PMID: 38467539 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Seed priming with beneficial endophytic fungi is an emerging sustainable strategy for enhancing plant resistance against insect pests. This study examined the effects of Beauvaria bassiana Bb20091317 and Metarhizium rileyi MrCDTLJ1 fungal colonization on maize growth, defence signalling, benzoxazinoid levels and gene expression. The colonization did not adversely affect plant growth but reduced larval weights of Spodoptera frugiperda. Maize leaves treated with M. rileyi exhibited higher levels of jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-Isoleucine, salicylic acid, and indole acetic acid compared to control. B. bassiana and M. rileyi accelerated phytohormone increase upon S. frugiperda herbivory. Gene expression analysis revealed modulation of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes. We further elucidated the immune regulatory role of the transcription factor zmWRKY36 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in maize. zmWRKY36 positively regulates maize immunity against S. frugiperda, likely by interacting with defense-related proteins. Transient overexpression of zmWRKY36 in tobacco-induced cell death, while silencing in maize reduced chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst, confirming its immune function. Overall, B. bassiana and M. rileyi successfully colonized maize, impacting larval growth, defense signalling, and zmWRKY36-mediated resistance. This sheds light on maize-endophyte-insect interactions for sustainable plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gou Xuelian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong Hui
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Long Xiuzhen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan, China
| | | | - Abid Ali
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guo Jingfei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zhenying
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Liu M, Sui Y, Yu C, Wang X, Zhang W, Wang B, Yan J, Duan L. Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1155. [PMID: 38132756 PMCID: PMC10744721 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most destructive diseases, Gibberella stalk rot (GSR), caused by Fusarium graminearum, reduces maize yields significantly. An induced resistance response is a potent and cost-effective plant defense against pathogen attack. The functional counterpart of JAs, coronatine (COR), has attracted a lot of interest recently due to its ability to control plant growth and stimulate secondary metabolism. Although several studies have focused on COR as a plant immune elicitor to improve plant resistance to pathogens, the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability against COR to F. graminearum in maize have been limited. We investigated the potential physiological and molecular mechanisms of COR in modulating maize resistance to F. graminearum. COR treatment strongly enhanced disease resistance and promoted stomatal closure with H2O2 accumulation, and 10 μg/mL was confirmed as the best concentration. COR treatment increased defense-related enzyme activity and decreased the malondialdehyde content with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. To identify candidate resistance genes and gain insight into the molecular mechanism of GSR resistance associated with COR, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data to systemically explore the defense mechanisms of COR, and multiple hub genes were pinpointed using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). We discovered 6 significant modules containing 10 candidate genes: WRKY transcription factor (LOC100279570), calcium-binding protein (LOC100382070), NBR1-like protein (LOC100275089), amino acid permease (LOC100382244), glutathione S-transferase (LOC541830), HXXXD-type acyl-transferase (LOC100191608), prolin-rich extensin-like receptor protein kinase (LOC100501564), AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (LOC100384380), basic leucine zipper (LOC100275351), and glycosyltransferase (LOC606486), which are highly correlated with the jasmonic acid-ethylene signaling pathway and antioxidants. In addition, a core set of metabolites, including alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis linked to the hub genes, were identified. Taken together, our research revealed differentially expressed key genes and metabolites, as well as co-expression networks, associated with COR treatment of maize stems after F. graminearum infection. In addition, COR-treated maize had higher JA (JA-Ile and Me-JA) levels. We postulated that COR plays a positive role in maize resistance to F. graminearum by regulating antioxidant levels and the JA signaling pathway, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is also involved in the resistance response against GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yiping Sui
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunxin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Batool R, Umer MJ, Shabbir MZ, Wang Y, Ahmed MA, Guo J, He K, Zhang T, Bai S, Chen J, Wang Z. Seed Myco-priming improves crop yield and herbivory induced defenses in maize by coordinating antioxidants and Jasmonic acid pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:554. [PMID: 36456930 PMCID: PMC9714066 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed Myco-priming based on consortium of entomopathogenic fungi is very effective seed treatment against Ostrinia furnacalis herbivory. Maize regulates defense responses against herbivory by the production of defense-related enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, phytohormones, and their corresponding genes. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in plant-entomopathogenic fungi-herbivore interaction. RESULTS To understand how a consortium of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum induce changes in the response of maize to herbivory and increase the crop yield, 2-year field experiment, antioxidant enzymes, leaf transcriptome, and phytohormone were performed. Fungal inoculation enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes and JA signaling pathway more than the normal herbivory. The comparison between single inoculated, consortium inoculated, and non-inoculated plants resulted in distinct transcriptome profiles representing a considerable difference in expression of antioxidant- and JA- responsive genes identified through Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and expression analysis, respectively. Seed priming with a consortium of B. bassiana and T. asperellum significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in antioxidants production and JA biosynthesis cascade, with the highest expression recorded at 24-h post O. furnacalis larval infestation. They reduced the larval nutritional indices and survival up to 87% and enhancing crop yield and gross return up to 82-96% over the year 2018 and 2019. CONCLUSION From our results we suggest that a consortium of B. bassiana and T. asperellum can be used synergistically against O. furnacalis in maize under field condition and can mediate antioxidants- and JA- associated maize defense response by boosting up the expression of their responsive genes, thereby enhancing crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, China
| | | | - Yangzhou Wang
- Insect Ecology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000 China
| | - Muhammad Afaq Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Jingfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000 China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100000 China
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Elucidating the Effect of Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi on Bread Wheat Growth through Signaling of Immune Response-Related Hormones. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0088222. [PMID: 36036583 PMCID: PMC9499012 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00882-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) provide a potent biocontrol tool; also, their endophytic behavior has broadened their contribution to integrated pest management (IPM) and crop production. In this work, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum were applied to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings to elucidate how fungal colonization influences plant growth and the relative expression of 24 genes involved in hormonal syntheses and plant immune mechanisms. A preliminary assay was used to determine the time needed for fungal colonization and assess its effect on wheat growth. Then, plant material collected at various times after inoculation (viz., 2, 8, 20, and 36 h and 9 and 15 days) was used to investigate gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). During the colonization time, B. bassiana and M. brunneum caused strong downregulation of most genes associated with plant immunity and the synthesis of hormones like auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin. This effect was concomitant with a slowdown of endophytic-colonization-related plant growth until 19 days postinoculation (dpi). However, the wheat started to recover at 15 dpi, simultaneously with upregulation of auxin- and gibberellin-related genes. The results suggest that the EF trigger induced systemic resistance rather than acquired systemic resistance during early plant-microbe cross talk in wheat. Also, they confirm that the hormone and immune responses of wheat triggered by EF inoculation influenced plant growth, which can be useful with a view to optimizing management of these microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. IMPORTANCE Microbial control of insect and mite pests is a key tool to develop integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable agriculture. Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) may have associations with the plants, playing additional ecological roles in the rhizosphere, in the phylloplane, and as plant endophytes. Beauveria bassiana 04/01TIP and Metarhizium brunneum 01/58Su are two strains that showed very good results either in pest control or plant growth promotion and would be good candidates to develop mycoinsecticides as an alternative to pesticides. However, deep knowledge about their interaction with the plant would let farmers optimize their use and understand the plant response, enhancing and promoting their broader contribution to IPM and crop production.
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