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Dreyer-Oren SE, Das A, Geyer RB, Fite RE, Kiel EJ, Clerkin EM. Transitioning to college: Testing cognitive bias modification for interpretations as an inoculation tool for social anxiety in college first-years. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 84:101961. [PMID: 38489952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Reducing social anxiety development among incoming college students may improve college adjustment and mental health outcomes. This study tested whether cognitive bias modification for interpretations (CBM-I) reduces social anxiety and increases adjustment during the transition to college, and whether changes in outcomes would be mediated by changes in interpretation biases. METHODS Participants (N = 73) were randomly assigned to a 3-session weekly CBM-I condition or symptom tracking (ST) control condition. Multilevel models were used to estimate within-person trajectories from baseline to one week post-intervention and to test whether trajectories differed by condition. RESULTS Those in the CBM-I condition (vs. ST) reported higher increases in social adjustment across time. There were not significant differences between conditions for changes in social anxiety, academic adjustment, and personal adjustment. CBM-I was indirectly linked to improvements in outcome variables via more adaptive interpretation biases. LIMITATIONS CBM-I was administered in a laboratory setting, requiring more resources than some computerized interventions. CONCLUSIONS Data tentatively support CBM-I for first-year students to increase social adjustment. Further, mediation findings provide support for targeting interpretation biases to improve social anxiety and adjustment outcomes. Yet, CBM-I did not outperform ST in improving social anxiety symptoms or other areas of college adjustment, and effect sizes were small, suggesting that more work is needed to amplify the potential of CBM-I as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dreyer-Oren
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | | | - Robert E Fite
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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2
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Harp NR, Gross JJ, Uusberg A, Neta M. The role of trait reappraisal in response to emotional ambiguity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Emotion 2024; 24:935-946. [PMID: 37971850 PMCID: PMC11096266 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals exhibit a systematic valence bias-a specific form of interpretation bias-in response to emotional ambiguity. Accumulating evidence suggests most people initially respond to emotional ambiguity negatively and differ only in subsequent responses. We hypothesized that trait-level cognitive reappraisal-an emotion regulation strategy involving the reinterpretation of affective meaning of stimuli-might explain individual differences in valence bias. To answer this question, we conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of 14 effect sizes from 13 prior studies (n = 2,086), identified via Google Scholar searches. We excluded studies (a) in languages other than English, (b) from non-peer-reviewed sources, or (c) nonempirical sources. We included studies with (a) the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, (b) a putative measure of valence bias prior to any study-specific manipulations, and (c) adult human participants (i.e., 17+). Supporting our prediction, we found individuals with higher trait reappraisal exhibited a less negative bias (r = -.18, z = -4.04, p < .001), whereas there was a smaller, opposite effect for trait expressive suppression (r = .10, z = 2.14, p = .03). The effects did, however, vary across tasks with stronger effects observed among studies using the scrambled sentences task compared to the valence bias task. Although trait reappraisal accounted for only a small amount of variance, reappraisal may be one mechanism contributing to variability in response to ambiguity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, USA
| | - Andero Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE, USA
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3
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Gao S, Assink M, Bi C, Chan KL. Child Maltreatment as a Risk Factor for Rejection Sensitivity: A Three-Level Meta-Analytic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:680-690. [PMID: 37036152 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231162979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical evidence has suggested that child maltreatment victimization is associated with rejection sensitivity. However, empirical evidence on this association is inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to examine the overall association between child maltreatment and rejection sensitivity, and to investigate variables that may affect the strength of this association. Studies eligible for inclusion were searched in the databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure after which relevant studies were coded. Studies were synthesized in advanced three-level meta-analytic models in R. A total of 16 studies (N = 5,335 participants) yielding 41 effect sizes were included. Results showed that child maltreatment is significantly and positively related to rejection sensitivity (mean r = 0.230; p < .001), and to a small extent. Furthermore, this association is stronger for emotional abuse (r = 0.275) than for physical abuse (r = 0.157). It is not affected by the mean age and gender distribution of primary study samples nor by sample type (community sample versus clinical sample). It is concluded that child maltreatment is a risk factor for developing rejection sensitivity later in life. Therefore, interventions for rejection sensitivity should consider potential trauma resulting from prior child maltreatment experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Assink
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ko Ling Chan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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4
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Levy S, Cohen N, Weinbach N. Negative and positive interpretations of emotionally neutral situations modulate the desire to eat personally craved foods. Appetite 2023; 191:107092. [PMID: 37852375 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotions play an important role in modulating food craving. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to negative or positive stimuli can subsequently influence the desire to eat. However, in many daily situations, individuals self-generate their emotions, for example, by interpreting emotionally-neutral situations as positive or negative. So far, no studies have examined if and how positive and negative interpretations of emotionally-neutral situations modulate food craving. In this study, 65 healthy participants were asked to interpret emotionally-neutral images negatively or positively or observe the images naturally. Subsequently, participants rated their state negative/positive affect and their desire to eat their personally craved foods. The results demonstrate a lower desire to eat craved foods after negative interpretations and a higher desire to eat after positive interpretations, compared to an observe-naturally condition. Additionally, the impact of emotional interpretations on the desire to eat was mediated by participants' state negative/positive affect. These findings suggest that self-generated emotion as a result of negative/positive interpretations plays a significant role in modulating food craving. The results highlight the potential of modifying affective interpretations for the treatment of disorders that are characterized by both dysregulated food craving and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Levy
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Weinbach
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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5
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Wessa M, Domke-Wolf M, Jungmann SM. Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Interpretation Bias: The Role of Depressive Symptoms and Negative Cognitive Schemata. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1620. [PMID: 38137068 PMCID: PMC10742311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A negative interpretation bias appears to depend on several depression-related state and trait characteristics, most notably depressive symptoms, negative mood, and negative cognitive schemas. While empirical findings for explicitly assessed interpretation bias are rather consistent, implicit measures have revealed heterogeneous results. In this context, we present two studies investigating the relationship between implicit and explicit interpretation bias and depression- and anxiety-related state and trait variables. In the first study, we conducted an implicit ambiguous cue-conditioning task (ACCT) with 113 young, healthy individuals. In the second study, we utilized an explicit ambiguous social situations task (DUCTUS) with 113 young, healthy individuals. Additionally, a subsample of 46 participants completed both the ACCT and DUCTUS tasks to directly relate the two bias scores obtained from the implicit and explicit assessment methods, respectively. In the first study, regression analysis revealed no significant predictors for the implicit interpretation bias. However, in the second study, the explicit negative interpretation bias was significantly predicted by female gender, depressive symptoms, and dysfunctional cognitive schemas. For the subsample that completed both tasks, we observed no significant correlation between the two bias scores obtained from the ACCT and DUCTUS. These results suggest that implicit and explicit interpretation biases are differently associated with depression-related trait and state characteristics, indicating that they represent different aspects of biased information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Research Group Wessa, Leibniz-Institute of Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mila Domke-Wolf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Jungmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
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6
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Zhao Y, Mbuthia D, Gathara D, Nzinga J, Tweheyo R, English M. 'We were treated like we are nobody': a mixed-methods study of medical doctors' internship experiences in Kenya and Uganda. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013398. [PMID: 37940204 PMCID: PMC10632815 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medical interns are an important workforce providing first-line healthcare services in hospitals. The internship year is important for doctors as they transition from theoretical learning with minimal hands-on work under supervision to clinical practice roles with considerable responsibility. However, this transition is considered stressful and commonly leads to burn-out due to challenging working conditions and an ongoing need for learning and assessment, which is worse in countries with resource constraints. In this study, we provide an overview of medical doctors' internship experiences in Kenya and Uganda. METHODS Using a convergent mixed-methods approach, we collected data from a survey of 854 medical interns and junior doctors and semistructured interviews with 54 junior doctors and 14 consultants. Data collection and analysis were guided by major themes identified from a previous global scoping review (well-being, educational environment and working environment and condition), using descriptive analysis and thematic analysis respectively for quantitative and qualitative data. FINDINGS Most medical interns are satisfied with their job but many reported suffering from stress, depression and burn-out, and working unreasonable hours due to staff shortages. They are also being affected by the challenging working environment characterised by a lack of adequate resources and a poor safety climate. Although the survey data suggested that most interns were satisfied with the supervision received, interviews revealed nuances where many interns faced challenging scenarios, for example, poor supervision, insufficient support due to consultants not being available or being 'treated like we are nobody'. CONCLUSION We highlight challenges experienced by Kenyan and Ugandan medical interns spanning from burn-out, stress, challenging working environment, inadequate support and poor quality of supervision. We recommend that regulators, educators and hospital administrators should improve the resource availability and capacity of internship hospitals, prioritise individual doctors' well-being and provide standardised supervision, support systems and conducive learning environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Zhao
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Gathara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- MARCH Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Raymond Tweheyo
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Centre for Health Systems Research and Development (CHSRD), The University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mike English
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Saragosa-Harris NM, Guassi Moreira JF, Waizman YH, Sedykin A, Silvers JA, Peris TS. Neural representations of ambiguous affective stimuli and resilience to anxiety in emerging adults. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108624. [PMID: 37394090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening has been associated with a range of anxiety disorders. Responses to ambiguity may be particularly relevant to mental health during the transition from adolescence to adulthood ("emerging adulthood"), when individuals encounter unfamiliar challenges and navigate novel social situations. However, it remains unclear whether neural representations of ambiguity relate to risk for anxiety. The present study sought to examine whether multivariate representations of ambiguity - and their similarity to representations of threat - relate to appraisals of ambiguity or anxiety in a sample of emerging adults. Participants (N = 41) viewed threatening (angry), nonthreatening (happy), and ambiguous (surprised) facial stimuli while undergoing fMRI. Outside of the scanner, participants were presented with the same stimuli and categorized the ambiguous faces as positive or negative. Using representational similarity analyses (RSA), we investigated whether the degree of pattern similarity in responses to ambiguous, nonthreatening, and threatening faces within the amygdala related to appraisals of ambiguous stimuli and anxiety symptomatology. We found that individuals who evidenced greater similarity (i.e., less differentiation) in neural representations of ambiguous and nonthreatening faces within the left amygdala reported lower concurrent anxiety. Additionally, trial-level pattern similarity predicted subsequent appraisals of ambiguous stimuli. These findings provide insight into how neural representations of ambiguity relate to risk or resilience for the development of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Saragosa-Harris
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - João F Guassi Moreira
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yael H Waizman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Anna Sedykin
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tara S Peris
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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8
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Bennett EM, Gray P, Lau JYF. Early Life Maltreatment and Adolescent Interpretations of Ambiguous Social Situations: Investigating Interpersonal Cognitions and Emotional Symptoms. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:1-8. [PMID: 36883186 PMCID: PMC9908788 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the general population, negative interpretations of social situations have been associated with risk of developing emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. Given that childhood maltreatment poses risk for later emotional disorders, this study examined whether interpersonal cognitive style differentiated maltreated adolescents from their non-maltreated peers and correlated with emotional symptoms across each group. Forty-seven maltreated and 28 non-maltreated adolescents were recruited from New South Wales, Australia to complete a battery of questionnaires that assessed interpersonal cognitions and levels of anxiety and depression. Comparable endorsement of threatening interpretations of social situations between maltreated adolescents and their non-maltreated peers across measures was found. Furthermore, an association between anxiety and depressive symptoms and interpretation bias was found within the non-maltreatment group but not the maltreated group. Unlike general population samples, negative cognitions do not associate with emotional symptoms in victims of early maltreatment. More research is needed to investigate the cognitive factors maintaining emotional symptoms in adolescent victims of maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Gray
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, Liverpool, NSW Australia
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9
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Neta M, Harp NR, Tong TT, Clinchard CJ, Brown CC, Gross JJ, Uusberg A. Think again: the role of reappraisal in reducing negative valence bias. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:238-253. [PMID: 36571618 PMCID: PMC10476529 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2160698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli such as surprised faces are ambiguous in that they are associated with both positive and negative outcomes. Interestingly, people differ reliably in whether they evaluate these and other ambiguous stimuli as positive or negative, and we have argued that a positive evaluation relies in part on a biasing of the appraisal processes via reappraisal. To further test this idea, we conducted two studies to evaluate whether increasing the cognitive accessibility of reappraisal through a brief emotion regulation task would lead to an increase in positive evaluations of ambiguity. Supporting this prediction, we demonstrated that cuing reappraisal, but not in three other forms of emotion regulation (Study 1a-d; n = 120), increased positive evaluations of ambiguous faces. In a sign of robustness, we also found that the effect of reappraisal generalised from ambiguous faces to ambiguous scenes (Study 2; n = 34). Collectively, these findings suggest that reappraisal may play a key role in determining responses to ambiguous stimuli. We discuss these findings in the context of affective flexibility, and suggest that valence bias (i.e. the tendency to evaluate ambiguity more positively or negatively) represents a novel approach to measuring implicit emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Harp
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tien T. Tong
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Catherine C. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andero Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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10
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Wang Y, Zheng Z, Duan X, Li M, Li Y. The Relationship between Mindfulness and Social Adaptation among Migrant Children in China: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16241. [PMID: 36498315 PMCID: PMC9740171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Social adaptation of migrant children is not only related to the physical and mental health and development of individuals, but also reflects the level of urban social integration and stable development. Mindfulness has a protective effect on individual social adaptation. Self-esteem and resilience were found to be positively associated with mindfulness and social adaptation. Based on the Positive Youth Development Perspective, this study aimed to explore whether self-esteem and resilience sequentially mediated the associations among mindfulness and social adaptation. A total of 526 migrant children were assessed with the questionnaires regarding mindfulness, self-esteem, resilience, and social adaptation. The results indicated that mindfulness was positively associated with social adaptation of migrant children. Self-esteem and resilience played the sequential mediating roles between mindfulness and social adaptation. The present study revealed the influence and mechanism of mindfulness on social adaptation and provided some guidance for the intervention programs to promote migrant children's adaptability.
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11
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Gil M, Kim SS, Min EJ. Machine learning models for predicting risk of depression in Korean college students: Identifying family and individual factors. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1023010. [PMID: 36466485 PMCID: PMC9714606 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses among college students worldwide. Using the family triad dataset, this study investigated machine learning (ML) models to predict the risk of depression in college students and identify important family and individual factors. Methods This study predicted college students at risk of depression and identified significant family and individual factors in 171 family data (171 fathers, mothers, and college students). The prediction accuracy of three ML models, sparse logistic regression (SLR), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), was compared. Results The three ML models showed excellent prediction capabilities. The RF model showed the best performance. It revealed five significant factors responsible for depression: self-perceived mental health of college students, neuroticism, fearful-avoidant attachment, family cohesion, and mother's depression. Additionally, the logistic regression model identified five factors responsible for depression: the severity of cancer in the father, the severity of respiratory diseases in the mother, the self-perceived mental health of college students, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Discussion These findings demonstrated the ability of ML models to accurately predict the risk of depression and identify family and individual factors related to depression among Korean college students. With recent developments and ML applications, our study can improve intelligent mental healthcare systems to detect early depressive symptoms and increase access to mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Gil
- College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk-Sun Kim
- College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea,Ewha Research Institute of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Suk-Sun Kim
| | - Eun Jeong Min
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea,Eun Jeong Min
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12
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Attention and interpretation cognitive bias change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of bias modification paradigms. Behav Res Ther 2022; 157:104180. [PMID: 36037642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification for attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) on reducing the targeted biases and investigates moderators of each approach. PsycINFO, PsychArticles, and PubMED databases were searched for randomized-controlled studies published before March 2020 with pre- and post-CBM cognitive bias outcome measures, resulting in 91 CBM-A (n = 5914 individuals) and 70 CBM-I samples (n = 4802 individuals). Random-effects models and Hedge's g calculation showed significant medium overall effects of bias reduction with moderate to high heterogeneity (CBM-A g = 0.49 [0.36, 0.64], I2 = 85.19%; CBM-I g = 0.58 [0.48, 0.68], I2 = 70.92%). Effect sizes did not differ between approaches and remained significant after trim-and-fill adjustment for possible publication bias. Moderator variables were investigated with meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Participant age, symptom type, control condition and number of trials moderated CBM-A; student and clinical status moderated CBM-I effect size. Results support attention and interpretation modification in controlled laboratory and variable (online) training settings for non-clinical and clinical samples across various symptom types (anxiety, depression, substance use, eating disorders). Further empirical evidence is necessary to determine optimal sample and methodological combinations most strongly associated with adaptive behavioral outcomes.
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13
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Yao X, Jia X, Shi X, Liu G, Li Y, Zhang X, Du S, Li J, Yin Z. Exploring the experiences and expectations of pharmacist interns in large general hospitals in China: from the perspective of interns. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:528. [PMID: 35799164 PMCID: PMC9264576 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-based pharmacy internship (HBPI) is critical for the transition from "pharmacy students" to "professional pharmacists". This study explores the pharmacist interns' experiences and expectations for HBPI from their personal experiences intending to provide references for future hospital pharmacy education reform and policy development. METHODS This is a multicenter qualitative study applying focus group discussions. Pharmacist interns were invited as participants from large teaching hospitals in Henan, China. A thematic analysis was conducted to qualitatively analyze this data. Nvivo 12 was utilized for data management and processing. RESULTS Three focus group discussions were conducted, involving 16 interns as participants. Three themes were summarized regarding interns' expectations and experiences: (1) positive experiences of the HBPI; (2) negative experiences of the HBPI; (3) expectations and suggestions for the HBPI. CONCLUSION This study finds that the HBPI improves the professional knowledge, professional skills, and core competencies of interns. Therefore, the HBPI is an important preparation and transition stage for pharmacy students. However, the current pharmacy internship in China still has imperfections such as the insufficient ability of clinical teachers, unreasonable internship models, and unscientific internship content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Yao
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuedong Jia
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangfen Shi
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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14
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Mindfulness and Negative Emotions Among Females Who Inject Drugs: the Mediating Role of Social Support and Resilience. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Jiang Y, Yi Z, Yao Y, Hu Y, Li F, Ma H. Effects of college students' mindfulness on depression symptoms during the epidemic prevention and control period: The mediating effect of psychological resilience. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:991449. [PMID: 36684002 PMCID: PMC9845594 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression symptoms significantly impact college students' mental health, particularly during the "closed management" period during the spread of COVID-19. Exploring the mechanism that affects college students' depression symptoms can help alleviate the impact of closed management policies on individual mental health and improve their mental health level. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the normalization of epidemic prevention and control in China and the implementation of the dynamic zero-COVID policy. This study used the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form, Psychological Resilience Scale, and Beck Depression Scale to investigate the mindfulness, psychological resilience, and depression symptoms of 1,062 students under closed management conditions at Northwest Normal University. The mindfulness, psychological resilience, and depression status of students in closed management were investigated using an online questionnaire survey. Eight hundred and ten college students (M age = 20.43, SD = 1.67, range = 17-30) were selected to test the model using the structural equation model and bootstrap method. The results showed that the gender differences in mindfulness and psychological resilience were not significant. Gender differences in depression symptoms were significant, and depression symptoms in men were significantly higher than in women. Grade differences in resilience, mindfulness, and depression levels were not significant. Thus, psychological resilience is negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Psychological resilience plays a mediating role between mindfulness and depressive symptoms. This study provides reference and inspiration for improving college students' mental health under epidemic prevention and control circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health of Gansu, Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Yi
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youjuan Yao
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Hu
- Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilin Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Ma
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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Tracy A, Jopling E, LeMoult J. The effect of self-referential processing on anxiety in response to naturalistic and laboratory stressors. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1320-1333. [PMID: 34242133 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1951675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although stressful life events increase risk for symptoms of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), we know little about mechanisms that increase GAD symptoms during times of stress. Despite evidence that self-referential processing contributes to other forms of psychopathology, namely depression, it is unknown whether self-referential processing also contributes to symptoms of GAD. Thus, we examined the association of self-referential processing with GAD symptoms in response to a naturalistic stressor (Study 1; n=135) and with anxiety-tension in response to a laboratory stressor (Study 2; n=56). In Study 1, participants completed the self-referential encoding task (SRET) in their initial weeks of university, and we assessed GAD symptoms four times across the semester. In Study 2, participants completed the SRET immediately before a laboratory stressor, and we assessed moment-to-moment changes in anxiety-tension. Greater negatively biased self-referential processing was associated with higher GAD symptoms at the start of university and greater reactivity to the laboratory stressor. In contrast, greater positively biased self-referential processing served as a protective factor associated with greater decline in symptoms over time. This study is the first to demonstrate that there are valence-specific effects of self-referential processing on anxiety, suggesting that self-referential processing may be relevant to GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4
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Outbreak of COVID-19 altered the relationship between memory bias and depressive degree in nonclinical depression. iScience 2021; 24:102081. [PMID: 33495750 PMCID: PMC7816901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased concern about people's mental health under such serious stressful situation, especially depressive symptoms. Cognitive biases have been related to depression degree in previous studies. Here, we used behavioral and brain imaging analysis, to determine if and how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the relationship between current cognitive biases and future depression degree and the underlying neural basis in a nonclinical depressed population. An out-expectation result showed that a more negative memory bias was associated with a greater decrease in future depressive indices in nonclinical depressed participants during the COVID-19 pandemic, which might be due to decreased social stress. These data enhance our understanding of how the depressive degree of nonclinical depressed populations will change during the COVID-19 pandemic and also provide support for social distancing policies from a psychological perspective. We collected depressive degree before and during the COVID-19 pandemic Depressive degree negatively correlated with memory bias during the pandemic Reduced social stress during the pandemic might lead to the altered relationship Results provide extra support for social distancing policies during the pandemic
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De Bruin R, Barber LK. Is Electronic Multitasking Always Viewed as a Counterproductive Meeting Behavior? Understanding the Nature of the Secondary Task. Psychol Rep 2020; 125:422-447. [PMID: 33201783 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120973946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This project explored social evaluations of electronic multitasking during work meetings, including factors that may affect whether it is seen as a counterproductive meeting behavior. We used an experimental vignette design to test whether social evaluations (norm violating, agency, and communalism) of a hypothetical coworker's electronic multitasking differed by whether the secondary task was relevant to the meeting (Study 1; N = 274) or ambiguous (Study 2; N = 188). Observers evaluated task-irrelevant multitasking as more of a norm violation and less communal compared to task-relevant multitasking, and work-related tasks were evaluated as more agentic than nonwork-related tasks. Ambiguous tasks were also rated as more agentic than task-irrelevant multitasking. Taken together, our results show that the nature of the secondary task reduces negative perceptions of coworkers' electronic multitasking behavior during meetings. However, electronic multitasking for any purpose, even if relevant, was generally judged negatively consistent with expectations for a counterproductive meeting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika De Bruin
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Larissa K Barber
- Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Gonzalez-Mendez R, Yagual SN, Marrero H. Attentional bias towards resilience-related words is related to post-traumatic growth and personality traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hancock J, Mattick K. Tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well-being in medical training: A systematic review. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:125-137. [PMID: 31867801 PMCID: PMC7003828 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of stress, burnout and mental health disorders in medical students and doctors is high. It has been proposed that there may be an association between levels of tolerance of ambiguity (ie an ability to tolerate a lack of reliable, credible or adequate information) in clinical work and psychological well-being within this population. The aims of this systematic review were: (i) to assess the nature and extent of the literature available, in order to determine if there is an association, and (ii) to develop a conceptual model proposing possible mechanisms to underpin any association, in order to inform subsequent research. METHODS MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published from inception to September 2018. Additional literature was identified by searching the reference lists of included articles, forward searches of included articles, hand searches of key journals and a grey literature search. Of the 671 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. A qualitative synthesis of included studies was performed. RESULTS All 11 included studies reported an association between a lower level of tolerance of ambiguity or uncertainty and reduced psychological well-being. Included studies were heterogeneous in terms of population and measurement approach, and were often of low methodological quality. Subsets of items from previously developed scales were often used without sufficient consideration of the impact of new combinations of items on scale validity. Similar scales were also scored inconsistently between studies, making comparison difficult. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be an association between tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well-being. This provides new opportunities to understand and prevent the development of stress, burnout and mental health disorders in medical students and doctors. The conceptual model developed provides a framework for future research, which we hope will prevent wasted research effort through duplication and promote higher methodological quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hancock
- Devon Partnership TrustExeterUK
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Karen Mattick
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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Abstract
The majority of cognitive bias research has been conducted in Western cultures. We examined cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases, comparing Westerners' and East Asians' performance and acculturation following migration to the opposite culture. Two local (UK, Hong Kong) and four migrant (short-term and long-term migrants to each culture) samples completed culturally validated tasks measuring attentional and interpretation bias. Hong Kong residents were more positively biased than people living in the UK on several measures, consistent with the lower prevalence of psychological disorders in East Asia. Migrants to the UK had reduced positive biases on some tasks, while migrants to Hong Kong were more positive, compared to their respective home counterparts, consistent with acculturation in attention and interpretation biases. These data illustrate the importance of cultural validation of findings and, if replicated, would have implications for the mental health and well-being of migrants.
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Looking on the bright side and seeing it vividly: interpretation bias and involuntary mental imagery are related to risk for bipolar disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother 2019; 48:203-215. [PMID: 31597584 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465819000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involuntary mental imagery is elevated among people with bipolar disorder, and has been shown to shape biases in interpretation of ambiguous information. However, it is not clear whether biases in interpretation of ambiguous scenarios can be observed in those at risk for bipolar disorder, or whether involuntary imagery is related to such a bias. AIMS In the present study, we extended a prominent model of bipolar cognition to an at-risk sample. We specifically tested whether positive interpretation bias and involuntary mental imagery are linked to a greater risk of bipolar disorder. METHOD Young adults (N = 169) completed measures of risk for bipolar disorder (the Hypomanic Personality Scale [HPS]), interpretation bias, and involuntary mental imagery. RESULTS Higher scores on the HPS were significantly correlated with more positive interpretations of ambiguous scenarios (β = 0.29, p <. 01) and more frequent involuntary mental imagery (β = 0.22, p < .01). There was no evidence of an interaction between interpretation bias and mental imagery in predicting HPS score, β = .04, p = .62. CONCLUSIONS Further research is warranted to determine if intrusive imagery or interpretation bias influence the development of bipolar disorder over time in those at risk.
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24
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Han L, Zhao SY, Pan XY, Liao CJ. The impact of students with left-behind experiences on childhood: The relationship between negative life events and depression among college students in China. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2018; 64:56-62. [PMID: 29145763 DOI: 10.1177/0020764017739332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of left-behind children in rural China has increased dramatically over the last decade. It is reported that about 21.88% of child population with an estimated number of 61 million are left-behind children whose parents leave them to work in cities. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the impacts of left-behind experience (LBE) on college students' depression and other influencing factors. AIM This study discusses the mediation effect of self-esteem together with psychological resilience on college students with depression and negative life events of left-behind. The study also discusses the regulation effect of LBE. METHODS A total of 788 college students were selected from three universities in Sichuan and Chongqing (367 with LBEs, 421 without LBEs). Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Resilience Scale of Chinese Adolescent (RSCA) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to measure the negative life events, self-esteem, psychological resilience and depression, respectively. Bootstrap program was used to test the mediation effect, and multiple-group analysis was used to examine the regulation effect for LBE. RESULTS Scores of ASLEC for the college students with LBEs were higher than those without LBEs (8.59 ± 3.57) vs (7.06 ± 3.38), p < .001). The scores of LBE, ASLEC and SDS were positively correlated with the college students with LBEs ( r = .21 to .29, p < .01), while the scores of RSCA and SES were negatively correlated ( r = -.30 to -.59, p < .01). The mediation effect of college students' self-esteem and psychological resilience between negative life events and depression was significant (mediating effect = .08, .13, .07; p < .01). Thus, the college students' self-esteem and psychological resilience on negative life events had strong mediation effect on depression. The test of Bootstrap showed that the mediation effect of self-esteem and psychological resilience was significant (95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.04-0.76]). The LBE had regulation effect on college students' self-esteem and psychological resilience. (The constraint model fitting degree of variation is Δχ2 = 2,120.68, Δ df = 8, p < .001.) The self-esteem and psychological resilience of college students with LBEs can be used to mediate the relation between negative life events and depression, whereas those without LBEs cannot. CONCLUSION Self-esteem and psychological resilience fully mediates college students' negative life events and depression, which is regulated by their previous LBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- 1 Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhao
- 2 Wenzhou Vocational and Technical College, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Chuan-Jing Liao
- 4 Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,5 Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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25
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A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 58:33-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schoth DE, Liossi C. A Systematic Review of Experimental Paradigms for Exploring Biased Interpretation of Ambiguous Information with Emotional and Neutral Associations. Front Psychol 2017; 8:171. [PMID: 28232813 PMCID: PMC5299893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation biases have been extensively explored in a range of populations, including patients with anxiety and depressive disorders where they have been argued to influence the onset and maintenance of such conditions. Other populations in which interpretation biases have been explored include patients with chronic pain, anorexia nervosa, and alcohol dependency among others, although this literature is more limited. In this research, stimuli with threatening/emotional and neutral meanings are presented, with participant responses indicative of ambiguity resolution. A large number of paradigms have been designed and implemented in the exploration of interpretation biases, some varying in minor features only. This article provides a review of experimental paradigms available for exploring interpretation biases, with the aim to stimulate and inform the design of future research exploring cognitive biases across a range of populations. A systematic search of the experimental literature was conducted in Medline, PsychINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms were information, stimuli, and ambiguous intersected with the terms interpretation and bias*. Forty-five paradigms were found, categorized into those using ambiguous words, ambiguous images, and ambiguous scenarios. The key features, strengths and limitations of the paradigms identified are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Schoth
- Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
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Ji JL, Holmes EA, Blackwell SE. Seeing light at the end of the tunnel: Positive prospective mental imagery and optimism in depression. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:155-162. [PMID: 27907825 PMCID: PMC5241224 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimism is associated with positive outcomes across many health domains, from cardiovascular disease to depression. However, we know little about cognitive processes underlying optimism in psychopathology. The present study tested whether the ability to vividly imagine positive events in one's future was associated with dispositional optimism in a sample of depressed adults. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted, using baseline (all participants, N=150) and follow-up data (participants in the control condition only, N=63) from a clinical trial (Blackwell et al., 2015). Vividness of positive prospective imagery, assessed on a laboratory-administered task at baseline, was significantly associated with both current optimism levels at baseline and future (seven months later) optimism levels, including when controlling for potential confounds. Even when depressed, those individuals able to envision a brighter future were more optimistic, and regained optimism more quickly over time, than those less able to do so at baseline. Strategies to increase the vividness of positive prospective imagery may aid development of mental health interventions to boost optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Ji
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,Department for Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Simon E. Blackwell
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany,Corresponding author at: Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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Peng L, Cao HW, Yu Y, Li M. Resilience and Cognitive Bias in Chinese Male Medical Freshmen. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:158. [PMID: 28912733 PMCID: PMC5582169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological resilience has become a hot issue in positive psychology research. However, little is known about cognitive bias difference of individuals with different resilience levels. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of cognitive bias and its role in Chinese medical freshmen with different resilience levels. METHODS 312 Chinese medical freshmen were surveyed by the Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, 92 of whom were, respectively, allocated into high (n = 46) and low (n = 46) resilient group to complete computerized tests using an attentional shifting task and an emotional picture recognition task. RESULTS All participants had the highest recognition accuracy toward negative pictures compared to neutral and positive ones. By comparison, it was found that the high-resilient group had a longer recognition response time toward positive emotional pictures, but a shorter response time toward negative emotional pictures, while the low-resilient group had a longer response time toward negative emotional pictures. CONCLUSION This study pointed to the association between resilience and cognitive bias. Medical freshmen with different resilience levels showed significant differences in the cognitive bias toward emotional pictures, suggesting that reducing negative cognitive bias and promoting positive cognitive bias could be important targets to increase resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Wen Cao
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongju Yu
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Mental Imagery-Based Training to Modify Mood and Cognitive Bias in Adolescents: Effects of Valence and Perspective. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016; 41:73-88. [PMID: 28239214 PMCID: PMC5306169 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery has a powerful impact on emotion and cognitive processing in adults, and is implicated in emotional disorders. Research suggests the perspective adopted in mental imagery modulates its emotional impact. However, little is known about the impact of mental imagery in adolescence, despite adolescence being the key time for the onset of emotional dysfunction. We administered computerised positive versus mixed valence picture-word mental imagery training to male adolescent participants (N = 60, aged 11–16 years) across separate field and observer perspective sessions. Positive mood increased more following positive than mixed imagery; pleasantness ratings of ambiguous pictures increased following positive versus mixed imagery generated from field but not observer perspective; negative interpretation bias on a novel scrambled sentences task was smaller following positive than mixed imagery particularly when imagery was generated from field perspective. These findings suggest positive mental imagery generation alters mood and cognition in male adolescents, with the latter moderated by imagery perspective. Identifying key components of such training, such as imagery perspective, extends understanding of the relationship between mental imagery, mood, and cognition in adolescence.
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Holmes EA, Blackwell SE, Burnett Heyes S, Renner F, Raes F. Mental Imagery in Depression: Phenomenology, Potential Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2016; 12:249-80. [PMID: 26772205 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery is an experience like perception in the absence of a percept. It is a ubiquitous feature of human cognition, yet it has been relatively neglected in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of depression. Imagery abnormalities in depression include an excess of intrusive negative mental imagery; impoverished positive imagery; bias for observer perspective imagery; and overgeneral memory, in which specific imagery is lacking. We consider the contribution of imagery dysfunctions to depressive psychopathology and implications for cognitive behavioral interventions. Treatment advances capitalizing on the representational format of imagery (as opposed to its content) are reviewed, including imagery rescripting, positive imagery generation, and memory specificity training. Consideration of mental imagery can contribute to clinical assessment and imagery-focused psychological therapeutic techniques and promote investigation of underlying mechanisms for treatment innovation. Research into mental imagery in depression is at an early stage. Work that bridges clinical psychology and neuroscience in the investigation of imagery-related mechanisms is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Holmes
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; , , .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Stephanie Burnett Heyes
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, United Kingdom; .,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Renner
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Filip Raes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Mata DA, Ramos MA, Bansal N, Khan R, Guille C, Di Angelantonio E, Sen S. Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 2015; 314:2373-83. [PMID: 26647259 PMCID: PMC4866499 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Physicians in training are at high risk for depression. However, the estimated prevalence of this disorder varies substantially between studies. OBJECTIVE To provide a summary estimate of depression or depressive symptom prevalence among resident physicians. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Systematic search of EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for studies with information on the prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among resident physicians published between January 1963 and September 2015. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the peer-reviewed literature and used a validated method to assess for depression or depressive symptoms. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Information on study characteristics and depression or depressive symptom prevalence was extracted independently by 2 trained investigators. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated using meta-regression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Point or period prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms as assessed by structured interview or validated questionnaire. RESULTS Data were extracted from 31 cross-sectional studies (9447 individuals) and 23 longitudinal studies (8113 individuals). Three studies used clinical interviews and 51 used self-report instruments. The overall pooled prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms was 28.8% (4969/17,560 individuals, 95% CI, 25.3%-32.5%), with high between-study heterogeneity (Q = 1247, τ2 = 0.39, I2 = 95.8%, P < .001). Prevalence estimates ranged from 20.9% for the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire with a cutoff of 10 or more (741/3577 individuals, 95% CI, 17.5%-24.7%, Q = 14.4, τ2 = 0.04, I2 = 79.2%) to 43.2% for the 2-item PRIME-MD (1349/2891 individuals, 95% CI, 37.6%-49.0%, Q = 45.6, τ2 = 0.09, I2 = 84.6%). There was an increased prevalence with increasing calendar year (slope = 0.5% increase per year, adjusted for assessment modality; 95% CI, 0.03%-0.9%, P = .04). In a secondary analysis of 7 longitudinal studies, the median absolute increase in depressive symptoms with the onset of residency training was 15.8% (range, 0.3%-26.3%; relative risk, 4.5). No statistically significant differences were observed between cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies, studies of only interns vs only upper-level residents, or studies of nonsurgical vs both nonsurgical and surgical residents. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review, the summary estimate of the prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among resident physicians was 28.8%, ranging from 20.9% to 43.2% depending on the instrument used, and increased with calendar year. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies for preventing and treating depression among physicians in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Mata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marco A Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Rida Khan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Medical Center, Houston
| | - Constance Guille
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | | | - Srijan Sen
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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