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Kulakova E, Graumann L, Cho AB, Deuter CE, Wolf OT, Roepke S, Otte C, Wingenfeld K. Evidence of deviant parasympathetic response to social exclusion in women with borderline personality disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:129-138. [PMID: 37650962 PMCID: PMC10786993 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Stressful social situations like social exclusion are particularly challenging for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and often lead to dysfunctional reactive behaviour of aggression and withdrawal. The autonomous signature of these core symptoms of BPD remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the parasympathetic response to social exclusion in women with BPD (n = 62) and healthy controls (HC; n = 87). In a between-subjects design, participants experienced objective social exclusion or overinclusion in the Cyberball task, a virtual ball-tossing game. Need threat scores served as individual measures of perceived exclusion and the resulting frustration of cognitive-emotional needs. Five-minute measurements of high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) at three time points (before, during, after Cyberball) indicated parasympathetic tone and regulation. We observed a trend towards lowered baseline HF-HRV in BPD vs. HC in line with previous findings. Interestingly, the parasympathetic response of patients with BPD to objective and perceived social exclusion fundamentally differed from HC: higher exclusion was associated with increased parasympathetic activation in HC, while this autonomic response was reversed and blunted in BPD. Our findings suggest that during social stress, the parasympathetic nervous system fails to display an adaptive regulation in patients with BPD, but not HC. Understanding the autonomous signature of the stress response in BPD allows the formulation of clinically relevant and biologically plausible interventions to counteract parasympathetic dysregulation in this clinical group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Kulakova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Livia Graumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Bin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Eric Deuter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J, Fatfouta R. Does narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38014712 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the preference for solitude. BACKGROUND Preference for solitude may be impacted by various characteristics. Narcissism may be one such characteristic given its association with specific motivations for engagement with other individuals (e.g., status attainment). METHOD We examined whether the associations that narcissism had with the preference for solitude were moderated by perceived attainment of status or instability of status. RESULTS Across three studies (N = 627/479/675), extraverted narcissism had the expected aversion to solitude. Antagonistic narcissism and neurotic narcissism did not have consistent associations with the preference for solitude across these studies, nor did the perceived attainment of status consistently moderate the links between narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. However, perceived instability of status moderated the associations that extraverted narcissism and antagonistic narcissism had with the preference for solitude. More specifically, the more stable status was perceived to be, the greater the aversion to solitude for those high in extraverted narcissism and the greater the preference for solitude for those high in antagonistic narcissism. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results suggests that the motivations underlying preferences for solitude differ depending on particular narcissistic traits that predict whether one is more concerned with maintaining, gaining, or losing status. These results build upon what is known about the connections that narcissism has with the preference for solitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Vonk
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramzi Fatfouta
- Department of Psychology, University of Applied Sciences for Media, Communication and Management, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Đorić S. Cooperation after social exclusion: To reconnect or to harm? Psych J 2023; 12:704-713. [PMID: 37681232 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting a person's reaction after experiencing exclusion is an important question, which is accompanied by paradoxical answers. An excluded person may tend to harm others (antisocial reaction hypothesis), treat them with increased ingratiation (prosocial reaction hypothesis), or withdraw from further social contacts. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses about the prosocial and antisocial responses in the social dilemma context, specifically, to examine whether social exclusion will result in reduced or increased cooperation in the Trust Game. The sample included 175 participants (females = 142), first- and second-year psychology students. There was a between-subject design 3 exclusion (exclusion vs. inclusion vs. neutral) × 2 history (known vs. unknown partner), with Social value orientation being treated as a covariate. Social exclusion was manipulated using the get-acquainted paradigm, and the Trust Game was used to measure the willingness to cooperate. The level of social value orientation was measured using the Social Value Orientations (SVO) Slider Measure. Despite the successful manipulation of social exclusion, the results do not support studies showing that exclusion influences cooperation in a mixed-motive situation. Only the main effects of the history were observed (p = .012, η2 = .04.), and social value orientation was a significant predictor of the level of cooperation (p ≤ .001, η2 = .08.). The conclusion is that the experience of social exclusion made participants no less able to analyze social cues and willing to cooperate in the Trust Game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Đorić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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4
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Close and distant relationships exclusion: A study of individual coping tendencies towards excluder and non-excluder. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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5
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Mauduy M, Priolo D, Margas N, Sénémeaud C. When combining injunctive and descriptive norms strengthens the hypocrisy effect: A test in the field of discrimination. Front Psychol 2022; 13:989599. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The induced-hypocrisy is a paradigm in which people promote a normative behavior (normative salience step) and then recall their past transgressions (transgression salience step). It is an effective two-step procedure for encouraging prosocial behaviors. This study aims to explore whether discrimination can be reduced using the hypocrisy paradigm combining two kinds of social norms, namely injunctive and descriptive norms. We assigned 80 participants to descriptive norm-related hypocrisy, injunctive norm-related hypocrisy, combined-norm hypocrisy, and control conditions. Results showed that intention to adopt active normative behaviors was higher in the combined-norms than in the single norm hypocrisy conditions. We observed the same pattern in reducing discriminatory behaviors in the Cyberball game, which measures passive discrimination (exclusion). Our findings have both practical and theoretical implications. First, they provide a new and effective means for producing behavioral changes in the field of discrimination. Second, they contribute to further investigating the explanatory processes underlying the hypocrisy effect.
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Gamian-Wilk M, Lewandowska M, Sędkowska D, Staniszewska A, Stapinski P, Zielony-Koryczan E, Madeja-Bien K. A Prospective Study of Employee Response to Bullying in a Workplace Environment: Does Assertiveness Actually Help or Hurt? VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2022; 37:367-380. [PMID: 35654490 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-20-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present two-wave prospective study was twofold: (1) to identify the role of assertiveness in exposure to workplace bullying and (2) to determine causal and reverse causal long-term associations between workplace bullying exposure, working conditions and assertiveness. In the present two-wave panel design study (N = 128), with a six-month lag, high assertiveness predicted exposure to bullying. Furthermore, in line with the work environment hypothesis, the results indicate that negative workplace conditions in the first wave led to workplace bullying exposure. The findings suggest that assertive communication may be inappropriate in the case of workplace bullying. As such, we argue that functional assertiveness could be useful.
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Wenting F, Lijia W, Cuixin G. The Influence of Social Exclusion Types on Individuals' Willingness to Word-of-Mouth Recommendation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:862003. [PMID: 35496144 PMCID: PMC9051444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pace of modern life accelerates, social exclusion occurs more and more frequently in interpersonal interactions. The type of social exclusion can lead to different psychological needs of individuals, and, thus, affects the tendency of word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendation. There are three experiments in this research. Experiment 1 explores the influence of social exclusion types on the willingness of WOM recommendation. The result shows that being rejected increases individuals' willingness to WOM recommendations while being ignored decreases individuals' willingness. Experiment 2 explores the internal psychological mechanism of the influence of social exclusion types on WOM recommendation behavior and proves the mediating role of psychological needs (affiliative-focused needs; power/provocation need). In experiment 3, the moderating effect of product attributes (scarcity/popularity) on the main effect is analyzed. This research is the first to explore the influence of social exclusion types on individuals' willingness to WOM recommendations, which enriches the research on social exclusion in the field of WOM recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wenting
- Gemmological Institute, Research Center for Psychological and Health Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Lijia
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, Institute of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Gao Cuixin
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Gao Cuixin
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8
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Marinthe G, Brown G, Jaubert T, Chekroun P. Do it for others! The role of family and national group social belongingness in engaging with COVID-19 preventive health behaviors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 98:104241. [PMID: 34690362 PMCID: PMC8523484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an unprecedented threat and an effective response requires a collective effort: engagement in preventive health behaviors, even from people at low risk. Previous research demonstrates that belongingness to social groups can promote prosocial, preventive health behaviors. The current research tests the effects of belongingness to two types of groups, intimate (family) and social category (nation), on intentions to comply with preventive health behaviors and reasons for these behaviors. We conducted three studies using French participants at low risk of grave effects from COVID-19 (total N = 875). In Study 1, across three time periods, belongingness was correlated with greater intentions to comply with preventive behaviors when these behaviors were not enforced by law. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated threat to belongingness (vs. no threat). When belongingness was threatened, participants were less concerned with protecting vulnerable people. Closeness to family predicted preventive behavior intentions and both self-centered and prosocial reasons for these behaviors, regardless of condition. National identification buffered the negative effects of the threat to belongingness condition on preventive behavior intentions. In Study 3, we experimentally primed thoughts of belongingness to family vs. nation vs. control condition. We found greater intentions to engage in preventive behaviors and greater concern with protecting oneself and close relatives in the family condition. In summary, belongingness to one's family promotes preventive behavior intentions and the reasons given are to protect both oneself and others. Self-reported (but not primed) national identification can be related to prevention behavior intentions under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Marinthe
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris 8, 2 rue de la Liberté, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.,Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Chodakowska 19/31, 03-815 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Genavee Brown
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, 2 Sandyford Rd, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Jaubert
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie, Dynamiques Relationnelles et Processus Identitaires, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Peggy Chekroun
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
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Choy BK, Eom K, Li NP. Too cynical to reconnect: Cynicism moderates the effect of social exclusion on prosociality through empathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Pfundmair M, Echterhoff G. Does oxytocin shield against negative effects of ostracism? A replication and extension. Biol Psychol 2021; 163:108128. [PMID: 34082039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence collected in recent years suggests that OT can alleviate negative consequences of ostracism. However, it is unclear whether this effect requires favorable dispositions. Moreover, research is needed to replicate previous findings. We thus investigated whether a combination of OT and potentially leveraging traits shields against negative effects of ostracism in a direct and conceptual replication of previous work. Seventy-seven males, who varied on potential moderating features, were administered OT or a placebo, and were ostracized or included in the Cyberball paradigm. Results showed that OT tended to attenuate the drop in social comfort in response to ostracism, and induced participants, particularly those high in horizontal collectivism, to toss the ball more often toward an approaching co-player who had ostracized them earlier. Attachment avoidance did not moderate these effects. Thus, the study replicated OT's relieving effects on ostracism, but provided only partial support for the leveraging influence of person factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Pfundmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 München, Germany; Federal University of Administrative Sciences (current affiliation), Habersaathstr 51, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerald Echterhoff
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Fliednerstr. 21, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Abstract. Social exclusion, even from minimal game-based interactions, induces negative consequences. We investigated whether the nature of the relationship with the excluder modulates the effects of ostracism. Participants played a virtual ball-tossing game with a stranger and a friend (friend condition) or a stranger and their romantic partner (partner condition) while being fully included, fully excluded, excluded only by the stranger, or excluded only by their close other. Replicating previous findings, full exclusion impaired participants’ basic-need satisfaction and relationship evaluation most severely. While the degree of exclusion mattered, the relationship to the excluder did not: Classic null hypothesis testing and Bayesian statistics showed no modulation of ostracism effects depending on whether participants were excluded by a stranger, a friend, or their partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Böckler
- Department of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Rennert
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Raettig
- Department of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Filipkowski KB, Jones DR, Bernstein MJ, Smyth JM. Stress-responses to ostracism: Examining cortisol and affective reactivity to in-person and online exclusion. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1793-1804. [PMID: 33860689 DOI: 10.1177/13591053211001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracism is associated with poor outcomes, but it is unclear if online versus in-person ostracism elicits divergent psychological and physiological responses. Participants (N = 54) were randomly assigned to online or in-person ostracism, and provided pre- and post-ostracism measures of affect, self-esteem, self-feelings, and salivary cortisol. No significant changes in negative affect, self-esteem, or self-feelings emerged, nor were there differences by ostracism condition. Both ostracism conditions decreased positive affect (stronger online) and lowered cortisol. Extending prior work, ostracism appears to reliably decrease positive affect (especially online) but may not be threatening to the self; moreover, ostracism may reliably elicit acute cortisol declines.
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13
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Zimmerman CA, Carter‐Sowell AR, Ganesan A. Confrontation as an interpersonal response to ostracism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A. Zimmerman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Department of Psychology Colorado State University—Pueblo Pueblo CO USA
| | | | - Asha Ganesan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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McDaniel BT, Wesselmann E. “You phubbed me for that?” Reason given for phubbing and perceptions of interactional quality and exclusion. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T. McDaniel
- Health Services and Informatics Research Parkview Mirro Center for Research and Innovation Fort Wayne Indiana USA
| | - Eric Wesselmann
- Department of Psychology Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
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15
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Wesselmann ED, Dvir M, Kelly JR, Pryor JB. The effects of sexual harassment, assault, and objectification on the self. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1882551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maayan Dvir
- Department of Behavioral Sciences & Department of Education, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, YezreelValley, Israel
| | - Janice R. Kelly
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John B. Pryor
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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16
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Papousek I, Reiter-Scheidl K, Lackner HK, Weiss EM, Perchtold-Stefan CM, Aydin N. The Impacts of the Presence of an Unfamiliar Dog on Emerging Adults' Physiological and Behavioral Responses Following Social Exclusion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10120191. [PMID: 33327481 PMCID: PMC7764974 DOI: 10.3390/bs10120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that non-human attachment figures may mitigate the negative consequences of social exclusion. In the current experiment, we examined how the presence of an unfamiliar companion dog in the laboratory effects physiological and behavioral reactions in female emerging adults after social exclusion compared to inclusion. Results revealed the beneficial effects of the dog: Socially excluded participants in the company of a dog showed less aggressive behavior in response to the hot sauce paradigm compared to excluded participants in the control condition. Furthermore, cardiac responses indicated mitigated perception of threat in a subsequent insult episode when a dog was present. The presence of a dog did not impact the most instantaneous, "reflexive" response to the social exclusion as revealed by characteristic cardiac changes. Together, the findings indicate that the presence of a companion dog takes effect in a later, reflective period following a social exclusion experience, which implicates relevant social elaboration and appraisal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Papousek
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-3805121
| | - Katharina Reiter-Scheidl
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
| | - Helmut K. Lackner
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Elisabeth M. Weiss
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Corinna M. Perchtold-Stefan
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
| | - Nilüfer Aydin
- Social Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;
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Sprunger JG, Hales A, Maloney M, Williams K, Eckhardt CI. Alcohol, Affect, and Aggression: An Investigation of Alcohol's Effects Following Ostracism. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2020; 10:585-593. [PMID: 34557324 PMCID: PMC8454894 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ostracism is distressing to those who experience it and people are motivated to find ways to cope, including self-medication or aggression. However, we know little about how alcohol intoxication may affect individuals' reactions to ostracism. This study investigates predictions informed by Alcohol Myopia Theory to observe how alcohol influences changes to one's affect, basic needs fulfillment, and aggression following ostracism. METHOD Participants (N = 97) were randomly assigned to either consume an alcohol, placebo, or nonalcohol beverage, and then participate in a game that simulated ostracism. Following this, participants engaged in a task wherein they were able to aggress against an ostensible ostracizer. Affect and basic psychological needs were measured at baseline, post-ostracism, and post-aggression timepoints. RESULTS Results indicated that all groups reacted adversely to ostracism and experienced partial recovery toward baseline for negative and positive affect and basic psychological needs. Further, alcohol facilitated recovery across these outcomes post-aggression for participants who felt more intoxicated. Alcohol, relative to the control beverages, increased ostracizer-directed aggression intensity for low trait physically aggressive, but not highly aggressive, people. CONCLUSION This randomized study provides novel preliminary evidence suggesting that alcohol enhances aggressive urges toward ostracizers in those who are not typically aggressive. Those who feel more drunk when intoxicated, compared to those who feel less so, may experience greater recovery from ostracism after aggressing toward an ostracizer hinting at potentially pleasurable effects that must be replicated in future studies.
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Yang Y, Wang L, Passmore HA, Zhang J, Zhu L, Cai H. Viewing nature scenes reduces the pain of social ostracism. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 161:197-215. [PMID: 32633650 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1784826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a series of four studies (Ns = 245, 135, 155, 222), we explored the effects of viewing nature scenes on promoting recovery from ostracism. We first manipulated experiences of ostracism, then randomly assigned participants to view photos of either nature, urban scenes, or neutral objects. Across all four studies, participants who viewed nature photos reported significantly lower levels of state social pain, along with significantly higher levels of affect balance and self-esteem. Moreover, when asked to look back and recall how they felt at the time of being ostracized, participants who viewed nature photos reported significantly higher levels of retrospective satisfaction of basic emotional needs than did participants in control conditions. An internal meta-analysis revealed an effect size of d = 0.58. These studies are the first, to our knowledge, to provide experimental evidence of how exposure to nature can alleviate the pain of social ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lishen Wang
- Education College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Holli-Anne Passmore
- Nature Connectedness Group, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lifang Zhu
- Mental Health Education & Counseling Centre, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ren D, Wesselmann ED, van Beest I. Seeking Solitude After Being Ostracized: A Replication and Beyond. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:426-440. [PMID: 32515281 PMCID: PMC7897794 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220928238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals may respond to ostracism by either behaving prosocially or antisocially. A recent paper provides evidence for a third response: solitude seeking, suggesting that ostracized individuals may ironically engage in self-perpetuating behaviors which exacerbate social isolation. To examine this counterintuitive response to ostracism, we conceptually replicated the original paper in three studies (N = 1,118). Ostracism experiences were associated with preference for solitude across four samples (Study 1), and being ostracized increased participants’ desires for solitude (Studies 2 and 3). Extending beyond the original paper, we demonstrated that only the experience of being ostracized, but not ostracizing others or the feeling of conspicuousness, triggered the desire for solitude. Diverging from the original paper, trait extraversion did not moderate the effect of ostracism on solitude desires. Taken together, the current research provides additional and stronger empirical evidence that solitude seeking is a common response to ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
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20
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When socially excluded people prefer moralizing to anti- and prosocial behavior: Support for a goal-directed account. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Pauksztat B, Salin D. Targets' Social Relationships as Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Bullying: A Social Network Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3077. [PMID: 32082211 PMCID: PMC7005667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on workplace bullying has largely focused on individual and organizational factors that place individuals in a vulnerable position. Although theorists have highlighted social aspects of workplace bullying and its antecedents, the role of individuals' social relations with other members of their organization has rarely been examined empirically. Drawing on insights from social network research and research on social rejection, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to bullying and employees' informal social relationships (here: friendships; negative relationships) with other members of their organization. Data from two waves of surveys among 249 employees in eight organizations in Finland were analyzed using stochastic actor-oriented modeling. We found that employees' centrality (i.e., the number of their relationships) had no effect on exposure to bullying. However, exposure to bullying affected targets' perceptions of their relationships with colleagues: employees who had experienced bullying subsequently reported significantly more friendship relationships, but not significantly more negative relationships, suggesting that aggressive or antisocial responses may be more muted in field settings than in experimental settings. Our study contributes to research on workplace bullying by providing a more detailed understanding of the relationship between workplace bullying and employees' social relations, and by offering insights about the consequences of workplace bullying for targets' social relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Pauksztat
- Department of Business Studies, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denise Salin
- Department of Management & Organization, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Belanger AL, Joshi MP, Fuesting MA, Weisgram ES, Claypool HM, Diekman AB. Putting Belonging in Context: Communal Affordances Signal Belonging in STEM. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1186-1204. [PMID: 31928327 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219897181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sense of belonging in a particular context is cued not only by the people in the role but by the affordances of the role-that is, the opportunities for goal pursuit. We investigate this role-based belonging in four studies documenting that the perceived affordances of social roles inform sense of belonging and convey known benefits of belonging. Perceiving more communal opportunities in naturalistic science, technology, engineering, and mathematic (STEM) settings was associated with heightened belonging in those roles (Studies 1-2). Experimentally manipulating collaborative activities in a science lab increased anticipated belonging in the lab and fostered interest, particularly among women (Study 3). Finally, mentally simulating communal affordances in a role promoted recovery from belonging threat: Considering communal opportunities in STEM facilitated recovery of STEM-specific belonging after recalling exclusion in STEM (Study 4). Investigations of role-based belonging offer the potential for both theoretical and practical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Belanger
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,University of Wisconsin-Platteville, USA
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23
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Pfundmair M, Danböck SK, Agthe M. Out of the dark, into the light: The impact of social exclusion on judgments of darkness and brightness. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 199:102901. [PMID: 31398623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on theories of grounded cognition, we assumed that the experience of social exclusion is grounded in a concept of darkness. Specifically, we hypothesized that social exclusion causes perceptual judgments of darkness and a preference for brightness as a compensatory response. To investigate these hypotheses, we conducted four studies using different manipulations and measurements. In Studies 1a and 1b, excluded participants judged a picturized room as darker and drew more attention to its brightest part than included participants. In Study 2, excluded participants judged a surface as darker and decided for brighter clothing than included participants. In Study 3, excluded participants judged their lab room as darker and expressed a higher preference for brightness than included participants. Providing consistent support for our hypotheses, these findings confirm the idea that the experience of social exclusion is grounded in multiple ways that share a common representational system.
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24
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Bierle I, Becker JC, Ikegami T. Coping with unpleasant group memberships in Japan and Germany: Cultural differences in disidentification, confrontation and emotion regulation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Silva C, Jover C, Da Fonseca D, Esteves F, Deruelle C. Acting on observed social exclusion and pro-social behaviour in autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:233-245. [PMID: 31238707 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319857578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are commonly motivated towards cooperation and prosociality. In this study, we examined this motivational predisposition in autistic individuals. Using an adaptation of the Cyberball paradigm, we investigated subsequent pro-social behaviour after witnessing social exclusion. Participants witnessed and played a series of Cyberball games, rated their affective state and valued emotional faces with respect to their approachability. Results showed that participants from both groups were aware of the social exclusion. However, while neurotypically developing participants engaged in pro-social behaviour in reaction to the exclusion, autistic participants showed less alterations, in terms of either behaviour or affective state. The current findings suggest a distinct motivational drive and processing of social reward stimuli in autism, which may result in behavioural responses divergent from typical development when engaging in the social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Silva
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal.,Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Jover
- AP-HM, Hôpital Salvator, Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Marseille, France
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France.,AP-HM, Hôpital Salvator, Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Marseille, France
| | - Francisco Esteves
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal.,Mid Sweden University, Sweden
| | - Christine Deruelle
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France
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26
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Ferris LJ, Jetten J, Hornsey MJ, Bastian B. Feeling Hurt: Revisiting the Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019857936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain overlap theory has generated decades of controversy and still receives considerable research attention. A major advance has been the revelation that social and physical pain activate similar neural regions, providing suggestive evidence of a “piggybacked” alarm system that coevolved to detect social exclusion. Recent developments, however, have brought neural evidence for pain overlap into question. We analyze these developments from a social psychological perspective and identify the need for a reformulated approach. To meet this need, we provide a framework that a priori predicts generalized overlap and specific divergence across a range of biopsychosocial domains. The framework points to a functional pattern for similarities and differences, which can be utilized to generate testable hypotheses so that the field can move forward. To demonstrate the utility and promise of the framework, we identify key hypotheses relating to attention, motivation, and responses to pain, and review research relevant to these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Ferris
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Brock Bastian
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Ren D, Wesselmann ED, Williams KD. Hurt people hurt people: ostracism and aggression. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 19:34-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Hong JS, Sun CR. To defend or to affiliate: The effects of categorical similarity cues after social exclusion. The Journal of Social Psychology 2017; 158:647-662. [PMID: 28934069 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2017.1373621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article proposed that after social exclusion, individuals may react in a hostile or amiable manner, which depends on the type of categorical similarity cues that new groups possess. For excluded individuals, groups that resemble their excluder would provoke a defensive attitude. They also exhibit hospitality to groups that resemble themselves to gain inclusion. In Experiment 1, social exclusion was manipulated by providing a scenario story regarding an individual who was excluded and subsequently wanted to join in new groups. The results indicated that participants in the social exclusion condition avoided groups that resembled the previous excluder, whereas groups that fit their characteristics were preferred. In experiment 2, the cognitive load was manipulated. Heavy cognitive load made participants in the social exclusion condition only avoid groups that resembled the excluder; in contrast, they exhibited no preference for groups that may be suitable for them.
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29
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Wesselmann ED, Williams KD. Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217708861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are social animals and they depend upon social relationships to fortify their physical and psychological well-being. Various types of social experiences can threaten these relationships, making individuals feel excluded: separated from others physically or emotionally. Social exclusion experiences can be further broken down into two subcategories: rejection- and ostracism-based experiences. We provide a brief summary of the research on social exclusion, rejection, and ostracism, focusing particularly on theory and research on ostracism, given that is the primary focus of our research programs. We close with some key suggestions on how future research on different types of social exclusion can become increasingly integrated theoretically.
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30
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Zygar C, Pfundmair M. Does the female cycle matter? Looking at aggressive intentions after social exclusion. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1301990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Wesselmann ED, Wirth JH, Bernstein MJ. Expectations of Social Inclusion and Exclusion. Front Psychol 2017; 8:112. [PMID: 28220092 PMCID: PMC5292417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James H Wirth
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University at Newark Newark, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Science Program, Penn State University-Abington Abington, PA, USA
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White LO, Klein AM, von Klitzing K, Graneist A, Otto Y, Hill J, Over H, Fonagy P, Crowley MJ. Putting Ostracism into Perspective: Young Children Tell More Mentalistic Stories after Exclusion, But Not When Anxious. Front Psychol 2017; 7:1926. [PMID: 28066277 PMCID: PMC5177662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about when children acquire an understanding of mental states, but few, if any, experiments identify social contexts in which children tend to use this capacity and dispositions that influence its usage. Social exclusion is a common situation that compels us to reconnect with new parties, which may crucially involve attending to those parties’ mental states. Across two studies, this line of inquiry was extended to typically developing preschoolers (Study 1) and young children with and without anxiety disorder (AD) (Study 2). Children played the virtual game of toss “Cyberball” ostensibly over the Internet with two peers who first played fair (inclusion), but eventually threw very few balls to the child (exclusion). Before and after Cyberball, children in both studies completed stories about peer-scenarios. For Study 1, 36 typically developing 5-year-olds were randomly assigned to regular exclusion (for no apparent reason) or accidental exclusion (due to an alleged computer malfunction). Compared to accidental exclusion, regular exclusion led children to portray story-characters more strongly as intentional agents (intentionality), with use of more mental state language (MSL), and more between-character affiliation in post-Cyberball stories. For Study 2, 20 clinically referred 4 to 8-year-olds with AD and 15 age- and gender-matched non-anxious controls completed stories before and after regular exclusion. While we replicated the post regular-exclusion increase of intentional and MSL portrayals of story-characters among non-anxious controls, anxious children exhibited a decline on both dimensions after regular exclusion. We conclude that exclusion typically induces young children to mentalize, enabling more effective reconnection with others. However, excessive anxiety may impair controlled mentalizing, which may, in turn, hamper effective reconnection with others after exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars O White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette M Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai von Klitzing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alice Graneist
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Otto
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan Hill
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Reading, UK
| | - Harriet Over
- Department of Psychology, University of York York, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London London, UK
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Seeking the safety of sociofugal space: Environmental design preferences following social ostracism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Hales AH, Wesselmann ED, Williams KD. Prayer, self-affirmation, and distraction improve recovery from short-term ostracism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Ren D, Wesselmann E, Williams KD. Evidence for Another Response to Ostracism. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550615616169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People may choose to move toward, move against, or move away in reaction to threatening social situations. Ostracism induces both prosocial behaviors (moving toward) and antisocial behaviors (moving against). One reason that moving away may be missing from these observed responses is the absence of including such a response in experiments. In four studies, we examined whether ostracized individuals would avail themselves of a moving away response (i.e., seeking solitude), if offered, and also whether one individual difference—introversion—predicted higher desires to move away. Correlational data (Study 1) showed that participants who reported more ostracism experiences indicated stronger desires to be alone; three experiments (Studies 2–4) demonstrated that manipulated ostracism experience increases the desire to be alone in a subsequent activity, especially among introverts. These findings suggest that ostracized individuals may desire a phase of solitude to cope with the social pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Eric Wesselmann
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Kipling D. Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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