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Freisthler B, Sarabia J, Price Wolf J. Using ecological momentary assessments to understand how drinking during special occasions relates to parenting behaviors. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:2343-2353. [PMID: 38088803 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking on special occasions (e.g., Super Bowl, Christmas) often results in more alcohol consumed. Further, police often report higher levels of crime, such as assaults and domestic violence, on days of major sporting events (e.g., Super Bowl, World Cup). Yet, drinking behaviors of parents during special occasions or large sporting events have not been assessed for their effects on parenting behaviors. Here, we assess the relationship between drinking during the Super Bowl and on Valentine's Day to determine whether they differ. METHODS Participants, recruited from social media, completed a 40-min baseline survey and 14 days of three daily Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) about parenting. Two hundred fifty-five participants (with 684 EMAs) were enrolled on the Super Bowl and 184 (492 EMAs) were enrolled on Valentine's day. Measures of parenting include aggressive, punitive, and nonpunitive discipline and positive techniques. Drinking was assessed on days 7 and 14 of the EMA and corresponded to the EMA time frame during the previous week. Participants were largely White, well-educated mothers. Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS Parents who reported drinking on the day of the Super Bowl were more likely to use aggressive discipline (OR = 2.560; 95% CI: 1.308, 5.150) and punitive parenting (OR = 2.701; 95% CI: 1.394, 5.257) during the time that drinking occurred. In contrast, parents who reported drinking on Valentine's Day were less likely to use aggressive discipline (OR = 0.197; 95% CI: 0.077, 0.502). CONCLUSIONS The differential relationship between drinking and parenting measures could be the result of differing norms or differences in who is present during the special occasions studied here. Identifying and understanding how alcohol use on special occasions contributes to parenting could help to create environments that are most conducive to positive parenting behaviors and reduce harms related to harsh or aggressive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joselyn Sarabia
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Marti-Marca A, Vilà-Balló A, Cerda-Company X, Ikumi N, Torres-Ferrus M, Caronna E, Gallardo VJ, Alpuente A, Torralba Cuello M, Soto-Faraco S, Pozo-Rosich P. Exploring sensory sensitivity, cortical excitability, and habituation in episodic migraine, as a function of age and disease severity, using the pattern-reversal task. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:104. [PMID: 37545005 PMCID: PMC10405481 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a cyclic, neurosensory disorder characterized by recurrent headaches and altered sensory processing. The latter is manifested in hypersensitivity to visual stimuli, measured with questionnaires and sensory thresholds, as well as in abnormal cortical excitability and a lack of habituation, assessed with visual evoked potentials elicited by pattern-reversal stimulation. Here, the goal was to determine whether factors such as age and/or disease severity may exert a modulatory influence on sensory sensitivity, cortical excitability, and habituation. METHODS Two similar experiments were carried out, the first comparing 24 young, episodic migraine patients and 28 healthy age- and gender-matched controls and the second 36 middle-aged, episodic migraine patients and 30 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. A neurologist confirmed the diagnoses. Migraine phases were obtained using eDiaries. Sensory sensitivity was assessed with the Sensory Perception Quotient and group comparisons were carried out. We obtained pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials and calculated the N1-P1 Peak-to-Peak amplitude. Two linear mixed-effects models were fitted to these data. The first model had Block (first block, last block) and Group (patients, controls) as fixed factors, whereas the second model had Trial (all trials) and Group as fixed factors. Participant was included as a random factor in both. N1-P1 first block amplitude was used to assess cortical excitability and habituation was defined as a decrease of N1-P1 amplitude across Blocks/Trials. Both experiments were performed interictally. RESULTS The final samples consisted of 18 patients with episodic migraine and 27 headache-free controls (first experiment) and 19 patients and 29 controls (second experiment). In both experiments, patients reported increased visual hypersensitivity on the Sensory Perception Quotient as compared to controls. Regarding N1-P1 peak-to-peak data, there was no main effect of Group, indicating no differences in cortical excitability between groups. Finally, significant main effects of both Block and Trial were found indicating habituation in both groups, regardless of age and headache frequency. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study yielded evidence for significant hypersensitivity in patients but no significant differences in either habituation or cortical excitability, as compared to headache-free controls. Although the alterations in patients may be less pronounced than originally anticipated they demonstrate the need for the definition and standardization of optimal methodological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marti-Marca
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Vilà-Balló
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xim Cerda-Company
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nara Ikumi
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torres-Ferrus
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edoardo Caronna
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor J Gallardo
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Alpuente
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Torralba Cuello
- Multisensory Research Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Multisensory Research Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pozo-Rosich
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chernyshev BV, Pultsina KI, Tretyakova VD, Miasnikova AS, Prokofyev AO, Kozunova GL, Stroganova TA. Losses resulting from deliberate exploration trigger beta oscillations in frontal cortex. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152926. [PMID: 37250414 PMCID: PMC10211346 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the neural signature of directed exploration by contrasting MEG beta (16-30 Hz) power changes between disadvantageous and advantageous choices in the two-choice probabilistic reward task. We analyzed the choices made after the participants have learned the probabilistic contingency between choices and their outcomes, i.e., acquired the inner model of choice values. Therefore, rare disadvantageous choices might serve explorative, environment-probing purposes. The study brought two main findings. Firstly, decision making leading to disadvantageous choices took more time and evidenced greater large-scale suppression of beta oscillations than its advantageous alternative. Additional neural resources recruited during disadvantageous decisions strongly suggest their deliberately explorative nature. Secondly, an outcome of disadvantageous and advantageous choices had qualitatively different impact on feedback-related beta oscillations. After the disadvantageous choices, only losses-but not gains-were followed by late beta synchronization in frontal cortex. Our results are consistent with the role of frontal beta oscillations in the stabilization of neural representations for selected behavioral rule when explorative strategy conflicts with value-based behavior. Punishment for explorative choice being congruent with its low value in the reward history is more likely to strengthen, through punishment-related beta oscillations, the representation of exploitative choices consistent with the inner utility model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V. Chernyshev
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina I. Pultsina
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera D. Tretyakova
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S. Miasnikova
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey O. Prokofyev
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina L. Kozunova
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Stroganova
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
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Negative recency effects in delayed recognition: Spacing, consolidation, and retrieval strategy processes. Mem Cognit 2022; 50:1683-1693. [PMID: 35277835 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While items learned immediately before testing are generally remembered better than prior items in a study list, in delayed testing this relationship is reversed, yielding a negative recency effect. To adjudicate between the strategic rehearsal and spacing accounts of this phenomenon, we examined performance of 169 participants on a delayed recognition test following multiple sessions requiring the study and immediate free recall testing of 16 lists of 16 words. This revealed a strong effect of the amount of spacing between initial study position and initial free recall position on the degree of negative recency, supporting the spacing account. Furthermore, these spacing effects were nonmonotonic, suggesting that they are mediated by consolidation processes. Additional analyses indicate that strategies and rehearsal opportunities may also contribute to the effects of within-list encoding position on subsequent long-term memory, but for recall more than for recognition.
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Pupil dilation and response slowing distinguish deliberate explorative choices in the probabilistic learning task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1108-1129. [PMID: 35359274 PMCID: PMC9458574 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-00996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether pupil size and response time would distinguish directed exploration from random exploration and exploitation. Eighty-nine participants performed the two-choice probabilistic learning task while their pupil size and response time were continuously recorded. Using LMM analysis, we estimated differences in the pupil size and response time between the advantageous and disadvantageous choices as a function of learning success, i.e., whether or not a participant has learned the probabilistic contingency between choices and their outcomes. We proposed that before a true value of each choice became known to a decision-maker, both advantageous and disadvantageous choices represented a random exploration of the two options with an equally uncertain outcome, whereas the same choices after learning manifested exploitation and direct exploration strategies, respectively. We found that disadvantageous choices were associated with increases both in response time and pupil size, but only after the participants had learned the choice-reward contingencies. For the pupil size, this effect was strongly amplified for those disadvantageous choices that immediately followed gains as compared to losses in the preceding choice. Pupil size modulations were evident during the behavioral choice rather than during the pretrial baseline. These findings suggest that occasional disadvantageous choices, which violate the acquired internal utility model, represent directed exploration. This exploratory strategy shifts choice priorities in favor of information seeking and its autonomic and behavioral concomitants are mainly driven by the conflict between the behavioral plan of the intended exploratory choice and its strong alternative, which has already proven to be more rewarding.
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Hu Z, Zhang Z, Liang Z, Zhang L, Li L, Huang G. A New Perspective on Individual Reliability beyond Group Effect for Event-related Potentials: A Multisensory Investigation and Computational Modeling. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118937. [PMID: 35091080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant approach in investigating the individual reliability for event-related potentials (ERPs) is to extract peak-related features at electrodes showing the strongest group effects. Such a peak-based approach implicitly assumes ERP components showing a stronger group effect are also more reliable, but this assumption has not been substantially validated and few studies have investigated the reliability of ERPs beyond peaks. In this study, we performed a rigorous evaluation of the test-retest reliability of ERPs collected in a multisensory and cognitive experiment from 82 healthy adolescents, each having two sessions. By comparing group effects and individual reliability, we found that a stronger group-level response in ERPs did not guarantee higher reliability. A perspective of neural oscillation should be adopted for the analysis of reliability. Further, by simulating ERPs with an oscillation-based computational model, we found that the consistency between group-level ERP responses and individual reliability was modulated by inter-subject latency jitter and inter-trial variability. The current findings suggest that the conventional peak-based approach may underestimate the individual reliability in ERPs and a neural oscillation perspective on ERP reliability should be considered. Hence, a comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of ERP measurements should be considered in individual-level neurophysiological trait evaluation and psychiatric disorder diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Linling Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Gan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Bartholow BD. A Functional Coupling of Brain and Behavior During Social Categorization of Faces. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:1580-1595. [PMID: 33419384 PMCID: PMC8263806 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220976688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has focused on how people derive information about others' social category memberships from their faces. Theoretical models posit that early extraction of task-relevant information from a face should determine the efficiency with which that face is categorized, but evidence supporting this idea has been elusive. Here, we used a novel trial-level data analytic approach to examine the relationship between two event-related potential components-the P2, indexing early attention to category-relevant information, and the P3, indexing stimulus evaluation-and the speed of overt categorization judgments. As predicted, a larger face-elicited P2 on a particular trial was associated with faster overt race or gender categorization of that face. Moreover, this association was mediated by P3 latency, indicating that extraction of more category-relevant information early in processing facilitated stimulus evaluation. These findings support continuous flow models of information processing and the long-theorized functional significance of face-elicited neurophysiological responses for social categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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8
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Platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype interaction predicts visual working memory updating efficiency. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113255. [PMID: 33745984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The exact mechanism how serotonergic and dopaminergic systems relate to one another in working memory (WM) updating is unknown. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been used as a marker for central serotonergic capacity, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) as a marker for central dopaminergic capacity. This study aimed to describe the interaction of platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype in visual working memory updating: the ability to replace old information with new within hundreds of milliseconds. Previous studies suggest that platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype could have an interaction effect on working memory. However, there are no studies that have directly examined the interaction of these biomarkers in WM updating. We used a 2-back updating task with facial expressions and defined updating efficiency as response times for correct responses. 455 subjects from a population representative sample were included. Mixed models were used for data analysis with an aim to study the interaction of COMT Val158Met genotype (Val/Val, Val/Met and Met/Met) and the level of MAO activity (high vs low). Education, IQ, sex, simple reaction times, and overall updating accuracy were included as covariates. We found that the effect of COMT Val158Met on updating efficiency depends on the level of platelet MAO activity. Low MAO in contrast to high MAO was associated with an increase in updating efficiency in Val/Met but a decrease in Met/Met. The results are discussed in the context of serotonin and dopamine functions in brain regions related to WM. The findings support the view that serotonin modulates dopaminergic activation in updating and contribute to understanding the role of serotonin in PFC, top-down inhibitory signals, and its interactions with dopamine in WM processes.
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Page-Gould E, Bartholow BD. Using multilevel models for the analysis of event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 162:145-156. [PMID: 33600841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel modeling (MLM) is becoming increasingly accessible and popular in the analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). In this article, we review the benefits of MLM for analyzing psychophysiological data, which often contains repeated observations within participants, and introduce some of the decision-making points in the analytic process, including how to set up the data set, specify the model, conduct hypothesis tests, and visualize the model estimates. We highlight how the use of MLM can extend the types of theoretical questions that can be answered using ERPs, including investigations of how ERPs vary meaningfully across trials within a testing session. We also address reporting practices and provide tools to calculate effect sizes and simulate power curves. Ultimately, we hope this review contributes to emerging best practices for the use of MLM with psychophysiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Khachatoorian N, Loveday C, Dima D, Mair A, Illingworth S, Conway MA, Haenschel C. A behavioural and ERP investigation of the wearable camera photo review in autobiographical memory. Memory 2021; 29:224-233. [PMID: 33533696 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1880601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Wearable camera photo review has successfully been used to enhance memory, yet very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, the sequential presentation of wearable camera photos - a key feature of wearable camera photo review - is examined using behavioural and EEG measures. Twelve female participants were taken on a walking tour, stopping at a series of predefined targets, while wearing a camera that captured photographs automatically. A sequence of four photos leading to these targets was selected (∼ 200 trials) and together with control photos, these were used in a recognition task one week later. Participants' recognition performance improved with the sequence of photos (measured in hit rates, correct rejections, & sensitivity), revealing for the first time, a positive effect of sequence of photos in wearable camera photo review. This has important implications for understanding the sequential and cumulative effects of cues on episodic remembering. An old-new ERP effect was also observed over visual regions for hits vs. correct rejections, highlighting the importance of visual processing not only for perception but also for the location of activated memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khachatoorian
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Loveday
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - A Mair
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - M A Conway
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Haenschel
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
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Emotion regulation in emerging adults with major depressive disorder and frequent cannabis use. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102575. [PMID: 33588323 PMCID: PMC7895841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Linear mixed modelling was used to analyze fMRI data on an emotion task. Cannabis use and major depressive disorder interacted with emotion regulation. The biggest effects were observed in the left temporal lobe. Emotion regulation strategy and depressive symptoms also predicted activity. The combination of MDD and cannabis was more complex than strictly additive.
In people with mental health issues, approximately 20% have co-occurring substance use, often involving cannabis. Although emotion regulation can be affected both by major depressive disorder (MDD) and by cannabis use, the relationship among all three factors is unknown. In this study, we used fMRI to evaluate the effect that cannabis use and MDD have on brain activation during an emotion regulation task. Differences were assessed in 74 emerging adults aged 16–23 with and without MDD who either used or did not use cannabis. Severity of depressive symptoms, emotion regulation style, and age of cannabis use onset were also measured. Both MDD and cannabis use interacted with the emotion regulation task in the left temporal lobe, however the location of the interaction differed for each factor. Specifically, MDD showed an interaction with emotion regulation in the middle temporal gyrus, whereas cannabis use showed an interaction in the superior temporal gyrus. Emotion regulation style predicted activity in the right superior frontal gyrus, however, this did not interact with MDD or cannabis use. Severity of depressive symptoms interacted with the emotion regulation task in the left middle temporal gyrus. The results highlight the influence of cannabis use and MDD on emotion regulation processing, suggesting that both may have a broader impact on the brain than previously thought.
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Weigl M, Pham HH, Mecklinger A, Rosburg T. The effect of shared distinctiveness on source memory: An event-related potential study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1027-1040. [PMID: 32839959 PMCID: PMC7497493 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An illusory correlation (IC) is the erroneous perception that two actually uncorrelated categories are correlated. The Shared Distinctiveness Approach (SDA) explains ICs with heightened accessibility of distinctive category combinations in episodic memory. However, empirical evidence for this approach is heterogeneous. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study, we exploited the fact that more distinctive items elicit larger P300 responses than less distinctive items, which potentially predict subsequent memory performance differences for such items. Distinctiveness at encoding was created by presenting words that differed from frequently presented, positive words in valence, font color, or both. We hypothesized that shared distinctiveness (deviation in both color and valence) would lead to an enhanced P300 subsequent memory effect (SME), better source memory performance, and an overestimation of the frequency of shared distinctive items. Behavioral results indicated the presence of shared distinctiveness effects on source memory and frequency estimation. Unexpectedly, memory also was enhanced for positive items in the frequent color. This pattern also was reflected in the P300 for highly positive and negative items. However, shared distinctiveness did not modulate the P300 SME, indicating that the processing of distinctive features might only indirectly contribute to better encoding. This study shows that shared distinctiveness indeed is associated with better source memory and ICs. Because effects were observed for the most frequent and the least frequent category combination, our results imply that the processing of distinctiveness might involve attention allocation to diametrical category combinations, thereby accentuating the differences between the categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weigl
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Campus, Building A2.4, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Hong Hanh Pham
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Axel Mecklinger
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Timm Rosburg
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research, Evidence-based Insurance Medicine, University of Basel, University Hospital, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
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Uhrig S, Perkis A, Behne DM. Effects of speech transmission quality on sensory processing indicated by the cortical auditory evoked potential. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046021. [PMID: 32422617 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab93e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Degradations of transmitted speech have been shown to affect perceptual and cognitive processing in human listeners, as indicated by the P3 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). However, research suggests that previously observed P3 modulations might actually be traced back to earlier neural modulations in the time range of the P1-N1-P2 complex of the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP). This study investigates whether auditory sensory processing, as reflected by the P1-N1-P2 complex, is already systematically altered by speech quality degradations. APPROACH Electrophysiological data from two studies were analyzed to examine effects of speech transmission quality (high-quality, noisy, bandpass-filtered) for spoken words on amplitude and latency parameters of individual P1, N1 and P2 components. MAIN RESULTS In the resultant ERP waveforms, an initial P1-N1-P2 manifested at stimulus onset, while a second N1-P2 occurred within the ongoing stimulus. Bandpass-filtered versus high-quality word stimuli evoked a faster and larger initial N1 as well as a reduced initial P2, hence exhibiting effects as early as the sensory stage of auditory information processing. SIGNIFICANCE The results corroborate the existence of systematic quality-related modulations in the initial N1-P2, which may potentially have carried over into P3 modulations demonstrated by previous studies. In future psychophysiological speech quality assessments, rigorous control procedures are needed to ensure the validity of P3-based indication of speech transmission quality. An alternative CAEP-based assessment approach is discussed, which promises to be more efficient and less constrained than the established approach based on P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uhrig
- Quality and Usability Lab, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Uhrig S, Mittag G, Möller S, Voigt-Antons JN. P300 indicates context-dependent change in speech quality beyond phonological change. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066008. [PMID: 30952146 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-invasive physiological methods like electroencephalography (EEG) are increasingly employed to assess human information processing during exposure to multimedia signals. In the quality engineering field, previous research has promoted the utility of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) component for indicating variation in quality perception. The present study provides a starting point to test whether the P300 and its two subcomponents, P3a and P3b, are truly reflective of changes in the perceived quality of transmitted speech signals given the presence of other, quality-unrelated changes in acoustic stimulation. APPROACH High-quality and degraded variants of spoken words were presented in a two-feature oddball task, which required participants to actively respond to rarely occurring 'target' stimuli within a series of frequent 'standard' stimuli, thereby eliciting ERP waveforms. Target presentations involved either single quality changes or concurrent double changes in quality and the initial phoneme. MAIN RESULTS In case additional phonological change was present, only varying quality of standard stimuli caused significant modulations in P3a and P3b characteristics (N = 32). Thus, the formation of different short-term quality references exerted a persisting influence on the auditory processing of transmitted speech. SIGNIFICANCE The obtained results elucidate the importance of contextual and content-related influencing factors for proving the validity of the P300 as a psychophysiological indicator of speech quality change. Associated questions regarding the transfer of ERP-based quality assessment into more practically relevant measurement contexts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uhrig
- Quality and Usability Lab, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Ramele R, Villar AJ, Santos JM. Histogram of Gradient Orientations of Signal Plots Applied to P300 Detection. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:43. [PMID: 31333439 PMCID: PMC6624778 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals is of ulterior importance to aid in the diagnosis of mental disease and to increase our understanding of the brain. Traditionally, clinical EEG has been analyzed in terms of temporal waveforms, looking at rhythms in spontaneous activity, subjectively identifying troughs and peaks in Event-Related Potentials (ERP), or by studying graphoelements in pathological sleep stages. Additionally, the discipline of Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) requires new methods to decode patterns from non-invasive EEG signals. This field is developing alternative communication pathways to transmit volitional information from the Central Nervous System. The technology could potentially enhance the quality of life of patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders and other mental illness. This work mimics what electroencephalographers have been doing clinically, visually inspecting, and categorizing phenomena within the EEG by the extraction of features from images of signal plots. These features are constructed based on the calculation of histograms of oriented gradients from pixels around the signal plot. It aims to provide a new objective framework to analyze, characterize and classify EEG signal waveforms. The feasibility of the method is outlined by detecting the P300, an ERP elicited by the oddball paradigm of rare events, and implementing an offline P300-based BCI Speller. The validity of the proposal is shown by offline processing a public dataset of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients and an own dataset of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramele
- Computer Engineering Department, Centro de Inteligencia Computacional, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Julia Villar
- Computer Engineering Department, Centro de Inteligencia Computacional, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Miguel Santos
- Computer Engineering Department, Centro de Inteligencia Computacional, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Canal P, Bischetti L, Di Paola S, Bertini C, Ricci I, Bambini V. ‘Honey, shall I change the baby? – Well done, choose another one’: ERP and time-frequency correlates of humor processing. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Multimodal Integration and Vividness in the Angular Gyrus During Episodic Encoding and Retrieval. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4365-4374. [PMID: 30902869 PMCID: PMC6538859 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2102-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that the angular gyrus (AnG) is involved in episodic memory, but its precise role has yet to be determined. We examined two possible accounts within the same experimental paradigm: the “cortical binding of relational activity” (CoBRA) account (Shimamura, 2011), which suggests that the AnG acts as a convergence zone that binds multimodal episodic features, and the subjectivity account (Yazar et al., 2012), which implicates AnG involvement in subjective mnemonic experience (such as vividness or confidence). fMRI was used during both encoding and retrieval of paired associates. During study, female and male human participants memorized picture-pairs of common objects (in the unimodal task) or of an object-picture and an environmental sound (in the crossmodal task). At test, they performed a cued-recall task and further indicated the vividness of their memory. During retrieval, BOLD activation in the AnG was greatest for vividly remembered associates, consistent with the subjectivity account. During encoding, the same effect of vividness was found, but this was further modulated by task: greater activations were associated with subsequent recall in the crossmodal than the unimodal task. Therefore, encoding data suggest an additional role to the AnG in crossmodal integration, consistent with its role at retrieval proposed by CoBRA. These results resolve some of the puzzles in the literature and indicate that the AnG can play different roles during encoding and retrieval as determined by the cognitive demands posed by different mnemonic tasks. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We offer new insights into the multiplicity of processes that are associated with angular gyrus (AnG) activation during encoding and retrieval of newly formed memories. We used fMRI while human participants learned and subsequently recalled pairs of objects presented to the same sensory modality or to different modalities. We were able to show that the AnG is involved when vivid memories are created and retrieved, as well as when encoded information is integrated across different sensory modalities. These findings provide novel evidence for the contribution of the AnG to our subjective experience of remembering alongside its role in integrative processes that promote subsequent memory.
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18
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Uhrig S, Mittag G, Möller S, Voigt-Antons JN. Neural correlates of speech quality dimensions analyzed using electroencephalography (EEG). J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036009. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aaf122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Levsen MP, Bartholow BD. Neural and behavioral effects of regulating emotional responses to errors during an implicit racial bias task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1283-1297. [PMID: 30225599 PMCID: PMC6257995 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Affect regulation plays a key role in several theories of racial bias reduction. Here, we tested whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies while performing an implicit racial bias task (Weapons Identification Task; WIT) would alter neural and behavioral manifestations of bias. Participants either suppressed or reappraised in a positive light the distress associated with making errors during the WIT, while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. We hypothesized that engaging in emotion regulation strategies would reduce the distress associated with making errors indicative of bias, resulting in smaller error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude during errors and increased expression of racial bias. Results of within-subjects comparisons (Experiment 1) generally supported these predictions. However, when emotion regulation strategies were manipulated between subjects (Experiment 2) there was no effect of suppression or reappraisal on bias expression. Across both experiments, engaging in emotion regulation led to larger ERNs for errors occurring on Black- relative to White-primed trials. In addition, a number of significant order effects were observed, indicating important differences in the effects of engaging in emotion regulation strategies when those strategies are attempted in participants' first versus second block of trials. No such order effects were evident when a second trial block was completed with no emotion regulation instructions. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for greater specificity in experimental tests of emotion regulation on error processing and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith P Levsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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20
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Skerritt-Davis B, Elhilali M. Detecting change in stochastic sound sequences. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006162. [PMID: 29813049 PMCID: PMC5993325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our ability to parse our acoustic environment relies on the brain's capacity to extract statistical regularities from surrounding sounds. Previous work in regularity extraction has predominantly focused on the brain's sensitivity to predictable patterns in sound sequences. However, natural sound environments are rarely completely predictable, often containing some level of randomness, yet the brain is able to effectively interpret its surroundings by extracting useful information from stochastic sounds. It has been previously shown that the brain is sensitive to the marginal lower-order statistics of sound sequences (i.e., mean and variance). In this work, we investigate the brain's sensitivity to higher-order statistics describing temporal dependencies between sound events through a series of change detection experiments, where listeners are asked to detect changes in randomness in the pitch of tone sequences. Behavioral data indicate listeners collect statistical estimates to process incoming sounds, and a perceptual model based on Bayesian inference shows a capacity in the brain to track higher-order statistics. Further analysis of individual subjects' behavior indicates an important role of perceptual constraints in listeners' ability to track these sensory statistics with high fidelity. In addition, the inference model facilitates analysis of neural electroencephalography (EEG) responses, anchoring the analysis relative to the statistics of each stochastic stimulus. This reveals both a deviance response and a change-related disruption in phase of the stimulus-locked response that follow the higher-order statistics. These results shed light on the brain's ability to process stochastic sound sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Skerritt-Davis
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mounya Elhilali
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Von Gunten CD, Volpert-Esmond HI, Bartholow BD. Temporal dynamics of reactive cognitive control as revealed by event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:10.1111/psyp.13007. [PMID: 28960342 PMCID: PMC5811320 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive cognitive control refers to a complementary set of cognitive operations by which individuals monitor for and detect the presence of goal-interfering conflict (i.e., conflict monitoring/evaluation) and, subsequently, initiate attention-focusing and response selection processes to bolster goal-directed action in the face of such conflict (regulative control). The purpose of the current study was to characterize the nature of conflict adaptation in both components of this dynamic process across sequences of trials and, more broadly, across time as participants complete a cognitive control task. Fifty-two young adults completed a standard arrow flanker task while behavioral and ERP data were recorded. Multilevel modeling of sequences of compatible and incompatible trials over time showed that, whereas response time data demonstrated a typical conflict adaptation effect throughout the task, N2 and frontal slow wave (FSW) indices of conflict monitoring and regulative control, respectively, demonstrated significant conflict adaptation only during the early part of the task. Moreover, although differential change in N2 and FSW over time suggested that conflict monitoring and regulative control were dissociable, a reciprocal relation between them was maintained throughout the task and was not present in a component theoretically unrelated to conflict adaptation (visual attention-related N1). Findings are discussed in terms of compensatory processes that help to maintain goal-directed performance even as control-related neural responses become fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Von Gunten
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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22
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Boudewyn MA, Luck SJ, Farrens JL, Kappenman ES. How many trials does it take to get a significant ERP effect? It depends. Psychophysiology 2017; 55:e13049. [PMID: 29266241 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In designing an ERP study, researchers must choose how many trials to include, balancing the desire to maximize statistical power and the need to minimize the length of the recording session. Recent studies have attempted to quantify the minimum number of trials needed to obtain reliable measures for a variety of ERP components. However, these studies have largely ignored other variables that affect statistical power in ERP studies, including sample size and effect magnitude. The goal of the present study was to determine whether and how the number of trials, number of participants, and effect magnitude interact to influence statistical power, thus providing a better guide for selecting an appropriate number of trials. We used a Monte Carlo approach to measure the probability of obtaining a statistically significant result when testing for (a) the presence of an ERP effect, (b) within-participant condition differences in an ERP effect, and (c) between-participants group differences in an ERP effect. Each of these issues was examined in the context of the error-related negativity and the lateralized readiness potential. We found that doubling the number of trials recommended by previous studies led to more than a doubling of statistical power under many conditions. Thus, when determining the number of trials that should be included in a given study, researchers must consider the sample size, the anticipated effect magnitude, and the noise level, rather than relying solely on general recommendations about the number of trials needed to obtain a "stable" ERP waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Boudewyn
- Imaging Research Center, UC Davis Medical Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Steven J Luck
- Center for Mind and Brain, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn L Farrens
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Emily S Kappenman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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23
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Merkle EC, Levsen MP, Ito TA, Bartholow BD. Using trial-level data and multilevel modeling to investigate within-task change in event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2017; 55:e13044. [PMID: 29226966 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EEG data, and specifically the ERP, provide psychologists with the power to examine quickly occurring cognitive processes at the native temporal resolution at which they occur. Despite the advantages conferred by ERPs to examine processes at different points in time, ERP researchers commonly ignore the trial-to-trial temporal dimension by collapsing across trials of similar types (i.e., the signal averaging approach) because of constraints imposed by repeated measures ANOVA. Here, we present the advantages of using multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine trial-level data to investigate change in neurocognitive processes across the course of an experiment. Two examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this technique. The first demonstrates decreasing differentiation in N170 amplitude to faces of different races across the course of a race categorization task. The second demonstrates attenuation of the ERN as participants commit more errors within a task designed to measure implicit racial bias. Although the examples presented here are within the realm of social psychology, the use of MLM to analyze trial-level EEG data has the potential to contribute to a number of different theoretical domains within psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar C Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Meredith P Levsen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tiffany A Ito
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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24
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Beyer F, Sidarus N, Bonicalzi S, Haggard P. Beyond self-serving bias: diffusion of responsibility reduces sense of agency and outcome monitoring. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:138-145. [PMID: 27803288 PMCID: PMC5390744 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion of responsibility across agents has been proposed to underlie decreased helping and increased aggression in group behaviour. However, few studies have directly investigated effects of the presence of other people on how we experience the consequences of our actions. This EEG study investigated whether diffusion of responsibility simply reflects a post-hoc self-serving bias, or rather has direct effects on how we process the outcomes of our actions, and our experience of agency over them. Participants made voluntary actions whose outcomes were more or less negative. Presence of another potential agent reduced participants’ sense of agency over those outcomes, even though it was always obvious who caused each outcome. Further, presence of another agent reduced the amplitude of feedback-related negativity evoked by outcome stimuli, suggesting reduced outcome monitoring. The presence of other agents may lead to diffusion of responsibility by weakening the neural linkage between one’s actions and their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Beyer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nura Sidarus
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sofia Bonicalzi
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Merkle EC, Bartholow BD. The iterative nature of person construal: Evidence from event-related potentials. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1097-1107. [PMID: 28402486 PMCID: PMC5490674 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a dynamic-interactive model of person construal (DI model) has been proposed, whereby the social categories a person represents are determined on the basis of an iterative integration of bottom-up and top-down influences. The current study sought to test this model by leveraging the high temporal resolution of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as 65 participants viewed male faces that varied by race (White vs Black), fixating either between the eyes or on the forehead. Within face presentations, the effect of fixation, meant to vary bottom-up visual input, initially was large but decreased across early latency neural responses identified by a principal components analysis (PCA). In contrast, the effect of race, reflecting a combination of top-down and bottom-up factors, initially was small but increased across early latency principal components. These patterns support the DI model prediction that bottom-up and top-down processes are iteratively integrated to arrive at a stable construal within 230 ms. Additionally, exploratory multilevel modeling of single trial ERP responses representing a component linked to outgroup categorization (the P2) suggests change in effects of the manipulations over the course of the experiment. Implications of the findings for the DI model are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar C. Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Avoidant Responses to Interpersonal Provocation Are Associated with Increased Amygdala and Decreased Mentalizing Network Activity. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0337-16. [PMID: 28660251 PMCID: PMC5485378 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0337-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When intentionally pushed or insulted, one can either flee from the provoker or retaliate. The implementation of such fight-or-flight decisions is a central aspect in the genesis and evolution of aggression episodes, yet it is usually investigated only indirectly or in nonsocial situations. In the present fMRI study, we aimed to distinguish brain regions associated with aggressive and avoidant responses to interpersonal provocation in humans. Participants (thirty-six healthy young women) could either avoid or face a highly (HP) and a lowly (LP) provoking opponent in a competitive reaction time task: the fight-or-escape (FOE) paradigm. Subjects avoided the HP more often, but retaliated when facing her. Moreover, they chose to fight the HP more quickly, and showed increased heart rate (HR) right before confronting her. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and sensorimotor cortex were more active when participants decided to fight, whereas the mentalizing network was engaged when deciding to avoid. Importantly, avoiding the HP relative to the LP was associated with both higher activation in the right basolateral amygdala and lower relative activity in several mentalizing regions [e.g., medial and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), temporal-parietal junction (TPJ)]. These results suggest that avoidant responses to provocation might result from heightened threat anticipation and are associated with reduced perspective taking. Furthermore, our study helps to reconcile conflicting findings on the role of the mentalizing network, the amygdala, and the OFC in aggression.
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Neural correlates of audiovisual integration in music reading. Neuropsychologia 2016; 91:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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