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Marcet L, Birulés J, Bosch L, Pons F. Who spoke that language? Assessing early face-language associations in monolingual and bilingual infants. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1393836. [PMID: 38813567 PMCID: PMC11133666 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In bilingual communities, knowing the language each speaker uses may support language separation and, later, guide language use in a context-appropriate manner. Previous research has shown that infants begin to form primary associations between the face and the language used by a speaker around the age of 3 months. However, there is still a limited understanding of how robust these associations are and whether they are influenced by the linguistic background of the infant. To answer these questions, this study explores monolingual and bilingual infants' ability to form face-language associations throughout the first year of life. Methods A group of 4-, 6-, and 10-month-old Spanish and/or Catalan monolingual and bilingual infants were tested in an eye-tracking preferential-looking paradigm (N = 156). After the infants were familiarized with videos of a Catalan and a Spanish speaker, they were tested in two types of test trials with different task demands. First, a Silent test trial assessed primary face-language associations by measuring infants' visual preference for the speakers based on the language they had previously used. Then, two Language test trials assessed more robust face-language associations by measuring infants' ability to match the face of each speaker with their corresponding language. Results When measuring primary face-language associations, both monolingual and bilingual infants exhibited language-based preferences according to their specific exposure to the languages. Interestingly, this preference varied with age, with a transition from an initial familiarity preference to a novelty preference in older infants. Four-month-old infants showed a preference for the speaker who used their native/dominant language, while 10-month-old infants preferred the speaker who used their non-native/non-dominant language. When measuring more robust face-language associations, infants did not demonstrate signs of consistently matching the faces of the speakers with the language they had previously used, regardless of age or linguistic background. Discussion Overall, the results indicate that while both monolingual and bilingual infants before the first year of life can form primary face-language associations, these associations remain fragile as infants seemed unable to maintain them when tested in a more demanding task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Marcet
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Birulés
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Bosch
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Pons
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Nakashima Y, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Recognition of humans from biological motion in infants. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2567-2576. [PMID: 36859538 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant studies have suggested that the detection of biological motion (BM) might be an innate capacity, based on newborns' spontaneous preference for BM. However, it is unclear if, like adults, infants recognize humans from BM and are able to build the representation of bodies and faces. To address this issue, we tested whether exposure to BM influences subsequent face recognition in 3- to 8-month-old infants. After familiarization with a point-light walker (PLW) of either a female or a male, the infant's preference for female and male faces was measured. If infants can build the representation of not only the body but also the face from PLWs, the familiarization effect of gender induced by the PLW might be generalized to faces. We found that infants at 7 to 8 months looked for longer at the face whose gender was opposite to that of the PLW, whereas 3- to 4- and 5- to 6-month-old infants did not. These results suggest that infants can access the representation of humans from BM and extract gender, which is shared across bodies and faces, from at least 7 to 8 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakashima
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0393, Japan.
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Rigato S, Stets M, Charalambous S, Dvergsdal H, Holmboe K. Infant visual preference for the mother's face and longitudinal associations with emotional reactivity in the first year of life. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10263. [PMID: 37355764 PMCID: PMC10290679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research has focused on infants' visual preference for the mother's face, however it is still unknown how these responses change over time and what factors associate with such changes. A longitudinal study (N ~ 60) was conducted to investigate the trajectories of infant visual preference for the mother's face and how these are related to the development of emotional reactivity in the first year of life. Two face stimuli (i.e., the infant's mother and a consistent stranger face) were used in a visual preference task at 2 weeks, 4, 6, and 9 months of age. At each time point, mothers were asked to complete a measure of infant temperament via standardised questionnaires. Our results show that while at 2 weeks, 4 months and 9 months of age infants looked equally at both faces, infants at 6 months looked significantly longer at their mother's face. We also observed prospective associations with emotional reactivity variables so that infants who looked longer at the mother's face at 6 months showed higher falling reactivity, i.e. a better ability to recover from distress, at 9 months. We discuss these findings in light of the roles that both infant development and the caregiver play in emerging emotion regulation capacities during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rigato
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Manuela Stets
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sophia Charalambous
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Henrik Dvergsdal
- Business Administration Programme, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Karla Holmboe
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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4
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Social attention and social-emotional modulation of attention in Angelman syndrome: an eye-tracking study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3375. [PMID: 36854878 PMCID: PMC9975183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS) present with severe intellectual disability alongside a social phenotype characterised by social communication difficulties and an increased drive for social engagement. As the social phenotype in this condition is poorly understood, we examined patterns of social attention and social modulation of attention in AS. Twenty-four individuals with AS and twenty-one young children with similar mental age were shown videos featuring unfamiliar actors who performed simple actions across two conditions: a playful condition, in which the actor showed positive facial emotions, and a neutral condition, in which the actor showed a neutral facial expression. During the passive observation of the videos, participants' proportion of time spent watching the two areas of interest (faces and actions) was examined using eye-tracking technology. We found that the playful condition elicited increased proportion of fixations duration to the actor's face compared to the neutral condition similarly across groups. Additionally, the proportion of fixations duration to the action area was similar across groups in the two conditions. However, children with AS looked towards the actor's face for a shorter duration compared to the comparison group across conditions. This pattern of similarities and differences provides novel insight on the complex social phenotype of children with AS.
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5
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Kamatani M, Miyazaki Y, Kawahara JI. Occlusion of faces by sanitary masks improves facial attractiveness of other races. Front Psychol 2023; 13:953389. [PMID: 36710777 PMCID: PMC9878602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide mixed results regarding whether the perception of facial attractiveness is increased or decreased by partial occlusion with a sanitary mask. One set of studies demonstrated that occluding the bottom half of a face increased facial attractiveness. This effect is thought to occur because the occluded area is interpolated by an average facial representation that is perceived as attractive. However, several groups of studies showed that partial occlusion can increase or decrease perceived attractiveness depending on the attractiveness of the original (unoccluded) face, due to regression to the mean. To reconcile this inconsistency, we propose that the occluded area is interpolated not by an average facial representation, but by a template of moderate attractiveness, shaped by the distribution of each viewer's experience. This hypothesis predicts an interaction between occlusion and the attractiveness of the original face so that occluded attractive faces are rated as less attractive, while occluded unattractive faces are rated as more attractive. To examine this hypothesis, the present study used attractiveness-rating tasks with mask-free versus masked faces in own-race and other-races categories. Viewers were familiar with own-race faces and unfamiliar with other-races faces. If moderate-attractiveness interpolation were the explanatory factor, the interaction between the occlusion and the attractiveness of the original face should be found only in the rating of own-race faces. Consistent with this hypothesis, the interaction between the occlusion and the attractiveness of the original faces was significant only for the own-race faces. Specifically, wearing a sanitary mask decreased the facial attractiveness of attractive faces in the own-race, while it increased the attractiveness regardless of the level of facial attractiveness in other-races. These findings suggest that the occluded area of own-race faces is interpolated by a facial template of moderate attractiveness. The other-races template could be developed using familiar exemplars such as celebrities. Thus, interpolation by such a template should result in elevated attractiveness relative to that by an own-race template. Accordingly, the apparent inconsistency in the literature regarding the effect of partial occlusion on physical attractiveness can be explained in terms of differences in the template involving interpolation of the occluded area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kamatani
- Faculty of Humanities and Human Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,*Correspondence: Miki Kamatani, ✉
| | - Yuki Miyazaki
- Department of Psychology, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun I. Kawahara
- Faculty of Humanities and Human Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Jun I. Kawahara, ✉
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6
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Damon F, Quinn PC, Méary D, Pascalis O. Asymmetrical responding to male versus female other-race categories in 9- to 12-month-old infants. Br J Psychol 2022; 114 Suppl 1:71-93. [PMID: 35808935 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Faces can be categorized along various dimensions including gender or race, an ability developing in infancy. Infant categorization studies have focused on facial attributes in isolation, but the interaction between these attributes remains poorly understood. Experiment 1 examined gender categorization of other-race faces in 9- and 12-month-old White infants. Nine- and 12-month-olds were familiarized with Asian male or female faces, and tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category. Both age groups showed novel category preferences for novel Asian female faces after familiarization with Asian male faces, but showed no novel category preference for novel Asian male faces after familiarization with Asian female faces. This categorization asymmetry was not due to a spontaneous preference hindering novel category reaction (Experiment 2), and both age groups displayed difficulty discriminating among male, but not female, other-race faces (Experiment 3). These results indicate that category formation for male other-race faces is mediated by categorical perception. Overall, the findings suggest that even by 12 months of age, infants are not fully able to form gender category representations of other-race faces, responding categorically to male, but not female, other-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Center for Taste, Smell & Feeding Behavior, Development of Olfactory Communication & Cognition Laboratory, Université de Bourgogne, CNRS, Inrae, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - David Méary
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.,LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.,LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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7
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Galusca CI, Fang W, Wang Z, Zhong M, Sun YHP, Pascalis O, Xiao NG. The "Fat Face" illusion: A robust adaptation for processing pairs of faces. Vision Res 2022; 195:108015. [PMID: 35149376 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence has demonstrated our remarkable capacities to process individual faces. However, in real-life contexts, we rarely see faces in isolation. It is largely unknown how our visual system processes a multitude of faces. The current study explored this question by using the "Fat Face" illusion: when two identical faces are vertically aligned, the bottom face appears bigger. In Experiment 1, we tested the robustness of this illusion by using faces varied by gender and race, by recruiting participants from different countries (Canadian, Chinese, and French), and by implementing different task requirements. We found that the illusion was stable and immune to variations in face gender or face race, perceptual familiarity, and task requirements. Experiment 2 further indicated that binocular vision was essential for this visual illusion. When participants performed the task with one eye covered, the previously robust illusion completely disappeared. Together, these findings revealed a visual adaptation for processing multiple faces in the environment: the face at the top is perceived as more distant from the viewer and appears smaller in size than the face at the bottom. More broadly, overestimating the size of the bottom face may represent a fundamental mechanism for social interactions, ensuring the deployment of attention to those closest to self.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Hao P Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Naiqi G Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Singh L, Phneah KT, Wijayaratne DC, Lee K, Quinn PC. Effects of interracial experience on the race preferences of infants. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 216:105352. [PMID: 35033787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over their first year of life, infants express visual preferences for own- versus other-race faces. This developmental transition has primarily been investigated in monoracial societies where infants have limited personal or societal contact with other races. We investigated whether previously reported visual preferences for race generalize to a multiracial society (i.e., Singapore). In addition, we investigated effects of caregiver race on visual preferences for race. In Experiment 1, race preferences were measured at 3, 6, and 9 months of age for own-race (Chinese) versus other-race (Indian) faces in infants with no regular interaction with Indian-race individuals. Singaporean infants displayed a significant visual preference for Indian-race faces at each age group. Furthermore, infants raised with other-race caregivers demonstrated an age-related increase in other-race visual preferences. The visual preferences of infants for other-race faces were predicted by the extent of other-race contact. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that an other-race visual preference was not exclusive to Indian faces in a sample of 6-month-old Singaporean Chinese infants who demonstrated a similar other-race visual preference for Caucasian faces over Chinese faces. Findings are discussed in terms of the influence of other-race contact on visual preferences for race in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
| | - Kai Ting Phneah
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Devni C Wijayaratne
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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9
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Hoicka E, Saul J, Prouten E, Whitehead L, Sterken R. Language Signaling High Proportions and Generics Lead to Generalizing, but Not Essentializing, for Novel Social Kinds. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e13051. [PMID: 34758149 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Generics (e.g., "Dogs bark") are thought by many to lead to essentializing: to assuming that members of the same category share an internal property that causally grounds shared behaviors and traits, even without evidence of such a shared property. Similarly, generics are thought to increase generalizing, that is, attributing properties to other members of the same group given evidence that some members of the group have the property. However, it is not clear from past research what underlies the capacity of generic language to increase essentializing and generalizing. Is it specific to generics, or are there broader mechanisms at work, such as the fact that generics are terms that signal high proportions? Study 1 (100 5-6 year-olds, 140 adults) found that neither generics, nor high-proportion quantifiers ("most," "many") elicited essentializing about a novel social kind (Zarpies). However, both generics and high-proportion quantifiers led adults and, to a lesser extent, children, to generalize, with high-proportion quantifiers doing so more than generics for adults. Specifics ("this") did not protect against either essentializing or generalizing when compared to the quantifier "some." Study 2 (100 5-6 year-olds, 112 adults) found that neither generics nor visual imagery signaling high proportions led to essentializing. While generics increased generalizing compared to specifics and visual imagery signaling both low and high proportions for adults, there was no difference in generalizing for children. Our findings suggest high-proportion quantifiers, including generics, lead adults, and to some extent children, to generalize, but not essentialize, about novel social kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Saul
- Department of Philosophy, University of Sheffield.,Philosophy Department, University of Waterloo
| | | | | | - Rachel Sterken
- Department of Philosophy, University of Oslo.,Philosophy, Hong Kong University
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10
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Damon F, Quinn PC, Pascalis O. When novelty prevails on familiarity: Visual biases for child versus infant faces in 3.5- to 12-month-olds. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 210:105174. [PMID: 34144347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the influence of everyday perceptual experience with infant and child faces on the shaping of visual biases for faces in 3.5-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants. In Experiment 1, infants were presented with pairs of photographs of unfamiliar child and infant faces. Four groups with differential experience with infant and child faces were composed from parents' reports of daily exposure with infants and children (no experience, infant face experience, child face experience, and both infant and child face experience) to assess influence of experience on face preferences. Results showed that infants from all age groups displayed a bias for the novel category of faces in relation to their previous exposure to infant and child faces. In Experiment 2, this pattern of visual attention was reversed in infants presented with pictures of personally familiar child faces (i.e., older siblings) compared with unfamiliar infant faces, especially in older infants. These results suggest that allocation of attention for novelty can supersede familiarity biases for faces depending on experience and highlight that multiple factors drive infant visual behavior in responding to the social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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11
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Johnson SP, Alt NP, Biosah C, Dong M, Goodale BM, Senturk D, Johnson KL. Development of infants' representation of female and male faces. Vision Res 2021; 184:1-7. [PMID: 33765637 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined development of 5- and 10.5-month-old infants' face representations, focusing on infants' discrimination and categorization of female and male faces. We tested for gender-based preferences and categorization of female and male faces by presenting infants with pairs of faces and then habituating them to a series of majority female or male face ensembles. We then tested for gender preferences with new face pairs (one female and one male; Study 1) or new face ensembles (majority female and majority male; Study 2). We found that both 5- and 10.5-month-old infants discriminated female from male faces in face pairs, and both age groups looked more at female faces during habituation. Neither age group, however, provided evidence of gender-based categorization. We interpret these findings within a theoretical framework that stresses environmental exposure to different social categories, and infants' ability to detect commonalities of features within categories. We conclude that infants' gender-based categorization of faces is constrained by the set of features available in the input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, United States
| | - Chibuzor Biosah
- Program on Ethics, Politics, and Economics, Yale University, United States
| | - Mingfei Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, United States
| | | | | | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, United States; Department of Communication, UCLA, United States
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12
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Ferera M, Pun A, Baron AS, Diesendruck G. The effect of familiarity on infants' social categorization capacity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247710. [PMID: 33661945 PMCID: PMC7932097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that a preference for people from one’s own race emerges early in development. Arguably, one potential process contributing to such a bias has to do with the increased discriminability of own- vs. other-race faces–a process commonly attributed to perceptual narrowing of unfamiliar groups’ faces, and analogous to the conceptual homogenization of out-groups. The present studies addressed two implications of perceptual narrowing of other-race faces for infants’ social categorization capacity. In Experiment 1, White 11-month-olds’ (N = 81) looking time at a Black vs. White face was measured under three between-subjects conditions: a baseline “preference” (i.e., without familiarization), after familiarization to Black faces, or after familiarization to White faces. Compared to infants’ a priori looking preferences as revealed in the baseline condition, only when familiarized to Black faces did infants look longer at the "not-familiarized-category" face at test. According to the standard categorization paradigm used, such longer looking time at the novel (i.e., "not-familiarized-category") exemplar at test, indicated that categorization of the familiarized faces had ensued. This is consistent with the idea that prior to their first birthday, infants already tend to represent own-race faces as individuals and other-race faces as a category. If this is the case, then infants might also be less likely to form subordinate categories within other-race than own-race categories. In Experiment 2, infants (N = 34) distinguished between an arbitrary (shirt-color) based sub-categories only when shirt-wearers were White, but not when they were Black. These findings confirm that perceptual narrowing of other-race faces blurs distinctions among members of unfamiliar categories. Consequently, infants: a) readily categorize other-race faces as being of the same kind, and b) find it hard to distinguish between their sub-categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matar Ferera
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthea Pun
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott Baron
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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13
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Singh L, Tan ARY, Lee K, Quinn PC. Sensitivity to race in language comprehension in monolingual and bilingual infants. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 199:104933. [PMID: 32731045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past studies suggest that monolingual and bilingual infants respond differently to race information in face discrimination and social learning tasks. In particular, bilingual infants have been shown to respond more similarly to own- and other-race individuals, in contrast to monolingual infants, who respond preferentially to own-race individuals. In the current study, we investigated monolingual and bilingual sensitivity to speaker race in spoken word recognition. Two-year-old infants were presented with spoken words in association with visual targets. Words were presented in association with own- or other-race actors and were either correctly pronounced or mispronounced. Measuring speech-responsive eye movements to visual targets, we analyzed fixation to visual targets for correct and mispronounced words in relation to speaker race for each group. When presented with own-race speakers, both monolingual and bilingual infants associated correctly pronounced labels, but not mispronounced labels, with visual targets. When presented with other-race speakers, bilingual infants responded similarly. In contrast, monolingual infants did not fixate visual targets regardless of whether words were correctly pronounced or mispronounced by an other-race speaker. Results are discussed in terms of the sensitivities of bilingual and monolingual infants to novelty, learned associations between race and language, and prior social experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
| | - Annabel R Y Tan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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14
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Marhenke T, Imhoff R. Different facets of attitudes towards having children: The Procreation Attitude Scale (PrAttS). INTERPERSONA: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2020. [DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v14i1.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The attitudes towards children are more complex than simple positive/negative distinctions. In the present study, we sought in two studies (N = 445) to provide a tool to explore different facets of attitudes towards babies and procreation by developing and validating a questionnaire regarding attitudes towards procreation. Study 1 was conducted to develop an English language scale tapping into adults’ attitudes toward having offspring. A larger number of statements were formulated that expressed an emotional value and motivational attitudes towards having babies. The sample consisted of n = 157 participants. Participants’ responses were subjected to a preliminary principal components analysis with an oblique rotation. Study 1 obtained a relatively economical scale to tap into three facets of attitudes toward having children. Study 2 sought to validate a German language version of the same scale as in the previous study. A total of n = 288 participants were recruited. The 13 items of the scale were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 confirmed the three-dimensional structure. The Procreation Attitude Scales (PrAttS) consists of 13 items representing three underlying dimensions: (1) unconditional positivity, (2) anticipated annoyance and (3) contingent willingness. The present investigations showed twice a gender difference in emotional attitudes, revealing that women have a stronger emotional interest in procreation and babies. The PrAttS provides an explicit method of interest for children, providing an alternative to more recently criticized implicit measures.
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Woo PJ, Quinn PC, Méary D, Lee K, Pascalis O. A developmental investigation of the other-race categorization advantage in a multiracial population: Contrasting social categorization and perceptual expertise accounts. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 197:104870. [PMID: 32563132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Most prior studies of the other-race categorization advantage have been conducted in predominantly monoracial societies. This limitation has left open the question of whether tendencies to more rapidly and accurately categorize other-race faces reflect social categorization (own-race vs. other-race) or perceptual expertise (frequent exposure vs. infrequent exposure). To address this question, we tested Malay and Malaysian Chinese children (9- and 10-year-olds) and adults on (a) own-race faces (i.e., Malay faces for Malay participants and Chinese faces for Malaysian Chinese participants), (b) high-frequency other-race faces (i.e., Chinese faces for Malay participants and Malay faces for Malaysian Chinese participants), and (c) low-frequency other-race faces (i.e., Caucasian faces). Whereas the other-race categorization advantage was in evidence in the accuracy data of Malay adults, other aspects of performance were supportive of either the social categorization or perceptual expertise accounts and were dependent on the race (Malay vs. Chinese) or age (child vs. adult) of the participants. Of particular significance is the finding that Malaysian Chinese children and adults categorized own-race Chinese faces more rapidly than high-frequency other-race Malay faces. Thus, in accord with a perceptual expertise account, the other-race categorization advantage seems to be more an advantage for racial categories of lesser experience regardless of whether these face categories are own-race or other-race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jun Woo
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - David Méary
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), University of Grenoble-Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), University of Grenoble-Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
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16
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 58:35-61. [PMID: 32169198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A body of research is reviewed that has investigated how infants respond to social category information in faces based on differential experience. Whereas some aspects of behavioral performance (visual preference, discrimination, and scanning) are consistent with traditional models of perceptual development (induction, maintenance, and attunement), other aspects (category formation, association with valence, and selective learning) suggest the need for an account that links perceptual with social-emotional processing. We also consider how responding to social categories in infancy may anticipate subsequent responding to these categories in childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Quinn
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Infants' Individuation of Faces by Gender. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070163. [PMID: 31373332 PMCID: PMC6680589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By 3 months of age, infants can perceptually distinguish faces based upon differences in gender. However, it is still unknown when infants begin using these perceptual differences to represent faces in a conceptual, kind-based manner. The current study examined this issue by using a violation-of-expectation manual search individuation paradigm to assess 12- and 24-month-old infants’ kind-based representations of faces varying by gender. While infants of both ages successfully individuated human faces from non-face shapes in a control condition, only the 24-month-old infants’ reaching behaviors provided evidence of their individuating male from female faces. The current findings help specify when infants begin to represent male and female faces as being conceptually distinct and may serve as a starting point for socio-cognitive biases observed later in development.
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18
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Martelin H, Li X, Antfolk J. Finnish children’s descriptions of lesbian and heterosexual parents. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2019.1604253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Martelin
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Xuan Li
- Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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19
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Similarity between an unfamiliar human and the owner affects dogs' preference for human partner when responding to an unsolvable problem. Learn Behav 2019; 46:430-441. [PMID: 30022446 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-018-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates whether dogs are able to differentiate between people according to whether or not they show similarities to their owners. We hypothesized that dogs would show a preference for the "similar" partner when interacting with unfamiliar humans. After having familiarized with two experimenters displaying different degrees of similarity to their owners, dogs (N = 36) participated in a situation where the desired toy object was made inaccessible in order to find out whether they initiate interaction with the two partners differently. Two different types of "similarity cues" were used (either alone or combined with each other): (1) persistent behavioral characteristics (i.e., familiar vs. strange motion pattern and language usage) and (2) an unfamiliar arbitrary group marker (i.e., one of the potential helpers was wearing clothing similar to that worn by the owner). Results show that although dogs payed equal attention to the human partners displaying various types of similarity to their owners during familiarization, they exhibited a visual attention preference for the human whose motion pattern and language usage were similar to their owner's in the inaccessible-toy task. However, there was weak evidence of discrimination based on the arbitrary group marker (clothing). Although dogs' different tendencies to interact with the potential helpers do not necessarily imply an underlying ability to create social categories based on the degree of similarity between the owner and unfamiliar people, these results suggest that functionally human infant-analogue forms of social categorization may have emerged in dogs.
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20
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Juvrud J, Rennels JL, Kayl AJ, Gredebäck G, Herlitz A. Attention during Visual Preference Tasks: Relation to Caregiving and Face Recognition. INFANCY 2019; 24:356-367. [PMID: 32677193 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This research examined how caregiver experience (female primary caregiver or distributed caregiving with mom and dad) influenced 10-, 14-, and 16-month-olds' visual preferences and attention toward internal facial features of female-male face pairs, and how these behaviors related to novelty preferences in a face recognition task and speed and accuracy on a visual search task. In the visual preference task, infants visually preferred male faces, regardless of caregiver experience. Despite similarities in visual preferences, infants' attention toward females and males' internal facial features was related for infants with distributed caregiving only. Infants' performance across face processing tasks most often correlated for those with female primary caregivers. Results further our understanding of how infants with female primary caregivers display specialized processing of female faces, and how infants with distributed caregiving show similarities in their attention to female and male facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea J Kayl
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | | | - Agneta Herlitz
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
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21
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Darrach H, Ishii LE, Liao D, Nellis JC, Bater K, Cobo R, Byrne PJ, Boahene KDO, Papel ID, Kontis TC, Ishii M. Assessment of the Influence of "Other-Race Effect" on Visual Attention and Perception of Attractiveness Before and After Rhinoplasty. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2019; 21:96-102. [PMID: 30629094 PMCID: PMC6439802 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The "other-race effect" describes the phenomenon in which individuals demonstrate greatest recognition ability among faces of their own race. Thus, in our multicultural world, it follows that race influences social interactions. However, the association of race with perception of plastic surgery outcomes has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To objectively measure how the other-race effect influences perception of white and Latin American patients undergoing rhinoplasty by using eye-tracking technology and survey methodology. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In the first part of the study, 134 participants viewed 32 paired facial images of white and Latin American patients, either prerhinoplasty or postrhinoplasty, on an eye-tracking system that recorded observer scan paths. In the second part of this study, the same patient images were individually graded by a separate group of 134 participants for degree of racial identification and perceived attractiveness. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was to measure the influence of patient and observer race on perception of rhinoplasty outcomes. For the eye-tracking part, planned hypothesis testing was conducted using an analysis of variance to compare patient race, rhinoplasty status, and attractiveness with respect to visual fixation time. RESULTS Of the 134 eye-tracking participants, 68 (51%) were women and the mean (SD) age was 26.4 (7.7) years; of the 134 graders, 64 (48%) were women and the mean (SD) age was 25.0 (6.9) years. Rhinoplasty did not affect racial identity scores among either same-race or other-race evaluators. Visual fixation times for white faces were significantly increased compared with Latin American faces among all casual observer groups (white observers mean change, -20.14 milliseconds; 95% CI, -29.65 to -10.62 milliseconds; P < .001; Asian observers mean change, -39.04 milliseconds; 95% CI, -48.95 to -29.15 milliseconds; P < .001; and African American observers mean change, -20.73 milliseconds; 95% CI, -37.78 to -3.69 milliseconds; P < .02), with the exception of Latin American observers (mean change, -7.8 milliseconds; 95% CI, -29.15 to 14.39 milliseconds; P < .51). With respect to attractiveness, white graders reported a significant postrhinoplasty increase across both races (white patients mean change, 8.07 points; 95% CI, 5.01-11.12 points; P < .001; and Latin American patients mean change, 3.69 points; 95% CI, 0.87-6.49 points; P = .01), whereas Latin American graders only observed a significant attractiveness increase in their own race (Latin American patients mean change, 10.50 points; 95% CI, 1.70-19.32 points; P = .02). Neither perceived attractiveness nor rhinoplasty status influenced fixation times. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both patient and observer race influence visual attention and perception of attractiveness before and after rhinoplasty. These findings underscore the importance of counseling patients that the influence of rhinoplasty, as perceived by the casual observer, may vary by race or ethnicity of the observer group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Darrach
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa E. Ishii
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Associate Editor, JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery
| | - David Liao
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason C. Nellis
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin Bater
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roxana Cobo
- Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Patrick J. Byrne
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kofi D. O. Boahene
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ira D. Papel
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Facial Plastic Surgicenter, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theda C. Kontis
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Facial Plastic Surgicenter, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories. Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:165-189. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prior reviews of infant face processing have emphasized how infants respond to faces in general. This review highlights how infants come to respond differentially to social categories of faces based on differential experience, with a focus on race and gender. We examine six different behaviors: preference, recognition, scanning, category formation, association with emotion, and selective learning. Although some aspects of infant responding to face race and gender may be accounted for by traditional models of perceptual development, other aspects suggest the need for a broader model that links perceptual development with social and emotional development. We also consider how responding to face race and gender in infancy may presage responding to these categories beyond infancy and discuss how social biases favoring own-race and female faces are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
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23
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Xiao NG, Mukaida M, Quinn PC, Pascalis O, Lee K, Itakura S. Narrowing in face and speech perception in infancy: Developmental change in the relations between domains. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 176:113-127. [PMID: 30149243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although prior research has established that perceptual narrowing reflects the influence of experience on the development of face and speech processing, it is unclear whether narrowing in the two domains is related. A within-participant design (N = 72) was used to investigate discrimination of own- and other-race faces and native and non-native speech sounds in 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants. For face and speech discrimination, whereas 3-month-olds discriminated own-race faces and native speech sounds as well as other-race faces and non-native speech sounds, older infants discriminated only own-race faces and native speech sounds. Narrowing in face and narrowing in speech were not correlated at 6 months, negatively correlated at 9 months, and positively correlated at 12 months. The findings reveal dynamic developmental changes in the relation between modalities during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqi G Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mai Mukaida
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition-Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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24
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Proietti V, Rigoldi M, Croci E, Macchi Cassia V. Sibling experience modulates perceptual narrowing toward adult faces in the first year of life. Dev Psychobiol 2018. [PMID: 29528119 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the first year of life face discrimination abilities narrow toward adult human faces of the most frequently encountered ethnic group/s. Earlier studies showed that perceptual learning under laboratory-training protocols can modulate this narrowing process. Here we investigated whether natural experience acquired in everyday settings with an older sibling's face can shape the trajectory of perceptual narrowing towards adult faces. Using an infant-controlled habituation procedure we measured discrimination of adult (Experiment 1) and child faces (Experiment 2) in 3- and 9- month-old infants with and without a child sibling. Discrimination of adult faces was observed for infants at both ages, although accompanied by posthabituation preferences in opposite directions, whereas at both ages the discrimination of child faces critically depended on sibling experience. These results provide the first evidence that natural experience acquired with siblings affects the tuning properties of infant face representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Proietti
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada.,NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Rigoldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Croci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Viola Macchi Cassia
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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25
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Brielmann AA, Vale L, Pelli DG. Beauty at a glance: The feeling of beauty and the amplitude of pleasure are independent of stimulus duration. J Vis 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 29228142 PMCID: PMC6894407 DOI: 10.1167/17.14.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time, how does beauty develop and decay? Common sense suggests that beauty is intensely felt only after prolonged experience of the object. Here, we present one of various stimuli for a variable duration (1–30 s), measure the observers' pleasure over time, and, finally, ask whether they felt beauty. On each trial, participants (N = 21) either see an image that they had chosen as “movingly beautiful,” see an image with prerated valence, or suck a candy. During the stimulus and a further 60 s, participants rate pleasure continuously using a custom touchscreen web app, EmotionTracker.com. After each trial, participants judge whether they felt beauty. Across all stimulus kinds, durations, and beauty responses, the dynamic pleasure rating has a stereotypical time course that is well fit by a one-parameter model with a brief exponential onset (roughly 2.5 s), a sustained plateau during stimulus presentation, and a long exponential decay (roughly 70 s). Across conditions, only the plateau amplitude varies. Beauty and pleasure amplitude are nearly independent of stimulus duration. The final beauty rating is positively correlated with pleasure amplitude (r = 0.60), and nearly independent of duration (r = 0.10). Beauty's independence from duration is unlike Bentham's 18th-century notion of value (utility), which he supposed to depend on the product of pleasure amplitude and duration. Participants report having felt pleasure as strongly after a mere 1 s stimulus as after longer durations, up to 30 s. Thus, we find that amplitude of pleasure is independent of stimulus duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Vale
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Denis G Pelli
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, USA
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26
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Libertus K, Landa RJ, Haworth JL. Development of Attention to Faces during the First 3 Years: Influences of Stimulus Type. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1976. [PMID: 29204130 PMCID: PMC5698271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of attention toward faces was explored during the first 3 years of life in 54 children aged between 3 and 36 months. In contrast to previous research, attention to faces was assessed using both static images and a dynamic video sequence in the same participants. Separate analyses at each age and exploratory longitudinal analyses indicate a preference for faces during the first year, followed by a decline during the second year. These results suggest that attention to faces does not follow a linear increasing pattern over development, and that social attention patterns are influenced by stimulus characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Libertus
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Landa
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joshua L. Haworth
- Science & Learning Center, Whittier College, Whittier, CA, United States
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27
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Heron-Delaney M, Quinn PC, Damon F, Lee K, Pascalis O. Development of Preferences for Differently Aged Faces of Different Races. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 27:172-186. [PMID: 29403159 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children's experiences with differently aged faces changes in the course of development. During infancy, most faces encountered are adult, however as children mature, exposure to child faces becomes more extensive. Does this change in experience influence preference for differently aged faces? The preferences of children for adult versus child, and adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3- to 6-year-olds and adults were presented with adult/child and adult/infant face pairs which were either Caucasian or Asian (race consistent within pairs). Younger children (3 to 4 years) preferred adults over children, whereas older children (5 to 6 years) preferred children over adults. This preference was only detected for Caucasian faces. These data support a "here and now" model of the development of face age processing from infancy to childhood. In particular, the findings suggest that growing experience with peers influences age preferences and that race impacts on these preferences. In contrast, adults preferred infants and children over adults when the faces were Caucasian or Asian, suggesting an increasing influence of a baby schema, and a decreasing influence of race. The different preferences of younger children, older children, and adults also suggest discontinuity and the possibility of different mechanisms at work during different developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Fabrice Damon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5R 2X2
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040 Grenoble, France
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28
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Liberman Z, Woodward AL, Kinzler KD. The Origins of Social Categorization. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:556-568. [PMID: 28499741 PMCID: PMC5605918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forming conceptually-rich social categories helps people to navigate the complex social world by allowing them to reason about the likely thoughts, beliefs, actions, and interactions of others, as guided by group membership. Nevertheless, social categorization often has nefarious consequences. We suggest that the foundation of the human ability to form useful social categories is in place in infancy: social categories guide the inferences infants make about the shared characteristics and social relationships of other people. We also suggest that the ability to form abstract social categories may be separable from the eventual negative downstream consequences of social categorization, including prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. Although a tendency to form inductively-rich social categories appears early in ontogeny, prejudice based on each particular category dimension may not be inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Liberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Amanda L Woodward
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katherine D Kinzler
- Departments of Psychology and Human Development, Cornell University, 244 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Abstract
Significant work has documented neuroplasticity in development, demonstrating that developmental pathways are shaped by experience. Plasticity is often discussed in terms of the results of differences in input; differences in brain structures, processes, or responses reflect differences in experience. In this paper, I discuss how developmental plasticity also effectively changes input into the system. That is, structures and processes change in response to input, and those changed structures and processes influence future inputs. For example, plasticity may change the pattern of eye movements to a stimulus, thereby changing which part of the scene becomes the input. Thus, plasticity is not only seen in the structures and processes that result from differences in experience, but also is seen in the changes in the input as those structures and processes adapt. The systematic study of the nature of experience, and how differences in experience shape learning, can contribute to our understanding of neuroplasticity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Oakes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States
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Pickron CB, Fava E, Scott LS. Follow My Gaze: Face Race and Sex Influence Gaze‐Cued Attention in Infancy. INFANCY 2017; 22:626-644. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eswen Fava
- Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Xiao NG, Quinn PC, Liu S, Ge L, Pascalis O, Lee K. Older but not younger infants associate own-race faces with happy music and other-race faces with sad music. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiqi G. Xiao
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark USA
| | | | - Liezhong Ge
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
- Center for Psychological Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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Richoz AR, Quinn PC, Hillairet de Boisferon A, Berger C, Loevenbruck H, Lewkowicz DJ, Lee K, Dole M, Caldara R, Pascalis O. Audio-Visual Perception of Gender by Infants Emerges Earlier for Adult-Directed Speech. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169325. [PMID: 28060872 PMCID: PMC5218491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early multisensory perceptual experiences shape the abilities of infants to perform socially-relevant visual categorization, such as the extraction of gender, age, and emotion from faces. Here, we investigated whether multisensory perception of gender is influenced by infant-directed (IDS) or adult-directed (ADS) speech. Six-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants saw side-by-side silent video-clips of talking faces (a male and a female) and heard either a soundtrack of a female or a male voice telling a story in IDS or ADS. Infants participated in only one condition, either IDS or ADS. Consistent with earlier work, infants displayed advantages in matching female relative to male faces and voices. Moreover, the new finding that emerged in the current study was that extraction of gender from face and voice was stronger at 6 months with ADS than with IDS, whereas at 9 and 12 months, matching did not differ for IDS versus ADS. The results indicate that the ability to perceive gender in audiovisual speech is influenced by speech manner. Our data suggest that infants may extract multisensory gender information developmentally earlier when looking at adults engaged in conversation with other adults (i.e., ADS) than when adults are directly talking to them (i.e., IDS). Overall, our findings imply that the circumstances of social interaction may shape early multisensory abilities to perceive gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Raphaëlle Richoz
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Anne Hillairet de Boisferon
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Berger
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Loevenbruck
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Lewkowicz
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marjorie Dole
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Damon F, Quinn PC, Heron-Delaney M, Lee K, Pascalis O. Development of category formation for faces differing by age in 9- to 12-month-olds: An effect of experience with infant faces. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 34:582-597. [PMID: 27393740 PMCID: PMC5064872 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined category formation for faces differing in age in 9- and 12-month-olds, and the influence of exposure to infant faces on such ability. Infants were familiarized with adult or infant faces, and then tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category (Experiment 1). Both age groups formed discrete categories of adult and infant faces, but exposure to infant faces in everyday life did not modulate performance. The same task was conducted with child versus infant faces (Experiment 2). Whereas 9-month-olds preferred infant faces after familiarization with child faces, but not child faces after familiarization with infant faces, 12-month-olds formed discrete categories of child and infant faces. Moreover, more exposure to infant faces correlated with higher novel category preference scores when infants were familiarized with infant faces in 12-month-olds, but not 9-month-olds. The 9-month-old asymmetry did not reflect spontaneous preference for infant over child faces (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that 9- and 12-month-olds can form age-based categories of faces. The ability of 12-month-olds to form separate child and infant categories suggests that they have a more exclusive representation of face age, one that may be influenced by prior experience with infant faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.
- CNRS, LPNC, UMR, Grenoble, France.
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LPNC, UMR, Grenoble, France
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Heron-Delaney M, Damon F, Quinn PC, Méary D, Xiao NG, Lee K, Pascalis O. An adult face bias in infants that is modulated by face race. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 41:581-587. [PMID: 28943687 DOI: 10.1177/0165025416651735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The visual preferences of infants for adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3.5- and 6-month-olds were presented with Caucasian adult versus infant face pairs and Asian adult versus infant face pairs, in both upright and inverted orientations. Both age groups showed a visual preference for upright adult over infant faces when the faces were Caucasian, but not when they were Asian. The preference is unlikely to have arisen because of low-level perceptual features because: (1) no preference was observed for the inverted stimuli, (2) no differences were observed in adult similarity ratings of the upright infant-adult face pairs from the two races, and (3) no differences between the infant and adult faces were observed across races in an image-based analysis of salience. The findings are discussed in terms of the social attributes of faces that are learned from experience and what this implies for developmental accounts of a recognition advantage for adult faces in particular and models of face processing more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrice Damon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - David Méary
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Naiqi G Xiao
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5R2X2
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5R2X2
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040 Grenoble, France
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