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Garrett J, Chak C, Bullock T, Giesbrecht B. A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:82. [PMID: 39242965 PMCID: PMC11358546 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. However, while studies employing long-term exercise interventions consistently show positive effects on cognition, studies using single acute bouts have produced mixed results. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of acute exercise on cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. A Bayesian hierarchical model quantified probabilistic evidence for a modulatory relationship by synthesizing 651 effect sizes from 113 studies from PsychInfo and Google Scholar representing 4,390 participants. Publication bias was mitigated using the trim-and-fill method. Acute exercise was found to have a small beneficial effect on cognition (g = 0.13 ± 0.04; BF = 3.67) and decrease reaction time. A meta-analysis restricted to executive function tasks revealed improvements in working memory and inhibition. Meta-analytic estimates were consistent across multiple priors and likelihood functions. Physical activities were categorized based on exercise type (e.g., cycling) because many activities have aerobic and anaerobic components, but this approach may limit comparison to studies that categorize activities based on metabolic demands. The current study provides an updated synthesis of the existing literature and insights into the robustness of acute exercise-induced effects on cognition. Funding provided by the United States Army Research Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Garrett
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Carly Chak
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Patelaki E, Foxe JJ, McFerren AL, Freedman EG. Maintaining Task Performance Levels Under Cognitive Load While Walking Requires Widespread Reallocation of Neural Resources. Neuroscience 2023; 532:113-132. [PMID: 37774910 PMCID: PMC10842245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the neural mechanisms underlying increasing cognitive load while walking by employing 2 versions of a response inhibition task, the '1-back' version and the more cognitively demanding '2-back' version. By using the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) modality, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, three-dimensional (3D) gait kinematics and task-related behavioral responses were collected while young adults (n = 61) performed either the 1-back or 2-back response inhibition task. Interestingly, increasing inhibitory difficulty from 1-back to 2-back during walking was not associated with any detectable costs in response accuracy, response speed, or gait consistency. However, the more difficult cognitive task was associated with distinct EEG component changes during both successful inhibitions (correct rejections) and successful executions (hits) of the motor response. During correct rejections, ERP changes were found over frontal regions, during latencies related to sensory gain control, conflict monitoring and working memory storage and processing. During hits, ERP changes were found over left-parietal regions during latencies related to orienting attention and subsequent selection and execution of the motor plan. The pattern of attenuation in walking-related EEG amplitude changes, during 2-back task performance, is thought to reflect more effortful recalibration of neural processes, a mechanism which might be a key driver of performance maintenance in the face of increased cognitive demands while walking. Overall, the present findings shed light on the extent of the neurocognitive capacity of young adults and may lead to a better understanding of how factors such as aging or neurological disorders could impinge on this capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Patelaki
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 201 Robert B. Goergen Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Amber L McFerren
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Edward G Freedman
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Patelaki E, Foxe JJ, Mazurek KA, Freedman EG. Young adults who improve performance during dual-task walking show more flexible reallocation of cognitive resources: a mobile brain-body imaging (MoBI) study. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2573-2592. [PMID: 35661873 PMCID: PMC10016048 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In young adults, pairing a cognitive task with walking can have different effects on gait and cognitive task performance. In some cases, performance clearly declines whereas in others compensatory mechanisms maintain performance. This study investigates the preliminary finding of behavioral improvement in Go/NoGo response inhibition task performance during walking compared with sitting, which was observed at the piloting stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) was used to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, 3-dimensional (3D) gait kinematics and behavioral responses in the cognitive task, during sitting or walking on a treadmill. RESULTS In a cohort of 26 young adults, 14 participants improved in measures of cognitive task performance while walking compared with sitting. These participants exhibited walking-related EEG amplitude reductions over frontal scalp regions during key stages of inhibitory control (conflict monitoring, control implementation, and pre-motor stages), accompanied by reduced stride-to-stride variability and faster responses to stimuli compared with those who did not improve. In contrast, 12 participants who did not improve exhibited no EEG amplitude differences across physical condition. DISCUSSION The neural activity changes associated with performance improvement during dual tasking hold promise as cognitive flexibility markers that can potentially help assess cognitive decline in aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Patelaki
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 201 Robert B. Goergen Hall Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - John J Foxe
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Kevin A Mazurek
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Joseph Building 4-184W, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Well Living Lab, Well Living Lab, Inc., 221 First Avenue SW, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
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Wu Y, Van Gerven PWM, de Groot RHM, Eijnde BO, Winkens B, Savelberg HHCM. Effects of breaking up sitting with light-intensity physical activity on cognition and mood in university students. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:257-266. [PMID: 36434768 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND University students often exhibit high levels of sedentary behavior that is negatively associated with cognition and mood. On the other hand, light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) may improve cognitive performance and mood. Therefore, this study investigated the acute effect of LIPA breaks during prolonged sitting on attention, executive functioning, and mood. METHODS A randomized crossover design was used in this study. In total, 21 healthy adults (15 women, age = 24 ± 3 years, BMI = 23 ± 2 kg/m2 ) completed three prolonged sitting conditions: (1) without a demanding cognitive task (SIT), (2) with a demanding cognitive task (COGN), and (3) with every 25 min sitting interrupted by a 5-minute walk (INTERRUPT). Attention, executive function (response inhibition, task shifting, and working memory updating), and mood were assessed before and after each condition. RESULTS Linear mixed models analyses showed that prolonged sitting frequently interrupted by LIPA (INTERRUPT) or with cognitively demanding activities (COGN) significantly improved task shifting compared to SIT. However, INTERRUPT did not significantly improve task shifting compared with COGN. No significant acute effects on attention, response inhibition, working memory updating, or mood were found. CONCLUSIONS Frequent LIPA breaks or cognitively demanding activities have a selective, acute positive impact on one aspect of cognitive performance compared to idle sitting. No evidence was found that LIPA breaks have an acute improvement in attention, executive function, and mood compared to sitting with cognitive loading. To further investigate the effect of PA on cognitive performance, it is necessary to consider cognitive loading and control for the cognitive activity during sitting in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal W M Van Gerven
- Department of Educational Development & Research, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renate H M de Groot
- Department of Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- SMRC Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans H C M Savelberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rizzato A, Marcolin G, Paoli A. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis in the workplace: The office is on fire. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1024856. [PMID: 36388282 PMCID: PMC9650196 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1024856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
From the second half of the previous century, there has been a shift toward occupations largely composed of desk-based behaviors. This, inevitably, has led to a workload reduction and a consequent lower energy expenditure. On this point, small increments of the non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) could be the rationale to reach health benefits over a prolonged period. Different published researches suggest solutions to reverse sitting time and new alternative workstations have been thought to increase total physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current state of the research regarding the "NEAT approach" to weight-gain prevention in work environments. This review analyzes the main evidence regarding new alternative workstations such as standing, walking workstations, seated pedal, and gymnastic balls to replace a standard office chair.
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Rajeshwari R, Rao CR, D'Silva RM, Chandrasekaran B. Do energy expenditure differences across work postures influence cognitive processing speed? A counter-balanced randomised cross-over trial. Work 2022; 74:549-563. [PMID: 36278368 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal evidence links occupational sedentary behaviour, low energy expenditure (EE) and cognitive dysfunction. Nevertheless, EE across different work postures including active workstations remains unclear and its influence on cognitive processing speed is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate differences in EE across various work postures and its influence on cognitive processing speed. METHODS Sixteen desk-based employees performed simulated work tasks (typing, reading and cognitive tasks) in three different work positions (sitting, standing, and walking) in three different days. EE was measured for three days consecutively for 30-minutes in three simulated working postures using indirect calorimetry. Cognitive processing speed was assessed through computer-based choice reaction times during each work posture. The outcome variables of interest (EE, reaction times and accuracy) were compared between three work postures using repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation. RESULTS EE in walking posture was higher (5.57±0.45 Kcal) than sitting (1.07±0.12 Kcal) and standing (1.88±0.42 Kcal). Total EE was significantly higher in walking than standing (35.17±6.86 Kcal) and sitting postures (41.37±8.46 Kcal). We did not find any significant differences in cognitive processing speed between different work postures except within standing work condition (60.22±13.97 ms). Accuracy was found to be reduced in walking compared to sitting (0.76±0.83%) and standing (0.43±0.09%) but not reached significance. CONCLUSION Although significant differences in EE were observed between work postures, walking or standing at work did not affect the cognitive processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajeshwari
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chythra R Rao
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruth Mary D'Silva
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Baskaran Chandrasekaran
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Bianchini E, Warmerdam E, Romijnders R, Hansen C, Pontieri FE, Maetzler W. Cognitive dual-task cost depends on the complexity of the cognitive task, but not on age and disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964207. [PMID: 36313514 PMCID: PMC9615561 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dual-tasking (DT) while walking is common in daily life and can affect both gait and cognitive performance depending on age, attention prioritization, task complexity and medical condition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DT on cognitive DT cost (DTC) (i) in a dataset including participants of different age groups, with different neurological disorders and chronic low-back pain (cLBP) (ii) at different levels of cognitive task complexity, and (iii) in the context of a setting relevant to daily life, such as combined straight walking and turning. Materials and methods Ninety-one participants including healthy younger and older participants and patients with Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and cLBP performed a simple reaction time (SRT) task and three numerical Stroop tasks under the conditions congruent (StC), neutral (StN) and incongruent (StI). The tasks were performed both standing (single task, ST) and walking (DT), and DTC was calculated. Mixed ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of group and task complexity on cognitive DTC. Results A longer response time in DT than in ST was observed during SRT. However, the response time was shorter in DT during StI. DTC decreased with increasing complexity of the cognitive task. There was no significant effect of age and group on cognitive DTC. Conclusion Our results suggest that regardless of age and disease group, simple cognitive tasks show the largest and most stable cognitive effects during DT. This may be relevant to the design of future observational studies, clinical trials and for clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bianchini
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elke Warmerdam
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robbin Romijnders
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Francesco E. Pontieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Walter Maetzler
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Yu CC, Chen CY, Muggleton NG, Ko CH, Liu S. Acute Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control but Not Error Detection in Male Violent Perpetrators: An ERPs Study With the Emotional Stop Signal Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:796180. [PMID: 35496071 PMCID: PMC9045000 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.796180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence has been linked to the co-occurrence of cognitive dysfunction and altered activations in several brain regions. Empirical evidence demonstrated the benefits of acute exercise on motor inhibition and error detection and their neuronal processing. However, whether such effects also hold for the population with violent behaviors remains unknown. This study examined the effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and error monitoring among violent offenders. Fifteen male violent offenders were counterbalanced into experimental protocols, which comprised a 30-min moderately aerobic exercise [60% heart rate (HR) reserve] and a 30-min reading control session. After each session, participants performed an emotional stop signal task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded simultaneously. Results showed insignificant changes in ERPs components [i.e., N2, P3, error-related negativity (ERN), and error-positivity (Pe) amplitudes] and the behavioral performance in go condition, stop accuracy, and post-error adjustments by exercise. However, the current study demonstrated that the acute exercise facilitated stop signal reaction time (SSRT) when compared to the control session regardless of emotional conditions. This is the first research to exhibit the improvements in inhibitory performance by acute exercise for violent offenders. Most importantly, this effect was independent of affective settings, expanding the existing knowledge of the influences of acute exercise on cognition. Our findings implicate the perspective of acute exercise for clinical and correctional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chuan Yu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Neil G. Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Hung Ko
- Integrated Drug Addiction Treatment Center of the Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suyen Liu
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
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Arauz PG, García MG, Velez M, León C, Velez F, Martin B. Does treadmill workstation use affect user's kinematic gait symmetry? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261140. [PMID: 34905578 PMCID: PMC8670710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of treadmill workstation use on kinematic gait symmetry and computer work performance remain unclear. The purpose of this pilot study was to analyze the effects of treadmill workstation use on lower body motion symmetry while performing a typing task when compared to overground and treadmill walking. The lower body motion of ten healthy adults (6 males and 4 females) was recorded by a motion capture system. Hip, knee, and ankle joint rotations were computed and compared for each condition. Despite comparable lower body kinematic gait asymmetries across conditions, asymmetric knee flexion motions at early gait cycle were only found in treadmill workstation users (left knee significantly more flexed than the right one). This demonstrates that the interaction between walking and another task is dependent on the task cognitive content. Our findings suggest that lower body kinematic gait symmetry may be influenced by the use of treadmill workstations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gonzalo Arauz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - María-Gabriela García
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Mauricio Velez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Cesar León
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Velez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Bernard Martin
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Oye-Somefun A, Azizi Z, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of treadmill desks on energy expenditure, sitting time and cardiometabolic health in adults. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2082. [PMID: 34774020 PMCID: PMC8590128 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the health risks of sedentary working environments become more clear, greater emphasis on the implementation of walking interventions to reduce sitting time is needed. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigate the role of treadmill-desk interventions on energy expenditure, sitting time, and cardiometabolic health in adults with sedentary occupations. Methods Relevant studies published in English were identified using CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases up to December 2020. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to pool study results. Results Thirteen relevant studies (six workplaces and seven laboratories) were found with a total of 351 participants. Pooled analysis of laboratory studies showed a significant increase in energy expenditure (105.23 kcal per hour, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.41 to 120.4), as well as metabolic rate (5.0 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 3.35 to 6.64), among treadmill desk users compared to sitting conditions. No evidence of significant differences in blood pressure were found. In workplace studies, we observed a significant reduction in sitting time over a 24-h period (− 1.73 min per hour, 95% CI: − 3.3 to − 0.17) among users of treadmill desks, compared to a conventional desk. However, there were no evidence of statistically significant changes in other metabolic outcomes. Conclusions Treadmill desks offer a feasible and effective intervention to increase energy expenditure and metabolic rate and reduce sitting time while performing work-related tasks. Future studies are needed to increase generalizability to different workplace settings and further evaluate their impact on cardiometabolic health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunle Oye-Somefun
- 222A Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Zahra Azizi
- McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), 5252 De Maisonneuve Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Chris I Ardern
- 344 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Michael A Rotondi
- 364 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Marshall MR, Duckworth SC, Currie MR, Schmid D, Rogers RR. Role of age and sex on dual tasking using a treadmill desk while performing cognitive tests. Gait Posture 2021; 90:148-153. [PMID: 34481265 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treadmill desks have been used extensively to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary time in the work environment. However, dual tasking, such as simultaneously walking and performing a cognitive task, may result in diminished performance in one or both tasks. RESEARCH QUESTION Do age and sex impact ability to dual task while using a treadmill desk at a preferred walking speed?. METHODS A total of n = 24 younger (range of 18-24 years, mean age = 21.1 ± 1.6 years) and n = 25 older (range of 45-65 years, mean age = 53.0 ± 5.1 years) adults self-selected a comfortable walking speed ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mph and performed the Stroop Color & Word test (measuring Inhibition) and the Sternberg Test of Working Memory (measuring Working Memory) while walking at their chosen speed on a treadmill desk and while seated. Testing was performed in two separate sessions with the order counterbalanced. Step length, stride length, gait cycle time, and coefficient of variation (CV) for each were measured using OptoGait software, and both reaction time and accuracy for the two cognitive tests were assessed. Dual Task Cost (DTC) was calculated by using the formula (Single task score - Dual task score)/Single task score)*100. RESULTS Younger adults had faster reaction time compared to older adults for both Working Memory and Inhibition tests (p < 0.05), and both males and females had slower reaction time for the Working Memory test when seated compared to walking (p < 0.05). For DTC, older adults had greater stride length CV during the Working Memory task (32.0 % vs 19.6 %), and regardless of age or sex, DTC for gait was greater than for cognition. SIGNIFICANCE These data provide evidence that while aging does decrease reaction time while dual tasking, few age differences and no sex differences were found in dual task cost. However, dual tasking results in diminished gait DTC compared to cognition DTC regardless of age or sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory R Marshall
- Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr., Birmingham, AL, 35229, United States.
| | - Sarah C Duckworth
- Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr., Birmingham, AL, 35229, United States
| | - Madison R Currie
- Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr., Birmingham, AL, 35229, United States
| | - Daphne Schmid
- Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr., Birmingham, AL, 35229, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr., Birmingham, AL, 35229, United States
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O'Mara S. Biopsychosocial Functions of Human Walking and Adherence to Behaviourally Demanding Belief Systems: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:654122. [PMID: 34421710 PMCID: PMC8371042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human walking is a socially embedded and shaped biological adaptation: it frees our hands, makes our minds mobile, and is deeply health promoting. Yet, today, physical inactivity is an unsolved, major public health problem. However, globally, tens of millions of people annually undertake ancient, significant and enduring traditions of physiologically and psychologically arduous walks (pilgrimages) of days-to-weeks extent. Pilgrim walking is a significant human activity requiring weighty commitments of time, action and belief, as well as community support. Paradoxically, human walking is most studied on treadmills, not ‘in the wild’, while mechanistically vital, treadmill studies of walking cannot, in principle, address why humans walk extraordinary distances together to demonstrate their adherence to a behaviourally demanding belief system. Pilgrim walkers provide a rich ‘living laboratory’ bridging humanistic inquiries, to progressive theoretical and empirical investigations of human walking arising from a behaviourally demanding belief system. Pilgrims vary demographically and undertake arduous journeys on precisely mapped routes of tracked, titrated doses and durations on terrain of varying difficulty, allowing investigations from molecular to cultural levels of analysis. Using the reciprocal perspectives of ‘inside→out’ (where processes within brain and body initiate, support and entrain movement) and ‘outside→in’ (where processes in the world beyond brain and body drive activity within brain and body), we examine how pilgrim walking might shape personal, social and transcendental processes, revealing potential mechanisms supporting the body and brain in motion, to how pilgrim walking might offer policy solutions for physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Mara
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Does type of active workstation matter? A randomized comparison of cognitive and typing performance between rest, cycling, and treadmill active workstations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237348. [PMID: 32764818 PMCID: PMC7413476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active workstations are associated with improved health outcomes, but differences in cognitive and typing outcomes between the types of active workstations are unclear. We addressed two main questions: (1) Are there differences in cognitive and typing performance between seated and active workstations? (2) Are there differences in cognitive and typing performance between cycling and treadmill workstations, specifically? Participants included 137 healthy young adults (74 female, mean age = 20.8 years) who completed two sessions. At session one (baseline), all participants completed cognitive and typing tests including the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, a typing test, and a flanker task while sitting at rest. At session two, participants were randomized to an active workstation group (treadmill or cycling desk) during which they performed the tests listed above in a randomized fashion, using alternate versions when available. Participants showed significantly better attention and cognitive control scores during the active session as compared to the seated session, but worse verbal memory scores during the active session. Participants were faster and more accurate at typing during the active session relative to the seated session. There were no significant differences between cycling or treadmill workstations on any cognitive or typing outcomes. Improvements during active sessions may be influenced by practice effects, although alternate forms were used when possible. We conclude that active workstations do not seem to largely impact cognitive abilities, with the exception of a slight decrease in verbal memory performance. Findings suggest active workstations, whether walking or cycling, are useful to improve physical activity, particularly when completing tasks that do not require verbal memory recall.
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Duckworth SC, Higginbotham CS, Pederson JA, Rogers RR, Marshall MR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Physical and Cognitive Performance During Upper-Extremity Versus Full-Body Exercise Under Dual Tasking Conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:338-352. [PMID: 32741251 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520945088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate physical and cognitive performance during dual task conditions of upper-extremity (UE) or full-body (FB) rowing exercise. In a crossover counterbalanced design, college-aged male and female participants completed five conditions: (a) Sitting, (b) Single task UE rowing, (c) Single task FB rowing, (d) Dual task UE rowing, and (e) Dual task FB rowing. For single task UE and FB rowing conditions, participants were asked to row as hard as possible. After sitting and dual-task conditions, we administered the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a word-list memory test. We analyzed participants' absolute differences (single task - dual task) in power output and their cognitive test scores to compare UE and FB rowing. There were no significant absolute differences from sitting to dual task conditions of UE and FB rowing for either PASAT (p = 0.958) or word list memory (p = 0.899) cognitive scores. Absolute power output loss from single to dual task conditions was significantly higher in FB versus UE for PASAT (p = 0.039; d = 0.54) and word list memory (p = 0.021; d = 0.66) in the dual task condition. These results suggest that, while cognitive performance was preserved regardless of the amount of muscle mass activated during dual task rowing, physical performance suffered more during FB than UE rowing under the dual task condition. These findings have important implications for optimizing cognitive and physical performance in dual task situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Duckworth
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Carrie S Higginbotham
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Comparing Cognitive Control Performance During Seated Rest and Self-Paced Cycling on a Desk Bike in Preadolescent Children. J Phys Act Health 2020; 16:533-539. [PMID: 31170879 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although active workstations, such as desk bikes, have proven to be beneficial for health, there is limited information regarding their effects on children's acute cognitive performance during self-paced exercise. METHODS This study used a within-subjects, fully counterbalanced design with a sample of 38 preadolescent children (mean age = 12.50 y, SD = 0.62; 43% male), who performed cognitive tests while being seated or while cycling for 45 minutes with a 7-day interval. Effects of using a desk bike were evaluated on cognitive control: verbal and visuospatial working memory capacities were tested, and inhibition was assessed using a modified flanker task. In addition, subjective task experience was explored using self-report measures. RESULTS Cognitive control performance was not degraded but also not improved with the short-term use of desk bikes. Because of the null effects, there is no direction and magnitude of the outcomes to discuss. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that schools can successfully implement desk bikes to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time among children without compromising cognitive control processes necessary for academic achievement.
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Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Breaking Up Sitting Time among Desk-Based Office Workers: A Qualitative Investigation Using the TDF and COM-B. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162903. [PMID: 31416112 PMCID: PMC6720704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High amounts of sedentary behaviour, such as sitting, can lead to adverse health consequences. Interventions to break up prolonged sitting in the workplace have used active workstations, although few studies have used behaviour change theory. This study aimed to combine the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation to Behaviour system (COM-B) to investigate perceived barriers and facilitators to breaking up sitting in desk-based office workers. Semi-structured interviews with 25 desk-based employees investigated barriers and facilitators to breaking up sitting in the workplace. Seven core inductive themes were identified: ‘Knowledge-deficit sitting behaviour’, ‘Willingness to change’, ‘Tied to the desk’, ‘Organisational support and interpersonal influences’, ‘Competing motivations’, ‘Emotional influences’, and ‘Inadequate cognitive resources for action’. These themes were then deductively mapped to 11 of the 14 TDF domains and five of the six COM-B constructs. Participants believed that high amounts of sitting had adverse consequences but lacked knowledge regarding recommendations and were at times unmotivated to change. Physical and social opportunities were identified as key influences, including organisational support and height-adjustable desks. Future research should identify intervention functions, policy categories and behaviour change techniques to inform tailored interventions to change sitting behaviour of office workers.
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Huang T, Gu Q, Deng Z, Tsai C, Xue Y, Zhang J, Zou L, Chen Z, Wang K. Executive Function Performance in Young Adults When Cycling at an Active Workstation: An fNIRS Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1119. [PMID: 30925783 PMCID: PMC6480144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of self-paced cycling at an active workstation on executive functions and cortical activity. METHODS In a crossover study design, 37 young adults (45.9% females) were randomly assigned to the following two task conditions: (1) performing cognitive tests during sitting, (2) performing cognitive tests while cycling at an active workstation. Executive functions were assessed by the Stroop color and word test and the task-switching paradigm. Cortical activity was monitored using a multi-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system. RESULTS The behavioral results showed that there were no significant differences on the Stroop interference effects (P = 0.66) between the sitting and the cycling conditions. In all probability, no differences on the global switch costs (P = 0.90) and local switch costs (P = 0.67) were observed between the sitting and the cycling conditions. For the fNIRS results, the oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in response to the Stroop interference in channels 5, 10, and 12 were decreased during the cycling condition (all Ps < 0.05, FDR-corrected). Conversely, the oxy-Hb associated with the global switch costs in channels 3, 29, and 31 were increased during the cycling condition (all Ps < 0.05, FDR-corrected). CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that behavioral performances on executive functions were not affected by cycling at an active workstation, while cognitive resources were reallocated during cycling at an active workstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Qian Gu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhangyan Deng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Graduate school of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chilun Tsai
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yue Xue
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jimeng Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sports Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zuosong Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Sui W, Smith ST, Fagan MJ, Rollo S, Prapavessis H. The effects of sedentary behaviour interventions on work-related productivity and performance outcomes in real and simulated office work: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 75:27-73. [PMID: 30509536 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examined the impact of environmental, behavioral, and combined interventions to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour on work performance and productivity outcomes. Productivity outcomes were defined as variables assessing work-related tasks (e.g., typing, mouse), whereas performance outcomes were categorized as any variables assessing cognition that did not mimic work-related tasks. Nine databases were searched for articles published up to January 2018. Sixty-three studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria: 45 examined a productivity outcome (i.e., typing, mouse, work-related tasks, and absenteeism), 38 examined a performance outcome (i.e., memory, reading comprehension, mathematics, executive function, creativity, psychomotor function, and psychobiological factors), and 30 examined a self-reported productivity/performance outcome (i.e., presenteeism or other self-reported outcome). Overall, standing interventions do not appear to impact productivity/performance outcomes, whereas walking and cycling interventions demonstrate mixed null/negative associations for productivity outcomes. Hence, standing interventions to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour could be implemented without negatively impacting productivity/performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyou Sui
- Exercise Health and Psychology Lab, Room 408, Arthur Sonia Labatt Health Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Siobhan T Smith
- Exercise Health and Psychology Lab, Room 408, Arthur Sonia Labatt Health Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Fagan
- Exercise Health and Psychology Lab, Room 408, Arthur Sonia Labatt Health Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Scott Rollo
- Exercise Health and Psychology Lab, Room 408, Arthur Sonia Labatt Health Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Harry Prapavessis
- Exercise Health and Psychology Lab, Room 408, Arthur Sonia Labatt Health Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Malaeb S, Perez-Leighton CE, Noble EE, Billington C. A "NEAT" Approach to Obesity Prevention in the Modern Work Environment. Workplace Health Saf 2018; 67:102-110. [PMID: 30370831 DOI: 10.1177/2165079918790980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased prevalence of obesity may be due to an increase of being sedentary at work. Increasing non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) using walking workstations may increase total physical activity and promote a leaner physical body composition (or phenotype). The purpose of this study was to test whether walking slowly during work was sufficient to promote a leaner phenotype by increasing physical activity in sedentary desk workers without inducing compensation or a decrease in activity or energy expenditure during the nonworking hours. We conducted a prospective cohort study using a within-subjects crossover design. The design involved two phases each lasting 2 weeks: a treadmill exercise phase in which subjects used a walking workstation for 2.5 hours a day 5 days/week and a control phase in which subjects maintained their normal work activity. Twenty-five sedentary adults working at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. We measured body weight, body composition, food intake, 24-hour physical activity, and self-reported physical activity with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Treadmill exercise caused a leaner phenotype (lean mass gain and fat mass loss) and significantly increased their 24-hour physical activity. Walking workstation use had favorable effects on physical well-being and mental focus and did not adversely affect productivity. Light treadmill exercise during work can increase physical activity and result in a leaner body composition. This is a potentially useful intervention to increase NEAT in the modern sedentary work environment.
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Ojo SO, Bailey DP, Chater AM, Hewson DJ. The Impact of Active Workstations on Workplace Productivity and Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E417. [PMID: 29495542 PMCID: PMC5876962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Active workstations have been recommended for reducing sedentary behavior in the workplace. It is important to understand if the use of these workstations has an impact on worker productivity. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of active workstations on workplace productivity and performance. A total of 3303 articles were initially identified by a systematic search and seven articles met eligibility criteria for inclusion. A quality appraisal was conducted to assess risk of bias, confounding, internal and external validity, and reporting. Most of the studies reported cognitive performance as opposed to productivity. Five studies assessed cognitive performance during use of an active workstation, usually in a single session. Sit-stand desks had no detrimental effect on performance, however, some studies with treadmill and cycling workstations identified potential decreases in performance. Many of the studies lacked the power required to achieve statistical significance. Three studies assessed workplace productivity after prolonged use of an active workstation for between 12 and 52 weeks. These studies reported no significant effect on productivity. Active workstations do not appear to decrease workplace performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson O Ojo
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - Angel M Chater
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - David J Hewson
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
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In-Class Cycling to Augment College Student Academic Performance and Reduce Physical Inactivity: Results from an RCT. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111343. [PMID: 29113036 PMCID: PMC5707982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most college students sit 14 hours per week on average, excluding sedentary study time. Researchers observing workplace and elementary school settings with active workstations to combat sedentary behavior have shown enhanced cognition without distraction. Until now, incorporating active workstations in college classroom settings remained relatively unexplored. This study’s purpose was to assess academic performance using in-class stationary cycle desks during a semester-long lecture course. Twenty-one college students (19–24 years) enrolled in a lecture course volunteered and were split into traditional sit (SIT) and stationary cycle (CYC) groups randomly, matched on a calculated factor equal to a physical activity (PA) score (0–680) multiplied by grade point average (GPA; 4.0 scale). CYC pedaled a prescribed rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of less than 2 out of 10 during a 50-min lecture, 3 × week for 12 weeks. CYC averaged 42 min, 7.9 miles, and 1.7 RPE during class throughout the semester. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between CYC and SIT on in-class test scores or overall course grades. Although statistically insignificant, CYC had higher mean test scores and overall course grades vs. SIT (i.e., B+ vs. B, respectively). Low intensity cycling during a college lecture course maintained student academic performance and possibly reduced weekly sedentary behavior time.
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Ruiter M, Loyens S, Paas F. The Effects of Cycling on a Desk Bike on Attention, Retention and Mood during a Video Lecture. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margina Ruiter
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Loyens
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- University College Roosevelt; Utrecht University; Middelburg The Netherlands
| | - Fred Paas
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Early Start Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
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EHMANN PETERJ, BRUSH CHRISTOPHERJ, OLSON RYANL, BHATT SHIVANGN, BANU ANDREAH, ALDERMAN BRANDONL. Active Workstations Do Not Impair Executive Function in Young and Middle-Age Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:965-974. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mullane SL, Buman MP, Zeigler ZS, Crespo NC, Gaesser GA. Acute effects on cognitive performance following bouts of standing and light-intensity physical activity in a simulated workplace environment. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:489-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Torbeyns T, de Geus B, Bailey S, De Pauw K, Decroix L, Van Cutsem J, Meeusen R. Cycling on a Bike Desk Positively Influences Cognitive Performance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165510. [PMID: 27806079 PMCID: PMC5091773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cycling desks as a means to reduce sedentary time in the office has gained interest as excessive sitting has been associated with several health risks. However, the question rises if people will still be as efficient in performing their desk-based office work when combining this with stationary cycling. Therefore, the effect of cycling at 30% Wmax on typing, cognitive performance and brain activity was investigated. Methods After two familiarisation sessions, 23 participants performed a test battery [typing test, Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT), Stroop test and Rosvold continuous performance test (RCPT)] with electroencephalography recording while cycling and sitting on a conventional chair. Results Typing performance, performance on the RAVLT and accuracy on the Stroop test and the RCPT did not differ between conditions. Reaction times on the Stroop test and the RCPT were shorter while cycling relative to sitting (p < 0.05). N200, P300, N450 and conflict SP latency and amplitude on the Stroop test and N200 and P300 on the RCPT did not differ between conditions. Conclusions This study showed that typing performance and short-term memory are not deteriorated when people cycle at 30% Wmax. Furthermore, cycling had a positive effect on response speed across tasks requiring variable amounts of attention and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Torbeyns
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bas de Geus
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephen Bailey
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, United States of America
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Decroix
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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