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Cruz-Cano R, Rangel-Gomez M, Van Wagoner C, Kidanu A, Brinkman M, Clark P. The acceptability of smokeless tobacco products depends on nicotine levels. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 10:100217. [PMID: 31517021 PMCID: PMC6728877 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role nicotine plays in initiating and sustaining addiction has been of interest for the scientific community and general population, with the idea that low levels of nicotine will reduce abuse liability associated with smokeless tobacco products. Previously, research has relied on subjective assessments to determine consumer acceptability, but these measures cannot provide a characterization of the physiological responses associated with nicotine use. Consumer acceptability arises from psychological and neurophysiological factors, thus establishing the need to use subjective and objective measurements in conjunction. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the subjective and objective effects of smokeless tobacco product use with varying levels of nicotine. EEG data were recorded before and after the use of four different smokeless tobacco products and one control product over five separate visits, with participants arriving to each visit after 12 h of tobacco abstinence. These products have distinct consumer acceptability levels and patterns of use characteristics ranging from starter products to those used primarily by established users. Subjective results showed that smokeless tobacco products with higher levels of nicotine were more successful in reducing craving and more reinforcing than those with lower levels. These results were concordant with the activity present in the EEG recordings where products with high nicotine levels produced larger changes in the amplitude of the event-related signal than those with low levels. This study is fundamental in understanding the relationship between subjective and objective smokeless tobacco acceptability measurements, as mediated by the different levels of nicotine in each product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Kidanu
- University of Maryland, College Park
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Rangel-Gomez M, Cruz-Cano R, Van Wagoner C, Kidanu A, McDonald CG, Clark PI. Dissociating the effect of flavor and nicotine in smokeless tobacco products using electroencephalography: The case of wintergreen flavors. Addict Behav 2019; 91:82-89. [PMID: 30553545 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased consumption of tobacco products in recent years has been linked, among other factors, to the presence of added flavors. Although flavors are important in explaining consumption, their effects in the brain have until now been unexplored. In the present study, we investigated how electrophysiology can serve to dissociate the effects of nicotine and flavor. Participants attended 4 sessions (2-by-2 factorial design, with flavor and nicotine as within-subject factors), in each session an oddball task was performed before and after smokeless tobacco consumption. We explored the dissociation of neural responses to flavor and nicotine. While event-related potentials did not show modulation due to flavors, time-frequency showed a flavor-nicotine dissociation. Low-frequency activity (delta, theta and alpha) showed only effects of nicotine, and high-frequency activity (beta1, beta2 and gamma) showed effects only susceptible to flavor. Flavors in smokeless tobacco not only made the product more desirable but also triggered the allocation of cognitive resources. This long-lasting effect of flavor may enhance the addictive potential of the tobacco product. Further research is being developed to determine the precise role of flavors in contributing to addiction. This is the first study investigating the neural effects of flavor (specifically wintergreen) in smokeless tobacco products. By understanding the effects of flavors in the brain we can explain the precipitants of tobacco consumption behaviors, and the addictive potential of flavors. Regulators will be able to determine if and in which amount flavors should be allowed in tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rangel-Gomez
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carly Van Wagoner
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
| | - Azieb Kidanu
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
| | - Craig G McDonald
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Pamela I Clark
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
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Morris V, Patel H, Vedelago L, Reed DD, Metrik J, Aston E, MacKillop J, Amlung M. Elevated Behavioral Economic Demand for Alcohol in Co-Users of Alcohol and Cannabis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018. [PMID: 30573024 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-use of cannabis and alcohol is associated with increased drinking and other negative consequences relative to use of alcohol alone. One potential explanation for these differences is overvaluation of alcohol (e.g., alcohol demand) among co-users, similar to established overvaluation of alcohol among tobacco and alcohol co-users. This study examined differences in alcohol demand between an alcohol and cannabis co-user group and an alcohol-only group. METHOD A large sample of adult drinkers (n = 1,643, 54% female) was recruited through an online crowdsourcing site (Amazon Mechanical Turk). Of the full sample, 476 participants reported weekly or greater cannabis use in the past 6 months (co-user group); 888 reported never using cannabis in the past 6 months (alcohol-only group). Assessments included a validated alcohol purchase task and self-report measures of alcohol and cannabis use. RESULTS Co-users reported significantly higher alcohol consumption across the elastic portion of the alcohol demand curve (i.e., $1.50-$9.00/drink). Analyses of covariance controlling for alcohol use and demographics revealed significantly higher breakpoint (p = .025) and Omax (p = .002) and significantly lower elasticity (p < .003) in the co-user group. Intensity and Pmax did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Co-users of cannabis and alcohol overvalue alcohol compared with individuals who drink alcohol but do not use cannabis. This study is generally consistent with prior studies on alcohol and tobacco co-users, providing converging evidence that polysubstance use is associated with overvaluation of alcohol. These findings have important implications for treatment and prevention, particularly in the context of changes in cannabis legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Morris
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herry Patel
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lana Vedelago
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Kansas University, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wang YG, Shen ZH, Wu XC. Detection of patients with methamphetamine dependence with cue-elicited heart rate variability in a virtual social environment. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:382-388. [PMID: 30300868 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a methamphetamine (METH)-related virtual social environment to elicit subjective craving and physiological reactivity. Sixty-one male patients who were abstinent from METH use and 45 age-matched healthy males (i.e., normal controls) were recruited. The physiological electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded before (resting-state condition) and during viewing of a METH-cue video in the virtual environment (cue-induced condition). The cue-induced subjective craving was measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS) for patients with METH dependence. The results indicated that the cue-induced condition elicited significant differences in heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with METH dependence and normal controls. The changes of HRV indexes on time domain and non-linear domain from the resting-state condition to the cue-induced condition were positively correlated with the score on VAS of METH craving. Using a supervised machine learning algorithm with the features extracted from HRV changes, our results showed that the discriminant model provided a high predictive power for distinguishing patients with METH dependence from normal controls. Our findings support that immersing subjects with METH dependence in a METH-related virtual social environment can successfully induce physiological reactivity, and cue-induced physiological signal changes may have a potential implication in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Wang
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China; Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang provincial Institute of Detoxification Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Shen
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China; Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang provincial Institute of Detoxification Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan-Chen Wu
- Hangzhou Seventh Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Prashad S, Milligan AL, Cousijn J, Filbey FM. Cross-Cultural Effects of Cannabis Use Disorder: Evidence to Support a Cultural Neuroscience Approach. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:100-109. [PMID: 29062679 PMCID: PMC5650117 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) are prevalent worldwide. Current epidemiological studies underscore differences in behaviors that contribute to cannabis use across cultures that can be leveraged towards prevention and treatment of CUDs. This review proposes a framework for understanding the effects of cross-cultural differences on psychological, neural, and genomic processes underlying CUDs that has the potential to inform global policies and impact global public health. RECENT FINDINGS We found that cultural factors may influence (1) the willingness to acknowledge CUD-related symptoms among populations of different countries, and (2) neural responses related to the sense of self, perception, emotion, and attention. These findings leverage the potential effects of culture on neural mechanisms underlying CUDs. SUMMARY As the number of individuals seeking treatment for CUDs increases globally, it is imperative to incorporate cultural considerations to better understand and serve differing populations and develop more targeted treatment strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Prashad
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Amber L. Milligan
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Luo X, Guo L, Dai XJ, Wang Q, Zhu W, Miao X, Gong H. Abnormal intrinsic functional hubs in alcohol dependence: evidence from a voxelwise degree centrality analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2011-2020. [PMID: 28814870 PMCID: PMC5546828 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s142742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the abnormal intrinsic functional hubs in alcohol dependence using voxelwise degree centrality analysis approach, and their relationships with clinical features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male alcohol dependence subjects free of medicine (mean age, 50.21±9.62 years) and 24 age- and education-matched male healthy controls (mean age, 50.29±8.92 years) were recruited. The alcohol use disorders identification test and the severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire (SADQ) were administered to assess the severity of alcohol craving. Voxelwise degree centrality approach was used to assess the abnormal intrinsic functional hubs features in alcohol dependence. Simple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between the clinical features and abnormal intrinsic functional hubs. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, alcohol dependence subjects exhibited significantly different degree centrality values in widespread left lateralization brain areas, including higher degree centrality values in the left precentral gyrus (BA 6), right hippocampus (BA 35, 36), and left orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11) and lower degree centrality values in the left cerebellum posterior lobe, bilateral secondary visual network (BA 18), and left precuneus (BA 7, 19). SADQ revealed a negative linear correlation with the degree centrality value in the left precentral gyrus (R2=0.296, P=0.006). CONCLUSION The specific abnormal intrinsic functional hubs appear to be disrupted by alcohol intoxication, which implicates at least three principal neural systems: including cerebellar, executive control, and visual cortex, which may further affect the normal motor behavior such as an explicit type of impaired driving behavior. These findings expand our understanding of the functional characteristics of alcohol dependence and may provide a new insight into the understanding of the dysfunction and pathophysiology of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Wenzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghong Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Jian Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglai Wang
- Department of Radiology, Wenzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Wenzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Miao
- Department of Radiology, Wenzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghan Gong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Zou Z, Song H, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Romantic Love vs. Drug Addiction May Inspire a New Treatment for Addiction. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1436. [PMID: 27713720 PMCID: PMC5031705 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a complex neurological dysfunction induced by recurring drug intoxication. Strategies to prevent and treat drug addiction constitute a topic of research interest. Early-stage romantic love is characterized by some characteristics of addiction, which gradually disappear as the love relationship progresses. Therefore, comparison of the concordance and discordance between romantic love and drug addiction may elucidate potential treatments for addiction. This focused review uses the evidences from our recent studies to compare the neural alterations between romantic love and drug addiction, moreover we also compare the behavioral and neurochemical alterations between romantic love and drug addiction. From the behavioral comparisons we find that there are many similarities between the early stage of romantic love and drug addiction, and this stage romantic love is considered as a behavioral addiction, while significant differences exist between the later stage of romantic love and drug addiction, and this stage of romantic love eventually developed into a prosocial behavior. The neuroimaging comparisons suggest that romantic love and drug addiction both display the functional enhancement in reward and emotion regulation network. Except the similar neural changes, romantic love display special function enhancement in social cognition network, while drug addiction display special dysfunction in cognitive control network. The neurochemical comparisons show that there are many similarities in the dopamine (DA) system, while significant differences in oxytocin (OT) system for romantic love and drug addiction. These findings indicate that the functional alterations in reward and emotion regulation network and the DA system may be the neurophysiological basis of romantic love as a behavioral addiction, and the functional alterations in social cognition network and the OT system may be the neurophysiological basis of romantic love as a prosocial behavior. It seems that the OT system is a critical factor for the development of addiction. So we then discuss strategies to treat drug addiction with OT, and suggest that future research should further investigate OT system interventions aiming to improve cognitive control and/or social cognition functions, in order to develop strategies designed to more effectively treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwen Song
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CASHefei, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CASHefei, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
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