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Gori A, Topino E, Gioia F, Casale S. Problematic Social Media Use in Young Adults: A Mixed Serial-Parallel Mediation Model Involving Alexithymia, Defense Mechanisms, and Fear of Missing Out. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:340-346. [PMID: 38407872 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Problematic social media use (PSMU) can have profound and detrimental effects across various domains of life. As a result, scientific investigations into the risk factors associated with this phenomenon can hold substantial practical implications within the clinical and preventive realms. Consistently with this framework, this study aimed to examine the relationship between certain variables and PSMU, with a specific focus on alexithymia, defense mechanisms, and fear of missing out (FoMO). A sample of 340 young adults (Mage = 26.42 years; SD = 3.689) completed an online survey, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, FoMO scale, 40-Item Defense Style Questionnaire, and 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results showed a statistically significant mixed serial-parallel mediation model. A significant total effect in the association between alexithymia and FoMO emerged. Furthermore, defense mechanisms and FoMO significantly and totally mediated this relationship. These findings have the potential to provide valuable insights in the field of clinical research on PSMU, and can offer practical information for enhancing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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2
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Zinchuk M, Kustov G, Popova S, Mishin I, Voinova N, Gersamija A, Yakovlev A, Guekht A. Functions of nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior in Russian patients with suicidal ideation. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1270944. [PMID: 38026411 PMCID: PMC10660280 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1270944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) is an important risk factor for future suicide attempts. Previous research has identified a number of motivations for engaging in NSSI. The aim of the present study was to translate the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) into Russian and then to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and suicidal ideation (SI). Other aims were to determine the prevalence of specific NSSI functions in this population and to assess the relationship between different NSSI functions and clinical and psychological parameters. Participants and methods The study was conducted at the largest center for non-psychotic mental disorders in Moscow. All admitted patients with both NSSI and SI completed the Russian version of the ISAS-II, underwent the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, and completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 Brief Form Plus-Modified, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results A total of 614 patients were included in the study. 543 (88.4%) patients were assigned female at birth with a mean age of 24.86 (7.86) years. Factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (Intrapersonal and Interpersonal) of the Russian version of the ISAS-II, but in contrast to the original study, the "Marking distress" function loaded more strongly on the Interpersonal factor. In people with non-psychotic mental disorders and SI, Interpersonal functions of NSSI are associated with more severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.34), 12 months history of NSSI (r = 0.30), higher number of NSSI methods (r = 0.41), likelihood of future NSSI (r = 0.35) and psychoticism (r = 0.32). Conclusion The Russian version of the ISAS-II is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing NSSI functions in a population at high risk for suicide attempts. Interpersonal functions are associated with a number of unpleasant clinical and psychological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Zinchuk
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii Kustov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofya Popova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Mishin
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Voinova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Gersamija
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yakovlev
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Gioia F, Imperato C, Boursier V, Franceschini C, Schimmenti A, Musetti A. The role of defense styles and psychopathological symptoms on adherence to conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3482. [PMID: 36859511 PMCID: PMC9976667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the unpredictability of the COVID-19 pandemic situation, individuals felt uncertain and insecure. As a consequence, conspiracy theories flourished and quickly spread. In the current study, we examine the relationship between general and COVID-19-related conspiracy theories, cognitive reflection, psychopathological symptoms, and defense styles in a sample of Italian adults. A total of 450 participants (50.2% male; mean age = 40.89 years, SD = 12.15) took part in an online survey. Two linear regression models on the general (explained variance 22.6%) and COVID-19-related (explained variance 33.0%) conspiracy theories have been tested. Among the predictive factors, older age, mania symptoms, and immature defenses facilitate adherence to conspiracy theories; on the opposite side, higher education, cognitive reflection, and mature defenses protected from adherence to conspiracy theories. The study provides some novel findings about factors that are significantly associated with general and COVID-19-related conspiracy theories, and highlights the pivotal role of individuals' psychological defenses in conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gioia
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Imperato
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Boursier
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Franceschini
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- grid.440863.d0000 0004 0460 360XFaculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE-Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Husain W, Wasif S, Fatima I. Profanity as a Self-Defense Mechanism and an Outlet for Emotional Catharsis in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023; 2023:8821517. [PMID: 37181488 PMCID: PMC10171984 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8821517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Swearing is an increasing trend among men and women worldwide. Earlier studies on the positive aspects of profanity mostly relate to pain management and the release of negative emotions. The uniqueness of the current study is its analysis for a possible constructive role of profanity in stress, anxiety, and depression. Method The current survey involved 253 conveniently selected participants from Pakistan. The study analyzed the role of profanity in connection to stress, anxiety, and depression. Profanity Scale and the Urdu version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale were used along with a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and t-test were implied to obtain results. Results The study revealed that the usage of profane language had significantly inverse correlations with stress (r = -0.250; p < 0.01), anxiety (r = -0.161; p < 0.05), and depression (r = -0.182; p < 0.01). Higher profaners also revealed significantly lower levels of depression (M = 29.91, SD = 10.80 vs. M = 33.48, SD = 10.40; p = 0.009; Cohen's d = 0.338) and stress (M = 30.83, SD = 11.41 vs. M = 35.16, SD = 11.31; p = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.381) as compared to lower profaners. Profanity had no significant correlations with age (r = 0.031; p > 0.05) and education (r = 0.016; p > 0.05). Men projected significantly higher levels of profanity as compared to women. Conclusion The current study viewed profanity similar to the self-defense mechanisms and emphasized on its cathartic role in stress, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Husain
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samia Wasif
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Insha Fatima
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Guglielmucci F, Bonafede M, Azzolina D, Marinaccio A, Franzoi IG, Migliore E, Mensi C, Chellini E, Romeo E, Grosso F, Granieri A. Preliminary validation of a brief PROM assessing psychological distress in patients with malignant mesothelioma: The mesothelioma psychological distress tool-Patients. Front Psychol 2022; 13:974982. [PMID: 36506969 PMCID: PMC9732528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Psychological suffering in malignant mesothelioma (MM) differs from that in other cancers because of its occupational etiology, and we aimed to develop specific patient-reported outcome measures to assess it. Methods We used a multi-method prospective observational multicentric study (N = 149), and a preliminary questionnaire validation was performed through a Bayesian approach. Results Item analysis showed a good internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.79 [95% CI = 0.74-0.93]. Twenty of the 41 initial items were selected as posterior 95% highest density interval factor loading standardized effect size fell outside of the region of practical equivalence. Bayesian exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure: (1) Trauma-related reactions (TR, 13 items) and (2) Claim for justice (CJ, 7 items), confirmed by the Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis. Latent factors were poorly correlated (Posterior median: 0.13; 95% CI = -0.079 to 0.323). The 90% root mean square error of approximation posterior median was 0.04 [90% CI = 0.03-0.58]; the 90% chi-square posterior median was 242 [90% CI = 209-287]. Conclusion Psychological suffering in MM patients implies negative cognitive, emotional, and somatic reactions related to the traumatic impact of the disease and the need to obtain justice through economic compensation. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that the Mesothelioma Psychological Distress Tool-Patients could be a promising and reliable instrument to assess MM patients' psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Guglielmucci
- Department of Philosophy, Communication and Performing Arts, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Bonafede
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Michela Bonafede,
| | - Danila Azzolina
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marinaccio
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrica Migliore
- COR Piedmont, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and CPO-Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Carolina Mensi
- COR Lombardy, Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Chellini
- COR Tuscany, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- COR Lazio, Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Grosso
- Mesothelioma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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Hinds J. Human and environmental health concerns: What differences are required to make the difference? Front Psychol 2022; 13:845388. [PMID: 36452392 PMCID: PMC9702535 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hinds
- Psychology and Counselling, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
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Musetti A, Gori A, Michelini G, Di Monte C, Franceschini C, Mariani R. Are Defense Styles Mediators between traumatic Experiences and Maladaptive Daydreaming? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaladaptive daydreaming (MD) is a new proposed mental disorder in which an excessive absorption in vivid, narrative fantasies generates impairments in various life domains. This study aimed to examine the role of traumatic life experiences and immature, neurotic, and mature defense styles in MD. Three hundred and fifty-six Italian adults, ranging in age from 18 to 60 years completed an online survey, including measures of MD, traumatic life events, and defense styles. A multiple mediation model showed that immature, neurotic, and mature defense styles fully mediated the relationship between traumatic life experiences and MD. These findings suggest that clinical interventions for people with a history of traumatic experience who developed MD should aim to help them acquire more adaptive coping strategies to deal with traumatic memories.
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Lenzo V, Franceschini C, Manari T, Corsano P, Quattropani MC, Musetti A. Psychotic Experiences and Sleep Quality in the Emerging Adulthood: The Interplay Between Emotional Neglect, Bodily Threat, and Defense Mechanisms. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:365-372. [PMID: 35413030 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study investigated the integrated role of emotional neglect, bodily threat, and defense mechanisms in understanding sleep quality and psychosis experiences in a sample of emerging adults. A sample of 898 emerging adults (295 males) with an age range between 19 and 30 years participated in this study. The emotional neglect and bodily threat factors of the Traumatic Experiences Checklist, the Defense Style Questionnaire-40, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the psychosis factor of the Inventory of Personality Organization were administered. Results of path analyses showed that the emotional neglect and bodily threat factors predicted lower sleep quality. A path from emotional neglect and bodily threat to sleep quality via defense styles was also found. The defense styles mediated the relationships between emotional neglect and bodily threat factor with psychosis experiences. These findings provide new insight into the psychological mechanisms underlying the onset of poor sleep quality and psychotic experiences during emerging adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners "Dante Alighieri," Reggio Calabria
| | | | - Tommaso Manari
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma
| | - Paola Corsano
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma
| | | | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma
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9
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Ho CSH, Chua J, Tay GWN. The diagnostic and predictive potential of personality traits and coping styles in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:301. [PMID: 35484526 PMCID: PMC9047339 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global public health concern that is notably underdiagnosed and undertreated due to its complexity and subjective diagnostic methods. A holistic diagnostic procedure, which sufficiently considers all possible contributors to MDD symptoms, would improve MDD diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to explore whether personality and coping styles can predict MDD status and differentiate between depressed patients and healthy individuals. METHODS Seventy healthy controls (N = 54 females) were matched to 70 MDD patients for age, sex, ethnicity, and years of education. MDD severity was measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, while personality traits and coping styles were measured by the Ten-Item Personality (TIPI) and Brief COPE questionnaires, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the diagnostic and predictive potential of personality and coping styles. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were also conducted to examine their discriminative ability to distinguish between depressed and healthy individuals. RESULTS Introversion, lack of organisation skills, and neuroticism were statistically significant in predicting MDD status. Dysfunctional coping strategies, such as denial and self-blame, were also shown to significantly predict MDD status. ROC analyses found both the TIPI questionnaire (AUC = 0.90), and dysfunctional coping (as measured by Brief COPE) (AUC = 0.90) to be excellent predictors of MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the diagnostic and predictive potential of personality and coping styles for MDD in the clinical setting. They also demonstrate the remarkable ability of personality and coping styles to differentiate between depressed patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus S. H. Ho
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J. Chua
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gabrielle W. N. Tay
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Palmieri A, Fernandez KC, Cariolato Y, Kleinbub JR, Salvatore S, Gross JJ. Emotion Regulation in Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: An Integrative Perspective. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:103-113. [PMID: 35601247 PMCID: PMC9112990 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Psychotherapy fragmentation constitutes a significant barrier to progress. In the present article, we argue that emotion regulation processes operate across psychotherapy approaches, serving as an overarching meta-factor of therapeutic change. Method Two major therapeutic approaches-psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural-were examined through the lens of emotion regulation theory. In particular, key constructs within each approach were analyzed in terms of relevant emotion regulation processes. Results Emotion regulation processes are an overarching meta-factor relevant to a wide range of therapeutic constructs (e.g., defence mechanisms, internal working models, coping strategies, ruptures/reparations of alliance). Different clinical traditions emphasize different aspects of emotion regulation, mainly in terms of implicit vs explicit emotion regulation processes. Conclusions An integrative emotion regulation perspective contributes to our understanding of the core change mechanisms of psychotherapy, with significant implications both for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Palmieri
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education & Applied Psychology
- Padua Neuroscience Centre; University of Padova; Via Venezia, 14-35131 Padova; Italy
| | - Katya C. Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305-2130; USA
| | - Ylenia Cariolato
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education & Applied Psychology
| | | | - Sergio Salvatore
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology; University La Sapienza, Roma; Via degli Apuli, 2-00185 Roma; Italy
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305-2130; USA
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Carlucci S, Chyurlia L, Presniak M, Mcquaid N, Wiebe S, Hill R, Wiley JC, Garceau C, Baldwin D, Slowikowski C, Ivanova I, Grenon R, Balfour L, Tasca GA. Change in Defensive Functioning Following Group Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Women With Binge-Eating Disorder. Int J Group Psychother 2022; 72:143-172. [PMID: 38446586 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2022.2061980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined change in defensive functioning following group psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy (GPIP) for binge-eating disorder (BED) compared to a waitlist control. We hypothesized that defensive functioning will improve to a greater extent at posttreatment for those in GPIP compared with those in a waitlist control condition. Participants were women with BED assigned to GPIP (n = 131) or a waitlist control (n = 44) condition in a quasi-experimental design. Those who received GPIP had significantly greater improvements in defensive functioning from pretreatment to six months posttreatment compared to the control group. GPIP may be effective for improving defensive functioning in individuals with BED. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm that GPIP is efficacious for addressing defensive functioning among women with BED.
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Lee E, Karim H, Andreescu C, Mizuno A, Aizenstein H, Lee H, Lee D, Lee K, Cho SM, Kim D, Park RW, Son SJ, Park B. Network modeling of anxiety and psychological characteristics on suicidal behavior: Cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:545-552. [PMID: 34952111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is influenced by complex interactions among various psychopathological features. We aimed to examine the relationship between suicide risk and psychological risk factors such as defense mechanisms, personality, and anxiety. METHODS We established a psychiatric database by utilizing the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model. We conducted a 1:1 propensity score matching with age, sex, and depression severity, and identified a sample (n = 258) with two groups: those with suicidal behavior and those with non-suicidal behavior. Using principal component analysis, we extracted nine psychological scales and applied network analysis to compare relationships among psychological factors between the two groups. RESULTS Patients with non-suicidal behaviors showed associations between trait anxiety and defense mechanisms, while those with suicidal behaviors did not. For patients with suicidal ideation there was an association between somatization and trait anxiety. Patients with suicide attempts showed associations between paranoia and dissociation connected to trait anxiety. LIMITATIONS Longitudinal research is required to fully observe transitions from suicidal ideation to attempts and recurrent suicidal events. In addition, these networks may not generalize suicidal behaviors because the group participants are not homogeneous. Lastly, data from self-report questionnaires limits the reliability of responses. CONCLUSIONS We presented important new insights on suicidal behavior by estimating psychological networks. Patients with non-suicidal behavior may exhibit discrete relationships between defense mechanisms and anxiety, compared to those with suicidal behavior. Patients with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts may show distinct associations between anxiety and psychopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate school of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Helmet Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Carmen Andreescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Akiko Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Howard Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Heirim Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate school of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeop Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae Woong Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumhee Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Lenzo V, Sardella A, Barberis N, Isgrò C, Torrisi R, Giunta S, Petralia MC, Verrastro V, Quattropani MC. The Interplay of Attachment Styles and Defense Mechanisms on Eating Disorders Risk: Cross-Sectional Observation in the Community Population. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 18:296-303. [PMID: 35126531 PMCID: PMC8808290 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating Disorders (Eds) are considered a broad group of pathological conditions characterized by dysregulated eating-related behaviors and habits. Attachment styles and defense mechanisms appear to be linked to the development of EDs-related unhealthy behaviors; however, these factors have been seldom investigated jointly. This study aimed at exploring the shared association between attachment styles, defense mechanisms, and EDs-related behaviors; additionally, we aimed at investigating whether defense mechanisms might be potential mediators of the association between attachment and Eds behaviors. METHOD A community-based sample was recruited (88% females, mean age= 22.33 ± 4.81 years) and underwent a comprehensive evaluation protocol assessing attachment styles, defense mechanisms, and risk of eating disorders. RESULTS Several shared associations between attachment styles, defense mechanisms, and eating disorders scores were found. Additionally, a maladaptive defense style appeared to be a significant mediator of the association between attachment styles and EDs-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The integrated evaluation of attachment and defense mechanisms could generate a more comprehensive framework of the psychological antecedents related to Eating Disorders, and it could be a beneficial factor involved in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners "Dante Alighieri" of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alberto Sardella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nadia Barberis
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Isgrò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Torrisi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria C Quattropani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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Santoro G, Midolo LR, Costanzo A, Schimmenti A. The vulnerability of insecure minds: The mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between attachment styles and psychopathology. Bull Menninger Clin 2021; 85:358-384. [PMID: 34851682 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2021.85.4.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insecure attachment is linked to mentalizing difficulties and psychopathology. The current study aimed to examine if failures in mentalization, as observed in the form of uncertainty about mental states, mediated the relationship between attachment styles and global psychopathology in a group of 812 adults (66.5% females) from the community. Participants completed measures on attachment styles, uncertainty about mental states, and clinical symptoms. The authors found that uncertainty about mental states was a partial mediator of the associations between attachment styles and psychopathology. Furthermore, the findings supported the role of secure attachment in protecting from mentalization failures and psychopathology; on the contrary, increased scores on attachment styles involving a negative view of the self (preoccupied and fearful attachment styles) predicted high levels of uncertainty about mental states and psychopathology. Accordingly, clinicians may wish to promote mentalizing abilities in individuals who display a negative view of the self embedded in their attachment styles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, Enna, Italy
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15
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Aafjes-Van Doorn K, Békés V, Luo X, Prout TA, Hoffman L. What Do Therapist Defense Mechanisms Have to Do With Their Experience of Professional Self-Doubt and Vicarious Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Front Psychol 2021; 12:647503. [PMID: 34393887 PMCID: PMC8363079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to examine psychotherapists' levels of defense mechanisms, their concurrent relationship with professional work-related stress (professional self-doubt and vicarious trauma), and how their levels of defense mechanisms predict the changes in these professional stresses over the course of 3 months since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from two online studies (Study 1; N = 105 and Study 2; N = 336), using two self-report measures of therapists' defense mechanisms (Defense Style Questionnaire-40 in Study 1 and Defense Mechanism Rating Scales Self-Report-30 in Study 2), are presented. Therapists reported higher levels of mature defense mechanisms, and lower levels of immature defense mechanisms, compared to published community and clinical populations assessed before and during the pandemic. Therapists' lower level of mature defense mechanisms and higher levels of neurotic and immature defense mechanisms were related to higher concurrent levels of vicarious trauma and professional doubt. Therapists who reported higher levels of mature defense mechanisms at 3-month follow-up showed less vicarious trauma and professional self-doubt at follow-up, after controlling for these professional stressors at baseline. Implications for clinical supervision and training are discussed. The context and professional challenges during the pandemic are unique and future replications of the results outside the pandemic context are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Békés
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaochen Luo
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leon Hoffman
- New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Wright AJ. Deliberate Context-Driven Conceptualization in Psychological Assessment. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:700-709. [PMID: 34227917 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1942024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical formulation and case conceptualization in clinical psychological assessment typically organize a client's presenting problems within a psychological framework and narrative that explains the cluster of symptoms, etiological and maintenance factors, and explaining both how and why a client is struggling or suffering. However, many of the most commonly used models of case conceptualization, as well as the preponderance of tests and measures used in psychological assessment, minimize or ignore the impacts of contextual factors, including dominant culture's expectations for normative behavior and the client's history of trauma and adverse and negative events. This paper presents a rationale and model for encouraging psychologists conducting clinical psychological assessment to be deliberate in first considering contextual factors in case conceptualization before relying entirely on primarily intrapsychic models. While contextual conceptualizations will not always replace (or join) intrapsychic models of case formulation, being deliberate and explicit about at least considering them is an important way to mitigate some of psychologists' biases and has the potential to situate a narrative of client difficulties in a way that takes at least some of the burden off the client.
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17
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Taurino A, Antonucci LA, Taurisano P, Laera D. Investigating defensive functioning and alexithymia in substance use disorder patients. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:337. [PMID: 34229633 PMCID: PMC8259003 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance Use Disorder (SUD) causes a great deal of personal suffering for patients. Recent evidence highlights how defenses and emotion regulation may play a crucial part in the onset and development of this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate potential differences in the defensive functioning between SUD patients and non-clinical controls. Secondly, we aimed at investigating the relationships between alexithymia and maladaptive/assimilation defenses. METHODS The authors assessed defensive functioning (Response Evaluation Measure-71, REM-71), personality (MMPI-II), and alexithymia (TAS-20) of 171 SUD patients (17% female; mean age = 36.5), compared to 155 controls. Authors performed a series of ANOVAs to investigate the defensive array in SUD patients compared to that of non-clinical controls. Student t test for indipendent samples was used to compare clinical characteristics between the SUD group and the controls. To investigate the role of single defenses in explaining alexithimia's subscores, stepwise multiple regression analysis were carried out on socio-demographic characteristics of participants (gender, age, and years of education), with REM-71 defenses as predictors. RESULTS SUD patients presented a more maladaptive/assimilation (Factor 1) defensive array (p < .001). Among SUD sub-groups, Alcohol Use Disorder patients showed more disfuncional defenses. Factor 1 defenses were related to a worse psychological functioning. In addition, alexyhimia (particularly DIF) was strongly related to Factor 1 defenses, expecially Projection (38% of variance explained, β = .270, p < .001). CONCLUSION The REM-71 and the TAS-20 might be useful screening instruments among SUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Taurino
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Linda A Antonucci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Section of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Laera
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Biondi S, Casale S, Burrai J, Mazza C, Cavaggioni G, Ferracuti S, Giannini AM, Roma P. Personality and Lockdown: A Study on Italian Undergraduates During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:622366. [PMID: 34122161 PMCID: PMC8192707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed at increasing our understanding of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on undergraduate students, particularly with respect to the association between personality traits; defense mechanisms (DMs); depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (DASSs); and compliance with the government recommended health measures. A sample of 1,427 Italian undergraduate students were administered the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5-Brief Form; the Defense Style Questionnaire-40; and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. Compliance with the COVID-19 behavioral recommendations was measured through a 10-item survey measure. Results showed that immature DMs and internalizing personality traits (i.e., detachment, negative affect, psychoticism) were risk factors of DASSs. Furthermore, subjects with higher levels of DASSs appeared less compliant with the health measures recommended by the Italian government. Experts may use these results to identify and subsequently support (via the Internet) young subjects at greater risk of mental health problems as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biondi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Casale
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Burrai
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Roma
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Jordan DG, Jonason PK, Zeigler-Hill V, Winer ES, Fletcher S, Underhill D. A Dark Web of Personality: Network Analyses of Dark Personality Features and Pathological Personality Traits. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Bochicchio V, Winsler A, Pagliaro S, Pacilli MG, Dolce P, Scandurra C. Negative Affectivity, Authoritarianism, and Anxiety of Infection Explain Early Maladjusted Behavior During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychol 2021; 12:583883. [PMID: 33732177 PMCID: PMC7959709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.583883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, Italy experienced problems of public order and maladjusted behavior. This study assessed the role of negative affectivity, right-wing authoritarianism, and anxiety of COVID-19 infection in explaining a variety of the maladjusted behaviors (i.e., “China-phobic” discrimination, panic buying) observed with an Italian sample. Specifically, we examined the effect of Negative Affectivity and Right-Wing Authoritarianism on maladjusted behaviors, and the moderating role of anxiety of infection. Seven hundred and fifty-seven Italian participants completed an online survey between March 3rd to the 7th 2020, which was immediately before the lockdown. A moderated-mediation model was tested using a structural equation modeling approach. Results indicated that both Negative Affectivity and Right-Wing Authoritarianism were positively associated with COVID-19-related maladjusted behavior, and that Right-Wing Authoritarianism mediated the relationship between Negative Affectivity and maladjusted behavior. Furthermore, the effect of Right-Wing Authoritarianism on maladjusted behavior was greater for those with high anxiety of infection, and the indirect effect of Negative Affectivity on maladjusted behavior through Right-Wing Authoritarianism was moderated by infection anxiety. Findings highlight potential psychological paths that may inform communication strategies and public health initiatives aimed at promoting healthy behavior during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bochicchio
- Department of Humanities, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Adam Winsler
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Dolce
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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21
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Weber R, Ehrenthal JC, Brock-Midding E, Halbach S, Würstlein R, Kowalski C, Ernstmann N. Defense Mechanisms and Repressive Coping Among Male Breast Cancer Patients. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:718076. [PMID: 34955906 PMCID: PMC8703166 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.718076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The concept of defense mechanisms has undergone extensive revision and expansion since Freud first described these processes. Initially formulated as an unconscious repression of unpleasant memories, with further development focusing on the role of defense mechanisms in the regulation of internal conflicts, the concept shifted and evolved to incorporate the adaptation to external demands, including intrapsychic and interpersonal handling of burden of illness. In addition to defense mechanisms, coping provides another perspective on human adjustment to difficult life events. While there is substantial research on both coping and defense mechanisms in various psychiatric and somatic diseases, including cancer, little is known about defensive regulation, coping, and their interaction in male breast cancer patients. Methods: The present study is part of the N-Male project conducted between 2016 and 2018 in Germany (Male breast cancer: patients' needs in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up care). Semi-standardized interviews with 27 male breast cancer patients were analyzed with regard to defense mechanisms. In addition, fear of progression and repressive coping was assessed by self-report. Results: There was considerable variety in levels of defensive functioning as well as repressive coping in our sample. We found no difference in overall levels of defensive functioning between men with vs. without repressive coping. However, patients with repressive coping demonstrated a decopupled association between fear of progression and defensive functioning as compared to patients without repressive coping. Discussion: The study provides the first evidence of disease processing in male breast cancer patients Knowledge of patients' defense patterns and repressive coping seems promising for better planning targeted intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Weber
- Department of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes C Ehrenthal
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evamarie Brock-Midding
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO Bonn), Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Halbach
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO Bonn), Bonn, Germany
| | - Rachel Würstlein
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich), University Hospital of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Ernstmann
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO Bonn), Bonn, Germany
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22
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Immature defense mechanisms mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and onset of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 278:672-677. [PMID: 33125910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has converged to suggest that childhood trauma may contribute to bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to investigate the patterns of childhood trauma among patients with bipolar I (BD-I) and bipolar II (BD-II) disorders, according to DSM-IV and in contrast with healthy volunteers. We also explored whether the relationship between childhood trauma and onset of bipolar disorder is mediated by immature defense mechanisms. METHODS Participants were patients with BD-I (n=44) and BD-II (n = 42), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 43). Childhood traumatic experiences and defense mechanisms were assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ), respectively. RESULTS BD patients experienced more severe childhood trauma than HCs. Physical neglect sub-score and total score of the CTQ had both direct and indirect effects on the diagnosis of BD-I, and an immature defense style mediated the indirect effects. The diagnosis of BD-II was mainly related to the physical neglect and emotional abuse subs-core and total score of the CTQ, as mediated by the immature defense mechanisms. BD-I and BD-II significantly differed in the emotional abuse sub-score of the CTQ. CONCLUSIONS Physical neglect sub-score and total score of the CTQ were associated with the diagnosis of BD (both BD-I and BD-II), as mediated by an immature defense style. Furthermore, emotional abuse might be an important risk factor for BD-II compared to BD-I. These findings may inform risk reduction and psychosocial intervention strategies to prevent and treat patients with bipolar disorders.
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23
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Psychological Distress after a Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma in a Group of Patients and Caregivers at the National Priority Contaminated Site of Casale Monferrato. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124353. [PMID: 32560553 PMCID: PMC7345082 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients of malignant mesothelioma (MM) and their caregivers face significant physical and psychological challenges. The purpose of the present study is to examine the emotional impact after the diagnosis of MM in a group of patients and familial caregivers in a National Priority Contaminated Site (NPCS). METHODS A sample of 108 patients and 94 caregivers received a sociodemographic/clinical questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Davidson Trauma Scale, the Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced-New Italian Version, and the Defense style questionnaire. The risk of depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in relation to the strategies of coping and defense mechanisms was estimated in patients and caregivers separately by logistic regression models. RESULTS For patients, a high risk of depression was associated with high usage of Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) Isolation (OR: 53.33; 95% CI: 3.22-882.30; p = 0.01) and DSQ Somatization (OR: 16.97; 95% CI: 1.04-275.90; p = 0.05). Other significant risks emerged for some coping strategies and some defenses regarding both depression and trauma in patients and caregivers. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that for both patients and caregivers unconscious adaptive processes have a central role in dealing with overwhelming feelings related to the disease.
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24
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Cersosimo B, Hilsenroth M. Personality pathology severity, cluster type and specific therapeutic interventions in outpatient psychotherapy. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cersosimo
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology Adelphi University Garden City NY USA
| | - Mark Hilsenroth
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology Adelphi University Garden City NY USA
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25
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Schimmenti A, Somer E, Regis M. Maladaptive daydreaming: Towards a nosological definition. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Garofalo C, Virgilio C, Bogaerts S, Schimmenti A. Dark Ladies: Maladaptive Personality Domains, Alexithymia, and the Dark Triad in Women. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 16:221-228. [PMID: 34908959 PMCID: PMC8650191 DOI: 10.36131/clinicalnpsych2019050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Dark Triad (DT) traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) have been linked with both alexithymia and maladaptive personality domains (negative affectivity, detachment, disinhibition, antagonism, psychoticism) comprised in the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) of the DSM 5. However, the differential associations of DT with the AMPD personality domains need to be further examined in research with homogeneous samples, in order to improve our understanding of malevolent personality traits. METHOD We examined the associations between maladaptive personality domains, DT traits and alexithymia factors in 420 women aged between 18 and 66 years old. RESULTS Despite uniform bivariate associations, distinct profiles emerged from multiple regression analyses, in line with conceptual expectations. Antagonism was the only common positive predictor of all DT traits. Negative affectivity was positively associated with narcissism, but negatively with psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Psychopathy was related to high detachment and disinhibition. Alexithymia exerted a mediating effect in the association between AMPD domains and both psychopathy (positively) and Machiavellianism (negatively). CONCLUSIONS Findings showed differential personality profiles associated with the DT traits in women based on maladaptive traits that characterize personality pathology, with specific emotional mechanisms that may link maladaptive personality domains and the three DT components among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Garofalo
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, PO BOX 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- FIVOOR – Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Kijvelandsekade 1, 3172 AB, Poortugaal, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Virgilio
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, PO BOX 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- FIVOOR – Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Kijvelandsekade 1, 3172 AB, Poortugaal, The Netherlands
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
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27
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Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Rek K, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. A Brief but Comprehensive Review of Research on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:92. [PMID: 31410586 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the chapter on personality disorders (PD) in the recent version of ICD-11 embody a shift from a categorical to a dimensional paradigm for the classification of PD. We describe these new models, summarize available measures, and provide a comprehensive review of research on the AMPD. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 237 publications on severity (criterion A) and maladaptive traits (criterion B) of the AMPD indicate (a) acceptable interrater reliability, (b) largely consistent latent structures, (c) substantial convergence with a range of theoretically and clinically relevant external measures, and (d) some evidence for incremental validity when controlling for categorical PD diagnoses. However, measures of criterion A and B are highly correlated, which poses conceptual challenges. The AMPD has stimulated extensive research with promising findings. We highlight open questions and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Holländische Str. 36-38, 34127, Kassel, Germany.
| | | | - Katharina Rek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
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28
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Doshi S. The Relationship Between Defense Style and Social Adjustment in a Community Clinic Sample. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2019; 67:NP1-NP7. [PMID: 31604394 DOI: 10.1177/0003065119877352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Doshi
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University
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29
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Wei X, Liu X, Sha J. How Does the Entrepreneurship Education Influence the Students' Innovation? Testing on the Multiple Mediation Model. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1557. [PMID: 31354574 PMCID: PMC6636545 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the multiple mediating effects of political skills and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition between perceived entrepreneurship education and innovation. Structural equation is used to analyze data collected from 269 Chinese student entrepreneurs. Results showed that (1) there is a positive relationship between perceptions of entrepreneurship education and perceptions of innovation, (2) political skills and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition individually play a mediating role between perceived entrepreneurship education and innovation, and (3) political skills and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition play a chain mediating effect between perceived entrepreneurship education and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wei
- School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Youth Development Research Center, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaolang Liu
- School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sha
- School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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30
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Zhou J, Feng L, Hu C, Pao C, Xiao L, Wang G. Associations Among Depressive Symptoms, Childhood Abuse, Neuroticism, Social Support, and Coping Style in the Population Covering General Adults, Depressed Patients, Bipolar Disorder Patients, and High Risk Population for Depression. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1321. [PMID: 31231288 PMCID: PMC6560051 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to childhood abuse has been identified as a salient risk factor for the development of depression. However, the mediating factors between childhood abuse and depressive symptoms have not been sufficiently elucidated. This study aims to investigate the mediating effects of neuroticism, social support, and coping style between childhood abuse and depressive symptoms in population covering general adults, depressed patients, bipolar disorder patients, and high risk population for depression. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Five validated questionnaires were used to measure the psychological outcomes (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire CTQ-SF, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQR-S, Social Support Rating Scale SSRS, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire SCSQ, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 PHQ-9) of 312 participants. Multiple regressions and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to conduct data analysis. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis and SEM showed a significant association between childhood emotional abuse and depression symptoms. Neuroticism, use of social support, and active coping style were important mediating variables of this association. The R 2 for our model was 0.456, indicating that 45.6% of the variability in depressive symptoms can be explained by the model. CONCLUSION This study suggested that neuroticism, active coping, and use of social support play important role in mediating the effects of childhood abuse on adult depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Hu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christine Pao
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Le Xiao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wu Y, Song D. Gratifications for Social Media Use in Entrepreneurship Courses: Learners' Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1270. [PMID: 31214081 PMCID: PMC6555126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore uses and gratifications on social media in entrepreneurship courses from the learners’ perspective. The respondents must have participated in government or private entrepreneurship courses and joined the online group of those courses. Respondents are not college students, but more entrepreneurs, and their multi-attribute makes the research results and explanatory more abundant. A total of 458 valid data was collected. The results of the survey revealed four gratification factors namely trust, profit, learning, and social in online entrepreneurial groups. It is also found that the structures and of the four gratification factors vary in three social media (Line, Facebook, and WeChat) and “trust” outranks other factors. Most of the entrepreneurs’ business is “networking business,” and the business unit is mostly “micro.” In terms of the trust factor, there are significant differences among the three social media. In short, the two gratification factors of trust and profit can be seen as specific gratifications for online entrepreneurial groups, especially the trust factor, which deserves more attention in the further research of online entrepreneurial courses on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenchun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dafong Song
- Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sánchez M, Lavigne R, Romero JF, Elósegui E. Emotion Regulation in Participants Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Before and After an Emotion Regulation Intervention. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31178779 PMCID: PMC6543912 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) addresses variables related to three core symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, it has been suggested that in recent years emotional difficulties and subsequent social challenges have not received sufficient attention. This study had two objectives: (1) to compare the performance of participants (age range: 8-14 years) on facial emotion recognition tasks using the Affect Recognition subtest of the Children Neuropsychological Battery II; and (2) to assess the perceptions of family members in relation to variables associated with emotional problems, difficulty in regulating emotions, and anger management using the Spanish Assessment System for Children and Adolescents. Assessments were conducted before and after applying an emotion regulation intervention designed for this study. Following the intervention, there was a significant decrease in scores associated with emotional regulation, and an improvement in the identification of affect on facial recognition tasks. The results suggest that despite ADHD children and adolescents having social and emotional deficits secondary to the core symptom triad, emotional regulation in this group can be improved by the application of socio-emotional intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Lavigne
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Fco Romero
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Elósegui
- Department of Reacher Methodology and Diagnostic Education, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Ballespí S, Vives J, Alonso N, Sharp C, Ramírez MS, Fonagy P, Barrantes-Vidal N. To know or not to know? Mentalization as protection from somatic complaints. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215308. [PMID: 31048857 PMCID: PMC6497236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatization processes are usually associated with a lack of insight or with emotional unawareness, especially in adolescents where the ability for self-reflection is beginning to mature. However, the extent to which different levels of insight explain variations in somatization remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate whether high-level emotional awareness (comprehension) but not low-level awareness (only attention) is needed to psychologically cope with suffering, thus leading to lower somatization. Specific predictions were: 1) High attention along with High comprehension will be associated with significantly lower frequency of somatic complaints than other combinations (Low attention and Low comprehension, or High attention but Low comprehension); 2) In absence of comprehension, no attention will be more optimal than attention only, because only-attention might work as an amplificatory of suffering without the possibility of processing it. Self-reports of meta-cognitive processes, somatization, and control variables were obtained from 264 adolescents from a non-clinical population (54.5% female; aged 12-18, M = 14.7, SD = 1.7). In line with expectations, results revealed significant differences in the effects of insight positions on somatization: Attention+Comprehension (M = 4.9, SE = 0.9) < Nothing (M = 7.1, SE = 0.3) < Only attention (M = 8.9, SE = 0.7). Compared to Nothing, Attention+comprehension was associated with significantly reduced somatic complaints (B = -2.2, p = 0.03, 95% CI -4,1 to 0.2). However, Only attention was associated with increased somatic complaints compared to the other two conditions (B = 1.8, p = 0.03, 95% CI 0.2 to 3.4; B = 4, CI 95% 1.6-6.3, p = 0.001, respectively). This highlights the role of higher-order awareness (i.e., comprehension or clarity) in the processing of suffering and stresses its value in the adaptive coping of emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ballespí
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vives
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Naida Alonso
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States of America
| | - María Salvadora Ramírez
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Department of Psychology & Lang Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Schimmenti A, Sideli L, La Marca L, Gori A, Terrone G. Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS-16) in an Italian Sample. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:689-701. [PMID: 31012744 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1594240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is an extensive fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and interferes with work and interpersonal functioning. In this study, we investigated the nomological network of the MD construct and examined the psychometric properties of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS-16) in an Italian sample. The MDS-16 is a self-report measure composed of 16 items designed to assess MD. Participants in this study were 468 individuals (333 volunteers, 56.8% female; 135 self-diagnosed maladaptive daydreamers, 78.5% female) between 18 and 56 years of age. MDS-16 scores showed good internal reliability. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a 2-factor solution (interference with life and sensory-motor retreat); this solution was consistent with theory, and all items loaded in the expected direction. MDS-16 scores were associated with global psychopathology, traumatic experiences, maladaptive personality features, alexithymia, dissociation, shame feelings, and anxious attachment styles. Furthermore, MDS-16 scores showed satisfactory incremental validity, and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that a cutoff value of 51 best discriminates between cases and noncases of self-diagnosed MD. Results suggest that the scale is a suitable measure for assessing MD in Italian samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Lucia Sideli
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luana La Marca
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Alessio Gori
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Terrone
- Department of Humanities, Literature, and Cultural Heritage, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Checa P, Abundis-Gutierrez A, Pérez-Dueñas C, Fernández-Parra A. Influence of Maternal and Paternal Parenting Style and Behavior Problems on Academic Outcomes in Primary School. Front Psychol 2019; 10:378. [PMID: 30881327 PMCID: PMC6405423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents and teachers are concerned about the academic outcomes of children. Among the variables that play an important role in school success, parenting styles and behavior problems are some of the most studied. Literature shows that presence of behavioral problem and parenting styles based on physical punishment, lack of consistency and ineffective limit setting are related to poor academic achievement. The present study examined the influence of maternal and paternal parenting styles and behavior problems on the academic outcomes of primary-school children. Measures used in this study included the Inventory of Parenting Guide, the Child Behavior Checklist and information on academic outcomes (n = 78 families). The range age of the students was 6 to 13 years old (mean = 8.08; SD = 1.6; 38 girls). The participation rate was 90.7%. The results showed that behavior problems and sensitive parenting style were related to academic outcomes. Specifically, attentional problems and maternal sensitive parenting styles appeared to be significant predictors of academic outcomes in this study. These data suggest the relevance of attention and maternal sensitive parenting styles in understanding processes that promote academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Checa
- Department of Development and Education Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Pérez-Dueñas
- Department of Psychology, IMIBIC Health Research Institute, Reina Sofía University Hospital of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Parra
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Wu W, Wang H, Zheng C, Wu YJ. Effect of Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism on Entrepreneurial Intention-The Mediating of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2019; 10:360. [PMID: 30846958 PMCID: PMC6393355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The driving factors behind the exploration and search for entrepreneurial intention (EI) are critical to entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial practice. To reveal in depth the influence of personality traits on EI, our study introduces the opposite of proactive personality-the dark triad that consists of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Our study used the MBA students of Tianjin University as a sample to analyze the relationship between the dark triad, entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and EI. A total of 334 MBA students aged 24-47 years participated and the participation rate is 95.71%. The data collection was largely concentrated in the period from May 15 to June 5, 2018. From the overall perspective of the dark triad, the results show that the dark triad positively predicts EI, and ESE has a partial mediating effect on the dark triad and EI. From the perspective of the three members of the dark triad, the study found that narcissism/psychopathy has a negative effect on ESE and EI; narcissism/psychopathy has a non-linear effect on EI; Machiavellianism has a positive effect on ESE and EI; and ESE has a mediating effect on the three members of the dark triad and EI. In short, our research reveals that the three members of the dark triad have different effects on EI in different cultural contexts, and the research findings have certain reference value for further improvement of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wu
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chundong Zheng
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yenchun Jim Wu
- Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ICD-11 classification of Personality Disorders focuses on core personality dysfunction, while allowing the practitioner to classify three levels of severity (Mild Personality Disorder, Moderate Personality Disorder, and Severe Personality Disorder) and the option of specifying one or more prominent trait domain qualifiers (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Disinhibition, Dissociality, and Anankastia). Additionally, the practitioner is also allowed to specify a Borderline Pattern qualifier. This article presents how the ICD-11 Personality Disorder classification may be applied in clinical practice using five brief cases. CASE PRESENTATION (1) a 29-year-old woman with Severe Personality Disorder, Borderline Pattern, and prominent traits of Negative Affectivity, Disinhibition, and Dissociality; (2) a 36-year-old man with Mild Personality Disorder, and prominent traits of Negative Affectivity and Detachment; (3) a 26-year-old man with Severe Personality Disorder, and prominent traits of Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Detachment; (4) a 19-year-old woman with Personality Difficulty, and prominent traits of Negative Affectivity and Anankastia; (5) a 53-year-old man with Moderate Personality Disorder, and prominent traits of Anankastia and Dissociality. CONCLUSIONS The ICD-11 Personality Disorder classification was applicable to five clinical cases, which were classified according to Personaity Disorder severity and trait domain qualifiers. We propose that the classification of severity may help inform clinical prognosis and intensity of treatment, whereas the coding of trait qualifiers may help inform the focus and style of treatment. Empirical investigation of such important aspects of clinical utility are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Center of Excellence on Personality Disorder, Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Fælledvej 6, Bygning 3, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michael B First
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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Scalabrini A, Mucci C, Northoff G. Is Our Self Related to Personality? A Neuropsychodynamic Model. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:346. [PMID: 30337862 PMCID: PMC6180150 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept and the assessment of personality have been extensively discussed in psychoanalysis and in clinical psychology over the years. Nowadays there is large consensus in considering the constructs of the self and relatedness as central criterions to assess the personality and its disturbances. However, the relation between the psychological organization of personality, the construct of the self, and its neuronal correlates remain unclear. Based on the recent empirical data on the neural correlates of the self (and others), on the importance of early relational and attachment experiences, and on the relation with the brain's spontaneous/resting state activity (rest-self overlap/containment), we propose here a multilayered model of the self with: (i) relational alignment; (ii) self-constitution; (iii) self-manifestation; and (iv) self-expansion. Importantly, these different layers of the self can be characterized by different neuronal correlates-this results in different neuronally grounded configurations or organizations of personality. These layers correspond to different levels of personality organization, such as psychotic (as related to the layer of self-constitution), borderline (as related to the layer of self-manifestation) and neurotic (as related to the layer of self-expansion). Taken together, we provide here for the first time a neurobiologically and clinically grounded model of personality organization, which carries major psychodynamic and neuroscientific implications. The study of the spontaneous activity of the brain, intrinsically related to the self (rest-self overlap/containment) and the interaction with stimuli (rest-stimulus interaction) may represent a further advance in understanding how our default state plays a crucial role in navigating through the internal world and the external reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research and University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- TMU Research Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Narcissism and Interpersonal Problems Among Psychiatric Outpatients: What Is the Role of Defensive Style? J Nerv Ment Dis 2018; 206:711-715. [PMID: 30124571 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points to significant interpersonal problems associated with narcissism in clinical samples. Less well understood are the mechanisms by which narcissism negatively impacts one's interpersonal functioning. The present study investigated defensive style as a possible mediator of the relationship between narcissism and interpersonal problems. A sample of 53 adult psychiatric outpatients completed measures of narcissism, defensive style, interpersonal problems, and current symptom distress. Mediation analysis was conducted, controlling for current symptom distress, using 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals to examine the indirect effect of narcissism on interpersonal problems via defensive style. Narcissism was significantly associated with immature and neurotic defensive styles. Although narcissism was not directly related to interpersonal problems, a significant indirect effect was observed for narcissism on interpersonal problems via neurotic defensive style. This finding suggests that narcissism contributes to the use of neurotic defenses, which in turn influence one's interpersonal functioning.
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Efficacy of Pennebaker’s expressive writing intervention in reducing psychiatric symptoms among patients with first-time cancer diagnosis: a randomized clinical trial. Support Care Cancer 2018; 27:1801-1809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Granieri A, Guglielmucci F, Costanzo A, Caretti V, Schimmenti A. Trauma-Related Dissociation Is Linked With Maladaptive Personality Functioning. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29887807 PMCID: PMC5980986 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extensive research has demonstrated the positive associations among the exposure to traumatic experiences, the levels of dissociation, and the severity of psychiatric symptoms in adults. However, it has been hypothesized in clinical literature that an excessive activation of the dissociative processes following multiple traumatic experiences may jeopardize the psychological and behavioral functioning of the individuals, fostering higher levels of maladaptive personality functioning. Methods: The study involved 322 adult volunteers from Italy. Participants completed measures on traumatic experiences, dissociation, and maladaptive personality traits. Results: The number of traumatic experiences reported by participants were positively associated with dissociation scores and maladaptive personality scores. Mediation analyses showed that dissociation acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between traumatic experiences and overall maladaptive personality functioning. Regression curve analyses showed that the positive association between maladaptive personality functioning and dissociation was stronger among participants with higher exposure to traumatic experiences. Conclusion: Exposure to multiple traumatic experiences may increase the risk for an excessive activation of the dissociative processes, which in turn may generate severe impairments in multiple domains of personality functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Costanzo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
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