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Lipshits-Braziler Y, Arieli S, Daniel E. Personal values and career-related preferences among young adults. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38646976 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated personal values underlying career-related preferences among young adults deliberating on their career choice. As a fundamental component of one's identity, personal values can offer valuable insights into how individuals prioritize their career-related preferences. METHOD We employed two complementary approaches: variable-centered and person-centered, using a sample of 636 young adults (69.5% women; Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.12). RESULTS Using a variable-centered approach, we identified 14 value-expressive career-related preferences, demonstrating that individuals are less willing to compromise on these preferences than on non value-expressive preferences. Using a person-centered approach, we applied latent profile analysis to identify four groups of young adults with distinct value profiles: (1) growth-focus (n = 212; 33.3%), (2) protection-focus (n = 206; 32.4%), (3) self-focus (n = 122; 19.2%), and (4) social-focus (n = 96; 15.1%). Importantly, the four profiles varied in 18 of 31 career-related preferences, revealing the composition of values underlying these career preferences. Fourteen of these preferences were identified as value-expressive in a variable-centered approach. CONCLUSION The two complementary approaches employed in the present study introduce a fine-grained understanding of the value-expressiveness of career-related preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Arieli
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Scharfbillig M, Cieciuch J, Davidov E. One and the same? How similar are basic human values and economic preferences. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296852. [PMID: 38359053 PMCID: PMC10868778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Both the basic human values approach and the economic preference approach have been developed and applied to represent fundamental drivers of human behavior in various domains by measuring people's underlying preferences and motivations. Both of them have been used, however, in isolation from each other, the former primarily in social psychology studies and the latter mainly in economic studies. But how similar are they? Finding that they differ may suggest that combining them to explain human behavior might be beneficial. To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have attempted to explore and empirically examine the theoretical and empirical link between variables in both approaches. The current study tries to fill this gap by examining relations between basic human values and major economic preferences. We examine the associations between the values of self-transcendence, self-enhancement, openness to change and conservation, and the economic preferences of risk aversion (or seeking), altruism, trust, and positive and negative reciprocity. We propose mechanisms as to how they may be associated with one another. For example, we expect an association between conservation and risk aversion as both are motivated by attributing importance to stability and the status quo, or between self-transcendence and altruism, as both are motivated by concern for others. For the empirical analysis we employed convenience samples collected in Poland and Germany. Results in both samples support our expectations: several values and economic preferences are linked in theoretically predictable ways, but only to a weak or moderate extent. We conclude that they are not mutually exclusive but may rather be complementary, and therefore likely both relevant for investigations into explaining behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Cieciuch
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Departments of Sociology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eldad Davidov
- Departments of Sociology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Liang Y, Rascle O, Hanel PHP, Yang J, Souchon N. Values and physical activity among sports science students in France and China: a transcultural analysis. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1304019. [PMID: 38239479 PMCID: PMC10794636 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between values and physical activity in France (a Western European individualistic country) and in China (an East Asian collectivist country). Method Six hundred and twenty-seven sport science students in France (N = 308, Mage = 18.99, SD = 1.64) and China (N = 319, Mage = 20.44, SD = 1.09) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long version and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Results In both France and China, moderated regression analysis revealed that hedonism positively/negatively predicted physical activity, while security-societal, security-personal, and conformity-rules values negatively predicted physical activity. In contrast, stimulation and universalism-nature values positively predicted physical activity only in France. In China, benevolence and benevolence-care positively predicted physical activity, while power dominance negatively predicted physical activity. Additionally, we found evidence of measurement invariance of the value questionnaire. Discussion and conclusion Our findings add to the literature by showing that the value-behavior link is partly the same across countries and partly different. Further, our findings show that for certain populations, the previously established hierarchy of human values does not replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Sports Sciences, VIPS2 laboratory, Rennes 2 University University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Rascle
- Department of Sports Sciences, VIPS2 laboratory, Rennes 2 University University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany, Rennes, France
| | - Paul H. P. Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Nicolas Souchon
- UFR STAPS, LICAE laboratory, Université de Paris, Nanterre, France
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Olchowska-Kotala A, Strządała A, Barański J. Patients' Values and Desire for Autonomy: An Empirical Study from Poland. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2023; 20:409-419. [PMID: 36961586 PMCID: PMC10624733 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature concerning factors that can influence patients' perception, preferences, or expectations with regard to autonomy in making healthcare decisions. Although many factors responsible for the desire for autonomy in medical decision-making are already recognized, little is known about how the desire for autonomy is related to values, which refer to important goals of human actions. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between the desire for autonomy and basic personal values drawn on Schwartz's value theory. We conducted survey in two age groups: younger and older adults. In the group of younger adults, the desire for autonomy was associated with the need to be appreciated as a person, motivation to act independently, and the abandonment of traditional order and values, whereas in the group of older adults, with independent thinking and a lack of humility. Our study highlighted that the desire for autonomy may result from slightly different reasons in people of particular age groups. These findings might be helpful for medical professionals in developing accurate communication patterns with different age groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Olchowska-Kotala
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, ul Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Strządała
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, ul Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Barański
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, ul Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Takagaki K, Yokoyama S. Relationship between Value-Based Behaviors and Scheduled Activities of University Students before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Model. Psychopathology 2023; 57:70-75. [PMID: 37311419 DOI: 10.1159/000530909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
University students are in a phase during which they have various experiences typical in the academic environment and face situations that require adaptability and influence value formation. In the abnormal situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students' life rhythms, academic, interpersonal, and financial situations have changed drastically. In those situational cues, the value-based behavior of university students may have changed. Values provide purpose and direction for each action. Furthermore, values are situational goals that lead to specific real-time behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether there is a two-way influencing relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities of university students at two points in time (before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic). 417 university students answered a questionnaire at Times 1 and 2 (with a 1-year interval). We examined the relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities using a longitudinal cross-lagged model analysis. The findings of this study indicate that promoting value-based behaviors is positively associated with the frequency of value-based behaviors and scheduled activities even during anomalies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Even in anomalous situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing value-based behaviors such as behavioral activation can improve the lives of university students. Future intervention studies should show whether behavioral activation is effective in decreasing depressive symptoms among university students even in abnormal situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Takagaki
- Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nguyen HV, Thanh Do L, Thu Le MT. From environmental values to pro-environmental consumption behaviors: the moderating role of environmental information. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Russo D, Hanel PHP, Altnickel S, van Berkel N. Satisfaction and performance of software developers during enforced work from home in the COVID-19 pandemic. EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2023; 28:53. [PMID: 36915711 PMCID: PMC9996595 DOI: 10.1007/s10664-023-10293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns, the daily lives of software engineers were heavily disrupted as they were abruptly forced to work remotely from home. To better understand and contrast typical working days in this new reality with work in pre-pandemic times, we conducted one exploratory (N = 192) and one confirmatory study (N = 290) with software engineers recruited remotely. Specifically, we build on self-determination theory to evaluate whether and how specific activities are associated with software engineers' satisfaction and productivity. To explore the subject domain, we first ran a two-wave longitudinal study. We found that the time software engineers spent on specific activities (e.g., coding, bugfixing, helping others) while working from home was similar to pre-pandemic times. Also, the amount of time developers spent on each activity was unrelated to their general well-being, perceived productivity, and other variables such as basic needs. Our confirmatory study found that activity-specific variables (e.g., how much autonomy software engineers had during coding) do predict activity satisfaction and productivity but not by activity-independent variables such as general resilience or a good work-life balance. Interestingly, we found that satisfaction and autonomy were significantly higher when software engineers were helping others and lower when they were bugfixing. Finally, we discuss implications for software engineers, management, and researchers. In particular, active company policies to support developers' need for autonomy, relatedness, and competence appear particularly effective in a WFH context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Russo
- Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Niels van Berkel
- Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Call for new measures suitable for intensive longitudinal studies: Ideas and suggestions. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Filippou D, Buchs C, Quiamzade A, Pulfrey C. Understanding motivation for implementing cooperative learning methods: a value-based approach. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2021; 25:169-208. [PMID: 35462796 PMCID: PMC8983624 DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of cooperative learning methods remains disparate in primary schools despite their widely recognised benefits. To explain this paradox, we first examined whether teachers’ inclination towards cooperative methods is motivated by their values. Second, we tested whether motivational connections between personal values and cooperative methods are undermined when conflictual values are activated in context. Study 1 demonstrated that pre-service teachers strongly endorsed self-transcendence (ST) values (expressing compatible motivations with cooperation) relative to self-enhancement (SE) values (expressing conflictual motivations with cooperation). Adherence to ST values was also positively associated with their beliefs and attitudes regarding cooperative methods. In Studies 2, 3 and 4, educational sciences students were experimentally exposed to different contexts, wherein ST, SE or neutral values were promoted. Our findings indicate that when SE values were emphasised in the context, the positive association between ST values and beliefs/attitudes regarding cooperative methods disappeared. Although the results of Study 4 regarding the intention to use cooperative methods were not statistically significant, the pattern was similar. Finally, Study 5 showed that primary school teachers’ ST values positively predicted the self-reported use of cooperative methods when they perceived their school to weakly endorse SE values, but not when they perceived it to strongly endorse them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Filippou
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Du Pont d’Arve 40, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Buchs
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Du Pont d’Arve 40, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Quiamzade
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Du Pont d’Arve 40, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pulfrey
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Daniel E, Weisman MB, Knafo-Noam A, Bardi A. Longitudinal Links Between Self-Esteem and the Importance of Self-Direction Values During Adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-direction values (e.g., independence, curiosity) are among the most important values to people worldwide. However, it is not clear what encourages their development. We propose that self-esteem may be associated with the development of self-direction values because feelings of self-worth provide the confidence needed for independent pursuit. As both independence and self-esteem develop during adolescence, we examined longitudinal associations between self-direction values and self-esteem in adolescents. Study 1 ( NT1 = 527, 55.6% girls, Mage = 16.24, SD = .71, NT2 = 198) included two annual waves of data collection. Study 2 ( Noverall = 486, 55.6% girls, initial Mage = 13.76, SD = .51, NT1 = 418, NT2 = 420, NT3 = 426, NT4 = 387) included four annual waves. In the studies, a cross-lagged panel model and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that adolescents who feel worthy are more likely to experience an increase in the importance of values of independent thoughts and actions relative to other values. Partial support was found for the opposite direction of association. The results were replicated across longitudinal studies of varying duration and across measures. We discuss the results in light of theories of self-esteem, values, and specifically the development of self-direction values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Daniel
- Department of School Counseling and Special Education, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Benish Weisman
- The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Knafo-Noam
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Lins De Holanda Coelho G, Hanel PHP, Johansen MK, Maio GR. Mental Representations of Values and Behaviors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211034385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research provides the first direct assessment of the fit of diverse behaviors to putatively related personal and social values from Schwartz’s theory. Across three studies, we examined spatial representations of value-related behaviors that were explicitly derived from people’s mental representations of the values. Participants were asked how similar the behaviors were to each other and various values, and these judgments were used to specify multidimensional scaling solutions. The results indicated that the spatial representation of the behaviors was consistent with the two-dimensional space described in Schwartz’s model of values, although several deviations occurred. For example, self-enhancement behaviors were widely spread, indicating more variation in the way individuals interpret these behaviors, which are often associated with other value types. These data provide evidence that a range of behaviors can at least partly be reduced to underlying motivations expressed by values. Furthermore, our findings indicate that behaviors are often expressed by several values, which might help to explain why value–behavior associations in previous studies were weak. Finally, they illustrate a new approach to learning which behaviors might relate to multiple values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lins De Holanda Coelho
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork Enterprise Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul H. P. Hanel
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Mark K. Johansen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gregory R. Maio
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Rebele RW, Koval P, Smillie LD. Personality-informed intervention design: Examining how trait regulation can inform efforts to change behavior. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211016251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research that helps people change their behavior has the potential to improve the quality of lives, but it is too often approached in a way that divorces behavior from the people who need to enact it. In this paper, we propose a personality-informed approach to classifying behavior-change problems and designing interventions to address them. In particular, we argue that interventions will be most effective when they target the appropriate psychological process given the disposition of the participant and the desired duration of change. Considering these dimensions can help to reveal the differences among common types of behavior-change problems, and it can guide decisions about what kinds of intervention solutions will most effectively solve them. We review key concepts and findings from the personality literature that can help us understand the dynamic nature of dispositions and to identify the psychological processes that best explain both short-term variance in behavior and long-term development of personality. Drawing on this literature, we argue that different types of behavior-change problems require different forms of “trait regulation,” and we offer a series of propositions to be evaluated as potential guides for the design of intervention strategies to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Rebele
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
- Wharton People Analytics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Skimina E, Cieciuch J, Revelle W. Between- and within-person structures of value traits and value states: Four different structures, four different interpretations. J Pers 2021; 89:951-969. [PMID: 33606275 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The circular structure of values has been verified mostly at a between-person level and on measures of general value preferences. In this manuscript, we argue that it is a simplification that neglected significant aspects of the value structures and distinguish four different types of structures: (a) between-person structure of value traits, (b) within-person structure of value traits, (c) between-person structure of value states, and (d) within-person structure of value states. We argue that the within-person structure of value states addresses the circular structure of values most accurately. METHOD To compare all four structures, we collected three partially dependent samples (N1 = 449, N2 = 293, N3 = 218) of adults (age 17-57, M = 24). At three time points, separated by 5-7 weeks, respondents completed a questionnaire measure (Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised [PVQ-RR]) of value preferences (value traits) and reported the importance of values in their everyday actions (value states) for 1 week in an experience sampling study. RESULTS The four types of value structures were stable over time. All four were also consistent with Schwartz's value model to some degree, but at the same time, there were some deviations. CONCLUSIONS It is important to distinguish four types of value structures and be aware of their different interpretations that we outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skimina
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Cieciuch
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,URPP Social Networks, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William Revelle
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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A categorization of behaviors reported in experience sampling studies. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience sampling is considered one of the best methods for measuring behavior (Furr, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1002/per.724). When used for this purpose, it requires a coding system to transform diversified reports on what people are doing, provided as responses to an open-ended question, into interpretable data. We present a categorization of everyday behaviors that can be used to code responses from experience sampling and diary studies conducted with different groups of participants—from adolescents to elderly people. This categorization was developed and validated on a set of 19,840 responses to an open-ended question about participants’ recent activity, provided by 667 persons ranging in age from 12 to 66. As a result of the multistage work, we present a categorization system which forms a hierarchy from three broad categories to 97 narrow ones through middle levels of five, 23, and 63 categories of behaviors. The possible usage of the developed categorization is discussed.
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Smith PB. Putting Values into Context. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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