1
|
Gutema BT, Tariku EZ, Melketsedik ZA, Levecke B, De Henauw S, Abubakar A, Abbeddou S. Assessing the influence of COVID-19 lockdown measures on cognition and behavior in school age children in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance site, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002978. [PMID: 38512931 PMCID: PMC10956753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ethiopian schools were closed for nearly 40 weeks as a measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of COVID-19 pandemic's restrictive measures on cognition and behavioral difficulties of schoolchildren in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in November 2019 (pre-COVID-19-lockdown) and November 2020 (post-COVID-19 lockdown). Data were collected both at the school and homes of the children. Cognitive development of the children was assessed using digit span, Raven's coloured progressive matrices (RCPM) and Visual search using cancellation task. Behavioral difficulties score of the children was assessed using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare between the cognition outcomes and behavioral difficulties score pre- and post-COVID-19-lockdown. In a sub-group of children who provided data in both surveys, the difference in cognitive and behavioral outcomes was tested using a mixed effect model. Compared to the pre-COVID-19-lockdown, schoolchildren post-COVID-19-lockdown scored lower in the standardized performance index for the visual search task, which measures attention (0.27 SD, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI): -0.40, -0.13). However, they scored higher by 0.26 SD (95%CI: 0.13, 0.40) and 0.36 SD (95%CI: 0.22, 0.49) in digit span and RCPM, respectively, measuring working memory and non-verbal intelligence. There was no significant difference in total difficulties score between pre- and post-COVID-19-lockdown (0.01 SD, 95%CI: -0.12, 0.15). The subgroup analysis showed a significant increase in digit span among children post-COVID-19-lockdown while the other domains did not show a significant change. Factors contributing to the improvement of children's cognitive domains while away from the school environment should be explored and utilized to enhance child development. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04137354 on October 14, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Befikadu Tariku Gutema
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eshetu Zerihun Tariku
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KMRI)–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Souheila Abbeddou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Michulek J, Gajanova L, Krizanova A, Nadanyiova M. Determinants of improving the relationship between corporate culture and work performance: Illusion or reality of serial mediation of leadership and work engagement in a crisis period? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1135199. [PMID: 37008849 PMCID: PMC10054462 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1135199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease COVID-19 has had an impact on the lives of all people in the world. It also had a great impact on the world economies themselves. There are several scientific publications on the impact of the COVID-19 disease on the work performance of employees, while researchers have focused on less traditional factors such as corporate culture, leadership, or work engagement as well. Corporate culture influences the shared values or behavior of employees at the workplace and creates an environment in which employees work. Through leadership, managers should be able to motivate their employees and thereby ensure their better work performance. It can be assumed that if employees are more engaged, their work performance will be higher. The main goal of the paper is to examine whether corporate culture has an impact on the work performance of employees through the mediators of leadership and work engagement. The data necessary for the goal set in this way were obtained through a questionnaire survey, which was attended by 489 respondents during the year 2022. After the data reliability analysis, by using serial mediation with two mediators, the influence of corporate culture on work performance was verified independently, but also through the mediators of leadership and work engagement. Based on the results, it can be claimed that individual factors have a significant impact on work performance, while the influence of corporate culture mediated by leadership and work engagement was also confirmed. The influence of corporate culture, mediated only by leadership, and the independent influence of corporate culture through work engagement on work performance were also confirmed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Brown CRH, Feng YC, Costin V, Hirsch CR, Wang YH, Wang YL, Chew J, Kenny J, Allen P. Specific Pandemic-Related Worries Predict Higher Attention-Related Errors and Negative Affect Independent of Trait Anxiety in UK-Based Students. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2023; 47:1-19. [PMID: 36284796 PMCID: PMC9584227 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in many individuals experiencing increased symptoms of anxiety. We predict that this increase may be underpinned by pandemic-related worry (PRW), characterised by repetitive negative thinking about pandemic-specific outcomes; and that this relationship is mediated through reduced attentional capacity required to regulate negative affect. Methods We developed a novel scale to measure the contents of PRW in an initial sample of 255 participants, and explored its relationship with cognitive functioning and negative affect in a sample of 382 UK-based university students, whilst controlling for recalled pre-pandemic trait anxiety. Results A five-factor model of PRW was identified, with factors reflecting worry about decline in quality of life (QoL) and probability of infection correlating with attention and memory-related errors. Importantly, attention-related errors partially mediated the positive relationship between PRW and negative affect, even when controlling for pre-pandemic trait anxiety. Conclusion PRW's relationship with negative affect was partially mediated through attentional function, consistent with models of anxiety and attentional control. In UK-based students PRW may be predominantly focused on the decline in QoL; therefore, interventions targeting worry about the decline in QoL caused by COVID-19 are especially important in this population in the wake of the pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-022-10336-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. H. Brown
- School of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD UK
| | - Ya-Chun Feng
- National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Allen
- Kings College London, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pahor A, Seitz AR, Jaeggi SM. Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1243-1256. [PMID: 35726054 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which working memory training improves performance on untrained tasks is highly controversial. Here we address this controversy by testing the hypothesis that far transfer may depend on near transfer using mediation models in three separate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In all three RCTs, totalling 460 individuals, performance on untrained N-back tasks (near transfer) mediated transfer to Matrix Reasoning (representing far transfer) despite the lack of an intervention effect in RCTs 2 and 3. Untrained N-back performance also mediated transfer to a working memory composite, which showed a significant intervention effect (RCT 3). These findings support a model of N-back training in which transfer to untrained N-back tasks gates further transfer (at least in the case of working memory at the construct level) and Matrix Reasoning. This model can help adjudicate between the many studies and meta-analyses of working memory training that have provided mixed results but have not examined the relationship between near and far transfer on an individual-differences level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pahor
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Susanne M Jaeggi
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaninotto F, Bossi F, Terry P, Riccaboni M, Galli G. The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:826277. [PMID: 35722571 PMCID: PMC9198491 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several countries imposed nationwide or partial lockdowns to limit the spread of COVID-19 and avoid overwhelming hospitals and intensive care units. Lockdown may involve restriction of movement, stay-at-home orders and self-isolation, which may have dramatic consequences on mental health. Recent studies demonstrated that the negative impact of lockdown restrictions depends on a wide range of psychological and socio-demographic factors. Aims This longitudinal study aimed to understand how internal factors such as personality and mindfulness traits, and external factors, such as daily habits and house features, affect anxiety, depression and general wellbeing indicators, as well as cognitive functions, during the course of a lockdown. Methods To address these questions, 96 participants in Italy and the United Kingdom filled out a survey, once a week for 4 weeks, during the first-wave lockdowns. The survey included questions related to their habits and features of the house, as well as validated questionnaires to measure personality traits, mindful attitude and post-traumatic symptoms. Indicators of wellbeing were the affective state, anxiety, stress and psychopathological indices. We also measured the emotional impact of the pandemic on cognitive ability by using two online behavioral tasks [emotional Stroop task (EST) and visual search]. Results We found that internal factors influenced participants' wellbeing during the first week of the study, while external factors affected participants in the last weeks. In the first week, internal variables such as openness, conscientiousness and being non-judgmental toward one's own thoughts and emotions were positively associated with wellbeing; instead, neuroticism and the tendency to observe and describe one's own thoughts and emotions had detrimental effects on wellbeing. Toward the end of the study, external variables such as watching television and movies, browsing the internet, walking the dog, and having a balcony showed a protective value, while social networking and engaging in video calls predicted lower values of wellbeing. We did not find any effects of wellbeing on cognitive functioning. Conclusion Recognizing specific traits and habits affecting individuals' wellbeing (in both short and long terms) during social isolation is crucial to identify people at risk of developing psychological distress and help refine current guidelines to alleviate the psychological consequences of prolonged lockdowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zaninotto
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bossi
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Philip Terry
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brinkhof LP, Ridderinkhof KR, van de Vijver I, Murre JMJ, Krugers HJ, de Wit S. Psychological Coping and Behavioral Adjustment Among Older Adults in Times of COVID-19: Exploring the Protective Role of Working Memory and Habit Propensity. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022; 29:240-254. [PMID: 35637691 PMCID: PMC9132676 DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, well-being, and behavior is likely influenced by individual characteristics that determine one’s capacity for resilience. In this exploratory study, we examined whether individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity and habit propensity (HP), measured before the outbreak, could predict variation in subsequent psychological coping efficacy (as operationalized by measures of depression, mental well-being, perceived stress, and loneliness) and behavioral adjustment (by evaluating compliance and self-reported automaticity of four COVID-19 guidelines) among Dutch older adults (n = 36) during the pandemic (measured April 25 to May 6, 2020). While we found elevated levels of depression and emotional loneliness, overall mental well-being, and perceived stress were not affected by the pandemic. Contrary to our expectations, we found no robust evidence for a protective role of WM in predicting these outcomes, although our findings hint at a positive relationship with perceived change in mental well-being. Interestingly, WM and HP were found to affect the self-reported automaticity levels of adherence to behavioral COVID-19 guidelines (i.e., washing hands, physical distancing), where a strong HP appeared beneficial when deliberate resources were less available (e.g., low WM capacity). These novel and preliminary findings offer new potential avenues for investigating individual differences in resilience in times of major life events or challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene van de Vijver
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Collins CL, Pina A, Carrillo A, Ghil E, Smith-Peirce RN, Gomez M, Okolo P, Chen Y, Pahor A, Jaeggi SM, Seitz AR. Video-Based Remote Administration of Cognitive Assessments and Interventions: a Comparison with In-Lab Administration. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022; 6:316-326. [PMID: 35261961 PMCID: PMC8891736 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While remote data collection is not a new concept, the quality and psychometric properties of data collected remotely often remain unclear. Most remote data collection is done via online survey tools or web-conferencing applications (i.e., Skype or Zoom) and largely involves questionnaires, interviews, or other self-report data. Little research has been done on the collection of cognitive assessments and interventions via web-conferencing that requires multiple sessions with or without the assistance of an experimenter. The present paper discusses limitations and challenges of studies administered remotely, and outlines methods used to overcome such challenges while effectively collecting cognitive performance data remotely via Zoom. We further discuss relative recruitment, retention rates, compliance, and performance findings between in-lab and remotely administered cognitive assessment and intervention studies, as well as limitations to remote data collection. We found that while it was necessary to recruit more participants in remote studies to reach enrollment goals, compliance and performance were largely comparable between in-lab and remotely administered studies, illustrating the opportunities of conducting this type of experimental research remotely with adequate fidelity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Amahyrani Pina
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Audrey Carrillo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Eunice Ghil
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - Morgan Gomez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Patrick Okolo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Yvette Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Anja Pahor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Susanne M. Jaeggi
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- School of Social Sciences (Department of Cognitive Sciences), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Aaron R. Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rogala J, Dreszer J, Malinowska U, Waligóra M, Pluta A, Antonova I, Wróbel A. Stronger connectivity and higher extraversion protect against stress-related deterioration of cognitive functions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17452. [PMID: 34465808 PMCID: PMC8408208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we attempted to define the relationship between: EEG activity, personality and coping during lockdown. We were in a unique situation since the COVID-19 outbreak interrupted our independent longitudinal study. We already collected a significant amount of data before lockdown. During lockdown, a subgroup of participants willingly continued their engagement in the study. These circumstances provided us with an opportunity to examine the relationship between personality/cognition and brain rhythms in individuals who continued their engagement during lockdown compared to control data collected well before pandemic. The testing consisted of a one-time assessment of personality dimensions and two sessions of EEG recording and deductive reasoning task. Participants were divided into groups based on the time they completed the second session: before or during the COVID-19 outbreak ‘Pre-pandemic Controls’ and ‘Pandemics’, respectively. The Pandemics were characterized by a higher extraversion and stronger connectivity, compared to Pre-pandemic Controls. Furthermore, the Pandemics improved their cognitive performance under long-term stress as compared to the Pre-Pandemic Controls matched for personality traits to the Pandemics. The Pandemics were also characterized by increased EEG connectivity during lockdown. We posit that stronger EEG connectivity and higher extraversion could act as a defense mechanism against stress-related deterioration of cognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rogala
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland. .,The Center for Systemic Risk Analysis, Faculty of "Artes Liberales", University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Dreszer
- The Center for Systemic Risk Analysis, Faculty of "Artes Liberales", University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Urszula Malinowska
- Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej Im. Marcelego Nenckiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Waligóra
- Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej Im. Marcelego Nenckiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pluta
- Faculty of Psychology, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ingrida Antonova
- Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej Im. Marcelego Nenckiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- The Center for Systemic Risk Analysis, Faculty of "Artes Liberales", University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej Im. Marcelego Nenckiego, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Philosophy, Faculty of Epistemology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pisano F, Torromino G, Brachi D, Quadrini A, Incoccia C, Marangolo P. A Standardized Prospective Memory Evaluation of the Effects of COVID-19 Confinement on Young Students. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173919. [PMID: 34501365 PMCID: PMC8432018 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The restriction imposed worldwide for limiting the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally impacted our lives, decreasing people’s wellbeing, causing increased anxiety, depression, and stress and affecting cognitive functions, such as memory. Recent studies reported decreased working memory (WM) and prospective memory (PM), which are pivotal for the ability to plan and perform future activities. Although the number of studies documenting the COVID-19 effects has recently blossomed, most of them employed self-reported questionnaires as the assessment method. The main aim of our study was to use standardized tests to evaluate WM and PM in a population of young students. A sample of 150 female psychology students was recruited online for the administration of two self-reported questionnaires that investigated psychological wellbeing (DASS-21), prospective, and retrospective memory (PRMQ). Subjects were also administered two standardized tests for WM (PASAT) and PM (MIST). We found increased anxiety, depression, and stress and decreased PM as measured by self-reports. The perceived memory failures agreed with the results from the standardized tests, which demonstrated a decrease in both WM and PM. Thus, COVID-19 restriction has strongly impacted on students’ mental health and memory abilities, leaving an urgent need for psychological and cognitive recovery plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pisano
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (G.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Giulia Torromino
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (G.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniela Brachi
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (G.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Agnese Quadrini
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (A.Q.); (C.I.)
| | - Chiara Incoccia
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (A.Q.); (C.I.)
| | - Paola Marangolo
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (G.T.); (D.B.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (A.Q.); (C.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|